CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="4gaSrsAEVI6oes6KnR0_48zRbeqvln6e3KdJ4rNJzrwZxJyoLApsVU9YBwvUD0_X2fCzyM512oV9vOPJb5feQA" /> <meta name="description" content="View Politics of Islamic Development Research Papers on Academia.edu for free." /> <title>Politics of Islamic Development Research Papers - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics_of_Islamic_Development" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "by_tag", 'action': "show_one", 'controller_action': 'by_tag#show_one', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'by_tag'; var $action_name = "show_one"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '9744e839ffe2d813ef8b7eb988ae0a3341a6052d'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1743321117000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1743321117000; </script> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/topics/topics-36e55ac8594ba05a3db04e258b362f196ee6e3cd4eba19df87d5d81e54735277.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-8c9ae4b5c8a2531640c354d92a1f3579c8ff103277ef74913e34c8a76d4e6c00.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-170d1319f0e354621e81ca17054bb147da2856ec0702fe440a99af314a6338c5.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/text_button-d1941ab08e91e29ee143084c4749da4aaffa350a2ac6eec2306b1d7a352d911a.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/pill_button-415e0369ec1a9d16d4ee620aec8867d6e8e5e31496b0c56fb8fea35907265a1b.css" /><style type="text/css">@media(max-width: 567px){:root{--token-mode: Parity;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 12px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #eef2f9;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: Roboto;--type-font-family-serif: Georgia;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 30px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 36px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 24px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 20px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 32px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 40px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 26px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 48px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 52px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 48px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 58px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 80px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 64px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}@media(min-width: 568px)and (max-width: 1279px){:root{--token-mode: Parity;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 12px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #eef2f9;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: Roboto;--type-font-family-serif: Georgia;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 42px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 36px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 34px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 28px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 25px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 20px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 40px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 48px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 28px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 58px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 68px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 74px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 82px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 104px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 80px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}@media(min-width: 1280px){:root{--token-mode: Parity;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 12px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #eef2f9;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: Roboto;--type-font-family-serif: Georgia;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 42px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 38px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 34px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 28px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 25px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 20px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 40px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 48px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 28px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 58px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 68px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 74px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 82px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 152px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 80px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}</style><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-57f9da13cef3fd4e2a8b655342c6488eded3e557e823fe67571f2ac77acd7b6f.css" /> </head> <body> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class="js-upgrade-ie-banner" style="display: none; text-align: center; padding: 8px 0; background-color: #ebe480;"><p style="color: #000; font-size: 12px; margin: 0 0 4px;">Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p style="color: #000; font-size: 12px; margin: 0;">To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.querySelector('.js-upgrade-ie-banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; } .sign-in-with-apple-button > div { margin: 0 auto; / This centers the Apple-rendered button horizontally }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "9edc36137e95cd9d891f3e435854eddcd5a4ed40fd3b5aea8f54b27e4d1a7cd9", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="e9UEkk386cJ3F8l4gkw_oX8Fak9P7Rr2z5mbpOq_FAuAFwqUofLRGZA1APnLXk-VaiS0bS4Ovu1ugjGPNmEE9w" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics_of_Islamic_Development" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="7051b_jjI-rOCB1GxUGbpbIID0nSH10j5FX9tOHa7mUUjHtpFO0bMSkq1MeMU-uRpynRa7P8-ThFTlefPQT-mQ" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><input class="btn btn-primary btn-block g-recaptcha js-password-reset-submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" type="submit" value="Email me a link" /></form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script> <div class="header--container" id="main-header-container"><div class="header--inner-container header--inner-container-ds2"><div class="header-ds2--left-wrapper"><div class="header-ds2--left-wrapper-inner"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="hide-on-desktop-redesign" style="height: 24px; width: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hide-on-mobile-redesign" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a><div class="header--search-container header--search-container-ds2"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form select2-no-default-pills" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><svg style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="search" class="header--search-icon svg-inline--fa fa-search fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M505 442.7L405.3 343c-4.5-4.5-10.6-7-17-7H372c27.6-35.3 44-79.7 44-128C416 93.1 322.9 0 208 0S0 93.1 0 208s93.1 208 208 208c48.3 0 92.7-16.4 128-44v16.3c0 6.4 2.5 12.5 7 17l99.7 99.7c9.4 9.4 24.6 9.4 33.9 0l28.3-28.3c9.4-9.4 9.4-24.6.1-34zM208 336c-70.7 0-128-57.2-128-128 0-70.7 57.2-128 128-128 70.7 0 128 57.2 128 128 0 70.7-57.2 128-128 128z"></path></svg><input class="header--search-input header--search-input-ds2 js-SiteSearch-form-input" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" /></form></div></div></div><nav class="header--nav-buttons header--nav-buttons-ds2 js-main-nav"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-header-login-url header-button-ds2 header-login-ds2 hide-on-mobile-redesign react-login-modal-opener" data-signup-modal="{"location":"login-button--header"}" rel="nofollow">Log In</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary header-button-ds2 hide-on-mobile-redesign react-login-modal-opener" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-button--header"}" rel="nofollow">Sign Up</button><button class="header--hamburger-button header--hamburger-button-ds2 hide-on-desktop-redesign js-header-hamburger-button"><div class="icon-bar"></div><div class="icon-bar" style="margin-top: 4px;"></div><div class="icon-bar" style="margin-top: 4px;"></div></button></nav></div><ul class="header--dropdown-container js-header-dropdown"><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/login" rel="nofollow">Log In</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup" rel="nofollow">Sign Up</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row js-header-dropdown-expand-button"><button class="header--dropdown-button">more<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="caret-down" class="header--dropdown-button-icon svg-inline--fa fa-caret-down fa-w-10" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg></button></li><li><ul class="header--expanded-dropdown-container"><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="header--dropdown-row-icon svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg>We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="header--dropdown-row-icon svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg>Help Center</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row js-header-dropdown-collapse-button"><button class="header--dropdown-button">less<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="caret-up" class="header--dropdown-button-icon svg-inline--fa fa-caret-up fa-w-10" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z"></path></svg></button></li></ul></li></ul></div> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/topics-bundle-1c117ab500014ab42ed7fffd47ff5b7b7d69605fcb318870b7755191d705fbd6.js"></script><div class="DesignSystem"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="ri-header-container"><h1 class="research-interest-header">Politics of Islamic Development</h1><div class="counts-container"><div class="div">46 papers</div><div class="div">3,833 followers</div></div><div class="definition-container"><div class="ai-powered-callout">AI Powered</div>The Politics of Islamic Development examines the interplay between Islamic principles and political frameworks in shaping economic, social, and cultural development within Muslim societies. It analyzes how Islamic ideologies influence governance, policy-making, and development strategies, as well as the role of state and non-state actors in promoting or hindering development initiatives.</div><div class="button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--small js-header-login-url react-login-modal-opener" data-click-track="topics--follow-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"login-button--header"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">add</span>Follow</button><a class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--small" data-click-track="topics--view-all-button" href="/topics"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span>View all topics</a></div></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="main-content-container"><div class="works-container"><div class="nav-container"><ul class="nav-list"><li><a class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--extra-small nav-item active" data-active="" data-click-track="topics--nav-all-papers" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics_of_Islamic_Development">Newest</a></li><li><a class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--extra-small nav-item" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics_of_Islamic_Development/TopPapers">Top papers</a></li><li><a class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--extra-small nav-item" data-click-track="topics--nav-most-cited" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics_of_Islamic_Development/MostCited">Most cited</a></li><li><a class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--extra-small nav-item" data-click-track="topics--nav-most-downloaded" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics_of_Islamic_Development/MostDownloaded">Most downloaded</a></li></ul></div><div class="works"><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128403720/Empat_Pilar_Media_Masyarakat_Sipil_dan_Gerakan_Protes_di_Federasi_Rusia_Based_AI_Pre_Essay">Empat Pilar : Media, Masyarakat Sipil, dan Gerakan Protes di Federasi Rusia (Based-AI Pre-Essay</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/dwifadil2">dwi fadil</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025</p></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128403720/Empat_Pilar_Media_Masyarakat_Sipil_dan_Gerakan_Protes_di_Federasi_Rusia_Based_AI_Pre_Essay"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121991248/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128325553/From_Naked_Eye_to_CCD_Historical_Review_of_Moon_Sighting_Observation_Technique_in_Malaysia">From Naked Eye to CCD: Historical Review of Moon Sighting Observation Technique in Malaysia</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://unisze.academia.edu/RoslanUmar">Roslan Umar</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025, Journal Fizik Malaysia</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">Malaysia is a uniquely diverse country comprising various ethnic groups, each with its own distinct cultural identity. The nation employs multiple calendars, including the Muslim, Hindu, and Chinese calendars, which use the lunar system... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Malaysia is a uniquely diverse country comprising various ethnic groups, each with its own distinct cultural identity. The nation employs multiple calendars, including the Muslim, Hindu, and Chinese calendars, which use the lunar system as their primary reference point to determine various events and religious activities. The exponential development of technology has led to the establishment of numerous kinds of observation techniques to help observers detect the new crescent moon. The act of observing the new crescent moon holds significance in the religious and cultural context of Malaysia, particularly in establishing the commencement of the Islamic calendar. This review will discuss the results of several studies appearing in articles on techniques for determining the new crescent moon in Malaysia. This review employed the comprehensive literature survey method and synthesis categorizing findings according to identified impact factors. In addition, modern and traditional techniques were reviewed to classify the types of equipment and methods that were used. Findings indicate that both traditional and modern methods are still used in teaching how to determine the new crescent moon in Malaysia. Ultimately, this review will serve as a valuable resource for researchers, scholars, and individuals interested in the cultural, religious, and technological dimensions of new moon sightings in Malaysia.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128325553/From_Naked_Eye_to_CCD_Historical_Review_of_Moon_Sighting_Observation_Technique_in_Malaysia"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121925975/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/128071693/CREAME_2_Analisis_Sosial_2012">CREAME 2 Analisis Sosial 2012</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/RipaiPai6">Ripai Pai</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">Silakan menggandakan dan mengedarkan pada pihak lain asalkan disertai dengan atribusi kepada CIPG sebagai pembuat dokumen (cc: by). Silakan meningkatkan kualitas isi (to enhance) dengan syarat bahwa dokumen tersebut dibuat di dalam... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Silakan menggandakan dan mengedarkan pada pihak lain asalkan disertai dengan atribusi kepada CIPG sebagai pembuat dokumen (cc: by). Silakan meningkatkan kualitas isi (to enhance) dengan syarat bahwa dokumen tersebut dibuat di dalam lisensi creative commons yang sama seperti tertera di atas (cc: sa). Anda DILARANG menggunakan, menggandakan, mengubah isi, maupun mengedarkan dokumen ini bila terkait kegiatan KOMERSIAL (cc: nc).</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/128071693/CREAME_2_Analisis_Sosial_2012"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121709449/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/127938495/Ali_Sastroamidjojo_Pemimpin_yang_Membawa_Indonesia_ke_Panggung_Dunia">Ali Sastroamidjojo: Pemimpin yang Membawa Indonesia ke Panggung Dunia</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/FatimahAzzahrah116">Fatimah Azzahrah</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">Ali Sastroamidjojo merupakan tokoh penting dalam diplomasi Indonesia yang sering kali luput dari sorotan sejarah. Sebagai Perdana Menteri Indonesia (1953–1955, 1956–1957), ia berperan besar dalam Konferensi Asia-Afrika 1955, yang... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Ali Sastroamidjojo merupakan tokoh penting dalam diplomasi Indonesia yang sering kali luput dari sorotan sejarah. Sebagai Perdana Menteri Indonesia (1953–1955, 1956–1957), ia berperan besar dalam Konferensi Asia-Afrika 1955, yang memperkuat solidaritas negara-negara baru merdeka dan menjadi dasar Gerakan Non-Blok. Ali memperjuangkan kebijakan non-blok di tengah Perang Dingin, menjalin hubungan dengan Asia, Afrika, dan Timur Tengah, serta memperkuat posisi Indonesia di kancah internasional. Namun, perubahan politik dalam negeri, termasuk munculnya Demokrasi Terpimpin, membuat namanya perlahan tenggelam. Artikel ini membahas kontribusi Ali dalam diplomasi Indonesia, tantangan yang ia hadapi, serta pentingnya mengapresiasi warisannya di era modern.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/127938495/Ali_Sastroamidjojo_Pemimpin_yang_Membawa_Indonesia_ke_Panggung_Dunia"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121596044/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/127549658/Kritik_Jawa_atas_Teori_Hubungan_Internasional_Barat">Kritik Jawa atas Teori Hubungan Internasional Barat</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/YusliEffendiSIPMA">Yusli Effendi,S.IP.,M.A</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">International Politics studies have been dominated by Western discourse. The domination has also been affected Indonesian academic circles, which is also having so many difficulties to escape themselves from Western perspectives,... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">International Politics studies have been dominated by Western discourse. The domination has also been affected Indonesian academic circles, which is also having so many difficulties to escape themselves from Western perspectives, especially from American School. Consequently, IR scholars usually analize Indonesia behaviours by using Western perspectives which have no roots in Nusantara history. This article will try to do the hung up ‘homework’, by doing an alternative discourse of power in International Politics studies from Javanese perspectives, by using Historical Sociology method. This article argues that the Javanese concept of power is ontologically and epistemologically different from the Western concept of power. Ontologically, in Javanese thoughts, anarchy along with its derivatives, balance of power, does not exist; epistemologically, power is concrete, homogenous, and beyond morality. On the other hand, in Western thoughts, international anarchy is the state of nature, a...</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/127549658/Kritik_Jawa_atas_Teori_Hubungan_Internasional_Barat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/121266949/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/126939880/Pengaruh_Budaya_Jawa_Pada_Pemikiran_Sukarno_di_Era_Demokrasi_Terpimpin_1959_1967">Pengaruh Budaya Jawa Pada Pemikiran Sukarno di Era Demokrasi Terpimpin 1959-1967</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://unas.academia.edu/WidhiSetyoPutro">Widhi Setyo Putro</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2025, Widhi Setyo Putro</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">Makalah ini membahas pengaruh budaya Jawa terhadap pemikiran politik Presiden Sukarno pada era Demokrasi Terpimpin (1959-1967). Pemikiran Sukarno yang dikenal dengan konsep Demokrasi Terpimpin dan ajaran Sukarnoisme sangat dipengaruhi... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Makalah ini membahas pengaruh budaya Jawa terhadap pemikiran politik Presiden Sukarno pada era Demokrasi Terpimpin (1959-1967). Pemikiran Sukarno yang dikenal dengan konsep Demokrasi Terpimpin dan ajaran Sukarnoisme sangat dipengaruhi oleh nilai-nilai budaya lokal, khususnya budaya Jawa. Dalam penelitian ini, dikaji bagaimana elemen-elemen budaya Jawa seperti harmoni (rukun), gotong royong, dan kekuasaan sebagai energi kosmis membentuk pandangan Sukarno tentang revolusi, persatuan, dan pembangunan karakter bangsa. Makalah ini menunjukkan bahwa Sukarno memadukan prinsip-prinsip budaya Jawa dengan ideologi nasionalisme dan sosialisme untuk membangun sistem politik yang mencerminkan identitas bangsa Indonesia, serta memperkuat kesadaran kolektif dalam menghadapi tantangan nasional.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/126939880/Pengaruh_Budaya_Jawa_Pada_Pemikiran_Sukarno_di_Era_Demokrasi_Terpimpin_1959_1967"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/120745830/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/126243929/PERKEMBANGAN_POLITIK_DI_INDONESIA_TERHADAP_PENULISAN_SEJARAH">PERKEMBANGAN POLITIK DI INDONESIA TERHADAP PENULISAN SEJARAH</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/LauriUtami">Lauri Utami</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2024</p></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/126243929/PERKEMBANGAN_POLITIK_DI_INDONESIA_TERHADAP_PENULISAN_SEJARAH"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/120150677/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/125922863/Nasionalisme_Pada_Film_Biografis_Soekarno_2013_Dan_Guru_Bangsa_Tjokroaminoto_2015_">Nasionalisme Pada Film Biografis ‘Soekarno’ (2013) Dan ‘Guru Bangsa: Tjokroaminoto’ (2015)</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://wordperss.academia.edu/RizkiNufiarni">Rizki Nufiarni</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2024, ISoLEC Proceedings</p></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/125922863/Nasionalisme_Pada_Film_Biografis_Soekarno_2013_Dan_Guru_Bangsa_Tjokroaminoto_2015_"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119881317/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/125814444/Kelindan_Pertumbuhan_Budaya_Politik_dan_Pemikiran_Politik_di_Indonesia_Sejak_Masa_Kebangkitan_Nasional">Kelindan Pertumbuhan Budaya Politik dan Pemikiran Politik di Indonesia Sejak Masa Kebangkitan Nasional</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://unas.academia.edu/MSaddamCahyo">M Saddam S S D Cahyo</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2024</p></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/125814444/Kelindan_Pertumbuhan_Budaya_Politik_dan_Pemikiran_Politik_di_Indonesia_Sejak_Masa_Kebangkitan_Nasional"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/119789139/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/124280417/NEGARA_MENZALIMI_RAKYAT_DESA_NAGARI_GAMPONG_MARGA">NEGARA MENZALIMI RAKYAT DESA NAGARI GAMPONG MARGA</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://universitasterbukaindonesia.academia.edu/HanifNurcholis">Hanif Nurcholis</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2024</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">Oleh: Hanif Nurcholis Pada postingan yang lain seorang pembaca bertanya kepada saya mengapa saya menulis rakyat Desa (atau nama lain) dizalimi oleh negara. Saya jawab begini. Kalau bapak belajar Ilmu Administrasi Negara maka bapak akan... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Oleh: Hanif Nurcholis Pada postingan yang lain seorang pembaca bertanya kepada saya mengapa saya menulis rakyat Desa (atau nama lain) dizalimi oleh negara. Saya jawab begini. Kalau bapak belajar Ilmu Administrasi Negara maka bapak akan tahu bahwa negara itu punya sokoguru (tiang utama) yang disebut birokrasi. Birokrasi inilah yang menyangga negara supaya tidak roboh. Begitu birokrasi lumpuh atau tidak berfungsi pasti terjadi penjarahan, perampokan, dan</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/124280417/NEGARA_MENZALIMI_RAKYAT_DESA_NAGARI_GAMPONG_MARGA"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/118536091/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/123656356/Wajah_Revolusi_Indonesia_Dalam_Perspektif_Filsafat_Sejarah">Wajah Revolusi Indonesia Dalam Perspektif Filsafat Sejarah</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/MdAdnanTahirAdnan">Md Adnan Tahir Adnan</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2024, Farabi</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">Atikel ini ingin menelusuri dan mencari jawaban tentang pertanyaan seberapa jauh revolusi merealisasikan transformasi structural dan cultural. Selain itu dipertanyakan sebarapa besar peranan sentral tokohtokoh revolusioner dalam menyusun... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Atikel ini ingin menelusuri dan mencari jawaban tentang pertanyaan seberapa jauh revolusi merealisasikan transformasi structural dan cultural. Selain itu dipertanyakan sebarapa besar peranan sentral tokohtokoh revolusioner dalam menyusun strategi perjuangannya guna tercapainya kebebasan (freedom) dan kebersamaan? Artikel ini juga ingin menemukan bagaimana pula peran rakyat kecil (wong cilik) atau rakyat kebanyakan (grassroot) dalam revolusi itu, baik yang berdomisili di kota maupun di pedesaan?. Dari beberapa pertanyaan itu dapat ditelusuri bahwa tokoh-tokoh revolusioner sebagai "motor penggerak" revolusi, setidaknya dapat dipetakan ke dalam dua kategori, yaitu pertama, revolusi yang bersifat non-kooperatif radikal, dengan tokohnya Tan Malaka; dan kedua, revolusi yang bersifat kooperatif-moderat, yang tokohnya adalah Soekarno, Hatta dan Syahrir. Pendekatan yang dilancarkan oleh golongan yang pertama lebih memilih perombakan masyarakat secara total dalam segala dimensi kehidupannya yang meliputi politik, ekonomi, social, budaya, sementara golongan yang kedua lebih suka memakai jalur diplomatik dengan tetap mempertahankan hal-hal "warisan lama" yang dipandang masih perlu dilestarikan. Revolusi sebagai sebuah wacana actual di tengah kemelut kebangsaan pasca kemerdekaan pada mulanya hanya terasa di kota-kota pusat pendudukan sekutu. Tidak demikian di pedesaan, Namun karena demikian dahsyatnya "getaran" wacana revolusi tersebut, pada gilirannya desa-desa di pedalaman pun ikut andil di dalam pergolakanpergolakan local.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/123656356/Wajah_Revolusi_Indonesia_Dalam_Perspektif_Filsafat_Sejarah"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/118037120/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/122618350/Pengaruh_Runtuhnya_Turki_Utsmani_terhadap_Politik_Islam_Indonesia">Pengaruh Runtuhnya Turki Utsmani terhadap Politik Islam Indonesia</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/LatifaIntan3">Latifa Intan</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2024, Pengaruh Runtuhnya Turki Utsmani terhadap Politik Islam di Indonesia</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">Turki Utsmani bermula saat Ertugrul berhasil mengalami kemenangan ketika menolong prajurit Ala'udin. Ertugrul mendapat hadiah dari Ala'udin berupa wilayah lain yang ditaklukkan. Setelah meninggalnya Ertugrul pada 678 H, Utsman... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Turki Utsmani bermula saat Ertugrul berhasil mengalami kemenangan ketika menolong prajurit Ala'udin. Ertugrul mendapat hadiah dari Ala'udin berupa wilayah lain yang ditaklukkan. Setelah meninggalnya Ertugrul pada 678 H, Utsman menggantikan posisi ayahnya.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/122618350/Pengaruh_Runtuhnya_Turki_Utsmani_terhadap_Politik_Islam_Indonesia"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/117250127/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/122544484/%E7%BC%94%E9%80%A0%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5_%E8%A5%BF_%E4%BA%9A1945_1969_From_Malaya_to_Malaysia_1945_1969_">缔造马来（西）亚1945-1969(From Malaya to Malaysia 1945-1969)</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://newera.academia.edu/joeliaw">LIAW Siau Chi（廖朝骥）</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2024</p></div><div class="summary">廖朝骥（2018）。第五章缔造马来（西）亚（1945-1969年）。載於范若兰, 李婉珺, & 廖朝骥（主編），马来西亚史纲。（頁 162-201）。广东：世界图书出版公司广东有限公司。</div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/122544484/%E7%BC%94%E9%80%A0%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5_%E8%A5%BF_%E4%BA%9A1945_1969_From_Malaya_to_Malaysia_1945_1969_"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/117186626/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/121518719/Dampak_Pergerakan_Nasional_Indonesia_terhadap_Pembentukan_Negara_dan_Masyarakat_Disusun_untuk_memenuhi_tugas_akhir_mata_kuliah_Sejarah_Indonesia_Masa_Pergerakan_Nasional_Dosen_Pengampu_Arif_Permana_Putra_M_Pd_Oleh">Dampak Pergerakan Nasional Indonesia terhadap Pembentukan Negara dan Masyarakat Disusun untuk memenuhi tugas akhir mata kuliah Sejarah Indonesia Masa Pergerakan Nasional Dosen Pengampu: Arif Permana Putra M.Pd Oleh</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/HalfiyudaFajaraulia">Halfiyuda Fajaraulia</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2024</p></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/121518719/Dampak_Pergerakan_Nasional_Indonesia_terhadap_Pembentukan_Negara_dan_Masyarakat_Disusun_untuk_memenuhi_tugas_akhir_mata_kuliah_Sejarah_Indonesia_Masa_Pergerakan_Nasional_Dosen_Pengampu_Arif_Permana_Putra_M_Pd_Oleh"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/116372244/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/121250663/TUGAS_AKHIR_PKN_PRAKSIS_DEMOKRASI_DI_ERA_GLOBALISASI_PERAN_PENDIDIKAN">TUGAS AKHIR PKN PRAKSIS DEMOKRASI DI ERA GLOBALISASI : PERAN PENDIDIKAN</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/AmaliaPutriRezki">Rezki Amalia Putri</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2024</p></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/121250663/TUGAS_AKHIR_PKN_PRAKSIS_DEMOKRASI_DI_ERA_GLOBALISASI_PERAN_PENDIDIKAN"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/116178993/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/121250599/TUGAS_AKHIR_PKN_PRAKSIS_DEMOKRASI_DI_ERA_GLOBALISASI_PERAN_PENDIDIKAN">TUGAS AKHIR PKN PRAKSIS DEMOKRASI DI ERA GLOBALISASI : PERAN PENDIDIKAN</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/AmaliaPutriRezki">Rezki Amalia Putri</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2024</p></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/121250599/TUGAS_AKHIR_PKN_PRAKSIS_DEMOKRASI_DI_ERA_GLOBALISASI_PERAN_PENDIDIKAN"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/116178956/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/121228912/ANALISIS_POLITIK_FASISME_DAN_KOMUNISME_DALAM_PERISTIWA_G30SPKI_SERTA_DAMPAKNYA_TERHADAP_POLITIK_INDONESIA">ANALISIS POLITIK FASISME DAN KOMUNISME DALAM PERISTIWA G30SPKI SERTA DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP POLITIK INDONESIA</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/salmariad4">Salma M Riad</a> and <details class="authors-dropdown"><summary>1 more</summary><div class="dropdown-content"><div class="dropdown-item"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/AriefKushardiansyah">Arief Kushardiansyah</a></div></div></details></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2024, draft article</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">ini meneliti penyebab, dinamika, dan implikasi politik dari G30SPKI, dengan fokus pada pergeseran ideologi dan konflik politik yang mempengaruhi arah kebijakan nasional. Melalui pendekatan analisis historis, makalah ini menggali hubungan... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">ini meneliti penyebab, dinamika, dan implikasi politik dari G30SPKI, dengan fokus pada pergeseran ideologi dan konflik politik yang mempengaruhi arah kebijakan nasional. Melalui pendekatan analisis historis, makalah ini menggali hubungan antara politik fasisme, komunisme, dan perkembangan politik Indonesia, menyoroti kuncikunci interpretatif yang relevan dalam memahami konteks sejarah dan dampaknya hingga saat ini.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/121228912/ANALISIS_POLITIK_FASISME_DAN_KOMUNISME_DALAM_PERISTIWA_G30SPKI_SERTA_DAMPAKNYA_TERHADAP_POLITIK_INDONESIA"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/116167331/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/121226730/Ilmu_Politik_Analisis_Politik_Fasisme_dan_Komunisme_dalam_Peristiwa_G30S_PKI_Serta_Dampaknya_terhadap_Politik_Indonesia_">Ilmu Politik "Analisis Politik Fasisme dan Komunisme dalam Peristiwa G30S PKI Serta Dampaknya terhadap Politik Indonesia"</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/FakhriPutra25">Fakhri Putra</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2024, Fakhri Putra kurniawan, salma maritza, arief kushardiansyah, pia khoirotun M.I.Kom</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">This research examines the causes, dynamics and political implications of these events, with a focus on ideological shifts and political conflicts that influence the direction of national policy. Through a historical analysis approach,... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This research examines the causes, dynamics and political implications of these events, with a focus on ideological shifts and political conflicts that influence the direction of national policy. Through a historical analysis approach, this paper explores the relationship between the politics of fascism, communism and Indonesian political development, highlighting interpretive keys that are relevant in understanding the historical context and its impact to date.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/121226730/Ilmu_Politik_Analisis_Politik_Fasisme_dan_Komunisme_dalam_Peristiwa_G30S_PKI_Serta_Dampaknya_terhadap_Politik_Indonesia_"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/116162214/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/121050375/The_Philosophical_Concept_of_Halal_Science_A_Conceptual_Analysis">The Philosophical Concept of Halal Science: A Conceptual Analysis</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/ShahirahSaid">Shahirah Said</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2024, International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">Discussions and studies on halal science are important when considering the needs of contemporary Muslims, which is becoming increasingly challenging. Its development encompasses all parties, including the government, industrial... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Discussions and studies on halal science are important when considering the needs of contemporary Muslims, which is becoming increasingly challenging. Its development encompasses all parties, including the government, industrial practitioners, academicians and society itself. Thus, some questions arise as to what philosophy of halal science was used in previous studies and what are the thoughts of Islamic science philosophers about the philosophy of halal science. This working paper had two objectives, namely to identify the philosophy of halal science in previous studies and analyse it based on the thoughts of contemporary Islamic science philosophers. This library study-based paper found that the actual philosophy of halal science hinged on tauhid and wahyu, while humans need to play the role of khalifah and subjects of Allah SWT, as decreed. Besides that, the philosophy of halal science cannot be influenced by Western scientific thought such as scientism, secular knowledge, dualism in the field of knowledge etc. This is to ensure the position of religion as well as solve the problem of halal science in society using a holistic approach.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/121050375/The_Philosophical_Concept_of_Halal_Science_A_Conceptual_Analysis"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/116030169/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/120924281/Kesenjangan_Sosial_Tantangan_Bagi_Demokrasi_Indonesia">Kesenjangan Sosial: Tantangan Bagi Demokrasi Indonesia</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/ignatiusismanto">ignatius ismanto</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2024</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">Indonesia has made a substantial progress in recovering its economy,especially since the crisis hit the country in 1997. Liberalization of the economy followed by sound and sustainable growth of the economy and flourish of investment has... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Indonesia has made a substantial progress in recovering its economy,especially since the crisis hit the country in 1997. Liberalization of the economy followed by sound and sustainable growth of the economy and flourish of investment has contrubuted to the recovery. Unfortunately, social inequality remains a social issue and the challenges to the economic change. Social inequality during this often conceived like an iceberg phenomenon. Social disparities indeed is an issue that is multi-dimensional. Social inequalities also must be understood from a political dimension. Lack of access in public policies come into potentially exacerbate social disparities. The widespread practices of corruption became a serious threat in overcoming social disparities. Why corruption is still a serious challenge in the midst of the political changes in Indonesia? Political change in Indonesia were increasingly characterized by the rise of oligarkhi (Robison and Hadiz, 2004). Ironically, electoral demo...</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/120924281/Kesenjangan_Sosial_Tantangan_Bagi_Demokrasi_Indonesia"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/115925476/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/120497310/Menuju_Dekolonisasi_Kebudayaan">Menuju Dekolonisasi Kebudayaan</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/AbdulMunim135">Abdul Munim</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2024, Mozaic : Islam Nusantara</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">Kebudayaan merupakan kesadaran kolektif, di dalamnya memuat cara berpikir, bersikap dan bertindak. Melihat kenyataan itu kolonial berkesimpulan, kebudayaan sebagai sektor strategis harus dikuasai untuk dikendalikan, dengan demikian... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Kebudayaan merupakan kesadaran kolektif, di dalamnya memuat cara berpikir, bersikap dan bertindak. Melihat kenyataan itu kolonial berkesimpulan, kebudayaan sebagai sektor strategis harus dikuasai untuk dikendalikan, dengan demikian diharapkan akan mampu menciptakan sistem kolonial yang efektif dalam mengontrol cara berpikir dan bersikap masyarakat terjajah. Pada taraf itu bukan hanya gerakan rakyat yang bisa dikontrol tetapi lebih dalam lagi kesadarannya juga dapat dikendalikan. Dengan cara semacam itu tujuan kolonial itu seolah legitimate karena berjubah ilmiah yang berdalih enlightening (pencerahan), padahal tujuan utamanya tetap conquestador (penaklukan), dengan cara pemutusan mata rantai sejarah dan membelokkan arah kebudayaan yang diangap dinamis, dengan mengutuk menjahanamkan militansi, kerelaan berkorban serta keberanian mengambil risiko. Sebaliknya mengekspos habis-habisan nilai-nilai lokal yang dianggap menguntungkan seperti harmoni, teposeliro. Semangat perlawanan mereka ...</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/120497310/Menuju_Dekolonisasi_Kebudayaan"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/115627351/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/120291844/Konsep_integrasi_etnik_dari_perspektif_pembangunan_berteraskan_Islam_di_Malaysia">Konsep integrasi etnik dari perspektif pembangunan berteraskan Islam di Malaysia</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/MohdSohaimiEsa">Mohd Sohaimi Esa</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2024</p></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/120291844/Konsep_integrasi_etnik_dari_perspektif_pembangunan_berteraskan_Islam_di_Malaysia"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/115490549/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/120135942/Stabilitas_dan_Tertib_Sosial">Stabilitas dan Tertib Sosial</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/HermawanSulistyo1">Hermawan Sulistyo</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2024, DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">Dengan menggunakan perspektif historis, konsepsi tentang stabilitas sosial dan tertib sosial sejak jaman Nusantara, Kolonialisme dan Indonesia menjadi fokus perhatian penulis dalam tulisan ini. Stabilitas dan ketertiban sosial yang... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Dengan menggunakan perspektif historis, konsepsi tentang stabilitas sosial dan tertib sosial sejak jaman Nusantara, Kolonialisme dan Indonesia menjadi fokus perhatian penulis dalam tulisan ini. Stabilitas dan ketertiban sosial yang dibangun atas proses-proses consensual conflicts akan menghasilkan sistem yang jauh lebih sustainable dan viable, ketimbang bangunan yang dibangun atas ikon nasionalisme. Perspektif ini memberikan kritik terhadap Benedict Anderson dan Ernest Renan yang cenderung menganggap fragmentasi unit-unit nasional menjadi bangunan stabilitas dan ketertiban sosial. Kecenderungan gerak masyarakat-masyarakat maju adalah integrasi kawasan, bukan fragmentasi unit-unit nasional yang cenderung membawa pertarungan antara wacana-wacana lokal vis-à-vis nasional.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/120135942/Stabilitas_dan_Tertib_Sosial"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/115384162/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/119057264/Revolusi_Demokrasi_Suatu_Gagasan_Memperbaiki_Demokrasi_Indonesia">Revolusi Demokrasi: Suatu Gagasan Memperbaiki Demokrasi Indonesia</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://simak.academia.edu/MiftahulHabibFachrurozi">Miftahul Habib Fachrurozi</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2024, MOZAIK: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">Abstrak Paper ini mencoba menguraikan permasalahan demokrasi di Indonesia sekaligus solusi yang dapat diambil untuk menyelesaikan masalah tersebut. Paper ini sangat penting karena memahami permasalahan pelaksanaan demokrasi di Indonesia... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Abstrak Paper ini mencoba menguraikan permasalahan demokrasi di Indonesia sekaligus solusi yang dapat diambil untuk menyelesaikan masalah tersebut. Paper ini sangat penting karena memahami permasalahan pelaksanaan demokrasi di Indonesia harus selalu dikaitan dengan Kapitalisme global yang terus menggerogoti sendi-sendi kehidupan bangsa Indonesia. Bangsa Indonesia harus dapat lepas dari cengkeraman Kapitalisme global agar mampu melaksanakan demokrasi yang sesuai dengan nilai-nilai ideal demokrasi Indonesia. Paper ini menjadi penting karena menawarkan gagasan revolusi demokrasi untuk memperbaiki demokrasi Indonesia. Penerapan nilai-nilai ideal demokrasi Indonesia serta hambatan pelaksanaan demokrasi Indonesia menjadi hal yang penting dikaji dalam rangka memperbaiki demokrasi Indonesia. Pertanyaan yang muncul adalah apa nilai-nilai ideal demokrasi Indonesia? Bagaimana permasalahan pelaksanaan demokrasi Indonesia? Serta bagaimana melaksanakan revolusi demokrasi? Pertanyaan-pertanyaan te...</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/119057264/Revolusi_Demokrasi_Suatu_Gagasan_Memperbaiki_Demokrasi_Indonesia"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/114529599/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/118739921/MELINTASNYA_BUDAYA">MELINTASNYA BUDAYA</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://universitasterbukaindonesia.academia.edu/HanifNurcholis">Hanif Nurcholis</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2024</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">Perkembangan suatu bangsa yang sejak awal sudah tersusun berdasarkan ratusan kelompok atau masyarakat ethnik dari tahap ke tahap berikutnya menurut tatanan sejarah memang tidak mudah dikisahkan. Namun terasa adanya suatu benang merah yang... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Perkembangan suatu bangsa yang sejak awal sudah tersusun berdasarkan ratusan kelompok atau masyarakat ethnik dari tahap ke tahap berikutnya menurut tatanan sejarah memang tidak mudah dikisahkan. Namun terasa adanya suatu benang merah yang dapat kita fahami, yang melintasi tahaptahap perkembangan bangsa yaitu kebudayaan. Kebudayaan mencirikan beberapa sifat masyarakat luas, tetapi juga komunitas ethnik yang lebih kecil. Intinya kebudayaan masyarakat besar atau komunitas ethnik yang lebih kecil dicirikan oleh ciri-ciri yang lebih khas. Seperti dulu dalam zaman penjajahan Belanda terkenal ciri budaya "orang Jawa malas" (de Luie Javaan). Memang alam yang berlimpah-ruah dan penduduk Jawa yang diawal abad ke-18 masih diperkirakan hanya 5 juta (Raffles, 1811) hidupnya bersahaja tetapi tidak kekurangan. Kebutuhan keluarga dicukupi oleh alam. Jadi karangan-karangan yang dikumpulkan L.E. Harrison dan S.P. Huntington dalam buku berjudul "Culture Matters", sungguh menarik karena menjelaskan secara meyakinkan bahwa kebudayaan punya arti dan pengaruh mendalam selama kehidupan manusia (Culture Matters Di ranah Anthropologi dan Sosiologi, Pembangunan Ekonomi, Perkembangan Politik, Bidang Perbedaan Kelamin (Gender) serta peranannya semua ranah tersebut tidak lepas dari budaya. Pangkal tolak inilah yang menarik dan menjadi perhatian penulis, selama merenungkan kembali tumbuhnya negara R.I. selama 65 tahun dari 1945-2010. Karena waktu itu penulis juga sudah cukup usia dan sadar akan perkembangan masyarakat yang dialami, mencoba menulis apa yang pernah dialami dan dipikirkan sepanjang ingatan masih segar. Dahulu masyarakat Indonesia yang multi-ethnik masih lebih dipengaruhi oleh budaya feodal, karena lapisan masyarakat tersusun dibawah kaum ningrat, Raja atau Sultan dan rakyat kecil di pedesaan. Dalam komunitas ethnik pun ada Kepala Adat yang teratas dan ada lapisan pembantupembantu terpercayatak jarang keluarga jugadan terbawah rakyat biasa. Perbedaan antara sekian banyak kelompok ethnik di Nusantara pernah menjadi keheranan bagi orang Belanda. Bagaimana negara sekecil Belanda dengan penduduk beberapa juta saja dapat menguasai pulau-pulau Nusantara yang ribuan jumlahnya serta kelompok-ethnik yang ratusan itu? Ada jawaban yang cukup jelas : "itu mungkin karena perbedaan kelompok ethnik mudah dikuasai Hindia Belanda melalui politik pecah-belah (Divide et Impera).</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/118739921/MELINTASNYA_BUDAYA"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/114295514/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/118083875/Nama_Nania_Anggie_abdillah_Nim_0604232022_Mata_kuliah_filsafat_dan_sejarah_agama">Nama: Nania Anggie abdillah Nim: 0604232022 Mata kuliah: filsafat dan sejarah agama</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/NaniaanggieAbdillah">Nania anggie Abdillah</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2024</p></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/118083875/Nama_Nania_Anggie_abdillah_Nim_0604232022_Mata_kuliah_filsafat_dan_sejarah_agama"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113792053/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/118081618/Nama_Wildan_Pratama_Ansaid_Siregar_Nim_0604231001_Mata_kuliah_sejarah_filsafat_ilmu">Nama : Wildan Pratama Ansaid Siregar Nim: 0604231001 Mata kuliah: sejarah filsafat ilmu</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/WildanPratama108">Wildan Pratama</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2024, -</p></div><div class="summary">-</div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/118081618/Nama_Wildan_Pratama_Ansaid_Siregar_Nim_0604231001_Mata_kuliah_sejarah_filsafat_ilmu"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113790364/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/118080570/Nama_Indri_Andesta_putri_NIM_0604232040_Mata_kuliah_filsafat_dan_sejarah_agama">Nama: Indri Andesta putri NIM: 0604232040 Mata kuliah: filsafat dan sejarah agama</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/indriandestaputri">indri andesta putri</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2024</p></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/118080570/Nama_Indri_Andesta_putri_NIM_0604232040_Mata_kuliah_filsafat_dan_sejarah_agama"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113789591/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/117732080/Vernacular_Politics_Revisited_The_Role_of_Ulama_in_the_2020_Simultaneous_Local_Elections_in_Indonesia">Vernacular Politics Revisited: The Role of Ulama in the 2020 Simultaneous Local Elections in Indonesia</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/SulidarUjang3">Sulidar Ujang</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2024, ISVS E-JOURNAL</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">Ulama is a vernacular social group with a strategic position in the community, comprised especially of groups of religious people. This research examines the political role of Ulama. It focuses on the political role of Ulama, and their... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Ulama is a vernacular social group with a strategic position in the community, comprised especially of groups of religious people. This research examines the political role of Ulama. It focuses on the political role of Ulama, and their preparation, and implementation of the 2020 Simultaneous Regional Elections. Although Ulama is a grassroot level social group, it is associated with winning the candidacy for the Regional Head Candidate position who then becomes a contestant. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach as a method. To obtain data, in-depth interviews were conducted with three informants in October-November 2023. The research was conducted in two provinces that held the 2020 simultaneous regional elections: North Sumatra and West Sumatra. The results of the analyses are interpreted and validated into propositions to be drawn into conclusions and recommendations. The research uncovers a dilemma in the relationship between the clerics and the politicians. On the one hand, Ulama maintains political morals, but on the other hand, many Ulama are carried away by political currents. Four types of people can win a regional head candidacy: political parties, respected community leaders and Ulama, who support and influence power. The fourth is power and money as political ammunition. However, some regions, such as the West Sumatra Province value the role of Ulama and community leaders. Ulama's impact on a leader's success can be positive or negative. Positive impacts include policies that benefit the community, while negative impacts include policies that do not include the Ulama's views.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/117732080/Vernacular_Politics_Revisited_The_Role_of_Ulama_in_the_2020_Simultaneous_Local_Elections_in_Indonesia"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/113515262/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/116645782/Nasionalisme_dalam_Konteks_Sejarah">Nasionalisme dalam Konteks Sejarah</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/AchmadDardiri2">Achmad Dardiri</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2024</p></div><div class="summary">Persamaan ekonomis dan kesmepatan memperoleh pendidikan bagi segenap anggota kelompok nasional dan peningkatan kesejahteraan kelas-kelas yang secara sosial mempunyai hak-hak istimewa.</div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/116645782/Nasionalisme_dalam_Konteks_Sejarah"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/112717114/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/116393588/Islam_Dan_Globalisasi">Islam Dan Globalisasi</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/rasyidinm1">rasyidin m</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2024</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">Artikel ini mencoba membahas hakikat globalisasi, dan apa hubungannya dengan identitas muslim? Bagaimana islam menyikapi globalisasi? apakah islam mengenal konsep globalisasi?sampai hari ini, belum ditemukan kesepakatan terhadap definisi... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Artikel ini mencoba membahas hakikat globalisasi, dan apa hubungannya dengan identitas muslim? Bagaimana islam menyikapi globalisasi? apakah islam mengenal konsep globalisasi?sampai hari ini, belum ditemukan kesepakatan terhadap definisi globalisasi, hal ini dikarenakan terma ini digunakan dalam berbagai bidang. Globalisasi barat berbeda dengan globalitas yang ada dalam islam. Globalitas islam sangat menghargai perbedaan sebagai khazanah kekayaan budaya, adapun globalisasi barat berusaha memaksa nilai-nilai barat atas kebudayaan dan jati diri bangsa lain. Globalisasi barat mengancam eksintesi identitas dan jati diri kelompok lain. Pun demikian, umat islam harus arif dan bijak dalam menghadapi globalisasi ini. Bersikat moderat dalam menghadapi berbagai gempuran pemikiran merupakan sikap yang harus ditunjukkan oleh seorang muslim.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/116393588/Islam_Dan_Globalisasi"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/112535903/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/116245145/Al_Fatihin_Islamic_States_first_Malay_language_newspaper">Al-Fatihin: Islamic State's first Malay language newspaper</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/jasmindersingh">jasminder singh</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2024</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">RSIS Commentary is a platform to provide timely and, where appropriate, policy-relevant commentary and analysis of topical issues and contemporary developments. The views of the authors are their own and do not represent the official... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">RSIS Commentary is a platform to provide timely and, where appropriate, policy-relevant commentary and analysis of topical issues and contemporary developments. The views of the authors are their own and do not represent the official position of the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, NTU. These commentaries may be reproduced electronically or in print with prior permission from RSIS and due recognition to the author(s) and RSIS. Please email: <a href="mailto:RSISPublications@ntu.edu.sg" rel="nofollow">RSISPublications@ntu.edu.sg</a> for feedback to the Editor RSIS Commentary, Yang Razali Kassim.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/116245145/Al_Fatihin_Islamic_States_first_Malay_language_newspaper"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/112429838/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/116024014/Islam_Kontemporer_Antara_Reformasi_Dan_Revolusi_Peradaban">Islam Kontemporer: Antara Reformasi Dan Revolusi Peradaban</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/fl0werliy">fl0wer liy</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2024, ULUMUNA</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">The 19th and 20th centuries were periods for main transformation in Muslim history: periods of degradation and conquest, independence and revolution, renaissance and reform. Toward the 19th century, world power moved from Muslim world to... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The 19th and 20th centuries were periods for main transformation in Muslim history: periods of degradation and conquest, independence and revolution, renaissance and reform. Toward the 19th century, world power moved from Muslim world to Europe. It was remarked by emerging power of British, France, Spain, Russia, Netherlands, Italy and Portuguese. They dominated Muslim societies in Asia, Africa, and Middle East in economic, military, politic and ideological aspects. Muslim societies’ responses to Europe domination were diverse from rejection and confrontation to emigration and non-cooperative attitudes of traditional Muslim. They planned reform, reconstructed Islamic thinking and beliefs, reformed theology and Islamic law, and emphasized Muslim’s self-esteem significance, unity and solidarity in facing cultural threats and Europe colonialism. However, not few secular Muslims and reformers, were proud and greatly imitated Europe civilization and cultures. They did secularization that...</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/116024014/Islam_Kontemporer_Antara_Reformasi_Dan_Revolusi_Peradaban"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/112269853/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/115940149/Manusia_Sebagai_Pelaku_Sejarah_Studi_Kasus_Peran_Mahasiswa_dalam_Runtuhnya_Orde_Baru_">Manusia Sebagai Pelaku Sejarah (Studi Kasus: Peran Mahasiswa dalam Runtuhnya Orde Baru)</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/NurpratiwiHany">Hany Nurpratiwi</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2024, Populer: Jurnal Penelitian Mahasiswa</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">The struggles of the student movement in Indonesia can be seen from its history which was influenced by changes in the ruling regime and pilot-economic order. The role of students in the dynamics of power change in Indonesia has a... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The struggles of the student movement in Indonesia can be seen from its history which was influenced by changes in the ruling regime and pilot-economic order. The role of students in the dynamics of power change in Indonesia has a considerable influence, such as during the fall of President Soeharto which gave birth to the New Order era. The purpose of this study is to discuss more deeply the role of the student movement in resisting the New Order. In this study using the literature study method by collecting research data through relevant books, journals, and previous articles. The results obtained from this study are that the struggles of the student movement experienced a dynamic development, this clearly illustrates that the movement carried out by students during the New Order era played an important role in turning the wheels of history.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/115940149/Manusia_Sebagai_Pelaku_Sejarah_Studi_Kasus_Peran_Mahasiswa_dalam_Runtuhnya_Orde_Baru_"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/112207053/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/114573788/Intervensi_Militer_Indonesia_di_Timor_Portugis_7_Desember_1975_Analisis_Kebijakan_Luar_Negeri_pada_Level_Sistem_Internasional_Politik_Domestik_dan_Individu">Intervensi Militer Indonesia di Timor Portugis 7 Desember 1975: Analisis Kebijakan Luar Negeri pada Level Sistem Internasional, Politik Domestik, dan Individu</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/MuhamadArif380">Muhamad Arif</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2024, Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">The focus of this study is on Indonesia&#39;s option to conduct military intervention as its foreign policy in Timor Portugis on 7 December 1975. The purpose of this study is to identify factors that influence the government of Indonesia... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The focus of this study is on Indonesia&#39;s option to conduct military intervention as its foreign policy in Timor Portugis on 7 December 1975. The purpose of this study is to identify factors that influence the government of Indonesia to choose military intervention as in the case of Portuguese Timor. This study uses qualitative approach with data gathered from primary as well as secondary sources and, then, analyzed using descriptive-analytical method. This study concludes that the option to conduct military intervention to Timor Portugis on 7 December 1975 is due to three reasons, i.e.: (1) suportive policies of interested countries, (2) political interaction between foreign policy-making actors in Indonesia, and (3) the personality of President Suharto.//</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/114573788/Intervensi_Militer_Indonesia_di_Timor_Portugis_7_Desember_1975_Analisis_Kebijakan_Luar_Negeri_pada_Level_Sistem_Internasional_Politik_Domestik_dan_Individu"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111236778/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/114365530/Retorika_Politik_Calon_Legislatif_Hindu_Partai_Demokrasi_Indonesia_Perjuangan_Dewan_Perwakilan_Rakyat_Daerah_Kota_Mataram_Dalam_Pemilihan_Umum_2014">Retorika Politik Calon Legislatif Hindu Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kota Mataram Dalam Pemilihan Umum 2014</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/SayuJelantik">Sayu Jelantik</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2024</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">Retorika politik yang dilakukan oleh Calon legislatif Hindu PDIP DPRD Kota Mataram bertujuan untuk mempengaruhi khalayak Umat Hindu di Kota Mataram untuk mendapat dukungan dalam Pemilu 2014. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada pemilu 2014 di... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Retorika politik yang dilakukan oleh Calon legislatif Hindu PDIP DPRD Kota Mataram bertujuan untuk mempengaruhi khalayak Umat Hindu di Kota Mataram untuk mendapat dukungan dalam Pemilu 2014. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada pemilu 2014 di Kota Mataram dengan subjek penelitian adalah Calon Legislatif Hindu PDIP DPRD Kota Mataram dan Khalayak Umat Hindu di Kota Mataram, serta objek penelitian yaitu rekonstruksi retorika politik, proses retorika politik, dan dampak retorika politik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menggambarkan rekonstruksi retorika politik, untuk menjelaskan proses retorika politik, dan menemukan dampak retorika politik yang dilakukan oleh Calon Legislatif Hindu DPRD Kota Mataram. Penelitian ini menggunakan paradigm kualitatif bersifat ex pose facto. Landasan teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori retorika, teori dramaturgi, dan teori use and gratification .Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Hasil dari penel...</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/114365530/Retorika_Politik_Calon_Legislatif_Hindu_Partai_Demokrasi_Indonesia_Perjuangan_Dewan_Perwakilan_Rakyat_Daerah_Kota_Mataram_Dalam_Pemilihan_Umum_2014"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111083131/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/114139906/Civilisation_Sciences_The_Theological_and_Historical_Perspectives">Civilisation Sciences: The Theological and Historical Perspectives</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/ArifFadilah100">Arif Fadilah</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2024, International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">In postgraduate academic studies, understanding science and civilisation is essential as a rationale for history and theology to avoid misunderstandings and clashes. Aims research to explain the role of science in supporting the... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In postgraduate academic studies, understanding science and civilisation is essential as a rationale for history and theology to avoid misunderstandings and clashes. Aims research to explain the role of science in supporting the civilisation that occurred, to know the history of the philosophy of science in the development of civilisation, and to know the differences in theological views on science in civilisation. This research uses qualitative methods with a literature study approach by optimising the sources of books, journals, and research reports related to the philosophy of science, history, and religion. This study's results explain that science's existence should not be considered a final thing. It needs to be criticised and studied and not be weakened and placed in the correct position to avoid absolute or consider science as scientific truth and develop in the formation of human civilisation. Philosophy 20th century is the peak of the history of the philosophy of science. The differentiation of scientific disciplines and philosophy is radicalising rationality. Reasoning moves from the problem unconscious to human science existence. The differences between civilisations and the development of science and knowledge not accurate are still fundamental. Where is religion makes differences between the social structure of humans and God, individuals, and groups so that they do not have to give birth to a conflict called the clash of civilisations. The implications as academics understand the philosophy of science requires understanding history and theology to unite science and civilisation.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/114139906/Civilisation_Sciences_The_Theological_and_Historical_Perspectives"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/110916696/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/114039140/NGOs_in_India">NGOs in India</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://anu-au.academia.edu/PatrickKilby">Patrick Kilby</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2024</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">By examining how NGOs operate in southern India in the early 2000s, this book discusses the challenges faced by small, local NGOs in the uncertain times of changing aid dynamics. The key findings focus on what empowerment means for Indian... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">By examining how NGOs operate in southern India in the early 2000s, this book discusses the challenges faced by small, local NGOs in the uncertain times of changing aid dynamics. The key findings focus on what empowerment means for Indian women, and how NGO accountability to these women is an important part of the empowerment being realized. The notion of community empowerment, in which the 'solidarity' of a group can be a path to individual empowerment, is discussed, as well as analysing how empowerment can be a useful concept in development. Based on case studies of 15 NGOs as well as in-depth interviews with 80 women's self-help groups, the book highlights the key features of effective empowerment programmes. The author uses innovative statistical analysis tools to show how a key factor in empowerment of marginalized women is the accountability relationship between themselves and the supporting NGO. The book goes on to discuss the ways that NGOs can work with communities in the future, and recognizes the limitations of a donor-centric accountability framework. It provides a useful contribution to studies on South Asia as well as Gender and Development Studies.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/114039140/NGOs_in_India"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/110842182/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/113301721/XIV_Congreso_Internacional_de_Humanidades_Escenarios_posibles_en_el_posconflicto_colombiano_">XIV Congreso Internacional de Humanidades: “Escenarios posibles en el posconflicto colombiano”</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/NADIAJOHANNAPAREDESSAAVEDRA">NADIA JOHANNA PAREDES SAAVEDRA</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2024, Banco Mundial. (2014, mayo). La contabilidad del capital natural se afianza a medida que los países van más allá del PIB. Página Web Banco Mundial. Recuperado de http://www.bancomundial.org/es/news/feature/2014/05/21/natural-capital-accounting-taking-hold-as-69-countries-go-beyond-gdp</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">This study discusses the dynamics of Indonesian student movement in the New Order era between 1966 until 1998. It also analyses the responses of the authority to their movement and its impact. This research uses the qualitative method of... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This study discusses the dynamics of Indonesian student movement in the New Order era between 1966 until 1998. It also analyses the responses of the authority to their movement and its impact. This research uses the qualitative method of literature review and interviews where the arguments are presented in descriptive analysis. Based on Antonio Gramsci's concept of hegemony, this study has uncovered the hegemonic means utilized by the authority to undermine student movement. The description of how this social formation was defragmented, justified and then integrated into bureaucratic processes where their existence was then consented as a subordinated class. In reality, the student movement under the New Order government was closely related to the situation of socio-politics and character of the regime. Nevertheless, the Asian economic crisis jolted the revival of the student movement to its initial vibrant state which brought down Suharto's regime in 1998. This study has proven that hegemonic process also has a shelflife as the masses will eventually see through the regime's political construction. This eventuality was due to external and internal factors such as development of information technology, the rise of cyber-power, international politics and the emergence of new ideas.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/113301721/XIV_Congreso_Internacional_de_Humanidades_Escenarios_posibles_en_el_posconflicto_colombiano_"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/110296077/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/113169689/Yessica_Aulia_2110831007_Esssay_2_Seminar_Isu_Politik">Yessica Aulia 2110831007 Esssay 2 Seminar Isu Politik</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/yessydwi3">yessy dwi</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2024</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">sebagai sarana bagi warga negara dalam rangka untuk ikut serta dalam pengelolaan negara merupakan suatu organisasi yang baru di dalam kehidupan manusia di bandingkan dengan organisasi negara, akan tetapi sejarah kelahiran partai politik... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">sebagai sarana bagi warga negara dalam rangka untuk ikut serta dalam pengelolaan negara merupakan suatu organisasi yang baru di dalam kehidupan manusia di bandingkan dengan organisasi negara, akan tetapi sejarah kelahiran partai politik cukup panjang.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/113169689/Yessica_Aulia_2110831007_Esssay_2_Seminar_Isu_Politik"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/110199397/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/112960085/Kolonialisme_Dan_Identitas_Kebangsaan_Negara_Negara_Asia_Tenggara">Kolonialisme Dan Identitas Kebangsaan Negara-Negara Asia Tenggara</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/HeriSusanto667">Heri Susanto</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2024, Sejarah dan Budaya : Jurnal Sejarah, Budaya, dan Pengajarannya</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">Nasionalisme dapat dikategorikan menjadi civic nationalism dan ethnic nationalism. Ethnic nationalism didefinisikan dalam konteks etnis dan keturunan dari generasi sebelumnya. Hal ini juga mencakup gagasan budaya bersama antara anggota... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Nasionalisme dapat dikategorikan menjadi civic nationalism dan ethnic nationalism. Ethnic nationalism didefinisikan dalam konteks etnis dan keturunan dari generasi sebelumnya. Hal ini juga mencakup gagasan budaya bersama antara anggota kelompok, dan biasanya juga mencakup bahasa yang sama. Sedangkan, civic nationalism adalah bentuk nasionalisme yang berasal dari legitimasi politik dari keikutsertaan aktif masyarakat, yang mana hal tersebut merupakan "the will of people". Ethnic nationalism misalnya ditunjukkan oleh Thailand, sedangkan civic nationalism misalnya ditunjukkan oleh Philipina dan Indonesia. Dalam tinjauan ini Malaysia dapat dikatakan mengalami kedua tipe identifikasi ini, ditengah upaya mengukuhkan identitas ke-Melayu-an, Malaysia juga harus mampu mengakoomodir keinginan warga negara lain non Melayu. Meskipun demikian, bila dilihat dari sisi identitas nasional nation state, maka Indonesia dapat dikatakan satusatunya negara di Asia Tenggara yang secara tegas menggunakan terminologi multikultural dalam penamaan negara. Ditinjau dari sejarah kawasan sangat jelas bahwa nasionalisme Indonesia tidak dibangun atas dasar budaya majemuk, akan tetapi keinginan bersama yang disebut civic nationalism murni. Kata-kata kunci: kolonialisme, nasionalisme, identitas kebangsaan, Asia Tenggara Abstract. Nationalism could be categorized by civic nationalism and ethnic nationalism. Ethnic nationalism is defined in the ethnical and descendant context. This will also cover the idea of collective culture between a member of group and commonly consists of the same language. Civiv nationalism is a form of nationalism derived from the political legitimation of social participation, as called the will of people. Ethnic nationalism, for example, is showed by Thailand and civic nationalism is represented by Philipina and Indonesia. This study places Malaysia as both nationalism. They accommodate the non-Malay citizens in the term of nation-state. Indonesia could be one of Southeast Asian countries using a multicultral perspective in naming a state. Based on the area history, Indonesian nationalisms are not shaped by multiculture, but the will to live together or the pure civic nationalism.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/112960085/Kolonialisme_Dan_Identitas_Kebangsaan_Negara_Negara_Asia_Tenggara"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/110048178/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/112897001/PERGULATAN_DOKTRIN_POLITIK_NAHDLATUL_ULAMA_Refleksi_Masa_kolonial_Belanda_Jepang_Era_Kemerdekaan_Orde_Baru_Hingga_Pasca_Reformasi_di_Indonesia">PERGULATAN DOKTRIN POLITIK NAHDLATUL ULAMA: (Refleksi Masa kolonial Belanda, Jepang, Era Kemerdekaan, Orde Baru Hingga Pasca Reformasi di Indonesia</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://ung-id.academia.edu/YayanSahi">Yayan Sahi, S.Pd.,M.Pd</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2024</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">The aim of this research is to understand the political doctrine struggles of Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) starting from the Colonial period, Japan, the Era of Independence, the New Order, to Post-Reformation in Indonesia. The research method... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The aim of this research is to understand the political doctrine struggles of Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) starting from the Colonial period, Japan, the Era of Independence, the New Order, to Post-Reformation in Indonesia. The research method used is a qualitative approach with literature study as a secondary data source, including books, journals and previous research. Research findings show; (1) During the Dutch colonial period, NU's political doctrine reflected the "Wait and See" strategy, with a focus on protecting Islamic religious values, emphasizing Islamic identity in Indonesia, and collaborating with other Islamic organizations in the struggle for independence and justice. (2) During the Japanese colonial period, NU adapted to political changes. Initially they collaborated with Japan, but then became critical of Japanese policies, especially regarding seikeirei which was contrary to the Islamic principle of monotheism. NU resisted, used a diplomatic approach, and built a power base among Islamic boarding schools and kyai. (3) In the Independence Era, NU's political doctrine reflected adaptation to changing political situations. They support independence and Islamic values in a pluralist country, and play a role in government. Post-independence, NU faced various challenges, including relations with the government, national politics, and the role of religion in modern society. (4) In the New Order era, NU's political doctrine underwent changes, with a focus on social, religious, educational and da'wah activities. Even though some of its members are practically involved in politics and support political parties, NU maintains a commitment to Islamic values and their social role. (5) From the Reformation to Post-Reformation Era, NU experienced an evolution in its political approach. They support democracy, political pluralism, human rights, transparency, accountability and the fight against corruption. Apart from that, NU is involved in practical politics. Despite these distortions, NU continues to strive to maintain a balance between supporting the government and maintaining the integrity of Islamic values and their social role in Indonesian society .</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/112897001/PERGULATAN_DOKTRIN_POLITIK_NAHDLATUL_ULAMA_Refleksi_Masa_kolonial_Belanda_Jepang_Era_Kemerdekaan_Orde_Baru_Hingga_Pasca_Reformasi_di_Indonesia"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/109995098/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/112384919/Pemikiran_Paham_Komunis_Perspektif_Pancasila">Pemikiran Paham Komunis Perspektif Pancasila</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/ECasedi">Edi Casedi</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2023, Profetika: Jurnal Studi Islam</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">Pancasila is the foundation of the Republic of Indonesia were scattered on God, just and civilized humanity, unity of Indonesia, Democracy and led by the wisdom of wisdom in deliberation representation, social justice for all Indonesian... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Pancasila is the foundation of the Republic of Indonesia were scattered on God, just and civilized humanity, unity of Indonesia, Democracy and led by the wisdom of wisdom in deliberation representation, social justice for all Indonesian people. Belief in God Almighty be a fundamental principle of the five precepts that exist. This precept demands that citizens of the Republic of Indonesia for the godless. However, in reality happened in the history of Indonesia and recognition Indonesian communist party in the election. This study tried to sit communism in the ideology of Pancasila and whether he has a space in it. This research is to answer the question in the hope that people understand and be aware of the teachings of communism when seated on the basis of the Homeland. Be a kind of literary qualitative research with historical and philosophical approach. Results showed communism research from the aspect of ideology, politics, socio-economics is contrary to the principles of Pancasila which are the foundation of the Republic of Indonesia. Thus, by reason of the above teachings and ideology of communism do not have space in Pancasila. Because something in violation not possible to put together and aligned. Because ideology is contradictory and do not have space in the basic state and the nation of Indonesia, should and rightly where this doctrine is not worth living fertile motherland ever betrayed by the PKI to perform a coup over the legitimate government with efforts to make Indonesia not sovereign to make " subordinate "and accomplice of Russia, the communist state.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/112384919/Pemikiran_Paham_Komunis_Perspektif_Pancasila"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/109632776/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/112235217/The_Main_Components_of_the_Tahfiz_Teaching_Model_with_ICT_Elements_An_Evaluation_with_the_NGT_Application">The Main Components of the Tahfiz Teaching Model with ICT Elements: An Evaluation with the NGT Application</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/DrAzmilHashim">Dr Azmil Hashim</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2023, Journal of Hunan University Natural Sciences</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">Information and communication technology (ICT) is highly relevant in the education sector at present. In the 21st century education, it is the most important medium that can be the key teaching aid with the current changes in teaching. In... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Information and communication technology (ICT) is highly relevant in the education sector at present. In the 21st century education, it is the most important medium that can be the key teaching aid with the current changes in teaching. In this context, the study of tahfiz is not an exception in the changing development of current education. This study aims to evaluate the main component of the tahfiz teaching model based on the ICT elements, also known as the i-QTmar Tahfiz Teaching Model, by using the approach of the Nominal Group Technique (NGT). The design for the main components in the model development is based on the Assure Model. Six items for the questionnaire component were submitted to the experts for assessment. Data analyzed based on percentage value levels need to exceed 70%. The expert analysis result proved that the main components of the model could be used as agreed by the responding experts on the main components of the i-QTmar Tahfiz Teaching Model, which achieved the usability status. The implication of the study shows the possibility of using a variety of methods in answering the research questions, especially one of Islamic Education with the NGT application.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/112235217/The_Main_Components_of_the_Tahfiz_Teaching_Model_with_ICT_Elements_An_Evaluation_with_the_NGT_Application"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/109527445/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/111370101/Liberalism_between_Acceptance_and_Rejection_in_Muslim_World_A_Review">Liberalism between Acceptance and Rejection in Muslim World: A Review</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/ShahirahAbduRahim15">Shahirah Abdu Rahim 15</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2023, International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">The problem with ideology of liberalism and Islam remains its priority to the facet of the resolution of the Shari'a. Liberalism also seeks to loosen the rule of law and the rule of Islam rather than its adherents. This article reviews... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The problem with ideology of liberalism and Islam remains its priority to the facet of the resolution of the Shari'a. Liberalism also seeks to loosen the rule of law and the rule of Islam rather than its adherents. This article reviews the literature on the concepts, acceptance and rejection of liberalism through the view of Muslim scholars. The objective of this article is to examine the concept of liberalism, acceptance and rejection of liberalism among Muslim scholars. In addition, the explanation of the intellectual views on liberalism is also highlighted. This article uses a qualitative approach with exploratory case study methods. Textual methods are applied to the information transferred therefore the information can be captured and interpreted. Data analysis is done by employing descriptive analysis. The findings show that there are acceptance and rejection of religious liberal ideology. Muslim scholars and independent intellectuals have also expressed their comprehensive views to wisely reject the ideology of religious liberalism as it is undoubtedly an apparent deviation from Islamic principles.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/111370101/Liberalism_between_Acceptance_and_Rejection_in_Muslim_World_A_Review"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/108930418/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/111367124/Politik_Luar_Negeri_Indonesia_Masa_Transisi_Pemerintahan_Orde_Lama_Pemerintahan_Orde_Baru_Tahun_1965_1973">Politik Luar Negeri Indonesia Masa Transisi Pemerintahan Orde Lama Pemerintahan Orde Baru Tahun 1965-1973</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/ZulhamArifin">Zulham Arifin</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2023</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor lahirnya politik luar negeri bebas aktif Indonesia, kondisi politik luar negeri pada masa akhir Orde Lama dan Awal Orde Baru, dan pelaksanaan politik luar negeri Indonesia masa awal Orde Baru.... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor lahirnya politik luar negeri bebas aktif Indonesia, kondisi politik luar negeri pada masa akhir Orde Lama dan Awal Orde Baru, dan pelaksanaan politik luar negeri Indonesia masa awal Orde Baru. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian sejarah yang terdiri dari, heuristik (mencari dan mengumpulkan sumber), kritik sumber (kritik intern dan ektern), interpretasi (penafsiran sumber) dan historiografi (penulisan sejarah). Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara melakukan penelitian pustaka terdiri dari mengumpulkan sumber buku, arsip serta literatur-literatur yang berhubungan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor lahirnya politik luar negeri bebas aktif Indonesia karena terjadi pertentangan ideologi antara kedua blok besar sehingga Indoneisa mencari jalan tengah untuk tidak memihak, kondisi dalam negeri juga sangat mempengaruhi karena terjadinya inflasi yang tidak terkontrol dan perlunya bantuan dari luar negeri, kemudian kondisi politik luar negeri pada pada masa Orde Lama menemui beberapa masalah karena melakukan konfrontasi dan keluarnya Indonesia dari PBB, sedangkan kondisi politiik luar negeri pada masa Orde Baru merupakan antitesa dari politik luar negeri Orde lama. Pelaksanaan politik luar negeri awal Orde Baru arah kebijakan politiknya menjalin hubungan baik dengan barat dengan adanya IGGI dan Indonesia menjalin hubungan bertetangga yang baik dengan negara kawasan Asia Tenggara dengan adanya ASEAN dan menghentikan konfrontasi dan dalam politik luar negeri awal Orde Baru militer berperaan aktif dalam politik luar negeri</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/111367124/Politik_Luar_Negeri_Indonesia_Masa_Transisi_Pemerintahan_Orde_Lama_Pemerintahan_Orde_Baru_Tahun_1965_1973"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/108928080/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/110799145/Opini_peran_kaum_intelektual">Opini peran kaum intelektual</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/abellinaayudevitasari">abellina ayu devitasari</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2023, Abellina </p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">Opini peran kaum intelektual dalam perkembangan demokrasi Indonesia saat ini Kaum intelektual memiliki peran yang sangat penting dalam perkembangan demokrasi di Indonesia, karena mereka memiliki fungsi sosial bagi kehidupan masyarakat,... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Opini peran kaum intelektual dalam perkembangan demokrasi Indonesia saat ini Kaum intelektual memiliki peran yang sangat penting dalam perkembangan demokrasi di Indonesia, karena mereka memiliki fungsi sosial bagi kehidupan masyarakat, menyampaikan aspirasi masyarakat, dan berperan sebagai kontrol politik. Kelompok intelektual umumnya direkrut dari segala kelas, kerap dijumpai dalam berbagai gerakan kebudayaan-politik. Selain itu mereka juga bukan pekerja tangan (kasar), dan umumnya menjauh dari masyarakat karena lebih bergaul dengan kelompoknya sendiri.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/110799145/Opini_peran_kaum_intelektual"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/108505194/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/110768786/PERAN_KAUM_INTELEKTUAL_DALAM_DEMOKRASI_INDONESIA">PERAN KAUM INTELEKTUAL DALAM DEMOKRASI INDONESIA</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/AhmadSaleh323">Ahmad Saleh</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2023, Ahmad saleh</p></div><div class="summary">TUGAS KULIAH</div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/110768786/PERAN_KAUM_INTELEKTUAL_DALAM_DEMOKRASI_INDONESIA"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/108484077/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/110754096/Human_Development_in_The_Works_of_HAMKA">Human Development in The Works of HAMKA</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/NorsharianiAbdrahman">Norshariani Abd rahman</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2023, International journal of academic research in progressive education and development</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">Hamka was a well-known Muslim scholar, especially for the Malay Muslims of Southeast Asia. Even though Hamka's scholarship is recognised by the intellectual community from Southeast Asia and the Middle East, he was also tainted with... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Hamka was a well-known Muslim scholar, especially for the Malay Muslims of Southeast Asia. Even though Hamka's scholarship is recognised by the intellectual community from Southeast Asia and the Middle East, he was also tainted with various accusations which contradicts his status as a scholar. Some of his writings were accused of being weak and does not have any value in human development. Therefore, this article tries to analyse the contents of Hamka's philosophical work that are related to human development. The philosophical works are Tasawuf Moden, Falsafah Hidup, Lembaga Hidup and Lembaga Budi. The methods of data analysis carried out in this research are inductive and comparative methods. The research found that, when Hamka discusses the development of human beings, he emphasises the element of true faith and the amount of knowledge one possesses, both of these elements are primary elements in human development.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/110754096/Human_Development_in_The_Works_of_HAMKA"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/108473355/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div><div class="div"><div class="work-card-container"><div class="title"><a attrs="data-click-track topics--work-card-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/110486561/Ijtihad_Politik_Islam_Palembang_DI_Masa_Orde_Baru">Ijtihad Politik Islam Palembang DI Masa Orde Baru</a></div><div class="authors">by <a href="https://independent.academia.edu/jihanurmikhaila">jihanur mikhaila</a></div><div class="work-metadata"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2023</p></div><div class="summary"><div class="summarized">This research aims at exploring the dynamics of Islamic politics during Suharto’s New Order Regime, particularly when the regime simplifies political parties into merely three parties. This political shift , then , caused Muslim figures... <a class="more u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This research aims at exploring the dynamics of Islamic politics during Suharto’s New Order Regime, particularly when the regime simplifies political parties into merely three parties. This political shift , then , caused Muslim figures in Palembang , who were initially involved in Islamic political parties , to move their political vehicles and began to take a role in the management of Golkar party in one side, and remained consistent with the struggle of Islamic political parties in another side. This involvement was a middle ground for bridging the political interests of Muslims in Palembang and in the same time following the political flow of the central government.</div></div><div class="button-container"><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-view" href="https://www.academia.edu/110486561/Ijtihad_Politik_Islam_Palembang_DI_Masa_Orde_Baru"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">description</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View Paper</span></a><a class="ds2-5-text-link no-padding" data-click-track="topics--work-card-download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/108289535/download_file?st=MTc0MzMyMTExNyw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=topics-page-work-card" rel="nofollow"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">arrow_downward</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download</span></a></div></div><script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { const moreLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.more'); moreLinks.forEach(link => { const summary = link.closest('.summary'); const summarized = summary.querySelector('.summarized'); const complete = summary.querySelector('.complete'); // Only show more link if we have both summarized and complete content if (!summarized || !complete) { link.style.display = 'none'; return; } link.addEventListener('click', (e) => { e.preventDefault(); summarized.classList.add('hidden'); complete.classList.remove('hidden'); // Hide the more link since we don't want to toggle back link.style.display = 'none'; }); }); }); // To allow for closing the author dropdown when clicking outside of it document.addEventListener('click', (event) => { const dropdowns = document.querySelectorAll('details.authors-dropdown'); dropdowns.forEach(dropdown => { if (!dropdown.contains(event.target) && dropdown.hasAttribute('open')) { dropdown.removeAttribute('open'); } }); });</script></div></div><div class="u-taCenter Pagination"><ul class="pagination"><li class="next_page"><a href="/Documents/in/Politics_of_Islamic_Development?after=110486561&show_topics_redesign=true" rel="next">Next</a></li><li class="last next"><a href="/Documents/in/Politics_of_Islamic_Development?page=last&show_topics_redesign=true">Last »</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="related-topics-container"><h2 class="panel-heading">Related Topics</h2><div class="related-topics-list"><li class="related-topics-list-item"><a class="no-decoration" data-click-track="topics--related-topic-link" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Halal_Product">Halal Product</a><button class="ds-pill-button ds-pill-button--small js-header-login-url react-login-modal-opener related-topic-pill" data-click-track="topics--related-topic-follow" data-signup-modal="{"location":"login-button--related-topics"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 16px" translate="no">add</span>Follow</button></li><li class="related-topics-list-item"><a class="no-decoration" data-click-track="topics--related-topic-link" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Political_Economy">Islamic Political Economy</a><button class="ds-pill-button ds-pill-button--small js-header-login-url react-login-modal-opener related-topic-pill" data-click-track="topics--related-topic-follow" data-signup-modal="{"location":"login-button--related-topics"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 16px" translate="no">add</span>Follow</button></li><li class="related-topics-list-item"><a class="no-decoration" data-click-track="topics--related-topic-link" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_revivalism">Islamic revivalism</a><button class="ds-pill-button ds-pill-button--small js-header-login-url react-login-modal-opener related-topic-pill" data-click-track="topics--related-topic-follow" data-signup-modal="{"location":"login-button--related-topics"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 16px" translate="no">add</span>Follow</button></li><li class="related-topics-list-item"><a class="no-decoration" data-click-track="topics--related-topic-link" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_finance_and_banking">Islamic finance and banking</a><button class="ds-pill-button ds-pill-button--small js-header-login-url react-login-modal-opener related-topic-pill" data-click-track="topics--related-topic-follow" data-signup-modal="{"location":"login-button--related-topics"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 16px" translate="no">add</span>Follow</button></li><li class="related-topics-list-item"><a class="no-decoration" data-click-track="topics--related-topic-link" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Economy">Islamic Economy</a><button class="ds-pill-button ds-pill-button--small js-header-login-url react-login-modal-opener related-topic-pill" data-click-track="topics--related-topic-follow" data-signup-modal="{"location":"login-button--related-topics"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 16px" translate="no">add</span>Follow</button></li><li class="related-topics-list-item"><a class="no-decoration" data-click-track="topics--related-topic-link" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Development">Islamic Development</a><button class="ds-pill-button ds-pill-button--small js-header-login-url react-login-modal-opener related-topic-pill" data-click-track="topics--related-topic-follow" data-signup-modal="{"location":"login-button--related-topics"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 16px" translate="no">add</span>Follow</button></li><li class="related-topics-list-item"><a class="no-decoration" data-click-track="topics--related-topic-link" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Economic">Islamic Economic</a><button class="ds-pill-button ds-pill-button--small js-header-login-url react-login-modal-opener related-topic-pill" data-click-track="topics--related-topic-follow" data-signup-modal="{"location":"login-button--related-topics"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 16px" translate="no">add</span>Follow</button></li><li class="related-topics-list-item"><a class="no-decoration" data-click-track="topics--related-topic-link" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Halal_food">Halal food</a><button class="ds-pill-button ds-pill-button--small js-header-login-url react-login-modal-opener related-topic-pill" data-click-track="topics--related-topic-follow" data-signup-modal="{"location":"login-button--related-topics"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 16px" translate="no">add</span>Follow</button></li><li class="related-topics-list-item"><a class="no-decoration" data-click-track="topics--related-topic-link" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Leadership_Political_Science_">Leadership (Political Science)</a><button class="ds-pill-button ds-pill-button--small js-header-login-url react-login-modal-opener related-topic-pill" data-click-track="topics--related-topic-follow" data-signup-modal="{"location":"login-button--related-topics"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 16px" translate="no">add</span>Follow</button></li><li class="related-topics-list-item"><a class="no-decoration" data-click-track="topics--related-topic-link" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Development_Management">Islamic Development Management</a><button class="ds-pill-button ds-pill-button--small js-header-login-url react-login-modal-opener related-topic-pill" data-click-track="topics--related-topic-follow" data-signup-modal="{"location":"login-button--related-topics"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 16px" translate="no">add</span>Follow</button></li></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="bootstrap" id="footer"><div class="footer-content clearfix text-center padding-top-7x" style="width:100%;"><ul class="footer-links-secondary footer-links-wide list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/journals">Academia.edu Journals</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer-links-tertiary list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li class="small">Find new research papers in:</li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="DesignSystem" id="credit" style="width:100%;"><ul class="u-pl0x footer-links-legal list-inline"><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2025</li></ul></div><script> //<![CDATA[ window.detect_gmtoffset = true; window.Academia && window.Academia.set_gmtoffset && Academia.set_gmtoffset('/gmtoffset'); //]]> </script><script>// MIT License // Copyright © 2011 Sebastian Tschan, https://blueimp.net // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of // this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in // the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to // use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of // the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, // subject to the following conditions: // The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all // copies or substantial portions of the Software. // THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR // IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS // FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR // COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER // IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN // CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE. !function(n){"use strict";function d(n,t){var r=(65535&n)+(65535&t);return(n>>16)+(t>>16)+(r>>16)<<16|65535&r}function f(n,t,r,e,o,u){return d((c=d(d(t,n),d(e,u)))<<(f=o)|c>>>32-f,r);var c,f}function l(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t&r|~t&e,n,t,o,u,c)}function v(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t&e|r&~e,n,t,o,u,c)}function g(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(t^r^e,n,t,o,u,c)}function m(n,t,r,e,o,u,c){return f(r^(t|~e),n,t,o,u,c)}function i(n,t){var r,e,o,u;n[t>>5]|=128<<t%32,n[14+(t+64>>>9<<4)]=t;for(var c=1732584193,f=-271733879,i=-1732584194,a=271733878,h=0;h<n.length;h+=16)c=l(r=c,e=f,o=i,u=a,n[h],7,-680876936),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+1],12,-389564586),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+2],17,606105819),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+3],22,-1044525330),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+4],7,-176418897),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+5],12,1200080426),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+6],17,-1473231341),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+7],22,-45705983),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+8],7,1770035416),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+9],12,-1958414417),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+10],17,-42063),f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+11],22,-1990404162),c=l(c,f,i,a,n[h+12],7,1804603682),a=l(a,c,f,i,n[h+13],12,-40341101),i=l(i,a,c,f,n[h+14],17,-1502002290),c=v(c,f=l(f,i,a,c,n[h+15],22,1236535329),i,a,n[h+1],5,-165796510),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+6],9,-1069501632),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+11],14,643717713),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h],20,-373897302),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+5],5,-701558691),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+10],9,38016083),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+15],14,-660478335),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+4],20,-405537848),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+9],5,568446438),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+14],9,-1019803690),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+3],14,-187363961),f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+8],20,1163531501),c=v(c,f,i,a,n[h+13],5,-1444681467),a=v(a,c,f,i,n[h+2],9,-51403784),i=v(i,a,c,f,n[h+7],14,1735328473),c=g(c,f=v(f,i,a,c,n[h+12],20,-1926607734),i,a,n[h+5],4,-378558),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+8],11,-2022574463),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+11],16,1839030562),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+14],23,-35309556),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+1],4,-1530992060),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+4],11,1272893353),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+7],16,-155497632),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+10],23,-1094730640),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+13],4,681279174),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h],11,-358537222),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+3],16,-722521979),f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+6],23,76029189),c=g(c,f,i,a,n[h+9],4,-640364487),a=g(a,c,f,i,n[h+12],11,-421815835),i=g(i,a,c,f,n[h+15],16,530742520),c=m(c,f=g(f,i,a,c,n[h+2],23,-995338651),i,a,n[h],6,-198630844),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+7],10,1126891415),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+14],15,-1416354905),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+5],21,-57434055),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+12],6,1700485571),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+3],10,-1894986606),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+10],15,-1051523),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+1],21,-2054922799),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+8],6,1873313359),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+15],10,-30611744),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+6],15,-1560198380),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+13],21,1309151649),c=m(c,f,i,a,n[h+4],6,-145523070),a=m(a,c,f,i,n[h+11],10,-1120210379),i=m(i,a,c,f,n[h+2],15,718787259),f=m(f,i,a,c,n[h+9],21,-343485551),c=d(c,r),f=d(f,e),i=d(i,o),a=d(a,u);return[c,f,i,a]}function a(n){for(var t="",r=32*n.length,e=0;e<r;e+=8)t+=String.fromCharCode(n[e>>5]>>>e%32&255);return t}function h(n){var t=[];for(t[(n.length>>2)-1]=void 0,e=0;e<t.length;e+=1)t[e]=0;for(var r=8*n.length,e=0;e<r;e+=8)t[e>>5]|=(255&n.charCodeAt(e/8))<<e%32;return t}function e(n){for(var t,r="0123456789abcdef",e="",o=0;o<n.length;o+=1)t=n.charCodeAt(o),e+=r.charAt(t>>>4&15)+r.charAt(15&t);return e}function r(n){return unescape(encodeURIComponent(n))}function o(n){return a(i(h(t=r(n)),8*t.length));var t}function u(n,t){return function(n,t){var r,e,o=h(n),u=[],c=[];for(u[15]=c[15]=void 0,16<o.length&&(o=i(o,8*n.length)),r=0;r<16;r+=1)u[r]=909522486^o[r],c[r]=1549556828^o[r];return e=i(u.concat(h(t)),512+8*t.length),a(i(c.concat(e),640))}(r(n),r(t))}function t(n,t,r){return t?r?u(t,n):e(u(t,n)):r?o(n):e(o(n))}"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(function(){return t}):"object"==typeof module&&module.exports?module.exports=t:n.md5=t}(this);</script><script>window.AbTest = (function() { return { 'ab_test': (uniqueId, test_name, buckets) => { let override = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).get(`ab_test[${test_name}]`); if ( override ) { return override; } const bucketNames = buckets.map((bucket) => { return typeof bucket === 'string' ? bucket : Object.keys(bucket)[0]; }); const weights = buckets.map((bucket) => { return typeof bucket === 'string' ? 1 : Object.values(bucket)[0]; }); const total = weights.reduce((sum, weight) => sum + weight); const hash = md5(`${uniqueId}${test_name}`); const hashNum = parseInt(hash.slice(-12), 16); let bucketPoint = total * (hashNum % 100000) / 100000; const bucket = bucketNames.find((_, i) => { if (weights[i] > bucketPoint) { return true; } bucketPoint -= weights[i]; return false; }); return bucket; } }; })();</script><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics_of_Islamic_Development" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><script>function onGoogleOneTapEvent(event) { var momentType = event.getMomentType(); var momentReason = null; if (event.isNotDisplayed()) { momentReason = event.getNotDisplayedReason(); } else if (event.isSkippedMoment()) { momentReason = event.getSkippedReason(); } else if (event.isDismissedMoment()) { momentReason = event.getDismissedReason(); } Aedu.arbitraryEvents.write('GoogleOneTapEvent', { moment_type: momentType, moment_reason: momentReason, }); }</script><script>window.topicId = 965185; document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function() { // Original one tap sign on code var auvid = unescape( document.cookie .split(/; ?/) .find((s) => s.startsWith('auvid')) .substring(6)); var bucket = AbTest.ab_test(auvid, 'lo_ri_one_tap_google_sign_on', ['control', 'one_tap_google_sign_on']); if (bucket === 'control') return; var oneTapTag = document.createElement('script') oneTapTag.async = true oneTapTag.defer = true oneTapTag.src = 'https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client' document.body.appendChild(oneTapTag) })();</script> </body> </html>