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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Populations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Populations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_orphans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_orphans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notable orphans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_orphans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In fiction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In fiction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Other examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_religious_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_religious_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In religious texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_religious_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Orphan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85" title="يتيم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يتيم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popillo" title="Popillo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Popillo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orfand%C3%A1" title="Orfandá – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Orfandá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yetim" title="Yetim – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yetim" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5" title="অনাথ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অনাথ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Сірата – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сірата" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Сірата – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сірата" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Сирак – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сирак" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emzivad" title="Emzivad – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Emzivad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orfe" title="Orfe – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Orfe" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%91%D0%BB%D3%91%D1%85" title="Тӑлӑх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тӑлӑх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirotek" title="Sirotek – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sirotek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nherera" title="Nherera – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nherera" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waise" title="Waise – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Waise" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaeslaps" title="Vaeslaps – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vaeslaps" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%81%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C" title="Ορφανό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ορφανό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orfandad" title="Orfandad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Orfandad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orfo_(familio)" title="Orfo (familio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Orfo (familio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zurtz" title="Zurtz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zurtz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85" title="یتیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یتیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphelin" title="Orphelin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Orphelin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wees" title="Wees – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wees" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orfandade" title="Orfandade – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Orfandade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE" title="Бо – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Бо" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%95%84" title="고아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%80%D5%A2" title="Որբ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Որբ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5" title="अनाथ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अनाथ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siro%C4%8De" title="Siroče – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Siroče" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orfano" title="Orfano – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Orfano" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatim_piatu" title="Yatim piatu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yatim piatu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphan" title="Orphan – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Orphan" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muna%C3%B0arleysingi" title="Munaðarleysingi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Munaðarleysingi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orfano" title="Orfano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Orfano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA" title="יתמות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יתמות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A5" title="ಅನಾಥ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅನಾಥ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Жетім – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жетім" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatima" title="Yatima – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Yatima" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AAw%C3%AE" title="Sêwî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sêwî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbus" title="Orbus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Orbus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%81renis" title="Bārenis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bārenis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C5%A1laitis" title="Našlaitis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Našlaitis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Сирак – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сирак" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5" title="अनाथ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अनाथ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85" title="يتيم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يتيم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="صغیر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="صغیر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anak_yatim" title="Anak yatim – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Anak yatim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B2%CC%A4-n%C4%81%CC%A4-gi%C4%81ng" title="Mò̤-nā̤-giāng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mò̤-nā̤-giāng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wees_(kind)" title="Wees (kind) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wees (kind)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wees" title="Wees – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Wees" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5" title="अनाथ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अनाथ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%A4%E5%85%90" title="孤児 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="孤児" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orfan%C3%A8l" title="Orfanèl – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Orfanèl" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yetim" title="Yetim – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yetim" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A5" title="ਅਨਾਥ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਨਾਥ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieroctwo" title="Sieroctwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sieroctwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orfandade" title="Orfandade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Orfandade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orfan" title="Orfan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Orfan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Сирота – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сирота" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%BE%D2%95%D0%BE" title="Тулаайах оҕо – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тулаайах оҕо" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9F.%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱴᱩᱣᱟ.ᱨ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱴᱩᱣᱟ.ᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetimi" title="Jetimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Jetimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphan" title="Orphan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Orphan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85" title="يتيم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="يتيم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agoon" title="Agoon – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Agoon" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88" title="ھەتیو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەتیو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Сироче – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сироче" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siro%C4%8De" title="Siroče – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Siroče" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orpo" title="Orpo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Orpo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Ятим – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ятим" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96ks%C3%BCz_ve_yetim" title="Öksüz ve yetim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Öksüz ve yetim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agyanka" title="Agyanka – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Agyanka" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Сирота – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сирота" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85" title="یتیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یتیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%BB_m%E1%BB%93_c%C3%B4i" title="Trẻ mồ côi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trẻ mồ côi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilo" title="Ilo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ilo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%A4%E5%84%BF" title="孤儿 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="孤儿" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9D" title="יתום – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="יתום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%A4%E5%85%92" title="孤兒 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="孤兒" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Child who has lost their parents</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Orphan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Orphan (disambiguation)">Orphan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Benjamin_Kennington_-_Orphans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Thomas_Benjamin_Kennington_-_Orphans.jpg/280px-Thomas_Benjamin_Kennington_-_Orphans.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="380" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Thomas_Benjamin_Kennington_-_Orphans.jpg/420px-Thomas_Benjamin_Kennington_-_Orphans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Thomas_Benjamin_Kennington_-_Orphans.jpg/560px-Thomas_Benjamin_Kennington_-_Orphans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1132" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><i>Orphans</i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Benjamin_Kennington" title="Thomas Benjamin Kennington">Thomas Kennington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil_on_canvas" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil on canvas">oil on canvas</a>, 1885</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>orphan</b> is a child whose parents have died, are unknown or have permanently abandoned them. It can also refer to a child who has lost only one parent, as the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> translation, for example, is "fatherless".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In common usage, only a child who has lost both parents due to death is called an orphan. When referring to animals, only the mother's condition is usually relevant (i.e., if the female parent has gone, the offspring is an orphan, regardless of the father's condition).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_II_of_Brazil_and_his_sisters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pedro_II_of_Brazil_and_his_sisters.jpg/220px-Pedro_II_of_Brazil_and_his_sisters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pedro_II_of_Brazil_and_his_sisters.jpg/330px-Pedro_II_of_Brazil_and_his_sisters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pedro_II_of_Brazil_and_his_sisters.jpg/440px-Pedro_II_of_Brazil_and_his_sisters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2026" data-file-height="1549" /></a><figcaption>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II of Brazil</a> and his sisters Princesses <a href="/wiki/Princess_Francisca_of_Brazil" title="Princess Francisca of Brazil">Francisca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Princess_Janu%C3%A1ria_of_Brazil" title="Princess Januária of Brazil">Januária</a> wearing mourning clothes after the death of their father <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro I</a> in 1834. Their mother, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria" title="Maria Leopoldina of Austria">Maria Leopoldina</a>, had died a couple of years before, in 1826.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87_-_Siro%C4%8De.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Orphan on mother's grave (1888)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87_-_Siro%C4%8De.jpg/220px-Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87_-_Siro%C4%8De.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87_-_Siro%C4%8De.jpg/330px-Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87_-_Siro%C4%8De.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87_-_Siro%C4%8De.jpg/440px-Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87_-_Siro%C4%8De.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2764" data-file-height="2210" /></a><figcaption>Orphan on mother's grave by <a href="/wiki/Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87" title="Uroš Predić">Uroš Predić</a> in 1888</figcaption></figure> <p>Various groups use different definitions to identify orphans. One legal definition used in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">minor</a> bereft through "death or disappearance of, abandonment or desertion by, or separation or loss from, both parents".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In everyday use, an orphan does not have any surviving parent to care for them. However, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Children%27s_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Children's Fund">United Nations Children's Fund</a> (UNICEF), <a href="/wiki/Joint_United_Nations_Programme_on_HIV_and_AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS">Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS</a> (UNAIDS), and other groups label any child who has lost one parent as an orphan. In this approach, a <i>maternal orphan</i> is a child whose mother has died, a <i>paternal orphan</i> is a child whose father has died, and a <i>double orphan</i> is a child/teen/infant who has lost both parents.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This contrasts with the older use of <i>half-orphan</i> to describe children who had lost only one parent.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Populations">Populations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Populations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Girl_in_a_Kabul_orphanage,_01-07-2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Girl_in_a_Kabul_orphanage%2C_01-07-2002.jpg/170px-Girl_in_a_Kabul_orphanage%2C_01-07-2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Girl_in_a_Kabul_orphanage%2C_01-07-2002.jpg/255px-Girl_in_a_Kabul_orphanage%2C_01-07-2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Girl_in_a_Kabul_orphanage%2C_01-07-2002.jpg/340px-Girl_in_a_Kabul_orphanage%2C_01-07-2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>An Afghan girl at a <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul, Afghanistan</a> orphanage in January 2002</figcaption></figure> <p>Orphans are relatively rare in developed countries because most children can expect both of their parents to survive their childhood. Much higher numbers of orphans exist in war-torn nations such as <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Continent </th> <th>Number of<br /> orphans (1000s) </th> <th>Orphans as percentage <br />of all children </th></tr> <tr> <td>Africa </td> <td align="right">34,294 </td> <td align="center">11.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asia </td> <td align="right">65,504 </td> <td align="center">6.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Latin America & Caribbean </td> <td align="right">8,166 </td> <td align="center">7.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td align="right">107,964 </td> <td align="center">7.6% </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Country</th> <th>Orphans as % of all children</th> <th>AIDS orphans as % of orphans</th> <th>Total orphans</th> <th>Total orphans (AIDS related)</th> <th>Maternal (total)</th> <th>Maternal (AIDS related)</th> <th>Paternal (total)</th> <th>Paternal (AIDS related)</th> <th>Double (total)</th> <th>Double (AIDS related) </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">1990 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></td> <td>5.9</td> <td>3.0</td> <td>34,000</td> <td>1,000</td> <td>14,000</td> <td>< 100</td> <td>23,000</td> <td>1,000</td> <td>2,000</td> <td>< 100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></td> <td>10.6</td> <td>2.9</td> <td>73,000</td> <td>< 100</td> <td>31,000</td> <td>< 100</td> <td>49,000</td> <td>< 100</td> <td>8,000</td> <td>< 100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></td> <td>11.8</td> <td>5.7</td> <td>524,000</td> <td>30,000</td> <td>233,000</td> <td>11,000</td> <td>346,000</td> <td>23,000</td> <td>55,000</td> <td>6,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></td> <td>12.2</td> <td>17.4</td> <td>1,015,000</td> <td>177,000</td> <td>437,000</td> <td>72,000</td> <td>700,000</td> <td>138,000</td> <td>122,000</td> <td>44,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">1995 </td> <td>Botswana</td> <td>8.3</td> <td>33.7</td> <td>55,000</td> <td>18,000</td> <td>19,000</td> <td>7,000</td> <td>37,000</td> <td>13,000</td> <td>5,000</td> <td>3,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lesotho</td> <td>10.3</td> <td>5.5</td> <td>77,000</td> <td>4,000</td> <td>31,000</td> <td>1,000</td> <td>52,000</td> <td>4,000</td> <td>7,000</td> <td>1,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Malawi</td> <td>14.2</td> <td>24.6</td> <td>664,000</td> <td>163,000</td> <td>305,000</td> <td>78,000</td> <td>442,000</td> <td>115,000</td> <td>83,000</td> <td>41,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uganda</td> <td>14.9</td> <td>42.4</td> <td>1,456,000</td> <td>617,000</td> <td>720,000</td> <td>341,000</td> <td>1,019,000</td> <td>450,000</td> <td>282,000</td> <td>211,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">2001 </td> <td>Botswana</td> <td>15.1</td> <td>70.5</td> <td>98,000</td> <td>69,000</td> <td>69,000</td> <td>58,000</td> <td>91,000</td> <td>69,000</td> <td>62,000</td> <td>61,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lesotho</td> <td>17.0</td> <td>53.5</td> <td>137,000</td> <td>73,000</td> <td>66,000</td> <td>38,000</td> <td>108,000</td> <td>63,000</td> <td>37,000</td> <td>32,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Malawi</td> <td>17.5</td> <td>49.9</td> <td>937,000</td> <td>468,000</td> <td>506,000</td> <td>282,000</td> <td>624,000</td> <td>315,000</td> <td>194,000</td> <td>159,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uganda</td> <td>14.6</td> <td>51.1</td> <td>1,731,000</td> <td>884,000</td> <td>902,000</td> <td>517,000</td> <td>1,144,000</td> <td>581,000</td> <td>315,000</td> <td>257,000 </td></tr></tbody></table><p><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><ul><li>2001 figures from 2002 UNICEF/UNAIDS report<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">China</a></b>: A survey conducted by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Civil_Affairs" title="Ministry of Civil Affairs">Ministry of Civil Affairs</a> in 2005 showed that China has about 573,000 orphans below 18 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></b>: According to Russian reports from 2002 cited in the <i>New York Times,</i> 650,000 children are housed in orphanages. They are released at age 16, and 40% become homeless, while 30% become criminals or commit <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Street_children_in_Latin_America" title="Street children in Latin America">Latin America</a></i>: Street children have a major presence in Latin America; some estimate that there are as many as 40 million street children in Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although not all street children are orphans, all street children work and many do not have significant family support.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></b>: About 2 million children in the United States (or about 2.7 percent of children) have a deceased mother or father. About 100,000 children have lost both parents.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_orphans">Notable orphans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notable orphans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_orphans_and_foundlings" title="List of orphans and foundlings">List of orphans and foundlings</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_orphans_and_foundlings" title="List of orphans and foundlings">Famous orphans</a> include world leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II of Brazil</a>; writers such as <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>; and athletes such as <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Hernandez" title="Aaron Hernandez">Aaron Hernandez</a>. The American orphan <a href="/wiki/Henry_Darger" title="Henry Darger">Henry Darger</a> portrayed the horrible conditions of his orphanage in his artwork. Other notable orphans include entertainment greats such as <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe" title="Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babe_Ruth" title="Babe Ruth">Babe Ruth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frances_McDormand" title="Frances McDormand">Frances McDormand</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemics</a> (such as AIDS), <a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">pandemics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have led to many children becoming orphans. The <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> (1939-1945), with its massive numbers of deaths and vast population movements, left large numbers of orphans in many countries—with estimates for Europe ranging from 1,000,000 to 13,000,000. Judt (2006) estimates there were 9,000 orphaned children in Czechoslovakia, 60,000 in the Netherlands 300,000 in Poland and 200,000 in Yugoslavia, plus many more in the Soviet Union, Germany, Italy, China and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ring36.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ring36.jpg/220px-Ring36.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ring36.jpg/330px-Ring36.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Ring36.jpg/440px-Ring36.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption>Mime offers food to the young Siegfried, an orphan he is raising; Illustration by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rackham" title="Arthur Rackham">Arthur Rackham</a> to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_(opera)" title="Siegfried (opera)">Siegfried</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Orphaned characters are prevalent as literary protagonists, especially in <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">children's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">fantasy literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lack of parents leaves the characters to pursue more exciting and adventurous lives, by freeing them from familial obligations and controls, and depriving them of more prosaic lives. It creates characters that are self-contained and introspective and who strive for affection. Orphans can metaphorically search for self-understanding by attempting to know their roots. Parents can also be allies and sources of aid for children, and removing the parents makes the character's difficulties more severe. Parents, furthermore, can be irrelevant to the theme a writer is trying to develop, and orphaning the character frees the writer from depicting such an irrelevant relationship; if one parent-child relationship is important, removing the other parent prevents complicating the necessary relationship. All these characteristics make orphans attractive characters for authors. </p><p>Orphans are common in fairy tales, such as most variants of <i><a href="/wiki/Cinderella" title="Cinderella">Cinderella</a></i>. </p><p>Several well-known authors have written books featuring orphans. Examples from classic literature include <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">Charlotte Brontë</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Jane_Eyre" title="Jane Eyre">Jane Eyre</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Twist" title="Oliver Twist">Oliver Twist</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Tom_Sawyer" title="Tom Sawyer">Tom Sawyer</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Huckleberry_Finn" title="Huckleberry Finn">Huckleberry Finn</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/L._M._Montgomery" class="mw-redirect" title="L. M. Montgomery">L. M. Montgomery</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Green_Gables" title="Anne of Green Gables">Anne of Green Gables</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy">Thomas Hardy</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Obscure" title="Jude the Obscure">Jude the Obscure</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Les Misérables">Les Misérables</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Rice_Burroughs" title="Edgar Rice Burroughs">Edgar Rice Burroughs</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Tarzan_of_the_Apes" title="Tarzan of the Apes">Tarzan of the Apes</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book" title="The Jungle Book">The Jungle Book</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>. </p><p>More recent authors featuring orphan characters include <a href="/wiki/A._J._Cronin" title="A. J. Cronin">A. J. Cronin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemony_Snicket" title="Lemony Snicket">Lemony Snicket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angelo_F._Coniglio" title="Angelo F. Coniglio">A. F. Coniglio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roald_Dahl" title="Roald Dahl">Roald Dahl</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a>. One recurring storyline has been the relationship that the orphan can have with an adult from outside their immediate family, as seen in Lyle Kessler's play <i><a href="/wiki/Orphans_(Lyle_Kessler_play)" title="Orphans (Lyle Kessler play)">Orphans</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_examples">Other examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orphans are especially common as characters in comic books. Many popular heroes are orphans, including <a href="/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batman" title="Batman">Batman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spider-Man" title="Spider-Man">Spider-Man</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robin_(character)" title="Robin (character)">Robin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flash_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash (comics)">The Flash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captain_Marvel_(DC_Comics)" title="Captain Marvel (DC Comics)">Captain Marvel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captain_America" title="Captain America">Captain America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Green_Arrow" title="Green Arrow">Green Arrow</a>. Orphans are also very common among villains: Bane, <a href="/wiki/Catwoman" title="Catwoman">Catwoman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magneto" title="Magneto">Magneto</a> are examples. <a href="/wiki/Lex_Luthor" title="Lex Luthor">Lex Luthor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deadpool" title="Deadpool">Deadpool</a>, and Carnage can also be included on this list, though they killed one or both of their parents. Supporting characters befriended by the heroes are also often orphans, including the <a href="/wiki/Newsboy_Legion" title="Newsboy Legion">Newsboy Legion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rick_Jones_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rick Jones (comics)">Rick Jones</a>. </p><p>Other famous fictional orphans include <a href="/wiki/Little_Orphan_Annie" title="Little Orphan Annie">Little Orphan Annie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anakin_Skywalker" class="mw-redirect" title="Anakin Skywalker">Anakin Skywalker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luke_Skywalker" title="Luke Skywalker">Luke Skywalker</a> and his sister, <a href="/wiki/Leia_Organa" class="mw-redirect" title="Leia Organa">Leia Organa</a>, and several main characters in children's shows like <i><a href="/wiki/Diff%27rent_Strokes" title="Diff'rent Strokes">Diff'rent Strokes</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Punky_Brewster" title="Punky Brewster">Punky Brewster</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_religious_texts">In religious texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In religious texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MOPC_63.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/MOPC_63.jpg/320px-MOPC_63.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/MOPC_63.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="337" data-file-height="253" /></a><figcaption>Mother of Peace AIDS orphanage, Zimbabwe (2005)</figcaption></figure> <p>Many religious texts, including the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, contain the idea that helping and defending orphans is a fundamental and God-pleasing matter. The religious leaders <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> were orphaned as children. Several scriptural citations describe how orphans should be treated: </p><p><b>Bible</b> </p> <ul><li>"Do not take advantage of a widow or an orphan." (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a> 22:22)</li> <li>"Be joyful at your festival—you, your sons and daughters, your male and female servants, and the Levites, the foreigners, the fatherless and the widows who live in your towns".(Hebrew Bible, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomy" title="Book of Deuteronomy">Book of Deuteronomy</a> 16:14)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Leave your orphans; I will protect their lives. Your widows too can trust in me." (Hebrew Bible, <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> 49:11)</li> <li>"To judge the fatherless and the oppressed, that the man of the earth may no more oppress." (Hebrew Bible, <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalms</a> 10:18)</li> <li>"I will not leave you as orphans; I will come to you." (New Testament, John 14:18)</li> <li>"Religion that God our Father accepts as pure and faultless is this: to look after orphans and widows in their distress and to keep oneself from being polluted by the world." (<a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, James 1:27)</li></ul> <p><b>Qu'ran</b> </p> <ul><li>"And they feed, for the love of God, the indigent, the orphan, and the captive," - (<a href="/wiki/The_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="The Quran">The Quran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Insan" title="Al-Insan">The Human</a>: 8)</li> <li>"Therefore, treat not the orphan with harshness," (The Quran, <a href="/wiki/Ad-Dhuha" title="Ad-Dhuha">The Morning Hours</a>: 9)</li> <li>"Have you not seen those who deny the faith and the Day of Judgment? Those are people who drive orphans away harshly, and do not encourage feeding the indigent. So woe be upon those who do prayer but are neglectful of it or show it off out of vanity, and those who deny even small kindnesses to others." - (The Quran, <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27un" title="Al-Ma'un">Small Kindnesses</a>: 1–7)</li> <li>"(Be good to) orphans and the very poor. And speak good words to people." (The Quran, <a href="/wiki/Al_Baqara" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Baqara">The Heifer</a>: 83)</li> <li>"...They will ask you about the property of orphans. Say, 'Managing it in their best interests is best'. If you mix your property with theirs, they are your brothers..." (The Quran, The Heifer: 220)</li> <li>"Give orphans their property, and do not substitute bad things for good. Do not assimilate their property into your own. Doing that is a serious crime." (The Quran, <a href="/wiki/An-Nisa" title="An-Nisa">The Women</a>: 2)</li> <li>"Keep a close check on orphans until they reach a marriageable age, then if you perceive that they have sound judgement hand over their property to them..." (The Quran, The Women: 6)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIDS_orphan" title="AIDS orphan">AIDS orphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abandonment" title="Child abandonment">Child abandonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_care" title="Foster care">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)" title="Legitimacy (family law)">Legitimacy (family law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_Train" title="Orphan Train">Orphan Train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphanage" title="Orphanage">Orphanage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_children" title="Street children">Street children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empower_Orphans" title="Empower Orphans">Empower Orphans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro-orphan" title="Euro-orphan">Euro-orphan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/orphan">"Definition of ORPHAN"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i>. May 16, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+ORPHAN&rft.date=2023-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Forphan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrphan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd edition "One deprived by death of father or mother, or (usu.) of both; a fatherless or motherless child."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/orphan?s=t">"orphan"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=orphan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Forphan%3Fs%3Dt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrphan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190730071530/https://www.uscis.gov/tools/glossary/orphan">"USCIS definition for immigration purposes"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uscis.gov/tools/glossary/orphan">the original</a> on 2019-07-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USCIS+definition+for+immigration+purposes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uscis.gov%2Ftools%2Fglossary%2Forphan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrphan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190617203004/http://data.unaids.org/pub/globalreport/2008/jc1510_2008_global_report_pp11_28_en.pdf">"UNAIDS Global Report 2008"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>UN AIDS</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2008/jc1510_2008_global_report_pp11_28_en.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2019-06-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN+AIDS&rft.atitle=UNAIDS+Global+Report+2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.unaids.org%2Fpub%2FGlobalReport%2F2008%2Fjc1510_2008_global_report_pp11_28_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrphan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olivetreegenealogy.com/orphans/society-half-orphan-asylum.shtml">this 19th-century news story</a> about The Society for the Relief of Half-Orphan and Destitute Children, or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B00E1D9163AE033A25755C1A9649D94669FD7CF">this one</a> about the Protestant Half-Orphan Asylum.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">USAID/UNICEF/UNAIDS (2002) "Children on the brink 2002: a joint report on orphan estimates and program strategies", Washington: USAID/UNICEF/UNAIDS.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTvT_Associates/The_Synergy_Project2002" class="citation web cs1">TvT Associates/The Synergy Project (July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031223185028/http://www.usaid.gov/pop_health/aids/Publications/docs/childrenbrink.pdf">"Children on the Brink 2002: A Joint Report on Orphan Estimates and Program Strategies"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UNAIDS and UNICEF. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usaid.gov/pop_health/aids/Publications/docs/childrenbrink.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 23, 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Children+on+the+Brink+2002%3A+A+Joint+Report+on+Orphan+Estimates+and+Program+Strategies&rft.pub=UNAIDS+and+UNICEF&rft.date=2002-07&rft.au=TvT+Associates%2FThe+Synergy+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usaid.gov%2Fpop_health%2Faids%2FPublications%2Fdocs%2Fchildrenbrink.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrphan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090722133157/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-07/21/content_11745889.htm">"China to insure orphans as preventitive health measure_English_Xinhua"</a>. July 22, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-07/21/content_11745889.htm">the original</a> on 2009-07-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+to+insure+orphans+as+preventitive+health+measure_English_Xinhua&rft.date=2009-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2009-07%2F21%2Fcontent_11745889.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrphan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/21/nyregion/a-summer-of-hope-for-russian-orphans.html?pagewanted=all">"A Summer of Hope for Russian Orphans</a>". The New York Times. July 21, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTacon1982" class="citation journal cs1">Tacon, P. (1982). "Carlinhos: the hard gloss of city polish". UNICEF news.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Carlinhos%3A+the+hard+gloss+of+city+polish&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Tacon&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrphan" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScanlon1998" class="citation journal cs1">Scanlon, TJ (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1113205">"Street children in Latin America"</a>. <i>BMJ</i>. <b>316</b> (7144): 1596–2100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.316.7144.1596">10.1136/bmj.316.7144.1596</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1113205">1113205</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9596604">9596604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Street+children+in+Latin+America&rft.volume=316&rft.issue=7144&rft.pages=1596-2100&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1113205%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9596604&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.316.7144.1596&rft.aulast=Scanlon&rft.aufirst=TJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1113205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrphan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeaver2019" class="citation journal cs1">Weaver, David (5 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3471209">"Parental Mortality and Outcomes among Minor and Adult Children"</a>. <i>papers.ssrn.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3471209">3471209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=papers.ssrn.com&rft.atitle=Parental+Mortality+and+Outcomes+among+Minor+and+Adult+Children&rft.date=2019-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3471209%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Weaver&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3471209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrphan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoman2017" class="citation book cs1">Roman, Nicoleta (8 November 2017). "Introduction". In Roman, Nicoleta (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-449DwAAQBAJ"><i>Orphans and Abandoned Children in European History: Sixteenth to Twentieth Centuries</i></a>. Routledge Studies in Modern European History. Abingdon: Routledge (published 2017). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351628839" title="Special:BookSources/9781351628839"><bdi>9781351628839</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>. <q>The industrial revolution touched both villages and cities, with migration from one to the other going hand-in-hand with urban overpopulation and severe poverty. Urban population growth also led to an increase in abandonment, the poor swinging between finding work, begging or claiming social assistance from the State as a means of integrating themselves and their family, including their children, into society.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Orphans+and+Abandoned+Children+in+European+History%3A+Sixteenth+to+Twentieth+Centuries&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.series=Routledge+Studies+in+Modern+European+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-11-08&rft.isbn=9781351628839&rft.aulast=Roman&rft.aufirst=Nicoleta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-449DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrphan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> For a high estimate see I.C.B. Dear and M.R.D. Foot, eds. <i>The Oxford companion to World War II</i> (1995) p. 208; for lower, see Tony Judt, <i>Postwar: a history of Europe since 1945</i> (2006) p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Martin, <i>The Writer's Guide to Fantasy Literature: From Dragon's Lair to Hero's Quest</i>, p 16, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87116-195-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87116-195-8">0-87116-195-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Melamed" title="Eliezer Melamed">Eliezer Melamed</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ph.yhb.org.il/en/12-01-11/">To Enjoy and Bring Joy to Others</a> in <a href="/wiki/Peninei_Halakha" class="mw-redirect" title="Peninei Halakha">Peninei Halakha</a> - Laws of the Festivals</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bullen, John. "Orphans, Idiots, Lunatics, and More Idiots: Recent Approaches to the History of Child Welfare in Canada," <i>Histoire Sociale: Social History,</i> May 1985, Vol. 18 Issue 35, pp 133–145</li> <li>Harrington, Joel F. <i>"The Unwanted Child: The Fate of Foundlings, Orphans and Juvenile Criminals in Early Modern Germany</i> (2009)</li> <li>Keating, Janie. <i>A Child for Keeps: The History of Adoption in England, 1918-45</i> (2009)</li> <li>Miller, Timothy S. <i>The Orphans of Byzantium: Child Welfare in the Christian Empire</i> (2009)</li> <li>Safley, Thomas Max. <i>Children of the Laboring Poor: Expectation and Experience Among the Orphans of Early Modern Augsburg</i> (2006)</li> <li>Sen, Satadru. "The orphaned colony: Orphanage, child and authority in British India," <i>Indian Economic and Social History Review</i>, Oct-Dec 2007, Vol. 44 Issue 4, pp 463-488</li> <li>Terpstra, Nicholas. <i>Abandoned Children of the Italian Renaissance: Orphan Care in Florence and Bologna</i> (2005)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Berebitsky, Julie. <i>Like Our Very Own: Adoption and the Changing Culture of Motherhood, 1851-1950</i> (2000)</li> <li>Carp, E. Wayne, ed. <i>Adoption in America: Historical Perspectives</i> (2003)</li> <li>Hacsi, Timothy A. <i>A Second Home: Orphan Asylums and Poor Families in America</i> (1997)</li> <li>Herman, Ellen. <i>"Kinship by Design: A History of Adoption in the Modern United States</i> (2008) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-32760-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-32760-0">978-0-226-32760-0</a></li> <li>Kleinberg, S. J. <i>Widows And Orphans First: The Family Economy And Social Welfare Policy, 1880-1939</i> (2006)</li> <li>Miller, Julie. <i>Abandoned: Foundlings in Nineteenth-Century New York City</i> (2007)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orphan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">Nuclear family</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orphaned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_parenting" title="Shared parenting">Shared parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_parent" title="Single parent">Single parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepfamily" title="Stepfamily">Blended family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrogacy" title="Surrogacy">Surrogacy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_loco_parentis" title="In loco parentis">In loco parentis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories <b>·</b> Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">Attachment theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Applied behavior analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_development" title="Child development">Child development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_development" title="Cognitive development">Cognitive development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">Developmental psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_human_body" title="Development of the human body">Human development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Identity formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introjection" title="Introjection">Introjection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_bond" title="Maternal bond">Maternal bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature versus nurture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_investment" title="Parental investment">Parental investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternal_bond" title="Paternal bond">Paternal bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotional_development" title="Social emotional development">Social emotional development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">Socialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parenting_styles" title="Parenting styles">Styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achievement_ideology" title="Achievement ideology">Achievement ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_personality" title="Atlas personality">Atlas personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_parenting" title="Attachment parenting">Attachment parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_talk" title="Baby talk">Baby talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-like_mindset" title="Buddha-like mindset">Buddha-like parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerted_cultivation" title="Concerted cultivation">Concerted cultivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enmeshment" title="Enmeshment">Enmeshment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-range_parenting" title="Free-range parenting">Free-range parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatekeeper_parent" title="Gatekeeper parent">Gatekeeper parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_parent" title="Helicopter parent">Helicopter parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurturant_parent_model" title="Nurturant parent model">Nurturant parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_parenting" title="Slow parenting">Slow parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soccer_mom" title="Soccer mom">Soccer mom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strict_father_model" title="Strict father model">Strict father model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taking_Children_Seriously" title="Taking Children Seriously">Taking children seriously</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theybie" class="mw-redirect" title="Theybie">Theybie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_parenting" title="Tiger parenting">Tiger parenting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_at_home_parent" title="Work at home parent">Work at home parent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/After-school_activity" title="After-school activity">After-school activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allowance_(money)#Allowances_for_children" title="Allowance (money)">Allowance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedtime" title="Bedtime">Bedtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_care" title="Child care">Child care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-sleeping" title="Co-sleeping">Co-sleeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishabituation" title="Dishabituation">Dishabituation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habituation" title="Habituation">Habituation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identification_(psychology)" title="Identification (psychology)">Identification (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introjection" title="Introjection">Introjection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kommune_1" title="Kommune 1">Kommune 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latchkey_kid" title="Latchkey kid">Latchkey kid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_development" title="Moral development">Moral development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normative_social_influence" title="Normative social influence">Normative social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent_management_training" title="Parent management training">Parent management training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Play_(activity)" title="Play (activity)">Play</a> (<a href="/wiki/Play_date" title="Play date">date</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_model" title="Role model">Role model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk (race)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_birds_and_the_bees" title="The birds and the bees">The talk (sex education)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy" title="Toy">Toy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Educational_toy" title="Educational toy">educational</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_P_(parenting_program)" title="Triple P (parenting program)">Positive Parenting Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Child_discipline" title="Child discipline">Child discipline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanket_training" title="Blanket training">Blanket training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment_in_the_home" title="Corporal punishment in the home">Corporal punishment in the home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curfew" title="Curfew">Curfew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grounding_(discipline_technique)" title="Grounding (discipline technique)">Grounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_discipline" title="Positive discipline">Positive discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_treatment" title="Silent treatment">Tactical ignoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-out_(parenting)" title="Time-out (parenting)">Time-out</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abuse</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_childhood_experiences" title="Adverse childhood experiences">Adverse childhood experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abandonment" title="Child abandonment">Child abandonment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_neglect" title="Child neglect">Child neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinderella_effect" title="Cinderella effect">Cinderella effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codependency" title="Codependency">Codependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysfunctional_family" title="Dysfunctional family">Dysfunctional family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_domestic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of domestic violence">Effects of domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_parent" title="Narcissistic parent">Narcissistic parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_abuse_by_children" title="Parental abuse by children">Parental abuse by children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_in_early_childhood" title="Stress in early childhood">Stress in early childhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal and<br />social aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_custody" title="Child custody">Child custody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_support" title="Child support">Child support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_raising_a_child" title="Cost of raising a child">Cost of raising a child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadbeat_parent" title="Deadbeat parent">Deadbeat parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disownment" title="Disownment">Disownment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_disruption" title="Family disruption">Family disruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_family_life" title="Right to family life">Right to family life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_domestic_violence" title="Management of domestic violence">Management of domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_alienation" title="Parental alienation">Parental alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_responsibility_(access_and_custody)" title="Parental responsibility (access and custody)">Parental responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents%27_rights_movement" title="Parents' rights movement">Parents' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternity_law" title="Paternity law">Paternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_parenting" title="Shared parenting">Shared parenting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ainsworth" title="Mary Ainsworth">Mary Ainsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bowlby" title="John Bowlby">John Bowlby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Berry_Brazelton" title="T. Berry Brazelton">T. Berry Brazelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Dreikurs" title="Rudolf Dreikurs">Rudolf Dreikurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Elkind" title="David Elkind">David Elkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Frost" title="Jo Frost">Jo Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haim_Ginott" title="Haim Ginott">Haim Ginott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gordon_(psychologist)" title="Thomas Gordon (psychologist)">Thomas Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_E._Kazdin" title="Alan E. Kazdin">Alan E. Kazdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truby_King" title="Truby King">Truby King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_Lareau" title="Annette Lareau">Annette Lareau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penelope_Leach" title="Penelope Leach">Penelope Leach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Sanders_(parenting_researcher)" title="Matthew Sanders (parenting researcher)">Matthew Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sears_(physician)" title="William Sears (physician)">William Sears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Spock" title="Benjamin Spock">Benjamin Spock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Families_Need_Fathers" title="Families Need Fathers">Families Need Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers_Apart_from_Their_Children" title="Mothers Apart from Their Children">Mothers Apart from Their Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mothers%27_Union" title="Mothers' Union">Mothers' Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Childbirth_Trust" title="National Childbirth Trust">National Childbirth Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fatherhood_Initiative" title="National Fatherhood Initiative">National Fatherhood Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Parents_Organization" title="National Parents Organization">National Parents Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent%E2%80%93teacher_association" title="Parent–teacher association">Parent–teacher association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Against_Child_Exploitation" title="Parents Against Child Exploitation">Parents Against Child Exploitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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