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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Finnic oral poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finnic_oral_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_the_Finnic_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_Finnic_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History of the Finnic peoples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_the_Finnic_peoples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of the Finnic peoples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_Finnic_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Mesolithic_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Mesolithic_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>The Mesolithic Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Mesolithic_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Neolithic_Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Neolithic_Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The Neolithic Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Neolithic_Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pit–Comb_Ware_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pit–Comb_Ware_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Pit–Comb Ware culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pit–Comb_Ware_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronze_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronze_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Bronze Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>The Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Early Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Finnic_peoples_in_chronicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finnic_peoples_in_chronicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Finnic peoples in chronicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finnic_peoples_in_chronicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages_and_Modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages_and_Modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Middle Ages and Modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages_and_Modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Прыбалтыйска-фінскія народы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Прыбалтыйска-фінскія народы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltofinov%C3%A9" title="Baltofinové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Baltofinové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98sters%C3%B8finner" title="Østersøfinner – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Østersøfinner" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4nemeresoomlased" title="Läänemeresoomlased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Läänemeresoomlased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblos_fino-b%C3%A1lticos" title="Pueblos fino-bálticos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblos fino-bálticos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finiar" title="Finiar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Finiar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnois_de_la_Baltique" title="Finnois de la Baltique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Finnois de la Baltique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%ED%8A%B8%ED%95%80%EC%A1%B1" title="발트핀족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발트핀족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltofinski_narodi" title="Baltofinski narodi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Baltofinski narodi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_suku_bangsa_Finnik_Baltik" title="Rumpun suku bangsa Finnik Baltik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun suku bangsa Finnik Baltik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnici_del_Baltico" title="Finnici del Baltico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Finnici del Baltico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ბალტიისპირელ-ფინელი ხალხები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბალტიისპირელ-ფინელი ხალხები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltijas_somi" title="Baltijas somi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Baltijas somi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="فوتيون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فوتيون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oostzee-Finse_volkeren" title="Oostzee-Finse volkeren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oostzee-Finse volkeren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E4%BA%BA" title="バルト・フィン人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バルト・フィン人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludy_ba%C5%82tycko-fi%C5%84skie" title="Ludy bałtycko-fińskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ludy bałtycko-fińskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADnicos" title="Fínicos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fínicos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Прибалтийско-финские народы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Прибалтийско-финские народы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE-%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Балто-фински народи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Балто-фински народи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A4merensuomalaiset_kansat" title="Itämerensuomalaiset kansat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Itämerensuomalaiset kansat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96stersj%C3%B6finska_folkstammar" title="Östersjöfinska folkstammar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Östersjöfinska folkstammar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balt%C4%B1k-Fin_halklar%C4%B1" title="Baltık-Fin halkları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Baltık-Fin halkları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Прибалтійсько-фінські народи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Прибалтійсько-фінські народи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E7%9A%84%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0%E4%BA%BA" title="波罗的芬兰人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Finnic_peoples" title="Finnic peoples">Finnic peoples</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Baltic Finnic peoples</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:2-Finnic-branch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/2-Finnic-branch.png/220px-2-Finnic-branch.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/2-Finnic-branch.png/330px-2-Finnic-branch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/2-Finnic-branch.png/440px-2-Finnic-branch.png 2x" data-file-width="2116" data-file-height="2253" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic languages</a> at the beginning of the 20th century</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> <b>7.4–8.2 million</b></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a></b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_en"><a href="#endnote_en">[a]</a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 6.2–7 million</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonians</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1.1 million</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Karelians" title="Karelians">Karelians</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 43,000<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Vepsians" title="Vepsians">Vepsians</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4,800<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Izhorians" title="Izhorians">Izhorians</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Livonians" title="Livonians">Livonians</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 430-610</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Votians" title="Votians">Votes</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic languages</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (either <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-statistics_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-statistics-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> minority <a href="/wiki/Uralic_Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Uralic Neopaganism">Uralic Neopaganism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Other <a href="/wiki/Finno-Ugric_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Finno-Ugric peoples">Finno-Ugric peoples</a> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0.5em;text-align:left;"><hr /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_en"><sup>a</sup></span> <a href="/wiki/Tornedalians" title="Tornedalians">Tornedalians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingrians">Ingrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kvens" class="mw-redirect" title="Kvens">Kvens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forest_Finns" title="Forest Finns">Forest Finns</a> are subsumed under Finns, as they are most commonly described as being subgroups of Finns proper rather than separate ethnic groups altogether.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Baltic Finnic peoples</b>, often simply referred to as the <b>Finnic peoples</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are the peoples inhabiting the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> region in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> who speak <a href="/wiki/Finnic_languages" title="Finnic languages">Finnic languages</a>. They include the <a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonians</a> (including <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ros" title="Võros">Võros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Setos" title="Setos">Setos</a>), <a href="/wiki/Karelians" title="Karelians">Karelians</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Ludic_language" title="Ludic language">Ludes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Livvi-Karelian_language" title="Livvi-Karelian language">Livvi</a>), <a href="/wiki/Vepsians" title="Vepsians">Veps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Izhorians" title="Izhorians">Izhorians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Votians" title="Votians">Votes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Livonians" title="Livonians">Livonians</a>. In some cases the <a href="/wiki/Kvens" class="mw-redirect" title="Kvens">Kvens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingrians">Ingrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tornedalians" title="Tornedalians">Tornedalians</a> and speakers of <a href="/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli" title="Meänkieli">Meänkieli</a> are considered separate from the Finns. </p><p>The bulk of the Finnic peoples (more than 98%) are ethnic Finns and Estonians, who reside in the two independent Finnic <a href="/wiki/Nation_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation states">nation states</a>—<a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finnic peoples are also significant minority groups in neighbouring countries of <a href="/wiki/Finns_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Finns in Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> and Russia, especially <a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories_of_origin">Theories of origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltic_Finnic_peoples&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Theories of origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the "Migration Theory" that was based primarily on <a href="/wiki/Comparative_linguistics" title="Comparative linguistics">comparative linguistics</a>, the proto-Finns migrated from an ancient homeland somewhere in north-western <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> or western Russia to the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> around 1000 BC, at which time Finns and Estonians separated. The Migration Theory has been called into question since 1980 based on <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Craniometry" title="Craniometry">craniometry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>. Recently, a modified form of the Migration Theory has gained new support among the younger generation of linguists, who consider that archaeology, genes and craniometric data cannot supply evidence of prehistoric languages.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the last 30 years, scientific research in physical anthropology, craniometric analyses, and <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup">Y-chromosomal DNA</a> frequencies have reduced the likelihood of the Migration Theory—a major westward migration as recently as 3,000 years ago. The Settlement Continuity Theory asserts that at least the genetic ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Finno-Ugric_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Finno-Ugric peoples">Finno-Ugric peoples</a> were among the earliest <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FCLWI_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FCLWI-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-YC_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The origin of the people who lived around the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> area during the <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> Era continues to be debated by scientists. From the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> onward, there is a certain extent of agreement among scholars: it has been suggested that Finno-Ugric tribes arrived in the Baltic region from the east or south-east around the period 4000–3000 BC and merged with the original inhabitants, who then adopted the proto-Finno-Ugric language and the <a href="/wiki/Pit%E2%80%93Comb_Ware_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pit–Comb Ware culture">Pit–Comb Ware culture</a> of the newcomers. The members of this new Finno-Ugric-speaking ethnicity are thought to be the ancestors of modern-day Estonians.<sup id="cite_ref-YC_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Y-chromosomal data has also revealed a common Finno-Ugric ancestry for the males of the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a>, speakers of the Indo-European <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic languages</a>. According to the studies, Baltic males are most closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Volga_Finns" title="Volga Finns">Volga Finns</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Mari_people" title="Mari people">Mari</a>, rather than to Baltic Finns.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results suggest that the territories of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania have been settled by Finno-Ugric tribes since the early Mesolithic period.<sup id="cite_ref-YC_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YC-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, some linguists do not consider it likely that a Baltic Finnic language form could have existed at such an early date. According to these views, the Finno-Ugric languages appeared in Finland and the Baltic region only during the Early Bronze Age (ca. 1800 BC), if not later.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Finnic_oral_poetry">Finnic oral poetry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltic_Finnic_peoples&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Finnic oral poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Finnic peoples share a common cultural heritage: the art of ancient "rune" (poem) singing in the <a href="/wiki/Kalevala_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalevala meter">Kalevala meter</a>, estimated to be 2,500–3,000 years old. The Finnish and Estonian national epics, <i><a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kalevipoeg" title="Kalevipoeg">Kalevipoeg</a></i>, are both written in this meter.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Veps are the only Baltic Finnish people with no significant corpus of Kalevala meter oral poetry. The poetic tradition has included epic poems (known mostly in <a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ingria" title="Ingria">Ingria</a>, perhaps as survivals from an earlier, wider distribution), lyric poems and magic chants. </p><p>The ancient rune singing has inspired the creation of the <a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">national epic</a> of Finland, <i><a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a></i> compiled by <a href="/wiki/Elias_L%C3%B6nnrot" title="Elias Lönnrot">Elias Lönnrot</a>, and the music of <a href="/wiki/Arvo_P%C3%A4rt" title="Arvo Pärt">Arvo Pärt</a>, the best-known Estonian composer in the classical field.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> has highlighted the importance of <a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a> as a source for his <a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_legendarium" title="Tolkien's legendarium">legendarium</a>, including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Silmarillion" title="The Silmarillion">The Silmarillion</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_Finnic_peoples">History of the Finnic peoples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltic_Finnic_peoples&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History of the Finnic peoples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Mesolithic_Period">The Mesolithic Period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltic_Finnic_peoples&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Mesolithic Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The region has been populated since the end of the last glacial era, about 10,000 BC. The earliest traces of human settlement are connected with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suomusj%C3%A4rvi_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suomusjärvi culture (page does not exist)">Suomusjärvi culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kunda_culture" title="Kunda culture">Kunda culture</a>. The Early <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Pulli_settlement" title="Pulli settlement">Pulli settlement</a> is located by the <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4rnu" title="Pärnu">Pärnu</a> River. It has been dated to the beginning of the 9th millennium BC. The Kunda Culture received its name from the Lammasmäe settlement site in northern Estonia, which dates from earlier than 8500.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bone and stone artefacts similar to those found at Kunda have been discovered elsewhere in Estonia, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> and southern Finland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Neolithic_Period">The Neolithic Period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltic_Finnic_peoples&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Neolithic Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around 5300 <a href="/wiki/Before_Common_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Before Common Era">BCE</a> pottery and agriculture entered Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest representatives belong to the <a href="/wiki/Pit%E2%80%93Comb_Ware_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pit–Comb Ware culture">Pit–Comb Ware culture</a>, known for their distinctive decorating patterns. This marks the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>, </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pit–Comb_Ware_culture"><span id="Pit.E2.80.93Comb_Ware_culture"></span>Pit–Comb Ware culture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltic_Finnic_peoples&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pit–Comb Ware culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European-middle-neolithic-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/European-middle-neolithic-en.svg/300px-European-middle-neolithic-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/European-middle-neolithic-en.svg/450px-European-middle-neolithic-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/European-middle-neolithic-en.svg/600px-European-middle-neolithic-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1042" data-file-height="893" /></a><figcaption>Neolithic period</figcaption></figure> <p>Until the early 1980s, the arrival of Finnic peoples, the ancestors of the Estonians, Finns, and Livonians on the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> around 3000 BC, was associated with the Pit–Comb Ware culture However, such a linking of archaeologically defined cultural entities with linguistic ones cannot be proven and it has been suggested that the increase of settlement finds in the period is more likely to have been associated with an economic boom related to the warming of climate. Some researchers have even argued that a form of <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a> may have been spoken in Estonia and Finland since the end of the last glaciation.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through archaeogenetics the population has been shown to derive the bulk of its ancestry from <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Hunter-Gatherer">Eastern Hunter-Gatherers</a> of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronze_Age">Bronze Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltic_Finnic_peoples&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bronze Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> in Estonia is dated to approximately 1800 BC, in present-day Finland some time after 1500 BCE. The coastal regions of Finland were a part of the Nordic Bronze Culture, whereas in the inland regions the influences came from the bronze-using cultures of Northern Russia. The first fortified settlements, <a href="/wiki/Asva" title="Asva">Asva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ridala,_Saare_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridala, Saare County">Ridala</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Saaremaa" title="Saaremaa">Saaremaa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iru_(village)" title="Iru (village)">Iru</a> in Northern Estonia, began to be built. The development of shipbuilding facilitated the spread of bronze. Changes took place in burial customs, a new type of burial ground spread from Germanic to Estonian areas, stone cist graves and cremation burials became increasingly common beside small numbers of boat-shaped stone graves.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of genetics, the Bronze Age population of the East Baltic derives most of their ancestry from the <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a> with an elevated amount of Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherer ancestry, but showing no prevalence of Siberian related ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Iron_Age">The Iron Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltic_Finnic_peoples&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Northern_Europe" title="Archaeology of Northern Europe">Archaeology of Northern Europe</a></div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Europe_in_814.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Northern_Europe_in_814.jpg/300px-Northern_Europe_in_814.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Northern_Europe_in_814.jpg/450px-Northern_Europe_in_814.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Northern_Europe_in_814.jpg/600px-Northern_Europe_in_814.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1476" data-file-height="946" /></a><figcaption>Northern Europe in 814.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a> began in about 500 BC and lasted until the middle of the 1st century. The oldest iron items were imported, although since the 1st century iron was smelted from local marsh and lake ore. Settlement sites were located mostly in places that offered natural protection. Fortresses were built, although used temporarily. The appearance of square <a href="/wiki/Celtic_field" title="Celtic field">Celtic fields</a> surrounded by enclosures in Estonia date from the Pre-Roman Iron Age. The majority of stones with man-made indents, which presumably were connected with magic designed to increase crop fertility, date from this period. A new type of grave, quadrangular burial mounds, began to develop. Burial traditions show the clear beginning of social stratification. The first reported individuals with the y-DNA haplotype <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_N-M231" title="Haplogroup N-M231">N-M231</a> in the Baltic are from the Iron Age, alongside Siberian ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a> is roughly dated to between AD 50 and 450, the era that was affected by the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. In material culture this is reflected by a few Roman coins, some <a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">jewellery</a> and artefacts. The abundance of iron artefacts in Southern Estonia speaks of closer mainland ties with southern areas, while coastal Finland and the islands of western and northern Estonia communicated with their neighbours mainly by sea. </p><p>Between 200 and 400 AD, a group of Baltic Sea Finns in southwestern Finland (<a href="/wiki/Finland_proper" class="mw-redirect" title="Finland proper">Finland proper</a>), who had traveled there from the areas of nowadays Estonia, began moving inland towards <a href="/wiki/Tavastia_(historical_province)" title="Tavastia (historical province)">Tavastia</a>. </p><p>Between 200 and 400 AD, the Finns proper themselves became divided geographically in three parts: </p> <ol><li>Tavastians: The tribes who went inland to Tavastia;</li> <li>Southwestern Finns: The tribes who stayed in the southern side of the <a href="/wiki/Kokem%C3%A4enjoki" title="Kokemäenjoki">Kokemäenjoki</a> river delta;</li> <li>Southern Ostrobothnians: The tribes who stayed on the northern side of the river delta.</li></ol> <p>During the Migration Period in 400–600 AD, the Estonian influence gradually weakened. By the end of the period, clearly defined tribal dialectical areas – <a href="/wiki/Finns_proper" title="Finns proper">Finns proper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tavastians" title="Tavastians">Tavastians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karelians" title="Karelians">Karelians</a>, Northern Estonians, Southern Estonians, and Western Estonians including the islanders—had emerged, the population of each having formed its own understanding of identity.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Middle_Ages">Early Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltic_Finnic_peoples&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finnic_peoples_in_chronicles">Finnic peoples in chronicles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltic_Finnic_peoples&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Finnic peoples in chronicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i><a href="/wiki/Finn_(ethnonym)" title="Finn (ethnonym)">Finn</a></i> is first mentioned in the form <i>Fenni</i> in the 1st century AD by Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>. However, it is possible that he was referring to the people of northern Europe in general, particularly the Lappic or <a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami people</a>. After that the name <i>Finni</i> is used by <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Ptolemaeus">Claudius Ptolemaeus</a> (around 150) and the Eastern Roman writer Jordanes in his <i><a href="/wiki/Getica" title="Getica">Getica</a></i> (551). References to Finnic tribes become much more numerous from the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> (800–1050). It was not until about 1171 that the word <i>Finni</i> was employed to mean the <a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a>. </p><p>The term <i>Aestii</i>, the name of the Estonians, occurs first again in Tacitus; however, it might have indicated Balts. In Northern sagas (13th century), the term started to be used to indicate the Estonians. </p><p>In a Norwegian text (11th–12th century)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2022)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup>, the name <i>Kiriali</i>, referring to Karelians, and the term <i>cornuti Finni</i>, interpreted as referring to the Lapps or Sami people, first appear. </p><p>The opening chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a> <a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a> (early 12th century) lists the following peoples living "in the share of <a href="/wiki/Japheth" title="Japheth">Japheth</a>" among others: <a href="/wiki/Chud" title="Chud">Chud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merya_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Merya people">Merya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muromians" class="mw-redirect" title="Muromians">Muroma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vepsians" title="Vepsians">Ves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mari_people" title="Mari people">Cheremis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mordvins" title="Mordvins">Mordvin</a>, Chud Zavolochskaya ('beyond the portages'), <a href="/wiki/Komi_peoples" title="Komi peoples">Perm</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pechera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pechera (page does not exist)">Pechera</a>, Sum (<i>Suomi</i>, possibly referring to <a href="/wiki/Finns_proper" title="Finns proper">Finns proper</a>), Yam (<i>Häme</i>, referring to <a href="/wiki/Tavastians" title="Tavastians">Tavastians</a>), <a href="/wiki/Yugra" title="Yugra">Yugra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Livonian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Livonian people">Liv</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RPGP24_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RPGP24-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chudes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chudes">Chudes</a>, as mentioned in the earliest East Slavic chronicles, are in a 12th-century context usually considered to be <a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonians</a>, although the name sometimes referred to all Finnic peoples in north-western <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Rus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tvauri_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tvauri-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Primary Chronicle, the Chudes' lands were bounded by the Varangian Sea (Baltic Sea).<sup id="cite_ref-RPGP24_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RPGP24-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1030 <a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_I_the_Wise" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaroslav I the Wise">Yaroslav I the Wise</a> invaded the country of the Chudes and laid the foundations of Yuriev (the historical Russian name of <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a>, Estonia).<sup id="cite_ref-Tvauri_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tvauri-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They remained until 1061 when, according to chronicles, Yuryev was burned down by the Chudes. According to <a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a> chronicles,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2022)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> the Chudes were one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_Khaganate" title="Rus' Khaganate">Rus' state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PPFP141_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PPFP141-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The northern (or eastern) Chudes were also a mythical people in folklore among Northern Russians and their neighbours. In Komi mythology, the Northern Chudes represent the mythic ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Komi_peoples" title="Komi peoples">Komi</a> people.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages_and_Modern_period">Middle Ages and Modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltic_Finnic_peoples&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Middle Ages and Modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 13th century the east Baltic world was transformed by military conquest: first the Livs and Estonians, then the Finns underwent defeat, baptism, military occupation and sometimes extermination by groups of Germans, Danes and Swedes.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finland was governed as a part of Sweden, while Estonia was under a Baltic German knightly brotherhood before becoming parts of Russian Empire. Finland and Estonia became independent in 1917–1918 (see <a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">history of Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">history of Estonia</a>). The Karelians remained under Russian and then Soviet rule, and their absolute and relative numbers dwindled. When <a href="/wiki/Urbanization_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Urbanization by country">urbanization</a> was peaking, less-numerous peoples rapidly lost capacity to maintain their village-based cultures and so were often assimilated to the mainstream society. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltic_Finnic_peoples&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_N-M231" title="Haplogroup N-M231">Haplogroup N-M231</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Finns" title="Volga Finns">Volga Finns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushkovayzet" title="Ushkovayzet">Ushkovayzet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltic_Finnic_peoples&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other names include <i>Balto-Finnic peoples</i>, <i>Baltic Sea Finns</i>, <i>Baltic Finns</i> and <i>Western Finnic peoples</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baltic_Finnic_peoples&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul">"Росстат — Всероссийская перепись населения 2020"</a>. <i>rosstat.gov.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue.com&rft.atitle=Finland&rft.au=Languages+of+Finland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_country.asp%3Fname%3DFI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+Finnic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/perepis_itogi1612.htm">Russian census 2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006110329/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/perepis_itogi1612.htm">Archived</a> 6 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-statistics-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-statistics_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tilastokeskus.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_vaesto_en.html#structure">"Population"</a>. Statistics Finland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181010015452/http://tilastokeskus.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_vaesto_en.html#structure">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population&rft.pub=Statistics+Finland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftilastokeskus.fi%2Ftup%2Fsuoluk%2Fsuoluk_vaesto_en.html%23structure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+Finnic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Finnic-peoples">"Finnic peoples"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905230715/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Finnic-peoples">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.atitle=Finnic+peoples&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FFinnic-peoples&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+Finnic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKallio2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kallio, Petri (1 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.fi/virittaja/article/view/40454">"Suomen kantakielten absoluuttista kronologiaa"</a> [The absolute chronology of the Proto-Uralic language]. <i>Virittäjä</i> (in Finnish and English). <b>110</b> (1): 2. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2242-8828">2242-8828</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231223194516/https://journal.fi/virittaja/article/view/40454">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Viritt%C3%A4j%C3%A4&rft.atitle=Suomen+kantakielten+absoluuttista+kronologiaa&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft.issn=2242-8828&rft.aulast=Kallio&rft.aufirst=Petri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.fi%2Fvirittaja%2Farticle%2Fview%2F40454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+Finnic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FCLWI-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FCLWI_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>the early indigenous inhabitants of Europe</i> by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard2005" class="citation book cs1">Richard, Lewis (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K1elm0fRlfsC&q=%22early+indigenous&pg=PA13"><i>Finland, Cultural Lone Wolf</i></a>. Intercultural Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931930-18-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931930-18-5"><bdi>978-1-931930-18-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finland%2C+Cultural+Lone+Wolf&rft.pub=Intercultural+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-931930-18-5&rft.aulast=Richard&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK1elm0fRlfsC%26q%3D%2522early%2Bindigenous%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+Finnic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YC-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YC_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YC_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YC_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaitinenPäivi_Lahermo2001" class="citation journal cs1">Laitinen, Virpi; Päivi Lahermo (24 August 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&ArtikelNr=57985&ProduktNr=224250&filename=57985.pdf">"Y-Chromosomal Diversity Suggests that Baltic Males Share Common Finno-Ugric-Speaking Forefathers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Human Heredity</i>. <b>53</b> (2). Department of Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finnish Genome Center, University of Helsinki: <span class="nowrap">68–</span>78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000057985">10.1159/000057985</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12037406">12037406</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29863635">29863635</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200404143726/http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&ArtikelNr=57985&ProduktNr=224250&filename=57985.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Heredity&rft.atitle=Y-Chromosomal+Diversity+Suggests+that+Baltic+Males+Share+Common+Finno-Ugric-Speaking+Forefathers&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E68-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=2001-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29863635%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12037406&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000057985&rft.aulast=Laitinen&rft.aufirst=Virpi&rft.au=P%C3%A4ivi+Lahermo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.karger.com%2FProdukteDB%2Fprodukte.asp%3FAktion%3DShowPDF%26ArtikelNr%3D57985%26ProduktNr%3D224250%26filename%3D57985.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+Finnic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiiri_Rootsi2004" class="citation web cs1">Siiri Rootsi (19 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10062/1252">"Human Y-Chromosomal Variation in European Populations"</a>. Tartu University Press. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10062%2F1252">10062/1252</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218125556/http://www.utlib.ee/ekollekt/diss/dok/2004/b16923649/rootsi.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Y-Chromosomal+Variation+in+European+Populations&rft.pub=Tartu+University+Press&rft.date=2004-10-19&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10062%2F1252&rft.au=Siiri+Rootsi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F10062%2F1252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+Finnic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPentikäinenRitva_Poom1999" class="citation book cs1">Pentikäinen, Juha; Ritva Poom (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NwCDdSmFJPEC&q=Baltic+Finns+livonians+date:1950-2008&pg=PA86"><i>Kalevala Mythology</i></a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21352-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21352-5"><bdi>978-0-253-21352-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231226172742/https://books.google.com/books?id=NwCDdSmFJPEC&q=Baltic+Finns+livonians+date:1950-2008&pg=PA86#v=onepage&q=Baltic%20Finns%20livonians%20date%3A1950-2008&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kalevala+Mythology&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-253-21352-5&rft.aulast=Pentik%C3%A4inen&rft.aufirst=Juha&rft.au=Ritva+Poom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNwCDdSmFJPEC%26q%3DBaltic%2BFinns%2Blivonians%2Bdate%3A1950-2008%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+Finnic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNidel2005" class="citation book cs1">Nidel, Richard (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldmusic00rich_0"><i>World Music</i></a></span>. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldmusic00rich_0/page/160">160</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96801-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96801-0"><bdi>978-0-415-96801-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Music&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-96801-0&rft.aulast=Nidel&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldmusic00rich_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+Finnic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChance2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Chance" title="Jane Chance">Chance, Jane</a>, ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8LLxZXqgJdwC&pg=PA295"><i>Tolkien and the Invention of Myth</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2301-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2301-1"><bdi>978-0-8131-2301-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolkien+and+the+Invention+of+Myth&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-2301-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8LLxZXqgJdwC%26pg%3DPA295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+Finnic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean-Jacques_Subrenat2004" class="citation book cs1">Jean-Jacques Subrenat (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kBZlHdp7tdcC"><i>Estonia: Identity and Independence: Translated into English (On the Boundary of Two Worlds: Identity, Freedom, and Moral Imagination in the Baltics, 2) ... and Moral Imagination in the Baltics</i></a>. Amsterdam: Rodopi. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-420-0890-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-420-0890-3"><bdi>90-420-0890-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231226172635/https://books.google.com/books?id=kBZlHdp7tdcC">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia%3A+Identity+and+Independence%3A+Translated+into+English+%28On+the+Boundary+of+Two+Worlds%3A+Identity%2C+Freedom%2C+and+Moral+Imagination+in+the+Baltics%2C+2%29+...+and+Moral+Imagination+in+the+Baltics&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-420-0890-3&rft.au=Jean-Jacques+Subrenat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkBZlHdp7tdcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+Finnic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170704080439/http://www.helsinki.fi/hum/ajankohtaista/2013/01/0128b.htm">"Maanviljely levisi Suomeen Itä-Aasiasta jo 7000 vuotta sitten – Ajankohtaista – Tammikuu 2013 – Humanistinen tiedekunta – Helsingin yliopisto"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helsinki.fi/hum/ajankohtaista/2013/01/0128b.htm">the original</a> on 4 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maanviljely+levisi+Suomeen+It%C3%A4-Aasiasta+jo+7000+vuotta+sitten+%E2%80%93+Ajankohtaista+%E2%80%93+Tammikuu+2013+%E2%80%93+Humanistinen+tiedekunta+%E2%80%93+Helsingin+yliopisto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.helsinki.fi%2Fhum%2Fajankohtaista%2F2013%2F01%2F0128b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+Finnic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelle,_Knut2003" class="citation book cs1">Helle, Knut (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PFBtfXG6fXAC"><i>The Cambridge history of Scandinavia</i></a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-47299-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-47299-7"><bdi>0-521-47299-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230202171909/https://books.google.com/books?id=PFBtfXG6fXAC">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+Scandinavia&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-521-47299-7&rft.au=Helle%2C+Knut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPFBtfXG6fXAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+Finnic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaagVarulScheibStenderup2017" class="citation journal cs1">Saag, Lehti; Varul, Liivi; Scheib, Christiana Lyn; Stenderup, Jesper; Allentoft, Morten E.; Saag, Lauri; Pagani, Luca; Reidla, Maere; Tambets, Kristiina; Metspalu, Ene; Kriiska, Aivar (2 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2017.06.022">"Extensive farming in Estonia started through a sex-biased migration from the Steppe"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>27</b> (14): 2185–2193.e6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2017.06.022">10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.022</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28712569">28712569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Extensive+farming+in+Estonia+started+through+a+sex-biased+migration+from+the+Steppe&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=2185-2193.e6&rft.date=2017-03-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2017.06.022&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28712569&rft.aulast=Saag&rft.aufirst=Lehti&rft.au=Varul%2C+Liivi&rft.au=Scheib%2C+Christiana+Lyn&rft.au=Stenderup%2C+Jesper&rft.au=Allentoft%2C+Morten+E.&rft.au=Saag%2C+Lauri&rft.au=Pagani%2C+Luca&rft.au=Reidla%2C+Maere&rft.au=Tambets%2C+Kristiina&rft.au=Metspalu%2C+Ene&rft.au=Kriiska%2C+Aivar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2017.06.022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+Finnic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean-Jacques_Subrenat2004" class="citation book cs1">Jean-Jacques Subrenat (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kBZlHdp7tdcC"><i>Estonia: Identity and Independence</i></a>. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0890-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0890-8"><bdi>978-90-420-0890-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231226172635/https://books.google.com/books?id=kBZlHdp7tdcC">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia%3A+Identity+and+Independence&rft.pages=26&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-420-0890-8&rft.au=Jean-Jacques+Subrenat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkBZlHdp7tdcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+Finnic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaagLanemanVarulMalve2019" class="citation journal cs1">Saag, Lehti; Laneman, Margot; Varul, Liivi; Malve, Martin; Valk, Heiki; Razzak, Maria A.; Shirobokov, Ivan G.; Khartanovich, Valeri I.; Mikhaylova, Elena R.; Kushniarevich, Alena; Scheib, Christiana Lyn (May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6544527">"The Arrival of Siberian Ancestry Connecting the Eastern Baltic to Uralic Speakers further East"</a>. <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>29</b> (10): 1701–1711.e16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.04.026">10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.026</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0960-9822">0960-9822</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6544527">6544527</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31080083">31080083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=The+Arrival+of+Siberian+Ancestry+Connecting+the+Eastern+Baltic+to+Uralic+Speakers+further+East&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1701-1711.e16&rft.date=2019-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6544527%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0960-9822&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31080083&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.04.026&rft.aulast=Saag&rft.aufirst=Lehti&rft.au=Laneman%2C+Margot&rft.au=Varul%2C+Liivi&rft.au=Malve%2C+Martin&rft.au=Valk%2C+Heiki&rft.au=Razzak%2C+Maria+A.&rft.au=Shirobokov%2C+Ivan+G.&rft.au=Khartanovich%2C+Valeri+I.&rft.au=Mikhaylova%2C+Elena+R.&rft.au=Kushniarevich%2C+Alena&rft.au=Scheib%2C+Christiana+Lyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6544527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+Finnic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean-Jacques_Subrenat2004" class="citation book cs1">Jean-Jacques Subrenat (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kBZlHdp7tdcC"><i>Estonia: Identity and Independence</i></a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">28–</span>31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0890-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0890-8"><bdi>978-90-420-0890-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231226172635/https://books.google.com/books?id=kBZlHdp7tdcC">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia%3A+Identity+and+Independence&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-420-0890-8&rft.au=Jean-Jacques+Subrenat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkBZlHdp7tdcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+Finnic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RPGP24-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RPGP24_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RPGP24_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel_H._Cross1968" class="citation book cs1">Samuel H. Cross (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lcGlAAAACAAJ"><i>Russian Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text</i></a>. Medieval Academy of Amer. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-910956-34-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-910956-34-0"><bdi>0-910956-34-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Primary+Chronicle%3A+Laurentian+Text&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Medieval+Academy+of+Amer&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-910956-34-0&rft.au=Samuel+H.+Cross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlcGlAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+Finnic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngela_Marcantonio2002" class="citation book cs1">Angela Marcantonio (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cp-tB08yd2EC&pg=PA21"><i>The Uralic Language Family: Facts, Myths and Statistics (Publications of the Philological Society)</i></a>. Blackwell Publishing Professional. pp. <span class="nowrap">21–</span>3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-23170-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-23170-6"><bdi>0-631-23170-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231226172755/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cp-tB08yd2EC&pg=PA21">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Uralic+Language+Family%3A+Facts%2C+Myths+and+Statistics+%28Publications+of+the+Philological+Society%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing+Professional&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-631-23170-6&rft.au=Angela+Marcantonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCp-tB08yd2EC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+Finnic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tvauri-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tvauri_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tvauri_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTvauri2012" class="citation book cs1">Tvauri, Andres (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etis.ee/Portal/Publications/Display/b80b6f11-43ed-4b8c-b616-48ac53b70ec5?language=ENG"><i>The Migration Period, Pre-Viking Age, and Viking Age in Estonia</i></a>. pp. 33, 59, 60. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211023182212/https://www.etis.ee/Portal/Publications/Display/b80b6f11-43ed-4b8c-b616-48ac53b70ec5?language=ENG">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Migration+Period%2C+Pre-Viking+Age%2C+and+Viking+Age+in+Estonia&rft.pages=33%2C+59%2C+60&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Tvauri&rft.aufirst=Andres&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etis.ee%2FPortal%2FPublications%2FDisplay%2Fb80b6f11-43ed-4b8c-b616-48ac53b70ec5%3Flanguage%3DENG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+Finnic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PPFP141-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PPFP141_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/preandprotohist01abergoog/page/n206">Pre- and Proto-historic Finns by John Abercromby p.141</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://haldjas.folklore.ee/Folklore/vol30/limerov.pdf">FOREST MYTHS by Pavel F. Limerov</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090306183729/http://haldjas.folklore.ee/Folklore/vol30/limerov.pdf">Archived</a> 6 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at google.scholar</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristiansen,_Eric1997" class="citation book cs1">Christiansen, Eric (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/northerncrusades00eric/page/93"><i>The northern Crusades</i></a></span>. Harmondsworth [Eng.]: Penguin. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/northerncrusades00eric/page/93">93</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-026653-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-026653-4"><bdi>0-14-026653-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+northern+Crusades&rft.place=Harmondsworth+%5BEng.%5D&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-14-026653-4&rft.au=Christiansen%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnortherncrusades00eric%2Fpage%2F93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaltic+Finnic+peoples" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Finno-Ugric_peoples" title="Template:Finno-Ugric peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Finno-Ugric_peoples" title="Template talk:Finno-Ugric peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Finno-Ugric_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Finno-Ugric peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Peoples_speaking_Uralic_languages183" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Peoples speaking <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Baltic Finns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bjarmians" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjarmians">Bjarmians</a></i> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">Estonians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Setos" title="Setos">Setos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ros" title="Võros">Võros</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finns" title="Finns">Finns</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Finns" title="Forest Finns">Forest Finns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_Finns" title="Ingrian Finns">Ingrian Finns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kven_people" title="Kven people">Kvens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornedalians" title="Tornedalians">Tornedalians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izhorians" title="Izhorians">Izhorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelians" title="Karelians">Karelians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tver_Karelians" title="Tver Karelians">Tver Karelians</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Livonians" title="Livonians">Livonians</a></i> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vepsians" title="Vepsians">Vepsians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votians" title="Votians">Votes</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kreevins" title="Kreevins">Kreevins</a></i> †</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chud" title="Chud">Chuds</a></i> † <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Volkhov_Chudes" title="Volkhov Chudes">Volkhov Chudes</a></i> †</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Sámi peoples">Sámi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inari_S%C3%A1mi_people" title="Inari Sámi people">Inari Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kildin_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kildin Sámi">Kildin Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Lule Sámi">Lule Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Northern Sámi">Northern Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pite_S%C3%A1mi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pite Sámi">Pite Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skolts" title="Skolts">Skolt Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Southern Sámi">Southern Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ter_S%C3%A1mi" title="Ter Sámi">Ter Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ume_S%C3%A1mi" title="Ume Sámi">Ume Sámi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volga_Finns" title="Volga Finns">Volga Finns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mari_people" title="Mari people">Mari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meadow_Mari_people" title="Meadow Mari people">Meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_Mari_people" title="Hill Mari people">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mari_people" title="Eastern Mari people">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvins" title="Mordvins">Mordvins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzyas" title="Erzyas">Erzyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokshas" title="Mokshas">Mokshas</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meryans" title="Meryans">Meryans</a></i> †</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meshchera" class="mw-redirect" title="Meshchera">Meshchera</a></i> †</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muromians" class="mw-redirect" title="Muromians">Muroma</a></i> †</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Permians" title="Permians">Permians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Komi_peoples" title="Komi peoples">Komi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Izhma_Komi" title="Izhma Komi">Izhma Komi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurts" title="Udmurts">Udmurts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Besermyan" title="Besermyan">Besermans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ob-Ugrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ob-Ugrians">Ob-Ugrians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khanty" title="Khanty">Khanty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansi_people" title="Mansi people">Mansi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cs%C3%A1ng%C3%B3s" title="Csángós">Csángós</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székelys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyarabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyarabs">Magyarabs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Samoyedic_peoples" title="Samoyedic peoples">Samoyeds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nenets_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenets people">Nenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enets_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Enets people">Enets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nganasan_people" title="Nganasan people">Nganasans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkup_people" title="Selkup people">Selkups</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamasins" title="Kamasins">Kamasins</a></i> †</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yurats" class="mw-redirect" title="Yurats">Yurats</a></i> †</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mators&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mators (page does not exist)">Mators</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8B" class="extiw" title="ru:Маторцы">ru</a>]</span></i> †</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baltic_Finnic_peoples&oldid=1263569252">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baltic_Finnic_peoples&oldid=1263569252</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Baltic_Finns" title="Category:Baltic Finns">Baltic Finns</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Finno-Ugric_peoples" 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