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id="toc-Life_and_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Personal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hardy_and_the_theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardy_and_the_theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Hardy and the theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hardy_and_the_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Later years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Novels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Literary themes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Religious beliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locations_in_novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locations_in_novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Locations in novels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locations_in_novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Musical_settings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_settings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Musical settings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_settings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Prose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Novels_of_character_and_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels_of_character_and_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Novels of character and environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels_of_character_and_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romances_and_fantasies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romances_and_fantasies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.2</span> <span>Romances and fantasies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romances_and_fantasies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novels_of_ingenuity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels_of_ingenuity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.3</span> <span>Novels of ingenuity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels_of_ingenuity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.4</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Short_stories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Short_stories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.5</span> <span>Short stories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Short_stories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Poetry collections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Drama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biographies_and_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographies_and_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Biographies and criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographies_and_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas Hardy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 87 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-87" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">87 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="توماس هاردي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توماس هاردي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF" title="টমাছ হাৰ্ডি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="টমাছ হাৰ্ডি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_Hardi" title="Tomas Hardi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tomas Hardi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="توماس هاردی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="توماس هاردی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF" title="টমাস হার্ডি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টমাস হার্ডি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Томас Хардзі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Томас Хардзі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Томас Гардзі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Томас Гардзі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="थॉमस हार्डी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="थॉमस हार्डी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Томас Харди – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Томас Харди" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%A7%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9" title="Τόμας Χάρντι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τόμας Χάρντι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="توماس هاردی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توماس هاردی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy_(%C3%A9crivain)" title="Thomas Hardy (écrivain) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thomas Hardy (écrivain)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%A8%B8%EC%8A%A4_%ED%95%98%EB%94%94" title="토머스 하디 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토머스 하디" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%AB" title="Թոմաս Հարդի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թոմաս Հարդի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="थॉमस हार्डी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="थॉमस हार्डी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99" title="תומאס הרדי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תומאס הרדי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF" title="ಥಾಮಸ್ ಹಾರ್ಡಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಥಾಮಸ್ ಹಾರ್ಡಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="თომას ჰარდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თომას ჰარდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Томас Харди – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Томас Харди" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomass_H%C4%81rdijs" title="Tomass Hārdijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tomass Hārdijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="थोमस् हार्डी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="थोमस् हार्डी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Томас Харди – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Томас Харди" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF" title="തോമസ് ഹാർഡി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തോമസ് ഹാർഡി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="თომას ჰარდი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თომას ჰარდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%89" title="توماس هاردى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توماس هاردى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE" title="သောမတ်စ် ဟာဒီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သောမတ်စ် ဟာဒီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="थोमस् हार्डी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="थोमस् हार्डी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3" title="トーマス・ハーディ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トーマス・ハーディ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80" title="ਥਾਮਸ ਹਾਰਡੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਥਾਮਸ ਹਾਰਡੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3_%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88%DB%8C" title="تھامس ہارڈی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تھامس ہارڈی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%89%D9%8A" title="توماس هارډي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="توماس هارډي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Харди, Томас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Харди, Томас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="تۆماس ھاردی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تۆماس ھاردی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Томас Харди – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Томас Харди" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="தாமஸ் ஹார்டி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தாமஸ் ஹார்டி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3_%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%88%DB%8C" title="تھامس ہارڈی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تھامس ہارڈی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hardy" title="Thomas Hardy – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Thomas Hardy" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English novelist and poet (1840–1928)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Thomas Hardy (disambiguation)">Thomas Hardy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Thomas Hardy</div><br /><div class="honorific-suffix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">OM</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomashardy_restored.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hardy, c. 1910–1915"><img alt="Hardy, c. 1910–1915" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Thomashardy_restored.jpg/220px-Thomashardy_restored.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Thomashardy_restored.jpg/330px-Thomashardy_restored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Thomashardy_restored.jpg/440px-Thomashardy_restored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3663" data-file-height="5316" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Hardy, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1910–1915</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1840-06-02</span>)</span>2 June 1840<br /><a href="/wiki/Stinsford" title="Stinsford">Stinsford</a>, Dorset, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">11 January 1928<span style="display:none">(1928-01-11)</span> (aged 87)<br /><a href="/wiki/Dorchester,_Dorset" title="Dorchester, Dorset">Dorchester, Dorset</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Stinsford parish church (heart)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Poets%27_Corner" title="Poets' Corner">Poets' Corner</a>, Westminster Abbey (ashes)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li>Novelist</li><li>poet</li><li>short story writer</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r979066050"><ul class="cslist"><li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(literature)" title="Naturalism (literature)">Naturalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_literature" title="Victorian literature">Victorian literature</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r979066050"><ul class="cslist"><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tess_of_the_d%27Urbervilles" title="Tess of the d'Urbervilles">Tess of the d'Urbervilles</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Far_from_the_Madding_Crowd" title="Far from the Madding Crowd">Far from the Madding Crowd</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mayor_of_Casterbridge" title="The Mayor of Casterbridge">The Mayor of Casterbridge</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_Native" title="The Return of the Native">The Return of the Native</a></i></li><li><i>Collected Poems</i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Obscure" title="Jude the Obscure">Jude the Obscure</a></i></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Emma_Gifford" title="Emma Gifford">Emma Gifford</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1874; died 1912)<wbr /></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Florence_Dugdale" title="Florence Dugdale">Florence Dugdale</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1914)<wbr /></div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Hardy_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Thomas_Hardy_signature.svg/150px-Thomas_Hardy_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Thomas_Hardy_signature.svg/225px-Thomas_Hardy_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Thomas_Hardy_signature.svg/300px-Thomas_Hardy_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="213" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Thomas Hardy</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">OM</a></span></span> (2 June 1840 – 11 January 1928) was an English novelist and poet. A <a href="/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">Victorian realist</a> in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/George_Eliot" title="George Eliot">George Eliot</a>, he was influenced both in his novels and in his poetry by <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, including the poetry of <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was highly critical of much in <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> society, especially on the declining status of rural people in Britain such as those from his native <a href="/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England">South West England</a>. </p><p>While Hardy wrote poetry throughout his life and regarded himself primarily as a poet, his first collection was not published until 1898. Initially, he gained fame as the author of novels such as <i><a href="/wiki/Far_from_the_Madding_Crowd" title="Far from the Madding Crowd">Far from the Madding Crowd</a></i> (1874), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mayor_of_Casterbridge" title="The Mayor of Casterbridge">The Mayor of Casterbridge</a></i> (1886), <i><a href="/wiki/Tess_of_the_d%27Urbervilles" title="Tess of the d'Urbervilles">Tess of the d'Urbervilles</a></i> (1891) and <i><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Obscure" title="Jude the Obscure">Jude the Obscure</a></i> (1895). During his lifetime, Hardy's poetry was acclaimed by younger poets (particularly the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Poetry" title="Georgian Poetry">Georgians</a>) who viewed him as a mentor. After his death his poems were lauded by <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a>, <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Larkin" title="Philip Larkin">Philip Larkin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of his novels concern tragic characters struggling against their passions and social circumstances, and they are often set in the semi-fictional region of <a href="/wiki/Wessex" title="Wessex">Wessex</a>; initially based on the medieval Anglo-Saxon kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardy%27s_Wessex" title="Thomas Hardy's Wessex">Hardy's Wessex</a> eventually came to include the counties of Dorset, Wiltshire, Somerset, Devon, Hampshire and much of Berkshire, in south-west and south central England. Two of his novels, <i>Tess of the d'Urbervilles</i> and <i>Far from the Madding Crowd</i>, were listed in the top 50 on the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>'s survey <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Read" title="The Big Read">The Big Read</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hardy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hardy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2780theHardyTreeOldStPancrasChurchyard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/2780theHardyTreeOldStPancrasChurchyard.jpg/220px-2780theHardyTreeOldStPancrasChurchyard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/2780theHardyTreeOldStPancrasChurchyard.jpg/330px-2780theHardyTreeOldStPancrasChurchyard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/2780theHardyTreeOldStPancrasChurchyard.jpg/440px-2780theHardyTreeOldStPancrasChurchyard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>"The Hardy Tree", a <a href="/wiki/Great_Trees_of_London" title="Great Trees of London">Great Tree of London</a> in <a href="/wiki/St_Pancras_Old_Church" title="St Pancras Old Church">Old St Pancras</a> churchyard in London, growing between gravestones moved while Hardy was working there. The tree fell in December 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Thomas Hardy was born on 2 June 1840 in Higher Bockhampton (then Upper Bockhampton), a hamlet in the parish of <a href="/wiki/Stinsford" title="Stinsford">Stinsford</a> to the east of <a href="/wiki/Dorchester,_Dorset" title="Dorchester, Dorset">Dorchester</a> in Dorset, England, where his father Thomas (1811–1892) worked as a stonemason and local builder. His parents had married at <a href="/wiki/Melbury_Osmond" title="Melbury Osmond">Melbury Osmond</a> on 22 December 1839.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His mother, Jemima (née Hand; 1813–1904),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was well read, and she educated Thomas until he went to his first school at Bockhampton at the age of eight. For several years he attended Mr. Last's Academy for Young Gentlemen in Dorchester, where he learned Latin and demonstrated academic potential.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because Hardy's family lacked the means for a university education, his formal education ended at the age of sixteen, when he became apprenticed to James Hicks, a local architect.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He worked on the design of the new church at nearby Athelhampton, situated just opposite <a href="/wiki/Athelhampton_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Athelhampton House">Athelhampton House</a> where he painted a watercolour of the Tudor gatehouse while visiting his father, who was repairing the masonry of the dovecote. </p><p>He moved to London in 1862 where he enrolled as a student at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a>. He won prizes from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects" title="Royal Institute of British Architects">Royal Institute of British Architects</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Architectural_Association_School_of_Architecture" title="Architectural Association School of Architecture">Architectural Association</a>. He joined <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Blomfield" title="Arthur Blomfield">Arthur Blomfield</a>'s practice as assistant architect in April 1862 and worked with Blomfield on Christ Church, East Sheen <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_London" title="Richmond, London">Richmond, London</a> where the tower collapsed in 1863, and All Saints' parish church in <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Berkshire" title="Windsor, Berkshire">Windsor, Berkshire</a>, in 1862–64. A <a href="/wiki/Reredos" title="Reredos">reredos</a>, possibly designed by Hardy, was discovered behind panelling at All Saints' in August 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-1860s, Hardy was in charge of the excavation of part of the graveyard of <a href="/wiki/St_Pancras_Old_Church" title="St Pancras Old Church">St Pancras Old Church</a> before its destruction when the <a href="/wiki/Midland_Railway" title="Midland Railway">Midland Railway</a> was extended to a new terminus at <a href="/wiki/St_Pancras_railway_station" title="St Pancras railway station">St Pancras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cornerstone_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cornerstone-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hardy never felt at home in London, because he was acutely conscious of class divisions and his own feelings of social inferiority. During this time he became interested in social reform and the works of <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>. He was introduced by his Dorset friend <a href="/wiki/Horace_Moule" class="mw-redirect" title="Horace Moule">Horace Moule</a> to the works of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a>. Mill's essay <i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> was one of Hardy's cures for despair, and in 1924 he declared that "my pages show harmony of view with" Mill.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also attracted to <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Matthew Arnold</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" title="Leslie Stephen">Leslie Stephen</a>'s ideal of the urbane liberal freethinker.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After five years, concerned about his health, he returned to Dorset, settling in <a href="/wiki/Weymouth,_Dorset" title="Weymouth, Dorset">Weymouth</a>, and decided to dedicate himself to writing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal">Personal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hardy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Personal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Max_Gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Max_Gate.jpg/220px-Max_Gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Max_Gate.jpg/330px-Max_Gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Max_Gate.jpg/440px-Max_Gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3525" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Max Gate in 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1870, while on an architectural mission to restore the <a href="/wiki/St_Julitta%27s_Church,_St_Juliot" title="St Julitta's Church, St Juliot">parish church of St Juliot</a> in Cornwall,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hardy met and fell in love with <a href="/wiki/Emma_Gifford" title="Emma Gifford">Emma Gifford</a>, whom he married on 17 September 1874, at St Peter's Church, <a href="/wiki/Paddington" title="Paddington">Paddington</a>, London.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-freebmd.org.uk_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freebmd.org.uk-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple rented St David's Villa, Southborough (now <a href="/wiki/Surbiton" title="Surbiton">Surbiton</a>) for a year. In 1885 Thomas and his wife moved into <a href="/wiki/Max_Gate" title="Max Gate">Max Gate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dorchester,_Dorset" title="Dorchester, Dorset">Dorchester</a>, a house designed by Hardy and built by his brother. Although they became estranged, Emma's death in 1912 had a traumatic effect on him and Hardy made a trip to Cornwall after her death to revisit places linked with their courtship; his <i><a href="/wiki/Poems_1912%E2%80%9313" title="Poems 1912–13">Poems 1912–13</a></i> reflect upon her death. In 1914, Hardy married his secretary <a href="/wiki/Florence_Dugdale" title="Florence Dugdale">Florence Emily Dugdale</a>, who was 39 years his junior. He remained preoccupied with his first wife's death and tried to overcome his remorse by writing poetry. </p><p>In his later years, he kept a <a href="/wiki/Wire_Fox_Terrier" title="Wire Fox Terrier">Wire Fox Terrier</a> named Wessex, who was notoriously ill-tempered. Wessex's grave stone can be found on the Max Gate grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC100304_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC100304-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1910, Hardy had been appointed a Member of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a> and was also for the first time nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>. He was nominated again for the prize 11 years later and received a total of 25 nominations until 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was at least once, in 1923, one of the final candidates for the prize, but was not awarded.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hardy_and_the_theatre">Hardy and the theatre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hardy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hardy and the theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hardy's interest in the theatre dated from the 1860s. He corresponded with various would-be adapters over the years, including <a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a> in 1886 and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Grein" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack Grein">Jack Grein</a> and Charles Jarvis in the same decade.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neither adaptation came to fruition, but Hardy showed he was potentially enthusiastic about such a project. One play that was performed, however, caused him a certain amount of pain. His experience of the controversy and lukewarm critical reception that had surrounded his and <a href="/wiki/J._Comyns_Carr" title="J. Comyns Carr">Comyns Carr</a>'s adaptation of <i><a href="/wiki/Far_from_the_Madding_Crowd" title="Far from the Madding Crowd">Far from the Madding Crowd</a></i> in 1882 left him wary of the damage that adaptations could do to his literary reputation. So, in 1908, he so readily and enthusiastically became involved with a local amateur group, at the time known as the Dorchester Dramatic and Debating Society, but that would become <a href="/wiki/The_Hardy_Players" title="The Hardy Players">the Hardy Players</a>. His reservations about adaptations of his novels meant he was initially at some pains to disguise his involvement in the play.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the international success<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the play, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Trumpet-Major" title="The Trumpet-Major">The Trumpet Major</a></i>, led to a long and successful collaboration between Hardy and the Players over the remaining years of his life. Indeed, his play <i><a href="/wiki/The_Famous_Tragedy_of_the_Queen_of_Cornwall" title="The Famous Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall">The Famous Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall at Tintagel in Lyonnesse</a></i> (1923) was written to be performed by the Hardy Players.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_years">Later years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hardy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Florence_Hardy_at_the_seaside_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Florence_Hardy_at_the_seaside_1915.jpg/200px-Florence_Hardy_at_the_seaside_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Florence_Hardy_at_the_seaside_1915.jpg/300px-Florence_Hardy_at_the_seaside_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Florence_Hardy_at_the_seaside_1915.jpg/400px-Florence_Hardy_at_the_seaside_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1271" /></a><figcaption>Florence Hardy at the seashore, 1915</figcaption></figure> <p>From the 1880s, Hardy became increasingly involved in campaigns to save ancient buildings from destruction, or destructive modernisation, and he became an early member of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Protection_of_Ancient_Buildings" title="Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings">Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings</a>. His correspondence refers to his unsuccessful efforts to prevent major alterations to the parish church at Puddletown, close to his home at Max Gate. He became a frequent visitor at <a href="/wiki/Athelhampton_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Athelhampton House">Athelhampton House</a>, which he knew from his teenage years, and in his letters he encouraged the owner, Alfred Cart de Lafontaine, to conduct the restoration of that building in a sensitive way. </p><p>In 1914, Hardy was one of 53 leading British authors—including <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a> and Sir <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a>—who signed their names to the "Authors' Declaration", justifying Britain's involvement in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. This manifesto declared that the German invasion of Belgium had been a brutal crime, and that Britain "could not without dishonour have refused to take part in the present war."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hardy was horrified by the destruction caused by the war, pondering that "I do not think a world in which such fiendishness is possible to be worth the saving" and "better to let western 'civilization' perish, and let the black and yellow races have a chance."<sup id="cite_ref-Sherman_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherman-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote to <a href="/wiki/John_Galsworthy" title="John Galsworthy">John Galsworthy</a> that "the exchange of international thought is the only possible salvation for the world."<sup id="cite_ref-Sherman_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherman-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after helping to excavate the <a href="/wiki/Fordington_mosaic" title="Fordington mosaic">Fordington mosaic</a>, Hardy became ill with <a href="/wiki/Pleurisy" title="Pleurisy">pleurisy</a> in December 1927 and died at <a href="/wiki/Max_Gate" title="Max Gate">Max Gate</a> just after 9 pm on 11 January 1928, having dictated his final poem to his wife on his deathbed; the cause of death was cited, on his death certificate, as "cardiac syncope", with "old age" given as a contributory factor. His funeral was on 16 January at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, and it proved a controversial occasion because Hardy had wished for his body to be interred at Stinsford in the same grave as his first wife, Emma. His family and friends concurred; however, his executor, Sir <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Carlyle_Cockerell" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Carlyle Cockerell">Sydney Carlyle Cockerell</a>, insisted that he be placed in the abbey's famous <a href="/wiki/Poets%27_Corner" title="Poets' Corner">Poets' Corner</a>. A compromise was reached whereby his heart was buried at Stinsford with Emma, and his ashes in Poets' Corner.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hardy's estate at death was valued at <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">£</a>95,418 (equivalent to £7,300,000 in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after Hardy's death, the executors of his estate burnt his letters and notebooks, but twelve notebooks survived, one of them containing notes and extracts of newspaper stories from the 1820s, and research into these has provided insight into how Hardy used them in his works. The opening chapter of <i>The Mayor of Casterbridge</i>, for example, written in 1886, was based on press reports of wife-selling.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC200803_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC200803-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the year of his death Mrs Hardy published <i>The Early Life of Thomas Hardy, 1841–1891</i>, compiled largely from contemporary notes, letters, diaries and biographical memoranda, as well as from oral information in conversations extending over many years. </p><p>Hardy's work was admired by many younger writers, including <a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">D. H. Lawrence</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Cowper_Powys" title="John Cowper Powys">John Cowper Powys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Virginia Woolf</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his autobiography <i><a href="/wiki/Good-Bye_to_All_That" title="Good-Bye to All That">Good-Bye to All That</a></i> (1929), <a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Robert Graves</a> recalls meeting Hardy in Dorset in the early 1920s and how Hardy received him and his new wife warmly, and was encouraging about his work. </p><p>Hardy's <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardy%27s_Cottage" title="Thomas Hardy's Cottage">birthplace in Bockhampton</a> and his house <a href="/wiki/Max_Gate" title="Max Gate">Max Gate</a>, both in Dorchester, are owned by the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty">National Trust</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Novels">Novels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hardy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Novels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Hardy%27s_Cottage,_Bockhampton,_Dorset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Thomas_Hardy%27s_Cottage%2C_Bockhampton%2C_Dorset.jpg/220px-Thomas_Hardy%27s_Cottage%2C_Bockhampton%2C_Dorset.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Thomas_Hardy%27s_Cottage%2C_Bockhampton%2C_Dorset.jpg/330px-Thomas_Hardy%27s_Cottage%2C_Bockhampton%2C_Dorset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Thomas_Hardy%27s_Cottage%2C_Bockhampton%2C_Dorset.jpg/440px-Thomas_Hardy%27s_Cottage%2C_Bockhampton%2C_Dorset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Thomas Hardy's <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardy%27s_Cottage" title="Thomas Hardy's Cottage">birthplace and cottage</a> at Higher Bockhampton, where <i><a href="/wiki/Under_the_Greenwood_Tree" title="Under the Greenwood Tree">Under the Greenwood Tree</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Far_from_the_Madding_Crowd" title="Far from the Madding Crowd">Far from the Madding Crowd</a></i> were written</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Hardy_Locations,_Tess_of_the_Durbervilles_(1)_-_geograph.org.uk_-_707277.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Thomas_Hardy_Locations%2C_Tess_of_the_Durbervilles_%281%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_707277.jpg/220px-Thomas_Hardy_Locations%2C_Tess_of_the_Durbervilles_%281%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_707277.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Thomas_Hardy_Locations%2C_Tess_of_the_Durbervilles_%281%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_707277.jpg/330px-Thomas_Hardy_Locations%2C_Tess_of_the_Durbervilles_%281%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_707277.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Thomas_Hardy_Locations%2C_Tess_of_the_Durbervilles_%281%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_707277.jpg/440px-Thomas_Hardy_Locations%2C_Tess_of_the_Durbervilles_%281%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_707277.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>View of the <a href="/wiki/River_Frome,_Dorset" title="River Frome, Dorset">River Frome</a> from the bridge at <a href="/wiki/Lower_Bockhampton" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Bockhampton">Lower Bockhampton</a>. In <i><a href="/wiki/Tess_of_the_d%27Urbervilles" title="Tess of the d'Urbervilles">Tess of the d'Urbervilles</a></i> the lowland vale of the river is described as the Vale of the Great Dairies, in comparison to Tess's home, the fertile <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Blackmore" class="mw-redirect" title="Vale of Blackmore">Vale of Blackmore</a>, which is the Vale of Little Dairies.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hardy's first novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Poor_Man_and_the_Lady" title="The Poor Man and the Lady">The Poor Man and the Lady</a></i>, finished by 1867, failed to find a publisher. He then showed it to his mentor and friend, the Victorian poet and novelist <a href="/wiki/George_Meredith" title="George Meredith">George Meredith</a>, who felt that <i>The Poor Man and the Lady</i> would be too politically controversial and might damage Hardy's ability to publish in the future. So Hardy followed his advice and he did not try further to publish it. He subsequently destroyed the manuscript, but used some of the ideas in his later work.<sup id="cite_ref-Bullen2013_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bullen2013-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his recollections in <i>Life and Work</i>, Hardy described the book as "socialistic, not to say revolutionary; yet not argumentatively so."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After he abandoned his first novel, Hardy wrote two new ones that he hoped would have more commercial appeal, <i><a href="/wiki/Desperate_Remedies" title="Desperate Remedies">Desperate Remedies</a></i> (1871) and <i><a href="/wiki/Under_the_Greenwood_Tree" title="Under the Greenwood Tree">Under the Greenwood Tree</a></i> (1872), both of which were published anonymously; it was while working on the latter that he met Emma Gifford, who would become his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-Bullen2013_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bullen2013-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1873 <i><a href="/wiki/A_Pair_of_Blue_Eyes" title="A Pair of Blue Eyes">A Pair of Blue Eyes</a></i>, a novel drawing on Hardy's courtship of Emma, was published under his own name. A plot device popularised by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>, the term "<a href="/wiki/Cliffhanger" title="Cliffhanger">cliffhanger</a>" is considered to have originated with the serialised version of <i>A Pair of Blue Eyes</i> (published in <i><a href="/wiki/William_Tinsley_(publisher)" title="William Tinsley (publisher)">Tinsley's Magazine</a></i> between September 1872 and July 1873) in which Henry Knight, one of the protagonists, is left literally hanging off a cliff.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardy2013_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardy2013-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elements of Hardy's fiction reflect the influence of the commercially successful sensation fiction of the 1860s, particularly the legal complications in novels such as <i>Desperate Remedies</i> (1871), <i>Far from the Madding Crowd</i> (1874) and <i>Two on a Tower</i> (1882).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Far_from_the_Madding_Crowd" title="Far from the Madding Crowd">Far from the Madding Crowd</a></i>, Hardy first introduced the idea of calling the region in the west of England, where his novels are set, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardy%27s_Wessex" title="Thomas Hardy's Wessex">Wessex</a>. Wessex had been the name of an early <a href="/wiki/Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon">Saxon</a> kingdom, in approximately the same part of England. <i>Far from the Madding Crowd</i> was successful enough for Hardy to give up architectural work and pursue a literary career. Over the next 25 years, Hardy produced 10 more novels. </p><p>Subsequently, Hardy moved from London to <a href="/wiki/Yeovil" title="Yeovil">Yeovil</a>, and then to <a href="/wiki/Sturminster_Newton" title="Sturminster Newton">Sturminster Newton</a>, where he wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_Native" title="The Return of the Native">The Return of the Native</a></i> (1878).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1880, Hardy published his only historical novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Trumpet-Major" title="The Trumpet-Major">The Trumpet-Major</a></i>. A further move to Wimborne saw Hardy write <i><a href="/wiki/Two_on_a_Tower" title="Two on a Tower">Two on a Tower</a></i>, published in 1882, a romance story set in the world of astronomy. Then in 1885, they moved for the last time, to <a href="/wiki/Max_Gate" title="Max Gate">Max Gate</a>, a house outside Dorchester designed by Hardy and built by his brother. There he wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mayor_of_Casterbridge" title="The Mayor of Casterbridge">The Mayor of Casterbridge</a></i> (1886), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Woodlanders" title="The Woodlanders">The Woodlanders</a></i> (1887) and <i><a href="/wiki/Tess_of_the_d%27Urbervilles" title="Tess of the d'Urbervilles">Tess of the d'Urbervilles</a></i> (1891), the last of which attracted criticism for its sympathetic portrayal of a "fallen woman", and initially it was refused publication. Its subtitle, <i>A Pure Woman: Faithfully Presented</i>, was intended to raise the eyebrows of the Victorian middle classes. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Hardy_Locations,_Return_of_the_Native_-_geograph.org.uk_-_786542.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Thomas_Hardy_Locations%2C_Return_of_the_Native_-_geograph.org.uk_-_786542.jpg/220px-Thomas_Hardy_Locations%2C_Return_of_the_Native_-_geograph.org.uk_-_786542.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Thomas_Hardy_Locations%2C_Return_of_the_Native_-_geograph.org.uk_-_786542.jpg/330px-Thomas_Hardy_Locations%2C_Return_of_the_Native_-_geograph.org.uk_-_786542.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Thomas_Hardy_Locations%2C_Return_of_the_Native_-_geograph.org.uk_-_786542.jpg/440px-Thomas_Hardy_Locations%2C_Return_of_the_Native_-_geograph.org.uk_-_786542.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>A major location of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_Native" title="The Return of the Native">The Return of the Native</a></i> as part of Hardy's fictional <a href="/wiki/Egdon_Heath" title="Egdon Heath">Egdon Heath</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Obscure" title="Jude the Obscure">Jude the Obscure</a></i>, published in 1895, met with an even stronger negative response from the Victorian public because of its controversial treatment of sex, religion and marriage. Its apparent attack on the institution of marriage caused strain on Hardy's already difficult marriage because Emma Hardy was concerned that <i>Jude the Obscure</i> would be read as autobiographical. Some booksellers sold the novel in brown paper bags, and <a href="/wiki/Walsham_How" title="Walsham How">Walsham How</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Wakefield_(diocese)" title="Bishop of Wakefield (diocese)">Bishop of Wakefield</a>, is reputed to have burnt his copy.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC200803_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC200803-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his postscript of 1912, Hardy humorously referred to this incident as part of the career of the book: "After these [hostile] verdicts from the press its next misfortune was to be burnt by a bishop – probably in his despair at not being able to burn me".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, Hardy had become a celebrity by the 1900s, but some argue that he gave up writing novels because of the criticism of both <i>Tess of the d'Urbervilles</i> and <i>Jude the Obscure</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-English_Literature_2000_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-English_Literature_2000-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Well-Beloved" title="The Well-Beloved">The Well-Beloved</a></i>, first serialised in 1892, was published in 1897. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_themes">Literary themes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hardy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Literary themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:158px;max-width:158px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Hardy_Vanity_Fair_1892-06-04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Thomas_Hardy_Vanity_Fair_1892-06-04.jpg/156px-Thomas_Hardy_Vanity_Fair_1892-06-04.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Thomas_Hardy_Vanity_Fair_1892-06-04.jpg/234px-Thomas_Hardy_Vanity_Fair_1892-06-04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Thomas_Hardy_Vanity_Fair_1892-06-04.jpg/312px-Thomas_Hardy_Vanity_Fair_1892-06-04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Caricature of Hardy in <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (British magazine)">Vanity Fair</a></i>, 4 June 1892</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:158px;max-width:158px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Hardy_by_William_Strang_1893.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Thomas_Hardy_by_William_Strang_1893.jpg/156px-Thomas_Hardy_by_William_Strang_1893.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Thomas_Hardy_by_William_Strang_1893.jpg/234px-Thomas_Hardy_by_William_Strang_1893.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Thomas_Hardy_by_William_Strang_1893.jpg/312px-Thomas_Hardy_by_William_Strang_1893.jpg 2x" data-file-width="379" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Hardy painted by <a href="/wiki/William_Strang" title="William Strang">William Strang</a>, 1893</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Considered a Victorian realist, Hardy examines the social constraints on the lives of those living in <a href="/wiki/Victorian_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Victorian England">Victorian England</a>, and criticises those beliefs, especially those relating to marriage, education and religion, that limited people's lives and caused unhappiness. Such unhappiness, and the suffering it brings, is seen by poet <a href="/wiki/Philip_Larkin" title="Philip Larkin">Philip Larkin</a> as central in Hardy's works: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What is the intensely maturing experience of which Hardy's modern man is most sensible? In my view it is suffering, or sadness, and extended consideration of the centrality of suffering in Hardy's work should be the first duty of the true critic for which the work is still waiting [...] Any approach to his work, as to any writer's work, must seek first of all to determine what element is peculiarly his, which imaginative note he strikes most plangently, and to deny that in this case it is the sometimes gentle, sometimes ironic, sometimes bitter but always passive apprehension of suffering is, I think, wrong-headed.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In <i>Two on a Tower</i>, for example, Hardy takes a stand against these rules of society with a story of love that crosses the boundaries of class. The reader is forced to reconsider the conventions set up by society for the relationships between men and women. Nineteenth-century society had conventions, which were enforced. In this novel Swithin St Cleeve's idealism pits him against such contemporary social constraints. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In a novel structured around contrasts, the main opposition is between Swithin St Cleeve and Lady Viviette Constantine, who are presented as binary figures in a series of ways: aristocratic and lower class, youthful and mature, single and married, fair and dark, religious and agnostic...she [Lady Viviette Constantine] is also deeply conventional, absurdly wishing to conceal their marriage until Swithin has achieved social status through his scientific work, which gives rise to uncontrolled ironies and tragic-comic misunderstandings.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Fate or chance is another important theme. Hardy's characters often encounter crossroads on a journey, a junction that offers alternative physical destinations but which is also symbolic of a point of opportunity and transition, further suggesting that fate is at work. <i>Far from the Madding Crowd</i> is an example of a novel in which chance has a major role: "Had Bathsheba not sent the valentine, had Fanny not missed her wedding, for example, the story would have taken an entirely different path."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, Hardy's main characters often seem to be held in fate's overwhelming grip. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poetry">Poetry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hardy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Hardy_by_Walter_William_Ouless.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Thomas_Hardy_by_Walter_William_Ouless.jpg/170px-Thomas_Hardy_by_Walter_William_Ouless.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Thomas_Hardy_by_Walter_William_Ouless.jpg/255px-Thomas_Hardy_by_Walter_William_Ouless.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Thomas_Hardy_by_Walter_William_Ouless.jpg/340px-Thomas_Hardy_by_Walter_William_Ouless.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2949" /></a><figcaption>Thomas Hardy by <a href="/wiki/Walter_William_Ouless" title="Walter William Ouless">Walter William Ouless</a>, 1922</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1898, Hardy published his first volume of poetry, <i><a href="/wiki/Wessex_Poems" class="mw-redirect" title="Wessex Poems">Wessex Poems</a></i>, a collection of poems written over 30 years. While some suggest that Hardy gave up writing novels following the harsh criticism of <i>Jude the Obscure</i> in 1896, the poet <a href="/wiki/C._H._Sisson" title="C. H. Sisson">C. H. Sisson</a> calls this "hypothesis" "superficial and absurd".<sup id="cite_ref-English_Literature_2000_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-English_Literature_2000-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the twentieth century Hardy published only poetry. </p><p>Thomas Hardy published <i><a href="/wiki/Poems_of_the_Past_and_the_Present" title="Poems of the Past and the Present">Poems of the Past and the Present</a></i> in 1901, which contains "<a href="/wiki/The_Darkling_Thrush" title="The Darkling Thrush">The Darkling Thrush</a>" (originally titled "The Century's End"), one of his best known poems about the <a href="/wiki/Turn_of_the_century" title="Turn of the century">turn of the century</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thomas Hardy wrote in a great variety of poetic forms, including <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyrics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">ballads</a>, satire, <a href="/wiki/Dramatic_monologue" title="Dramatic monologue">dramatic monologues</a> and dialogue, as well as a three-volume epic closet drama <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dynasts" title="The Dynasts">The Dynasts</a></i> (1904–08),<sup id="cite_ref-britannica1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and though in some ways a very traditional poet, because he was influenced by folksong and ballads,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he "was never conventional," and "persistently experiment[ed] with different, often invented, stanza forms and metres,"<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and made use of "rough-hewn rhythms and colloquial diction".<sup id="cite_ref-poets1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poets1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hardy wrote a number of significant war poems that relate to both the <a href="/wiki/Boer_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Boer War">Boer Wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, including "Drummer Hodge", "In Time of 'The Breaking of Nations'" and "<a href="/wiki/The_Man_He_Killed" title="The Man He Killed">The Man He Killed</a>"; his work had a profound influence on other war poets such as <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Brooke" title="Rupert Brooke">Rupert Brooke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Sassoon" title="Siegfried Sassoon">Siegfried Sassoon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Axelrod_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axelrod-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hardy in these poems often used the viewpoint of ordinary soldiers and their colloquial speech.<sup id="cite_ref-Axelrod_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axelrod-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A theme in the <i>Wessex Poems</i> is the long shadow that the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> cast over the 19th century, as seen, for example, in "The Sergeant's Song" and "Leipzig".<sup id="cite_ref-Katherine_Kearney_Maynard_1991,_pp._8_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katherine_Kearney_Maynard_1991,_pp._8-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Napoleonic War is the subject of <i>The Dynasts</i>. </p><p>Some of Hardy's more famous poems are from <i><a href="/wiki/Poems_1912%E2%80%9313" title="Poems 1912–13">Poems 1912–13</a></i>, which later became part of <i>Satires of Circumstance</i> (1914), written following the death of his wife Emma in 1912. They had been estranged for 20 years, and these lyric poems express deeply felt "regret and remorse".<sup id="cite_ref-Axelrod_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axelrod-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poems like "After a Journey", "The Voice" and others from this collection "are by general consent regarded as the peak of his poetic achievement".<sup id="cite_ref-britannica1_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2007 biography on Hardy, <a href="/wiki/Claire_Tomalin" title="Claire Tomalin">Claire Tomalin</a> argues that Hardy became a truly great English poet after the death of his first wife Emma, beginning with these elegies, which she describes as among "the finest and strangest celebrations of the dead in English poetry."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Hardy_(1923_portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Thomas_Hardy_%281923_portrait%29.jpg/170px-Thomas_Hardy_%281923_portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Thomas_Hardy_%281923_portrait%29.jpg/255px-Thomas_Hardy_%281923_portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Thomas_Hardy_%281923_portrait%29.jpg/340px-Thomas_Hardy_%281923_portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>A portrait of Thomas Hardy in 1923 by <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Eves" title="Reginald Eves">Reginald Eves</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Many of Hardy's poems deal with themes of disappointment in love and life, and "the perversity of fate", presenting these themes with "a carefully controlled elegiac feeling".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Irony" title="Irony">Irony</a> is an important element in a number of Hardy's poems, including "The Man He Killed" and "Are You Digging on My Grave".<sup id="cite_ref-Katherine_Kearney_Maynard_1991,_pp._8_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katherine_Kearney_Maynard_1991,_pp._8-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few of Hardy's poems, such as "<a href="/wiki/The_Blinded_Bird" title="The Blinded Bird">The Blinded Bird</a>", a melancholy polemic against the sport of <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/Vinkensport" title="Vinkensport">vinkenzetting</a></i></span>, reflect his firm stance against animal cruelty, exhibited in his <a href="/wiki/Vivisection" title="Vivisection">antivivisectionist</a> views and his membership in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals">Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although his poems were initially not as well received as his novels had been, Hardy is now recognised as one of the great poets of the 20th century, and his verse had a profound influence on later writers, including <a href="/wiki/Robert_Frost" title="Robert Frost">Robert Frost</a>, <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dylan_Thomas" title="Dylan Thomas">Dylan Thomas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Larkin" title="Philip Larkin">Philip Larkin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-poets1_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poets1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larkin included 27 poems by Hardy compared with only nine by <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a> in his edition of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Book_of_Twentieth_Century_English_Verse" title="The Oxford Book of Twentieth Century English Verse">The Oxford Book of Twentieth Century English Verse</a></i> in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were fewer poems by <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poet-critic <a href="/wiki/Donald_Davie" title="Donald Davie">Donald Davie</a>'s <i>Thomas Hardy and English Poetry</i> considers Hardy's contribution to ongoing poetic tradition at length and in creative depth. Davie's friend <a href="/wiki/Thom_Gunn" title="Thom Gunn">Thom Gunn</a> also wrote on Hardy and acknowledged his stature and example. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_beliefs">Religious beliefs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hardy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Religious beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Hardy_aged_70,_by_William_Strang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Thomas_Hardy_aged_70%2C_by_William_Strang.jpg/170px-Thomas_Hardy_aged_70%2C_by_William_Strang.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Thomas_Hardy_aged_70%2C_by_William_Strang.jpg/255px-Thomas_Hardy_aged_70%2C_by_William_Strang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Thomas_Hardy_aged_70%2C_by_William_Strang.jpg/340px-Thomas_Hardy_aged_70%2C_by_William_Strang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="3088" /></a><figcaption>Thomas Hardy aged 70, by <a href="/wiki/William_Strang" title="William Strang">William Strang</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Hardy's family was <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a>, but not especially devout. He was baptised at the age of five weeks and attended church, where his father and uncle contributed to music. He did not attend the local <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> school, instead being sent to Mr Last's school, three miles away. As a young adult, he befriended <a href="/wiki/Henry_R._Bastow" title="Henry R. Bastow">Henry R. Bastow</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a> man), who also worked as a pupil architect, and who was preparing for <a href="/wiki/Adult_baptism" class="mw-redirect" title="Adult baptism">adult baptism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Baptist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist Church">Baptist Church</a>. Hardy flirted with conversion, but decided against it.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bastow went to Australia and maintained a long correspondence with Hardy, but eventually Hardy tired of these exchanges and the correspondence ceased. This concluded Hardy's links with the Baptists. </p><p>The irony and struggles of life, coupled with his naturally curious mind, led him to question the traditional Christian view of God: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Christian God – the external personality – has been replaced by the intelligence of the First Cause...the replacement of the old concept of God as all-powerful by a new concept of universal consciousness. The 'tribal god, man-shaped, fiery-faced and tyrannous' is replaced by the 'unconscious will of the Universe' which progressively grows aware of itself and 'ultimately, it is to be hoped, sympathetic'.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Scholars have debated Hardy's religious leanings for years, often unable to reach a consensus. Once, when asked in correspondence by a clergyman, Dr. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balloch_Grosart" title="Alexander Balloch Grosart">A. B. Grosart</a>, about the question of reconciling the horrors of human and animal life with "the absolute goodness and non-limitation of God",<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hardy replied, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Mr. Hardy regrets that he is unable to offer any hypothesis which would reconcile the existence of such evils as Dr. Grosart describes with the idea of omnipotent goodness. Perhaps Dr. Grosart might be helped to a provisional view of the universe by the recently published <i>Life of Darwin</i> and the works of <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a> and other agnostics.<sup id="cite_ref-norton_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-norton-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Hardy frequently conceived of, and wrote about, supernatural forces, particularly those that control the universe through indifference or caprice, a force he called The Immanent Will. He also showed in his writing some degree of fascination with ghosts and spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-norton_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-norton-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even so, he retained a strong emotional attachment to the Christian liturgy and church rituals, particularly as manifested in rural communities, that had been such a formative influence in his early years, and Biblical references can be found woven throughout many of Hardy's novels. Hardy's friends during his apprenticeship to John Hicks included <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Mosley_Moule" title="Horatio Mosley Moule">Horace Moule</a> (one of the eight sons of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moule" title="Henry Moule">Henry Moule</a>) and the poet <a href="/wiki/William_Barnes" title="William Barnes">William Barnes</a>, both ministers of religion. Moule remained a close friend of Hardy's for the rest of his life, and introduced him to new scientific findings that cast doubt on literal interpretations of the Bible,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as those of <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Mantell" title="Gideon Mantell">Gideon Mantell</a>. Moule gave Hardy a copy of Mantell's book <i>The Wonders of Geology</i> (1848) in 1858, and Adelene Buckland has suggested that there are "compelling similarities" between the "cliffhanger" section from <i>A Pair of Blue Eyes</i> and Mantell's geological descriptions. It has also been suggested that the character of Henry Knight in <i>A Pair of Blue Eyes</i> was based on Horace Moule.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kipling%27s_grave_in_Poets_Corner.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Kipling%27s_grave_in_Poets_Corner.png/200px-Kipling%27s_grave_in_Poets_Corner.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Kipling%27s_grave_in_Poets_Corner.png/300px-Kipling%27s_grave_in_Poets_Corner.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Kipling%27s_grave_in_Poets_Corner.png/400px-Kipling%27s_grave_in_Poets_Corner.png 2x" data-file-width="836" data-file-height="549" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Grave of Thomas Hardy's ashes in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> (foreground, next to that of <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Hardy%27s_heart.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Thomas_Hardy%27s_heart.JPG/200px-Thomas_Hardy%27s_heart.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Thomas_Hardy%27s_heart.JPG/300px-Thomas_Hardy%27s_heart.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Thomas_Hardy%27s_heart.JPG/400px-Thomas_Hardy%27s_heart.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Grave of Thomas Hardy's heart at <a href="/wiki/Stinsford" title="Stinsford">Stinsford</a> parish church</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Throughout his life, Hardy sought a rationale for believing in an afterlife or a timeless existence, turning first to spiritualists, such as <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a>, and then to <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._M._E._McTaggart" title="J. M. E. McTaggart">J. M. E. McTaggart</a>, considering their philosophy on time and space in relation to immortality.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Locations_in_novels">Locations in novels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hardy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Locations in novels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sites associated with Hardy's own life and which inspired the settings of his novels continue to attract literary tourists and casual visitors. For locations in Hardy's novels see: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardy%27s_Wessex" title="Thomas Hardy's Wessex">Thomas Hardy's Wessex</a>, and the Thomas Hardy's Wessex<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> research site, which includes maps.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hardy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hardy corresponded with and visited <a href="/wiki/Charles_George_Milnes_Gaskell" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles George Milnes Gaskell">Lady Catherine Milnes Gaskell</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wenlock_Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenlock Abbey">Wenlock Abbey</a> and many of Lady Catherine's books are inspired by Hardy, who was very fond of her.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">D. H. Lawrence</a>'s <i>Study of Thomas Hardy</i> (1914, first published 1936) indicates the importance of Hardy for him, even though this work is a platform for Lawrence's own developing philosophy rather than a more standard literary study. The influence of Hardy's treatment of character, and Lawrence's own response to the central <a href="/wiki/Metaphysic" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphysic">metaphysic</a> behind many of Hardy's novels, helped significantly in the development of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rainbow" title="The Rainbow">The Rainbow</a></i> (1915) and <i><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Love" title="Women in Love">Women in Love</a></i> (1920).<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Wood and Stone</i> (1915), the first novel by <a href="/wiki/John_Cowper_Powys" title="John Cowper Powys">John Cowper Powys</a>, who was a contemporary of Lawrence, was "Dedicated with devoted admiration to the greatest poet and novelist of our age Thomas Hardy".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Powys's later novel <i><a href="/wiki/Maiden_Castle_(novel)" title="Maiden Castle (novel)">Maiden Castle</a></i> (1936) is set in <a href="/wiki/Dorchester,_Dorset" title="Dorchester, Dorset">Dorchester</a>, which was Hardy's <a href="/wiki/Casterbridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Casterbridge">Casterbridge</a>, and was intended by Powys to be a "rival" to Hardy's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mayor_of_Casterbridge" title="The Mayor of Casterbridge">The Mayor of Casterbridge</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Maiden Castle</i> is the last of Powys's so-called Wessex novels, <i><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Solent" title="Wolf Solent">Wolf Solent</a></i> (1929), <i><a href="/wiki/A_Glastonbury_Romance" title="A Glastonbury Romance">A Glastonbury Romance</a></i> (1932) and <i><a href="/wiki/Weymouth_Sands" title="Weymouth Sands">Weymouth Sands</a></i> (1934), which are set in Somerset and Dorset.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hardy was clearly the starting point for the character of the novelist Edward Driffield in <a href="/wiki/W._Somerset_Maugham" title="W. Somerset Maugham">W. Somerset Maugham</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Cakes_and_Ale" title="Cakes and Ale">Cakes and Ale</a></i> (1930).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas Hardy's works also feature prominently in the American playwright <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Durang" title="Christopher Durang">Christopher Durang</a>'s <i>The Marriage of Bette and Boo</i> (1985), in which a graduate thesis analysing <i><a href="/wiki/Tess_of_the_d%27Urbervilles" title="Tess of the d'Urbervilles">Tess of the d'Urbervilles</a></i> is interspersed with analysis of Matt's family's neuroses.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musical_settings">Musical settings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hardy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Musical settings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of notable English composers, including <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Finzi" title="Gerald Finzi">Gerald Finzi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Ralph Vaughan Williams</a><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Holst" title="Gustav Holst">Gustav Holst</a><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> set poems by Hardy to music. Others include Holst's daughter <a href="/wiki/Imogen_Holst" title="Imogen Holst">Imogen Holst</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Ireland_(composer)" title="John Ireland (composer)">John Ireland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Muriel_Herbert" title="Muriel Herbert">Muriel Herbert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivor_Gurney" title="Ivor Gurney">Ivor Gurney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robin_Milford" title="Robin Milford">Robin Milford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orchestral tone poems which evoke the landscape of Hardy's novels include Ireland's <i><a href="/wiki/Mai-Dun" title="Mai-Dun">Mai-Dun</a></i> (1921) and Holst's <i><a href="/wiki/Egdon_Heath_(Holst)" title="Egdon Heath (Holst)">Egdon Heath: A Homage to Thomas Hardy</a></i> (1927). </p><p>Hardy has been a significant influence on Nigel Blackwell, frontman of the <a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">post-punk</a> British rock band <a href="/wiki/Half_Man_Half_Biscuit" title="Half Man Half Biscuit">Half Man Half Biscuit</a>, who has often incorporated phrases (some obscure) by or about Hardy into his song lyrics.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hardy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prose">Prose</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hardy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Prose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Far-From-The-Madding-Crowd-1874-Title-Page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Far-From-The-Madding-Crowd-1874-Title-Page.jpg/170px-Far-From-The-Madding-Crowd-1874-Title-Page.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Far-From-The-Madding-Crowd-1874-Title-Page.jpg/255px-Far-From-The-Madding-Crowd-1874-Title-Page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Far-From-The-Madding-Crowd-1874-Title-Page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The title page from a <a href="/wiki/First_edition" class="mw-redirect" title="First edition">first edition</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Far_from_the_Madding_Crowd" title="Far from the Madding Crowd">Far from the Madding Crowd</a></i> (1874)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1912, Hardy divided his novels and collected short stories into three classes:<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Novels_of_character_and_environment">Novels of character and environment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hardy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Novels of character and environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Poor_Man_and_the_Lady" title="The Poor Man and the Lady">The Poor Man and the Lady</a></i> (1867, unpublished and lost)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Under_the_Greenwood_Tree" title="Under the Greenwood Tree">Under the Greenwood Tree</a>: A Rural Painting of the Dutch School</i> (1872)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Far_from_the_Madding_Crowd" title="Far from the Madding Crowd">Far from the Madding Crowd</a></i> (1874)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_Native" title="The Return of the Native">The Return of the Native</a></i> (1878)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mayor_of_Casterbridge" title="The Mayor of Casterbridge">The Mayor of Casterbridge</a>: The Life and Death of a Man of Character</i> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Woodlanders" title="The Woodlanders">The Woodlanders</a></i> (1887)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wessex_Tales" title="Wessex Tales">Wessex Tales</a></i> (1888, a collection of short stories)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tess_of_the_d%27Urbervilles" title="Tess of the d'Urbervilles">Tess of the d'Urbervilles</a>: A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented</i> (1891)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Life%27s_Little_Ironies" title="Life's Little Ironies">Life's Little Ironies</a></i> (1894, a collection of short stories)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Obscure" title="Jude the Obscure">Jude the Obscure</a></i> (1895)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romances_and_fantasies">Romances and fantasies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hardy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Romances and fantasies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Romance_(literary_fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance (literary fiction)">Romance (literary fiction)</a></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Pair_of_Blue_Eyes" title="A Pair of Blue Eyes">A Pair of Blue Eyes</a>: A Novel</i> (1873)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Trumpet-Major" title="The Trumpet-Major">The Trumpet-Major</a></i> (1880)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_on_a_Tower" title="Two on a Tower">Two on a Tower</a>: A Romance</i> (1882)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Group_of_Noble_Dames" title="A Group of Noble Dames">A Group of Noble Dames</a></i> (1891, a collection of short stories)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Well-Beloved" title="The Well-Beloved">The Well-Beloved</a>: A Sketch of a Temperament</i> (1897) (first published as a serial from 1892)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Novels_of_ingenuity">Novels of ingenuity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hardy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Novels of ingenuity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Desperate_Remedies" title="Desperate Remedies">Desperate Remedies</a>: A Novel</i> (1871)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hand_of_Ethelberta" title="The Hand of Ethelberta">The Hand of Ethelberta</a>: A Comedy in Chapters</i> (1876)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Laodicean" title="A Laodicean">A Laodicean</a>: A Story of To-day</i> (1881)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hardy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hardy also produced minor tales; one story, <i>The Spectre of the Real</i> (1894) was written in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Florence_Henniker" title="Florence Henniker">Florence Henniker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An additional short-story collection, beyond the ones mentioned above, is <i><a href="/wiki/A_Changed_Man_and_Other_Tales" title="A Changed Man and Other Tales">A Changed Man and Other Tales</a></i> (1913). His works have been collected as the 24-volume Wessex Edition (1912–13) and the 37-volume Mellstock Edition (1919–20). His largely self-written biography appears under his second wife's name in two volumes from 1928 to 1930, as <i>The Early Life of Thomas Hardy, 1840–91</i> and <i>The Later Years of Thomas Hardy, 1892–1928</i>, now published in a critical one-volume edition as <i>The Life and Work of Thomas Hardy</i>, edited by Michael Millgate (1984). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Short_stories">Short stories</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hardy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Short stories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>(with date of first publication) </p> <ul><li>"How I Built Myself a House" (1865)</li> <li>"Destiny and a Blue Cloak" (1874)</li> <li>"The Thieves Who Couldn't Stop Sneezing" (1877)</li> <li>"The Duchess of Hamptonshire" (1878) (collected in <i>A Group of Noble Dames</i>)</li> <li>"The Distracted Preacher" (1879) (collected in <i>Wessex Tales</i>)</li> <li>"Fellow-Townsmen" (1880) (collected in <i>Wessex Tales</i>)</li> <li>"The Honourable Laura" (1881) (collected in <i>A Group of Noble Dames</i>)</li> <li>"What the Shepherd Saw" (1881) (collected in <i>A Changed Man and Other Stories</i>)</li> <li>"A Tradition of Eighteen Hundred and Four" (1882) (collected in <i>Life's Little Ironies</i>)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Three_Strangers" title="The Three Strangers">The Three Strangers</a>" (1883) (collected in <i>Wessex Tales</i>)</li> <li>"The Romantic Adventures of a Milkmaid" (1883) (collected in <i>A Changed Man and Other Stories</i>)</li> <li>"Interlopers at the Knap" (1884) (collected in <i>Wessex Tales</i>)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Mere_Interlude" title="A Mere Interlude">A Mere Interlude</a>" (1885) (collected in <i>A Changed Man and Other Stories</i>)</li> <li>"A Tryst at an Ancient Earthwork" (1885) (collected in <i>A Changed Man and Other Stories</i>)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Alicia%27s_Diary" title="Alicia's Diary">Alicia's Diary</a>" (1887) (collected in <i>A Changed Man and Other Stories</i>)</li> <li>"The Waiting Supper" (1887–88) (collected in <i>A Changed Man and Other Stories</i>)</li> <li>"The Withered Arm" (1888) (collected in <i>Wessex Tales</i>)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Tragedy_of_Two_Ambitions" title="A Tragedy of Two Ambitions">A Tragedy of Two Ambitions</a>" (1888) (collected in <i>Life's Little Ironies</i>)</li> <li>"The First Countess of Wessex" (1889) (collected in <i>A Group of Noble Dames</i>)</li> <li>"Anna, Lady Baxby" (1890) (collected in <i>A Group of Noble Dames</i>)</li> <li>"The Lady Icenway" (1890) (collected in <i>A Group of Noble Dames</i>)</li> <li>"Lady Mottisfont" (1890) (collected in <i>A Group of Noble Dames</i>)</li> <li>"The Lady Penelope" (1890) (collected in <i>A Group of Noble Dames</i>)</li> <li>"The Marchioness of Stonehenge" (1890) (collected in <i>A Group of Noble Dames</i>)</li> <li>"Squire Petrick's Lady" (1890) (collected in <i>A Group of Noble Dames</i>)</li> <li>"Barbara of the House of Grebe" (1890) (collected in <i>A Group of Noble Dames</i>)</li> <li>"The Melancholy Hussar of The German Legion" (1890) (collected in <i>Life's Little Ironies</i>)</li> <li>"Absent-Mindedness in a Parish Choir" (1891) (collected in <i>Life's Little Ironies</i>)</li> <li>"The Winters and the Palmleys" (1891) (collected in <i>Life's Little Ironies</i>)</li> <li>"For Conscience' Sake" (1891) (collected in <i>Life's Little Ironies</i>)</li> <li>"Incident in the Life of Mr. George Crookhill" (1891) (collected in <i>Life's Little Ironies</i>)</li> <li>"The Doctor's Legend" (1891)</li> <li>"Andrey Satchel and the Parson and Clerk" (1891) (collected in <i>Life's Little Ironies</i>)</li> <li>"The History of the Hardcomes" (1891) (collected in <i>Life's Little Ironies</i>)</li> <li>"Netty Sargent's Copyhold" (1891) (collected in <i>Life's Little Ironies</i>)</li> <li>"On the Western Circuit" (1891) (collected in <i>Life's Little Ironies</i>)</li> <li>"A Few Crusted Characters: Introduction" (1891) (collected in <i>Life's Little Ironies</i>)</li> <li>"The Superstitious Man's Story" (1891) (collected in <i>Life's Little Ironies</i>)</li> <li>"Tony Kytes, the Arch-Deceiver" (1891) (collected in <i>Life's Little Ironies</i>)</li> <li>"To Please His Wife" (1891) (collected in <i>Life's Little Ironies</i>)</li> <li>"The Son's Veto" (1891) (collected in <i>Life's Little Ironies</i>)</li> <li>"Old Andrey's Experience as a Musician" (1891) (collected in <i>Life's Little Ironies</i>)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Our_Exploits_At_West_Poley" title="Our Exploits At West Poley">Our Exploits At West Poley</a>" (1892–93)</li> <li>"Master John Horseleigh, Knight" (1893) (collected in <i>A Changed Man and Other Stories</i>)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Fiddler_of_the_Reels" title="The Fiddler of the Reels">The Fiddler of the Reels</a>" (1893) (collected in <i>Life's Little Ironies</i>)</li> <li>"An Imaginative Woman" (1894) (collected in <i>Wessex Tales</i>, 1896 edition)</li> <li>"The Spectre of the Real" (1894)</li> <li>"A Committee-Man of 'The Terror'" (1896) (collected in <i>A Changed Man and Other Stories</i>)</li> <li>"The Duke's Reappearance" (1896) (collected in <i>A Changed Man and Other Stories</i>)</li> <li>"The Grave by the Handpost" (1897) (collected in <i>A Changed Man and Other Stories</i>)</li> <li>"A Changed Man" (1900) (collected in <i>A Changed Man and Other Stories</i>)</li> <li>"Enter a Dragoon" (1900) (collected in <i>A Changed Man and Other Stories</i>)</li> <li>"Blue Jimmy: The Horse Stealer" (1911)</li> <li>"Old Mrs. Chundle" (1929)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Unconquerable" title="The Unconquerable">The Unconquerable</a>"(1992)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry_collections">Poetry collections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hardy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Poetry collections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wessex_Poems_and_Other_Verses" title="Wessex Poems and Other Verses">Wessex Poems and Other Verses</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poems_of_the_Past_and_the_Present" title="Poems of the Past and the Present">Poems of the Past and the Present</a></i> (1901)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Time%27s_Laughingstocks_and_Other_Verses" title="Time's Laughingstocks and Other Verses">Time's Laughingstocks and Other Verses</a></i> (1909)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Satires_of_Circumstance" title="Satires of Circumstance">Satires of Circumstance</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moments_of_Vision" title="Moments of Vision">Moments of Vision</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i>Collected Poems</i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Late_Lyrics_and_Earlier_with_Many_Other_Verses" title="Late Lyrics and Earlier with Many Other Verses">Late Lyrics and Earlier with Many Other Verses</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_Shows,_Far_Phantasies,_Songs_and_Trifles" title="Human Shows, Far Phantasies, Songs and Trifles">Human Shows, Far Phantasies, Songs and Trifles</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Winter_Words_in_Various_Moods_and_Metres" title="Winter Words in Various Moods and Metres">Winter Words in Various Moods and Metres</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i>The Complete Poems</i> (Macmillan, 1976)</li> <li><i>Selected Poems</i> (Edited by Harry Thomas, Penguin, 1993)</li> <li><i>Hardy: Poems</i> (Everyman's Library Pocket Poets, 1995)</li> <li><i>Thomas Hardy: Selected Poetry and Nonfictional Prose</i> (<a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>, 1996)</li> <li><i>Selected Poems</i> (Edited by Robert Mezey, Penguin, 1998)</li> <li><i>Thomas Hardy: The Complete Poems</i> (Edited by James Gibson, Palgrave, 2001)</li></ul> <p>Online poems: Poems by Thomas Hardy<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at <a href="/wiki/Poetry_Foundation" title="Poetry Foundation">Poetry Foundation</a> and Poems by Thomas Hardy at poemhunter.com<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drama">Drama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hardy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Drama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dynasts" title="The Dynasts">The Dynasts</a>: An Epic-Drama of the War with Napoleon</i> (verse drama) <ul><li><i>The Dynasts, Part 1</i> (1904)</li> <li><i>The Dynasts, Part 2</i> (1906)</li> <li><i>The Dynasts, Part 3</i> (1908)</li></ul></li> <li><i>The Famous Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall at <a href="/wiki/Tintagel" title="Tintagel">Tintagel</a> in Lyonnesse</i> (1923) (one-act play)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hardy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1986" class="citation cs2">Taylor, Dennis (Winter 1986), "Hardy and Wordsworth", <i>Victorian Poetry</i>, <b>24</b> (4)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Victorian+Poetry&rft.atitle=Hardy+and+Wordsworth&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatts2007" class="citation book cs1">Watts, Cedric (2007). <i>Thomas Hardy: 'Tess of the d'Urbervilles'<span></span></i>. Humanities-Ebooks. pp. 13, 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Hardy%3A+%27Tess+of+the+d%27Urbervilles%27&rft.pages=13%2C+14&rft.pub=Humanities-Ebooks&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Cedric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/bigread/top100.shtml">"BBC – The Big Read"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121031065136/http://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/bigread/top100.shtml">Archived</a> 31 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC. April 2003, Retrieved 16 December 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2022" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Matt (28 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://londonist.com/london/latest-news/the-hardy-tree-of-st-pancras-has-fallen">"The Hardy Tree Of St Pancras Has Fallen"</a>. <i>Londonist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Londonist&rft.atitle=The+Hardy+Tree+Of+St+Pancras+Has+Fallen&rft.date=2022-12-28&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flondonist.com%2Flondon%2Flatest-news%2Fthe-hardy-tree-of-st-pancras-has-fallen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Copy of marriage certificate in Melbury Osmond parish church.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/oct/13/thomashardy">"Thomas Hardy: The Time-Torn Man"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 13 October 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729175642/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/oct/13/thomashardy">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Thomas+Hardy%3A+The+Time-Torn+Man&rft.date=2006-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2006%2Foct%2F13%2Fthomashardy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomalin2007" class="citation cs2">Tomalin, Claire (2007), <i>Thomas Hardy: the Time-torn Man</i>, Penguin, pp. 30, 36</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Hardy%3A+the+Time-torn+Man&rft.pages=30%2C+36&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Tomalin&rft.aufirst=Claire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2005" class="citation cs2">Walsh, Lauren (2005), "Introduction", <i>The Return of the Native, by Thomas Hardy</i> (print), Classics, New York: Barnes & Noble</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Return+of+the+Native%2C+by+Thomas+Hardy&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Classics&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood2016" class="citation news cs1">Flood, Alison (16 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/aug/16/thomas-hardy-altarpiece-discovered-in-windsor-church">"Thomas Hardy altarpiece discovered in Windsor church"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160816234632/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/aug/16/thomas-hardy-altarpiece-discovered-in-windsor-church">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Borough+Observer&rft.atitle=Legendary+author+Thomas+Hardy%27s+lost+contribution+to+Windsor+church+uncovered&rft.date=2016-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.windsorobserver.co.uk%2Fnews%2F14679029.Legendary_author_Thomas_Hardy_s_lost_contribution_to_Windsor_church_uncovered%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cornerstone-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cornerstone_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurley2012" class="citation journal cs1">Burley, Peter (2012). "When steam railroaded history". <i>Cornerstone</i>. <b>33</b> (1): 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cornerstone&rft.atitle=When+steam+railroaded+history&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Burley&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2009" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Keith (2009). <i>A Companion to Thomas Hardy</i>. 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Springer. p. 132.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Hardy+and+Contemporary+Literary+Studies&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Widdowson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibson, James (ed.) (1975) Chosen Poems of Thomas Hardy, London: Macmillan Education; p.9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Millgate, ‘Hardy, Thomas (1840–1928)’, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a>, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, May 2006 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/33708">accessed 7 Feb 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-freebmd.org.uk-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-freebmd.org.uk_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freebmd.org.uk/">"FreeBMD Home Page"</a>. <i>freebmd.org.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201211091910/https://www.freebmd.org.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=freebmd.org.uk&rft.atitle=FreeBMD+Home+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freebmd.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy, Emma (1961) Some Recollections by Emma Hardy; with some relevant poems by Thomas Hardy; ed. by Evelyn Hardy & R. Gittings. London: Oxford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Thomas Hardy – the Time-Torn Man" (a reading of <a href="/wiki/Claire_Tomalin" title="Claire Tomalin">Claire Tomalin</a>'s book of the same name), <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a>, 23 October 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/sep/30/biography.thomashardy">“At home with the wizard”</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180217082546/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/sep/30/biography.thomashardy">Archived</a> 17 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Guardian, Retrieved 10 July 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC100304-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC100304_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/wiltshire/entertainment/days_out/thomas_hardy_stourhead.shtml">"Wiltshire Days Out – Thomas Hardy at Stourhead"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309014751/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wiltshire/entertainment/days_out/thomas_hardy_stourhead.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wiltshire+Days+Out+%E2%80%93+Thomas+Hardy+at+Stourhead&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fwiltshire%2Fentertainment%2Fdays_out%2Fthomas_hardy_stourhead.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette28393" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/28393/page/4857">"No. 28393"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 8 July 1910. p. 4857.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+28393&rft.pages=4857&rft.date=1910-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F28393%2Fpage%2F4857&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=3892">"Nomination Database"</a>. April 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170923194359/https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=3892">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nomination+Database&rft.date=2020-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnomination%2Farchive%2Fshow_people.php%3Fid%3D3892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsaid2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Asaid, Alan (11 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kulturdelen.com/2012/12/11/yeats-och-nobelpriset/">"Yeats och Nobelpriset"</a> (in Swedish). kulturdelen.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yeats+och+Nobelpriset&rft.pub=kulturdelen.com&rft.date=2012-12-11&rft.aulast=Asaid&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kulturdelen.com%2F2012%2F12%2F11%2Fyeats-och-nobelpriset%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1995" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Keith (1995). <i>Thomas Hardy on Stage</i>. The Macmillan Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333598856" title="Special:BookSources/9780333598856"><bdi>9780333598856</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Hardy+on+Stage&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780333598856&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, Keith (1995). <i>Thomas Hardy on Stage</i>. The Macmillan Press. p. 60. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333598856" title="Special:BookSources/9780333598856">9780333598856</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, Harold (1908). "A Souvenir of the Performances of the Play adapted from Mr. Thos. Hardy's Novel 'The Trumpet Major'". The Dorchester Debating and Dramatic Society.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean1993" class="citation journal cs1">Dean, Andrew R (February 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45274094">"The Sources of The Famous Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall"</a>. <i>Thomas Hardy Journal, the</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 76–89. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45274094">45274094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thomas+Hardy+Journal%2C+the&rft.atitle=The+Sources+of+The+Famous+Tragedy+of+the+Queen+of+Cornwall&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=76-89&rft.date=1993-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45274094%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Andrew+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45274094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/human-interest/2014/10/british-authors-and-wwi-propaganda-manifesto-signed-by-h-g-wells-arthur-conan-doyle-rudyard-kipling.html">"1914 Authors' Manifesto Defending Britain's Involvement in WWI, Signed by H.G. Wells and Arthur Conan Doyle"</a>. <i>Slate</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200227070407/https://slate.com/human-interest/2014/10/british-authors-and-wwi-propaganda-manifesto-signed-by-h-g-wells-arthur-conan-doyle-rudyard-kipling.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=1914+Authors%27+Manifesto+Defending+Britain%27s+Involvement+in+WWI%2C+Signed+by+H.G.+Wells+and+Arthur+Conan+Doyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fhuman-interest%2F2014%2F10%2Fbritish-authors-and-wwi-propaganda-manifesto-signed-by-h-g-wells-arthur-conan-doyle-rudyard-kipling.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sherman-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sherman_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherman_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherman1976" class="citation book cs1">Sherman, George William (1976). <i>The Pessimism of Thomas Hardy</i>. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. p. 447.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pessimism+of+Thomas+Hardy&rft.pages=447&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+Univ+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Sherman&rft.aufirst=George+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradford,_Charles_Angell1933" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Angell_Bradford" title="Charles Angell Bradford">Bradford, Charles Angell</a> (1933). <i>Heart Burial</i>. London: Allen & Unwin. p. 246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-162-77181-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-162-77181-6"><bdi>978-1-162-77181-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heart+Burial&rft.place=London&rft.pages=246&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1933&rft.isbn=978-1-162-77181-6&rft.au=Bradford%2C+Charles+Angell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From Probate Index for 1928: "Hardy O. M. Thomas of Max Gate Dorchester Dorsetshire died 11 January 1928 Probate London 22 February to Lloyds Bank Limited Effects £90707 14s 3d Resworn £95418 3s 1d."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC200803-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC200803_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC200803_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040831225219/http://www.bbc.co.uk/homeground/archive/2003/thomas_hardy.shtml">"Homeground: Dead man talking"</a>. <i>BBC Online</i>. 20 August 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/homeground/archive/2003/thomas_hardy.shtml">the original</a> on 31 August 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Online&rft.atitle=Homeground%3A+Dead+man+talking&rft.date=2003-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhomeground%2Farchive%2F2003%2Fthomas_hardy.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele1985" class="citation cs2">Steele, Bruce, ed. (1985) [1914], "Literary criticism and metaphysics", <i>Study of Thomas Hardy and other essays</i>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-25252-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-25252-0"><bdi>0-521-25252-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Literary+criticism+and+metaphysics&rft.btitle=Study+of+Thomas+Hardy+and+other+essays&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-521-25252-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The Novels of Thomas Hardy", <i>The Common Reader</i>, 2nd series.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bullen2013-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bullen2013_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bullen2013_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._B._Bullen2013" class="citation book cs1">J. B. Bullen (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8aX0AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT143"><i>Thomas Hardy: The World of his Novels</i></a>. Frances Lincoln. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78101-122-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78101-122-5"><bdi>978-1-78101-122-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Hardy%3A+The+World+of+his+Novels&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Frances+Lincoln&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78101-122-5&rft.au=J.+B.+Bullen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8aX0AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiddowson2018" class="citation book cs1">Widdowson, Peter (2018). <i>Thomas Hardy</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thomas+Hardy&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Widdowson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hardy2013-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hardy2013_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Hardy2013" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Hardy (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N1EbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT570"><i>Delphi Complete Works of Thomas Hardy (Illustrated)</i></a>. Delphi Classics. pp. 570–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908909-17-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-908909-17-6"><bdi>978-1-908909-17-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819150410/https://books.google.com/books?id=N1EbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT570">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Delphi+Complete+Works+of+Thomas+Hardy+%28Illustrated%29&rft.pages=570-&rft.pub=Delphi+Classics&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-908909-17-6&rft.au=Thomas+Hardy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN1EbAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT570&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emily Nussbaum. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/07/30/tune-in-next-week">"The curious staying power of the cliffhanger"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>. 10 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+curious+staying+power+of+the+cliffhanger.&rft.date=2019-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2012%2F07%2F30%2Ftune-in-next-week&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trish Ferguson, <i>Thomas Hardy's Legal Fictions</i>, Edinburgh University Press, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dorsetlife.co.uk/2013/06/curiosities-of-sturminster-newton/">"Curiosities of Sturminster Newton – Dorset Life – The Dorset Magazine"</a>. <i>dorsetlife.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171110061814/http://www.dorsetlife.co.uk/2013/06/curiosities-of-sturminster-newton/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dorsetlife.co.uk&rft.atitle=Curiosities+of+Sturminster+Newton+%E2%80%93+Dorset+Life+%E2%80%93+The+Dorset+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dorsetlife.co.uk%2F2013%2F06%2Fcuriosities-of-sturminster-newton%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy1998" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, Thomas (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=txZevBW0iX0C"><i>Jude the Obscure</i></a>. Penguin Classics. p. 466. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-043538-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-043538-7"><bdi>0-14-043538-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220915014720/https://books.google.com/books?id=txZevBW0iX0C">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Norton, 2000, p.1916.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larkin, Philip 1983, "Wanted: Good Hardy Critic" in <i>Required Writing</i>, London: <a href="/wiki/Faber_and_Faber" class="mw-redirect" title="Faber and Faber">Faber and Faber</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey Harvey, <i>Thomas Hardy: The Complete Critical Guide to Thomas Hardy.</i> New York: Routledge, 2003, p.108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enotes.com/twentieth-century-criticism/far-from-madding-crowd-thomas-hardy">"Far from the Madding Crowd, Thomas Hardy – Introduction (Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism. Ed. Linda Pavlovski. Vol. 153. Gale Group, Inc.)"</a>. Enotes.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100115210245/http://www.enotes.com/twentieth-century-criticism/far-from-madding-crowd-thomas-hardy">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1984, p.13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRumens2009" class="citation news cs1">Rumens, Carol (28 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2009/dec/28/poem-of-the-week-the-darkling-thrush-thomas-hardy">"Poem of the week: The Darkling Thrush, by Thomas Hardy"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Poem+of+the+week%3A+The+Darkling+Thrush%2C+by+Thomas+Hardy&rft.date=2009-12-28&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Rumens&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2Fbooksblog%2F2009%2Fdec%2F28%2Fpoem-of-the-week-the-darkling-thrush-thomas-hardy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica1-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica1_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica1_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/255167/Thomas-Hardy">"Thomas Hardy (British writer) – Encyclopædia Britannica"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i>. 6 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thomas+Hardy+%28British+writer%29+%E2%80%93+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.btitle=Britannica.com&rft.date=2013-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F255167%2FThomas-Hardy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Thomas Hardy", <i>The Bloomsbury Guide to English Literature</i>, ed. Marion Wynne Davies. New York: Prentice Hall, 1990, p.583.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Bloomsbury Guide</i>, p. 583.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-poets1-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-poets1_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-poets1_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poets.org/poet.php/prmPID/110#sthash.STdc5gsw.dpuf">"Thomas Hardy | Academy of American Poets"</a>. Poets.org. 11 January 1928. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140414084147/http://www.poets.org/poet.php/prmPID/110#sthash.STdc5gsw.dpuf">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Hardy+%26%23124%3B+Academy+of+American+Poets&rft.pub=Poets.org&rft.date=1928-01-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poets.org%2Fpoet.php%2FprmPID%2F110%23sthash.STdc5gsw.dpuf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Axelrod-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Axelrod_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Axelrod_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Axelrod_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxelrod" class="citation web cs1">Axelrod, Jeremy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetryfoundation.org/bio/thomas-hardy">"Thomas Hardy"</a>. 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Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1991, pp. 8–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tomalin, Claire. "Thomas Hardy." New York: Penguin, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Norton Anthology of English Literature</i>, 7th edition, vol. 2, p. 1916.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert_N._Schneidau1991" class="citation book cs1">Herbert N. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Hardy%27s+Wessex%3A+The+Evolution+of+Wessex&rft.pub=St-andrews.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-andrews.ac.uk%2F~bp10%2Fwessex%2Fevolution%2Fmaps%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gamble, Cynthia, 2015 Wenlock Abbey 1857–1919: A Shropshire Country House and the Milnes Gaskell Family, Ellingham Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Terry R. Wright. "Hardy's Heirs: D. H. Lawrence and John Cowper Powys" in <i>A Companion to Thomas Hardy</i>. Chichester, Sussex: John Wiley, 2012.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xLP3sa-bnkoC&pg=PA1925">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411132913/https://books.google.com/books?id=xLP3sa-bnkoC&pg=PA1925">Archived</a> 11 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Terry R. Wright. "Hardy's Heirs: D. H. Lawrence and John Cowper Powys"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morine Krissdottir, <i>Descents of Memory: The Life of John Cowper Powys</i>. (New York: Overlook Duckworth, 2007), p. 312.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert Williams, <i>John Cowper Powys</i>. (Bridgend, Wales: Seren, 1997), p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academic.eb.com/EBchecked/topic/88658/Cakes-and-Ale">"Cakes and Ale"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc</i>. 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cakes+and+Ale&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica.+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online+Academic+Edition.+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Inc.&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademic.eb.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F88658%2FCakes-and-Ale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Durang. <i>The Marriage of Bette and Boo</i>. New York: Grove Press, 1987.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-z-ns9m7hTIC&pg=PA18">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220915014720/https://books.google.com/books?id=-z-ns9m7hTIC&pg=PA18">Archived</a> 15 September 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Song cycle <i><a href="/wiki/Earth_and_Air_and_Rain" title="Earth and Air and Rain">Earth and Air and Rain</a></i> (1936)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geraldfinzi.com/biography/">"Biography " Gerald Finzi Official Site"</a>. Geraldfinzi.com. 27 September 1956. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171110023001/http://www.geraldfinzi.com/biography/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography+%22+Gerald+Finzi+Official+Site&rft.pub=Geraldfinzi.com&rft.date=1956-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geraldfinzi.com%2Fbiography%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Song cycle <i><a href="/wiki/Winter_Words_(song_cycle)" title="Winter Words (song cycle)">Winter Words</a></i> (1953)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cantata <i><a href="/wiki/Hodie#VII:_Song" title="Hodie">Hodie</a></i> (1954)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lieder.net/get_settings.html?ComposerId=1237">"Gustav Holst (Vocal Texts and Translations for Composer Gustav Holst)"</a>. LiederNet Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180914203708/http://www.lieder.net/get_settings.html?ComposerId=1237">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gustav+Holst+%28Vocal+Texts+and+Translations+for+Composer+Gustav+Holst%29&rft.pub=LiederNet+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lieder.net%2Fget_settings.html%3FComposerId%3D1237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Songs_to_Poems_by_Thomas_Hardy" title="Three Songs to Poems by Thomas Hardy">Three Songs to Poems by Thomas Hardy</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Past and I: 100 Years of Thomas Hardy</i>, Delphian Records DCD34307 (2024)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSampson2001" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Sampson_(writer)" title="Kevin Sampson (writer)">Sampson, Kevin</a> (21 July 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2001/jul/21/weekend7.weekend6">"Taking the biscuit"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191227114855/https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2001/jul/21/weekend7.weekend6">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Taking+the+biscuit&rft.date=2001-07-21&rft.aulast=Sampson&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftheguardian%2F2001%2Fjul%2F21%2Fweekend7.weekend6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example the song title "<a href="/wiki/Thy_Damnation_Slumbereth_Not" class="mw-redirect" title="Thy Damnation Slumbereth Not">Thy Damnation Slumbereth Not</a>", which is a quotation from Thomas Hardy's novel <i><a href="/wiki/Tess_of_the_d%27Urbervilles" title="Tess of the d'Urbervilles">Tess of the d'Urbervilles</a></i>,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy1891" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, Thomas (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianlondon.org/etexts/hardy/tess-0012.shtml"><i>Tess of the d'Urbervilles</i></a>. Chapter 12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150221154951/http://www.victorianlondon.org/etexts/hardy/tess-0012.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tess+of+the+d%27Urbervilles&rft.pages=Chapter+12&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianlondon.org%2Fetexts%2Fhardy%2Ftess-0012.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span> which is itself an adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_Peter" title="Second Epistle of Peter">Second Epistle of Peter</a> at <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/2_Peter#Chapter_2" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/2 Peter">2:3</a>: "Their damnation slumbereth not".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilmore2014" class="citation book cs1">Gilmore, Dehn (2014). <i>The Victorian Novel and the Space of Art: Fictional Form on Display</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 207.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Victorian+Novel+and+the+Space+of+Art%3A+Fictional+Form+on+Display&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Gilmore&rft.aufirst=Dehn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurdy1944" class="citation journal cs1">Purdy, Richard (October 1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.colby.edu/cq/vol1/iss8/4/">"Thomas Hardy And Florence Henniker: The Writing Of "The Spectre of the Real"</a>. <i>Colby Library Quarterly</i>. <b>1</b> (8): 122–6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140524022702/http://digitalcommons.colby.edu/cq/vol1/iss8/4/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Colby+Library+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Thomas+Hardy+And+Florence+Henniker%3A+The+Writing+Of+%22The+Spectre+of+the+Real&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=122-6&rft.date=1944-10&rft.aulast=Purdy&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.colby.edu%2Fcq%2Fvol1%2Fiss8%2F4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxelrod" class="citation web cs1">Axelrod, Jeremy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/poet.html?id=2926">"Thomas Hardy"</a>. The Poetry Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100710005620/http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/poet.html?id=2926">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Hardy&rft.pub=The+Poetry+Foundation&rft.aulast=Axelrod&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poetryfoundation.org%2Farchive%2Fpoet.html%3Fid%3D2926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Hardy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poemhunter.com/i/ebooks/pdf/thomas_hardy_2004_9.pdf">“Thomas Hardy poems”</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100622035642/http://www.poemhunter.com/i/ebooks/pdf/thomas_hardy_2004_9.pdf">Archived</a> 22 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biographies_and_criticism">Biographies and criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hardy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Biographies and criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li>Armstrong, Tim. "Player Piano: Poetry and Sonic Modernity" in <i>Modernism/Modernity</i> 14.1 (January 2007), 1–19.</li> <li>Beatty, Claudius J.P. <i>Thomas Hardy: Conservation Architect. His Work for the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings</i>. Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900341-44-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-900341-44-0">0-900341-44-0</a></li> <li>Blunden, Edmund. <i>Thomas Hardy.</i> New York: St. Martin's, 1942.</li> <li>Brady, Kristen. <i>The Short Stories of Thomas Hardy.</i> London: Macmillan, 1982.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Boumelha" title="Penny Boumelha">Boumelha, Penny</a>. <i>Thomas Hardy and Women.</i> New Jersey: Barnes and Noble, 1982.</li> <li>Brennecke, Jr., Ernest. <i>The Life of Thomas Hardy.</i> New York: Greenberg, 1925.</li> <li>Cecil, Lord David. <i>Hardy the Novelist.</i> London: Constable, 1943.</li> <li>D'Agnillo, Renzo, "Music and Metaphor in <i>Under the Greenwood Tree</i>, in <i>The Thomas Hardy Journal</i>, 9, 2 (May 1993), pp.39–50.</li> <li>D'Agnillo, Renzo, "Between Belief and Non-Belief: Thomas Hardy’s 'The Shadow on the Stone'”, in Thomas Hardy, Francesco Marroni and Norman Page (eds), Pescara, Edizioni Tracce, 1995, pp. 197–222.</li> <li>Deacon, Lois and Terry Coleman. <i>Providence and Mr. Hardy.</i> London: Hutchinson, 1966.</li> <li>Draper, Jo. <i>Thomas Hardy: A Life in Pictures.</i> Wimborne, Dorset: The Dovecote Press.</li> <li>Ellman, Richard & O'Clair, Robert (eds.) 1988. "Thomas Hardy" in <i>The Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry</i>, Norton, New York.</li> <li>Gatrell, Simon. <i>Hardy the Creator: A Textual Biography.</i> Oxford: Clarendon, 1988.</li> <li>Gibson, James. <i>Thomas Hardy: A Literary Life.</i> London: Macmillan, 1996.</li> <li>Gibson, James. <i>Thomas Hardy: Interviews and Recollections.</i> London: Macmillan, 1999; New York: St Martin's Press, 1999.</li> <li>Gittings, Robert. <i>Thomas Hardy's Later Years.</i> Boston : Little, Brown, 1978.</li> <li>Gittings, Robert. <i>Young Thomas Hardy.</i> Boston : Little, Brown, 1975.</li> <li>Gittings, Robert and Jo Manton. <i>The Second Mrs Hardy.</i> London: Heinemann, 1979.</li> <li>Gossin, P. <i>Thomas Hardy's Novel Universe: Astronomy, Cosmology, and Gender in the Post-Darwinian World</i>. Aldershot, Ashgate, 2007 (The Nineteenth Century Series).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._E._Halliday" title="F. E. Halliday">Halliday, F. E.</a> <i>Thomas Hardy: His Life and Work.</i> Bath: Adams & Dart, 1972.</li> <li>Hands, Timothy. <i>Thomas Hardy : Distracted Preacher? : Hardy's religious biography and its influence on his novels.</i> New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989.</li> <li>Hardy, Evelyn. <i>Thomas Hardy: A Critical Biography.</i> London: Hogarth Press, 1954.</li> <li>Hardy, Florence Emily. <i>The Early Life of Thomas Hardy, 1840–1891.</i> London: Macmillan, 1928.</li> <li>Hardy, Florence Emily. <i>The Later Years of Thomas Hardy, 1892–1928</i> London: Macmillan, 1930.</li> <li>Harvey, Geoffrey. <i>Thomas Hardy: The Complete Critical Guide to Thomas Hardy.</i> New York: Routledge (Taylor & Francis Group), 2003.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Hawkins" title="Desmond Hawkins">Hawkins, Desmond</a>. <i>Thomas Hardy.</i> London: Arthur Barker, 1950. (The English Novelists series)</li> <li>Hedgcock, F. A., <i>Thomas Hardy: penseur et artiste.</i> Paris: Librairie Hachette, 1911.</li> <li>Holland, Clive. <i>Thomas Hardy O.M.: The Man, His Works and the Land of Wessex.</i> London: Herbert Jenkins, 1933.</li> <li>Jedrzejewski, Jan. <i>Thomas Hardy and the Church.</i> London: Macmillan, 1996.</li> <li>Johnson, Lionel Pigot. <i>The Art of Thomas Hardy</i> (London: E. Mathews, 1894).</li> <li>Kay-Robinson, Denys. <i>The First Mrs Thomas Hardy.</i> London: Macmillan, 1979.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Langbaum" title="Robert Langbaum">Langbaum, Robert</a>. "Thomas Hardy in Our Time." New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995, London: Macmillan, 1997.</li> <li>Marroni, Francesco, "The Negation of Eros in 'Barbara of the House of Grebe' ", in "Thomas Hardy Journal", 10, 1 (February 1994) pp. 33–41</li> <li>Marroni, Francesco and Norman Page (eds.), <i>Thomas Hardy</i>. Pescara: Edizioni Tracce, 1995.</li> <li>Marroni, Francesco, <i>La poesia di Thomas Hardy</i>. Bari: Adriatica Editrice, 1997.</li> <li>Marroni, Francesco, "The Poetry of Ornithology in Keats, Leopardi, and Hardy: A Dialogic Analysis", in "Thomas Hardy Journal", 14, 2 (May 1998) pp. 35–44</li> <li>Millgate, Michael (ed.). <i>The Life and Work of Thomas Hardy by Thomas Hardy.</i> London: Macmillan, 1984.</li> <li>Millgate, Michael. <i>Thomas Hardy: A Biography.</i> New York: Random House, 1982.</li> <li>Millgate, Michael. <i>Thomas Hardy: A Biography Revisited.</i> Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2004.</li> <li>Morgan, Rosemarie, (ed) The Ashgate Research Companion to Thomas Hardy, (Ashgate Publishing), 2010.</li> <li>Morgan, Rosemarie, (ed) The Hardy Review,(Maney Publishing), 1999–.</li> <li>Morgan, Rosemarie, Student Companion to Thomas Hardy (Greenwood Press), 2006.</li> <li>Morgan, Rosemarie, Cancelled Words: Rediscovering Thomas Hardy (Routledge, Chapman & Hall),1992</li> <li>Morgan, Rosemarie, Women and Sexuality in the Novels of Thomas Hardy (Routledge & Kegan Paul), 1988; paperback: 1990.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Musselwhite" title="David Musselwhite">Musselwhite, David</a>, Social Transformations in Hardy's Tragic Novels: Megamachines and Phantasms, Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.</li> <li>Norman, Andrew. <i>Behind the Mask</i>, History Press, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-5630-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-5630-0">978-0-7524-5630-0</a></li> <li>O'Sullivan, Timothy. <i>Thomas Hardy: An Illustrated Biography.</i> London: Macmillan, 1975.</li> <li>Orel, Harold. <i>The Final Years of Thomas Hardy, 1912–1928.</i> Lawrence: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas" title="University Press of Kansas">University Press of Kansas</a>, 1976.</li> <li>Orel, Harold. <i>The Unknown Thomas Hardy.</i> New York: St. Martin's, 1987.</li> <li>Page, Norman, ed. <i>Thomas Hardy Annual.</i> No. 1: 1982; No. 2: 1984; No. 3: 1985; No. 4: 1986; No. 5; 1987. London: Macmillan, 1982–1987.</li> <li>Phelps, Kenneth. <i>The Wormwood Cup: Thomas Hardy in Cornwall.</i> Padstow: Lodenek Press, 1975.</li> <li>Pinion, F. B. <i>Thomas Hardy: His Life and Friends.</i> London: Palgrave, 1992.</li> <li>Pite, Ralph. <i>Thomas Hardy: The Guarded Life.</i> London: Picador, 2006.</li> <li>Saxelby, F. Outwin. <i>A Thomas Hardy dictionary : the characters and scenes of the novels and poems alphabetically arranged and described</i> (London: G. Routledge, 1911).</li> <li>Seymour-Smith, Martin. <i>Hardy.</i> London: Bloomsbury, 1994.</li> <li>Stevens-Cox, J. <i>Thomas Hardy: Materials for a Study of his Life, Times, and Works.</i> St. Peter Port, Guernsey: Toucan Press, 1968.</li> <li>Stevens-Cox, J. <i>Thomas Hardy: More Materials for a Study of his Life, Times, and Works.</i> St. Peter Port, Guernsey: Toucan Press, 1971.</li> <li>Stewart, J. I. M. <i>Thomas Hardy: A Critical Biography.</i> New York: Dodd, Mead & Co., 1971.</li> <li>Taylor, Richard H. <i>The Neglected Hardy: Thomas Hardy's Lesser Novels.</i> London: Macmillan; New York: St Martin's Press, 1982.</li> <li>Taylor, Richard H., ed. <i>The Personal Notebooks of Thomas Hardy.</i> London: Macmillan, 1979.</li> <li>Tomalin, Claire. <i>Thomas Hardy.</i> New York: Penguin Press, 2006.</li> <li>Turner, Paul. <i>The Life of Thomas Hardy: A Critical Biography.</i> Oxford: Blackwell, 1998.</li> <li>Weber, Carl J. <i>Hardy of Wessex, His Life and Literary Career.</i> New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>, 1940.</li> <li>Wilson, Keith. <i>Thomas Hardy on Stage.</i> London: Macmillan, 1995.</li> <li>Wilson, Keith, ed. <i>Thomas Hardy Reappraised: Essays in Honour of Michael Millgate.</i> Toronto: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>, 2006.</li> <li>Wilson, Keith, ed. <i>A Companion to Thomas Hardy.</i> Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.</li> <li>Wotton, George. Thomas Hardy: Towards A Materialist Criticism. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 1985.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hardy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hardy,_Thomas" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hardy, Thomas">Hardy, Thomas</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Thomas_Hardy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Thomas Hardy">Thomas Hardy</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <dl><dt>Digital collections</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/thomas-hardy">Works by Thomas Hardy in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/23">Works by Thomas Hardy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Hardy%2C%20Thomas%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Thomas%20Hardy%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hardy%2C%20Thomas%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Thomas%20Hardy%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hardy%2C%20T%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Thomas%20Hardy%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Hardy%2C%20Thomas%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Thomas%20Hardy%22%29%20OR%20%28%221840-1928%22%20AND%20Hardy%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Thomas Hardy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/92">Works by Thomas Hardy</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/thomas-hardy">Thomas Hardy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Poetry_Foundation" title="Poetry Foundation">Poetry Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://victorian-studies.net/concordance/hardy/">A Hyper-Concordance to the Works of Thomas Hardy</a> at the Victorian Literary Studies Archive, Nagoya University, Japan</li></ul> <dl><dt>Physical collections</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dorsetmuseum.org/">Dorset Museum</a>, Dorchester, Dorset, contains the largest Hardy collections in the world, donated directly to the Museum by the Hardy family and inscribed on the UNESCO Memory of the World register for the United Kingdom.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://norman.hrc.utexas.edu/fasearch/findingAid.cfm?eadID=00532">Thomas Hardy Collection</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Ransom_Center" title="Harry Ransom Center">Harry Ransom Center</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/people/thomas-hardy">Thomas Hardy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170527023919/http://www.bl.uk/people/thomas-hardy">Archived</a> 27 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the British Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thethomashardyassociation.org/images/maps/windle.htm">Letter from Hardy to Bertram Windle, transcribed by Birgit Plietzsch, from <i>Collected Letters</i>, vol. 2, pp. 131–133</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150526054534/http://thethomashardyassociation.org/images/maps/windle.htm">Archived</a> 26 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 25 May 2015.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Biographical information</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/private-lives/relationships/collections1/1968-theatre-censorship/1909-censorship-committee/">Thomas Hardy & 1909 Theatre Censorship Committee - UK Parliament Living Heritage</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Geographic information</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/hardys-cottage/">Hardy's Cottage</a> National Trust visitor information for Hardy's birthplace.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hardycountry.org/">Hardy Country</a> A visitor guide for 'Hardy Country' in Dorset (sites of interest).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/max-gate/">Max Gate</a> National Trust visitor information for Max Gate (the home Hardy designed, lived and died in).</li></ul> <dl><dt>Other links</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thethomashardyassociation.org/">The Thomas Hardy Association</a> (TTHA)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hardysociety.org/">The Thomas Hardy Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hardyonline.org">The New Hardy Players</a> Theatrical group specialising in the works of Thomas Hardy.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/007130">Newspaper clippings about Thomas Hardy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greatwartheatre.org.uk/db/person/128/"><i>The Dynasts</i> on Great War Theatre</a></li></ul> <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thomas_Hardy" title="Template:Thomas Hardy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thomas_Hardy" title="Template talk:Thomas Hardy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thomas_Hardy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thomas Hardy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thomas_Hardy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Hardy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Poor_Man_and_the_Lady" title="The Poor Man and the Lady">The Poor Man and the Lady</a></i> (1867)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Desperate_Remedies" title="Desperate Remedies">Desperate Remedies</a></i> (1871)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Under_the_Greenwood_Tree" title="Under the Greenwood Tree">Under the Greenwood Tree</a></i> (1872)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Pair_of_Blue_Eyes" title="A Pair of Blue Eyes">A Pair of Blue Eyes</a></i> (1873)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Far_from_the_Madding_Crowd" title="Far from the Madding Crowd">Far from the Madding Crowd</a></i> (1874)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hand_of_Ethelberta" title="The Hand of Ethelberta">The Hand of Ethelberta</a></i> (1876)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_Native" title="The Return of the Native">The Return of the Native</a></i> (1878)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Trumpet-Major" title="The Trumpet-Major">The Trumpet-Major</a></i> (1880)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Laodicean" title="A Laodicean">A Laodicean</a></i> (1881)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_on_a_Tower" title="Two on a Tower">Two on a Tower</a></i> (1882)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mayor_of_Casterbridge" title="The Mayor of Casterbridge">The Mayor of Casterbridge</a></i> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Woodlanders" title="The Woodlanders">The Woodlanders</a></i> (1887)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tess_of_the_d%27Urbervilles" title="Tess of the d'Urbervilles">Tess of the d'Urbervilles</a></i> (1891/92)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Obscure" title="Jude the Obscure">Jude the Obscure</a></i> (1895)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Well-Beloved" title="The Well-Beloved">The Well-Beloved</a></i> (1897)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short story collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wessex_Tales" title="Wessex Tales">Wessex Tales</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Group_of_Noble_Dames" title="A Group of Noble Dames">A Group of Noble Dames</a></i> (1891)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Life%27s_Little_Ironies" title="Life's Little Ironies">Life's Little Ironies</a></i> (1894)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Changed_Man_and_Other_Tales" title="A Changed Man and Other Tales">A Changed Man and Other Tales</a></i> (1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short stories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Three_Strangers" title="The Three Strangers">The Three Strangers</a>" (1883)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Mere_Interlude" title="A Mere Interlude">A Mere Interlude</a>" (1885)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Alicia%27s_Diary" title="Alicia's Diary">Alicia's Diary</a>" (1887)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Barbara_of_the_House_of_Grebe" title="Barbara of the House of Grebe">Barbara of the House of Grebe</a>" (1891)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Fiddler_of_the_Reels" title="The Fiddler of the Reels">The Fiddler of the Reels</a>" (1893)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Tragedy_of_Two_Ambitions" title="A Tragedy of Two Ambitions">A Tragedy of Two Ambitions</a>" (1894)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poetry collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wessex_Poems_and_Other_Verses" title="Wessex Poems and Other Verses">Wessex Poems and Other Verses</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poems_of_the_Past_and_the_Present" title="Poems of the Past and the Present">Poems of the Past and the Present</a></i> (1901)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Time%27s_Laughingstocks_and_Other_Verses" title="Time's Laughingstocks and Other Verses">Time's Laughingstocks</a></i> (1909)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poems_1912%E2%80%9313" title="Poems 1912–13">Poems 1912–13</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Satires_of_Circumstance" title="Satires of Circumstance">Satires of Circumstance</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moments_of_Vision" title="Moments of Vision">Moments of Vision</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Late_Lyrics_and_Earlier_with_Many_Other_Verses" title="Late Lyrics and Earlier with Many Other Verses">Late Lyrics</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_Shows,_Far_Phantasies,_Songs_and_Trifles" title="Human Shows, Far Phantasies, Songs and Trifles">Human Shows</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Winter_Words_in_Various_Moods_and_Metres" title="Winter Words in Various Moods and Metres">Winter Words</a></i> (1928)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Neutral_Tones" title="Neutral Tones">Neutral Tones</a>" (1898)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Darkling_Thrush" title="The Darkling Thrush">The Darkling Thrush</a>" (1900)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Ruined_Maid" title="The Ruined Maid">The Ruined Maid</a>" (1901)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Respectable_Burgher" title="The Respectable Burgher">The Respectable Burgher</a>" (1901)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Man_He_Killed" title="The Man He Killed">The Man He Killed</a>" (1902)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Trampwoman%27s_Tragedy" title="A Trampwoman's Tragedy">A Trampwoman's Tragedy</a>" (1903)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Convergence_of_the_Twain" title="The Convergence of the Twain">The Convergence of the Twain</a>" (1915)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Blinded_Bird" title="The Blinded Bird">The Blinded Bird</a>" (1916)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dynasts" title="The Dynasts">The Dynasts</a></i> (1904–1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Famous_Tragedy_of_the_Queen_of_Cornwall" title="The Famous Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall">The Famous Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall</a></i> (1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardy%27s_Cottage" title="Thomas Hardy's Cottage">Thomas Hardy's Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Gate" title="Max Gate">Max Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Gifford" title="Emma Gifford">Emma Gifford (first wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Dugdale" title="Florence Dugdale">Florence Dugdale (second wife)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardy%27s_Wessex" title="Thomas Hardy's Wessex">Thomas Hardy's Wessex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egdon_Heath" title="Egdon Heath">Egdon Heath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Words_(song_cycle)" title="Winter Words (song cycle)"><i>Winter Words</i> (song cycle)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Thomas_Hardy&#039;s_Far_from_the_Madding_Crowd_(1874)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Far_from_the_Madding_Crowd" title="Template:Far from the Madding Crowd"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Far_from_the_Madding_Crowd" title="Template talk:Far from the Madding Crowd"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Far_from_the_Madding_Crowd" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Far from the Madding Crowd"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thomas_Hardy&#039;s_Far_from_the_Madding_Crowd_(1874)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Hardy</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Far_from_the_Madding_Crowd" title="Far from the Madding Crowd">Far from the Madding Crowd</a></i> (1874)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far_from_the_Madding_Crowd_(1915_film)" title="Far from the Madding Crowd (1915 film)">1915 film</a> (lost)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_from_the_Madding_Crowd_(1967_film)" title="Far from the Madding Crowd (1967 film)">1967 film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_from_the_Madding_Crowd_(1998_film)" title="Far from the Madding Crowd (1998 film)">1998 TV miniseries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_from_the_Madding_Crowd_(2015_film)" title="Far from the Madding Crowd (2015 film)">2015 film</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardy%27s_Wessex" title="Thomas Hardy's Wessex">Thomas Hardy's Wessex</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Drewe" title="Tamara Drewe">Tamara Drewe</a></i> (comic strip)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Drewe_(film)" title="Tamara Drewe (film)">Tamara Drewe</a></i> (film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikisource page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Far_from_the_Madding_Crowd" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Far from the Madding Crowd">Wikisource texts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Thomas_Hardy&#039;s_Tess_of_the_d&#039;Urbervilles_(1891)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tess_of_the_d%27Urbervilles" title="Template:Tess of the d'Urbervilles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tess_of_the_d%27Urbervilles" title="Template talk:Tess of the d'Urbervilles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tess_of_the_d%27Urbervilles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tess of the d'Urbervilles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thomas_Hardy&#039;s_Tess_of_the_d&#039;Urbervilles_(1891)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Hardy</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Tess_of_the_d%27Urbervilles" title="Tess of the d'Urbervilles">Tess of the d'Urbervilles</a></i> (1891)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tess_of_the_d%27Urbervilles_(1913_film)" title="Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1913 film)">Tess of the d'Urbervilles</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tess_of_the_d%27Urbervilles_(1924_film)" title="Tess of the d'Urbervilles (1924 film)">Tess of the d'Urbervilles</a></i> (1924)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_Ki_Jeet" title="Man Ki Jeet">Man Ki Jeet</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dulhan_Ek_Raat_Ki" title="Dulhan Ek Raat Ki">Dulhan Ek Raat Ki</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tess_(1979_film)" title="Tess (1979 film)">Tess</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prem_Granth" title="Prem Granth">Prem Granth</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trishna_(2011_film)" title="Trishna (2011 film)">Trishna</a></i> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tess_of_the_D%27Urbervilles_(1998_TV_serial)" title="Tess of the D'Urbervilles (1998 TV serial)">Tess of the D'Urbervilles</a></i> (1998 TV series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tess_of_the_D%27Urbervilles_(2008_TV_serial)" title="Tess of the D'Urbervilles (2008 TV serial)">Tess of the D'Urbervilles</a></i> (2008 TV series)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardy%27s_Wessex" title="Thomas Hardy's Wessex">Thomas Hardy's Wessex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikisource page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tess_of_the_d%27Urbervilles" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Tess of the d'Urbervilles">Wikisource texts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Thomas_Hardy&#039;s_The_Mayor_of_Casterbridge_(1886)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Mayor_of_Casterbridge" title="Template:The Mayor of Casterbridge"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Mayor_of_Casterbridge" title="Template talk:The Mayor of Casterbridge"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Mayor_of_Casterbridge" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Mayor of Casterbridge"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thomas_Hardy&#039;s_The_Mayor_of_Casterbridge_(1886)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thomas Hardy</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mayor_of_Casterbridge" title="The Mayor of Casterbridge">The Mayor of Casterbridge</a></i> (1886)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mayor_of_Casterbridge_(1921_film)" title="The Mayor of Casterbridge (1921 film)">The Mayor of Casterbridge</a></i> (1921)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mayor_Nair" title="Mayor Nair">Mayor Nair</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daag_(1973_film)" title="Daag (1973 film)">Daag</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mayor_of_Casterbridge_(TV_series)" title="The Mayor of Casterbridge (TV series)">The Mayor of Casterbridge</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vichitra_Jeevitham" title="Vichitra Jeevitham">Vichitra Jeevitham</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Claim_(2000_film)" title="The Claim (2000 film)">The Claim</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mayor_of_Casterbridge_(2003_film)" title="The Mayor of Casterbridge (2003 film)">The Mayor of Casterbridge</a></i> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hardy%27s_Wessex" title="Thomas Hardy's Wessex">Thomas Hardy's Wessex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling_(English_custom)" title="Wife selling (English custom)">Wife selling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132805#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118545930">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79046230">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11906896c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11906896c">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00442456">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hardy, Thomas"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV035331">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35170918">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990003162&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX821647">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/21691">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068485557">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://libris.kb.se/jgvxzs324nzrvks">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810628474705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/156223">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007262317605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058519966706706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14121320">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00173053?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500225003">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/d4665aa6-efae-439d-b12d-86c81cd02898">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/170920">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118545930.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118545930">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026914735">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6gh9j5m">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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