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<span>Historical development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vedic_roots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vedic_roots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Vedic roots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vedic_roots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epics_and_Puranas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epics_and_Puranas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Epics and Puranas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epics_and_Puranas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_medieval_and_modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_medieval_and_modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Late medieval and modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_medieval_and_modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legends</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legends-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legends subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Birth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Childhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Childhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Childhood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adulthood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adulthood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Adulthood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adulthood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ramayana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ramayana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Ramayana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ramayana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mahabharata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahabharata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Mahabharata</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahabharata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Attributes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Texts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Texts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Texts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ramayana_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ramayana_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Ramayana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ramayana_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mahabharata_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahabharata_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Mahabharata</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahabharata_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Other literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hanuman_Chalisa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hanuman_Chalisa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Hanuman Chalisa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hanuman_Chalisa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_with_Devi_or_Shakti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_with_Devi_or_Shakti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Relation with Devi or Shakti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_with_Devi_or_Shakti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Jainism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Sikhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asian_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asian_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Southeast Asian texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asian_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance_and_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance_and_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Significance and influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significance_and_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Iconography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temples_and_shrines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temples_and_shrines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Temples and shrines</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Temples_and_shrines-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Temples and shrines subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Temples_and_shrines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Festivals_and_celebrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals_and_celebrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Festivals and celebrations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals_and_celebrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hanuman_in_Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hanuman_in_Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Hanuman in Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hanuman_in_Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hanuman in Southeast Asia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hanuman_in_Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cambodia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cambodia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Cambodia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambodia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wayang_story" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wayang_story"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2.1</span> <span>Wayang story</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wayang_story-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lineage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lineage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Lineage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lineage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hanuman</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hanuman" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هانومان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هانومان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="হনুমান – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="হনুমান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="हनुमान – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="हनुमान" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hanuman" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoman" title="Anoman – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Anoman" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_(%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A3)" title="হনুমান (রামায়ণ) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হনুমান (রামায়ণ)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoman" title="Anoman – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Anoman" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="हनुमान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हनुमान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hanuman" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧ་ནུ་མན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧ་ནུ་མན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hanuman" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanum%C3%A1n" title="Hanumán – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hanumán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hanuman" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hanuman" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="हनुमान – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="हनुमान" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1numan" title="Hánuman – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hánuman" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanumano" title="Hanumano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hanumano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hanuman" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هانومان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هانومان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanum%C4%81n" title="Hanumān – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hanumān" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="હનુમાન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હનુમાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%88%84%EB%A7%8C" title="하누만 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하누만" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="हनुमान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हनुमान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hanuman" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoman" title="Hanoman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hanoman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hanuman" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9F" title="הנומאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הנומאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoman" title="Anoman – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Anoman" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4" title="ಹನುಮಂತ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹನುಮಂತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჰანუმანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰანუმანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanum%C4%81ns" title="Hanumāns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hanumāns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanumanas" title="Hanumanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hanumanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanum%C3%A1n" title="Hanumán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hanumán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="हनुमान – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="हनुमान" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hanuman" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="ഹനുമാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹനുമാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="हनुमान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हनुमान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჰანუმანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰანუმანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هانومان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هانومان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hanuman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯍꯅꯨꯃꯥꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯍꯅꯨꯃꯥꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hanuman" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hanuman" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="हनुमान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हनुमान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="हनुमान – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हनुमान" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%8C%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3" title="ハヌマーン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハヌマーン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hanuman" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hanuman" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoman" title="Hanoman – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Hanoman" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ହନୁମାନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ହନୁମାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%82%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਹਨੂੰਮਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਨੂੰਮਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ہنومان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہنومان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="هانومان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هانومان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" title="ហនុមាន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ហនុមាន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hanuman" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hanuman" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hanuman" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хануман – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хануман" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ханумаан – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ханумаан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="हनुमान् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="हनुमान्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hanuman" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanumani" title="Hanumani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hanumani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="හනුමාන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හනුමාන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hanuman" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ھنومان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ھنومان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanum%C3%A1n" title="Hanumán – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hanumán" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hanuman" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Hanuman" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hindu god and a companion of the god Rama</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hanuman_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hanuman (disambiguation)">Hanuman (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #FFC569;">Hanuman</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;">God of Wisdom, Strength, Courage, Devotion and Self-Discipline<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Member of <a href="/wiki/Chiranjivi" title="Chiranjivi">Chiranjivi</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ravivarmapress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ravivarmapress.jpg/250px-Ravivarmapress.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ravivarmapress.jpg/330px-Ravivarmapress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Ravivarmapress.jpg/500px-Ravivarmapress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1569" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Hanuman showing Rama and <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a> within his heart, illustration from Ravi Varma Press.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> devotee, <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Deva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiranjivi" title="Chiranjivi">Chiranjivi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanara" title="Vanara">Vanara</a>, avatar of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_2011_p._44_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_2011_p._44-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> son and avatar of <a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_2008148_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_2008148-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abode</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kishkindha" title="Kishkindha">Kishkindha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Oṁ Śrī Hanumate Namaḥ</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weapon</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gada_(mace)" title="Gada (mace)">Gada (mace)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Day</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturday" title="Saturday">Saturday</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tuesday" title="Tuesday">Tuesday</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Versions_of_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Versions of Ramayana">its other versions</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hanuman_Chalisa" title="Hanuman Chalisa">Hanuman Chalisa</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Festivals</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hanuman_Jayanti" title="Hanuman Jayanti">Hanuman Jayanti</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFC569;">Genealogy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a> (spiritual father)<br /><a href="/wiki/Kesari_(Ramayana)" title="Kesari (Ramayana)">Kesari</a> (father) <br /><a href="/wiki/A%C3%B1jan%C4%81" title="Añjanā">Añjanā</a> (mother)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Siblings</th><td class="infobox-data">Matiman, Shrutiman, Ketuman, Gatiman and Dhritiman (brothers)</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/120px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/250px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"><b>Historical</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> <p><b>Traditional</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></i></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Vedic Deities:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Post-Vedic:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Mokṣa-related topics:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_in_Hinduism" title="Exorcism in Hinduism">Exorcism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Divisions</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Principal_Upanishads" title="Principal Upanishads">Principal Upanishads</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <dl><dd><i>Rigveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Yajurveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Samaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Atharvaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)"><i>Agama</i>s (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Society</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayastha" title="Kayastha">Kayastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvija" title="Dvija">Dvija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasa" title="Dasa">Dasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Art</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Hindu iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">Indian aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Architecture</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamana" title="Talamana">Talamana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Music</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_music" title="Hindu music">Hindu music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_(music)" title="Shruti (music)">Shruti (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svara" title="Svara">Svara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alank%C4%81ra" title="Alankāra">Alankāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">Tala (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">Raga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangita" title="Sangita">Sangita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadya" title="Vadya">Vadya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Food & Diet Customs</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Diet in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Time Keeping Practices</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shaka era</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Pilgrimage</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other society-related topics:</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_organisations" title="List of Hindu organisations">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Reform movements</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; 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background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other Related Links (Templates)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"> Hindu Scriptures & Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template:Hindu philosophy"> Hindu Philosphy</a></li> <li>Sampradayas (Traditions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saivism" title="Template:Saivism"> Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Template:Vaishnavism"> Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saktism" title="Template:Saktism"> Shaktism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/20px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/40px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hinduism" title="Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hinduism" title="Template talk:Hinduism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hanuman</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">हनुमान्</span>, <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Hanumān</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <b>Maruti</b>, <b>Bajrangabali</b>, and <b>Anjaneya</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a deity in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, revered as a divine <i><a href="/wiki/Vanara" title="Vanara">vanara</a></i>, and a devoted companion of the deity <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>. Central to the <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i>, Hanuman is celebrated for his unwavering devotion to Rama and is considered a <i><a href="/wiki/Chiranjivi" title="Chiranjivi">chiranjivi</a></i>. He is traditionally believed to be the spiritual offspring of the wind deity <a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a>, who is said to have played a significant role in his birth.<sup id="cite_ref-debroy184_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debroy184-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Melton2010p1310_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melton2010p1310-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaiva</a> tradition, he is regarded to be an incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, while in most of the <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a> traditions he is the son and incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a>. His tales are recounted not only in the <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> but also in the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> and various <i><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></i>. Devotional practices centered around Hanuman were not prominent in these texts or in early archaeological evidence. His theological significance and the cultivation of a devoted following emerged roughly a millennium after the <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> was composed, during the second millennium CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Paula_Richman_2010_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paula_Richman_2010-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Figures from the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a>, have portrayed Hanuman as an emblem of nationalism and defiance against oppression.<sup id="cite_ref-lele114_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lele114-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a> tradition, the sage <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a> posited that Vayu aids Vishnu in his earthly incarnations, a role akin to Hanuman's assistance to Rama.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200767_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200767-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent times, the veneration of Hanuman through iconography and temple worship has significantly increased.<sup id="cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p177_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonesRyan2006p177-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He epitomizes the fusion of "strength, heroic initiative, and assertive excellence" with "loving, emotional devotion" to his lord Rama, embodying both <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200726–32,_116,_257–259,_388–391_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200726–32,_116,_257–259,_388–391-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent literature has occasionally depicted him as the patron deity of martial arts, meditation, and scholarly pursuits.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams2008p146_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams2008p146-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is revered as an exemplar of <a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">self-control</a>, faith, and commitment to a cause, transcending his outward <a href="/wiki/Vanara" title="Vanara">Vanara</a> appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p177_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonesRyan2006p177-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lutgendorf_1997_311–332_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lutgendorf_1997_311–332-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ludvik2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ludvik2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, Hanuman is celebrated as a lifelong <a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">celibate</a>, embodying the virtues of chastity.<sup id="cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p177_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonesRyan2006p177-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007223,_309,_320_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007223,_309,_320-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hanuman's abilities are partly attributed to his lineage from <a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a>, symbolizing a connection with both the physical and the cosmic elements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200744_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200744-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names_and_etymology">Names and etymology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Hanuman_sculpture_in_Singapore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/A_Hanuman_sculpture_in_Singapore.jpg/180px-A_Hanuman_sculpture_in_Singapore.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/A_Hanuman_sculpture_in_Singapore.jpg/270px-A_Hanuman_sculpture_in_Singapore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/A_Hanuman_sculpture_in_Singapore.jpg/360px-A_Hanuman_sculpture_in_Singapore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a><figcaption>Hanuman with a <a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a> (Anjali Mudra) posture</figcaption></figure> <p>The meaning or origin of the word "Hanuman" is unclear. In the <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(religion)" title="Pantheon (religion)">pantheon</a>, deities typically have many synonymous names, each based on some noble characteristic, attribute, or reminder of a deed achieved by that deity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200731–32_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200731–32-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One interpretation of "Hanuman" is "one having a disfigured jaw". This version is supported by a Puranic legend wherein infant Hanuman mistakes the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> for a fruit, heroically attempts to reach it, and is wounded in the jaw for his attempt by <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> the King of Gods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200731–32_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200731–32-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hanuman combines two of the most cherished traits in the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a>-<a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">shakti</a> worship traditions: "heroic, strong, assertive excellence" and "loving, emotional devotion to personal God".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200731–32_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200731–32-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Linguistic variations of "Hanuman" include <i>Hanumat</i>, <i>Anuman</i> (<a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>), <i>Hanumantha</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>), <i>Hanumanthudu</i> (<a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>). Other names include: </p> <ul><li><i>Anjaneya</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Anjaniputra</i> (Kannada), <i>Anjaneyar</i> (Tamil), <i>Anjaneyudu</i> (Telugu), <i>Anjanisuta</i> all meaning "the son of <a href="/wiki/A%C3%B1jan%C4%81" title="Añjanā">Anjana</a>"</li> <li><i>Kesari Nandana or Kesarisuta</i>, based on his father, which means "son of <a href="/wiki/Kesari_(Ramayana)" title="Kesari (Ramayana)">Kesari</a>"</li> <li><i>Vayuputra/ Pavanputra</i> : the son of the <a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a> deva- Wind god<sup id="cite_ref-Claus2003p280_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claus2003p280-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Vajrang Bali/Bajrang Bali</i>, "the strong one (<i>bali</i>), who had limbs (<i>anga</i>) as hard or as tough as <a href="/wiki/Vajra" title="Vajra">vajra</a> (<i>diamond</i>)"; this name is widely used in rural North India<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200731–32_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200731–32-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Sankata Mochana</i>, "the remover of dangers, hardships, or hurdles" (<i>sankata</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200731–32_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200731–32-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Māruti</i>, "son of Maruta" (another name of <a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a> deva)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200750–53_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200750–53-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Kapeeshwara</i>, "lord of monkeys."</li> <li><i>Rama Doota</i>, "the messenger (<i>doota</i>) of <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>"</li> <li><i>Mahakaya</i>, "gigantic"</li> <li><i>Vira</i>, <i>Mahavira</i>, "most valiant"</li> <li><i>Mahabala/Mahabali</i>, "the strongest one"</li> <li><i>Vanarkulathin Thondaiman</i>, "descendant of the <a href="/wiki/Vanara" title="Vanara">Vanar</a> clan" (Tamil)</li> <li><i>Panchavaktra</i>, "five-faced"</li> <li><i>Mukhya Prana Devaru</i>, "Primordial Life Giver" (more prominent amongst followers of Dvaita, such as Madhwas)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_development">Historical development</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StandingHanumanCholaDynasty11thCentury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/StandingHanumanCholaDynasty11thCentury.jpg/250px-StandingHanumanCholaDynasty11thCentury.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/StandingHanumanCholaDynasty11thCentury.jpg/330px-StandingHanumanCholaDynasty11thCentury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/StandingHanumanCholaDynasty11thCentury.jpg/500px-StandingHanumanCholaDynasty11thCentury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1058" data-file-height="1592" /></a><figcaption>Standing Hanuman, <a href="/wiki/Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola">Chola</a> Dynasty, 11th century, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vedic_roots">Vedic roots</h3></div> <p>The earliest mention of a divine monkey is in hymn 10.86 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i>, dated to between 1500 and 1200 BCE. The twenty-three verses of the hymn are a metaphorical and riddle-filled legend. It is presented as a dialogue between multiple figures: the god <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, his wife <a href="/wiki/Indrani" title="Indrani">Indrani</a> and an energetic monkey it refers to as <i>Vrisakapi</i> and his wife <i>Kapi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lutgendorf23_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lutgendorf23-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200739–40_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200739–40-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hymn opens with Indrani complaining to Indra that some of the soma offerings for Indra have been allocated to the energetic and strong monkey, and the people are forgetting Indra. The king of the gods, Indra, responds by telling his wife that the living being (monkey) that bothers her is to be seen as a friend, and that they should make an effort to coexist peacefully. The hymn closes with all agreeing that they should come together in Indra's house and share the wealth of the offerings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epics_and_Puranas">Epics and Puranas</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="; color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0BB;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><b>Sita's scepticism</b> </p> <div class="poem"> <p><i>Vanaranam naranam ca</i><br /> <i>kathamasit samagamah</i><br /> <br /> Translation:<br /> How can there be a<br /> relationship between men and monkeys? </p> </div> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<i>Valmiki's Ramayana'</i><br />Sita's first meeting with Hanuman<br />(Translator: Philip Lutgendorf)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>Hanuman is mentioned in both the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_epic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu epic">Hindu epics</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hanuman is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Parmeshwaranand_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parmeshwaranand-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CamillePrasada2010_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CamillePrasada2010-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a> mentions Hanuman as an avatar of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>; all other Puranas and scriptures clearly mention him as the spiritual son of <a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a> or incarnation of Vayu or sometimes avatar of <a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a> (which is also another name of Vayu).<sup id="cite_ref-CamillePrasada2010_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CamillePrasada2010-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commonly, Hanuman is not related to Shiva in Vaishnava traditions but is known as Shiva's avatar or sun in Shaiva traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other texts, such as those found in South India, present Hanuman as a being who is the union of Shiva and Vishnu, or associated with the origin of <a href="/wiki/Ayyappa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyappa">Ayyappa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams2008p146_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams2008p146-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 17th century <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a> work <i>Rasavinoda</i> by <a href="/wiki/Dinakrushna_Das" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinakrushna Das">Dinakrishnadasa</a> goes on to mention that the <a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">three gods</a> – Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva – combined to take to the form of Hanuman.<sup id="cite_ref-Nagar1999_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagar1999-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_medieval_and_modern_era">Late medieval and modern era</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vittala_Temple,_Vijayanagara,_Karnataka,_India_ei1180.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vittala_Temple%2C_Vijayanagara%2C_Karnataka%2C_India_ei1180.jpg/190px-Vittala_Temple%2C_Vijayanagara%2C_Karnataka%2C_India_ei1180.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vittala_Temple%2C_Vijayanagara%2C_Karnataka%2C_India_ei1180.jpg/285px-Vittala_Temple%2C_Vijayanagara%2C_Karnataka%2C_India_ei1180.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vittala_Temple%2C_Vijayanagara%2C_Karnataka%2C_India_ei1180.jpg/380px-Vittala_Temple%2C_Vijayanagara%2C_Karnataka%2C_India_ei1180.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Numerous 14th-century and later Hanuman images are found in the ruins of the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200764–71_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200764–71-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In Valmiki's <i>Ramayana</i>, estimated to have been composed before or in about the 3rd century BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hanuman is an important, creative figure as a simian helper and messenger for Rama. It is, however, in the late medieval era that his profile evolves into a more central role and dominance as the exemplary spiritual devotee, particularly with the popular vernacular text <i><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a> (~ 1575 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-Claus2003p280_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claus2003p280-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to scholars such as Patrick Peebles and others, during a period of religious turmoil and Islamic rule of the Indian subcontinent, the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a> and devotionalism-oriented <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a> had emerged as a major trend in Hindu culture by the 16th-century, and the <i>Ramcharitmanas</i> presented <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> as a Vishnu avatar, supreme being and a personal god worthy of devotion, with Hanuman as the ideal loving devotee with legendary courage, strength and powers.<sup id="cite_ref-lele114_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lele114-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-peebles100_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peebles100-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this era, Hanuman evolved and emerged as the ideal combination of <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">shakti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200726–32,_116,_257–259,_388–391_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200726–32,_116,_257–259,_388–391-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stories and folk traditions in and after the 17th century, began to reformulate and present Hanuman as a divine being, as a descendant of deities, and as an avatar of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-peebles100_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peebles100-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He emerged as a champion of those religiously persecuted, expressing resistance, a yogi,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200785_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200785-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an inspiration for martial artists and warriors,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200757–64_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200757–64-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a character with less fur and increasingly human, symbolizing cherished virtues and internal values, and worthy of devotion in his own right.<sup id="cite_ref-lele114_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lele114-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This evolution of Hanuman's religious status, and his cultural role as well as his iconography, continued through the colonial era and into post-colonial times.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legends">Legends</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth">Birth</h3></div> <p>According to Hindu legends, Hanuman was born to mother <a href="/wiki/A%C3%B1jan%C4%81" title="Añjanā">Anjana</a> and father <a href="/wiki/Kesari_(Ramayana)" title="Kesari (Ramayana)">Kesari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams2008p146_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams2008p146-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Puranas_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puranas-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hanuman is also called the son of the deity <a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a> (Wind god) because of legends associated with Vayu's role in Hanuman's birth. He is also said to be the incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> (Destroyer god). One story mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a>'s <i>Bhavartha Ramayana</i> (16th century CE) states that when Anjana was worshiping Vayu, the King <a href="/wiki/Dasharatha" title="Dasharatha">Dasharatha</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_(Ramayana)" title="Ayodhya (Ramayana)">Ayodhya</a> was also performing the ritual of <a href="/wiki/Putrakameshti" title="Putrakameshti">Putrakameshti</a> <a href="/wiki/Yagna" class="mw-redirect" title="Yagna">yagna</a> in order to have children. As a result, he received some sacred pudding (<a href="/wiki/Payasam" class="mw-redirect" title="Payasam">payasam</a>) to be shared by his three wives, leading to the births of <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakshmana" title="Lakshmana">Lakshmana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bharata_(Ramayana)" title="Bharata (Ramayana)">Bharata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shatrughna" title="Shatrughna">Shatrughna</a>. By divine ordinance, a <a href="/wiki/Kite_(bird)" title="Kite (bird)">kite</a> snatched a fragment of that pudding and dropped it while flying over the forest where Anjana was engaged in worship. Vayu delivered the falling pudding to the outstretched hands of Anjana, who consumed it, leading to the birth of Hanuman.<sup id="cite_ref-Puranas_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puranas-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (May 2017)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Maharshi Veda Vyasa proposed Anjanadri Hill at Tirumala is the birthplace of Hanuman. <a href="/wiki/Anjaneri" title="Anjaneri">Anjaneri</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nashik_district" title="Nashik district">Nasik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007249_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007249-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with Anjeneri Anjanadri (Near Hampi) in Gangavathi Taluk Koppal District, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> is one of a number of places that claim to be the location of Kishkinda.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood">Childhood</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanuman_Mistakes_the_Sun_for_a_Fruit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hanuman_Mistakes_the_Sun_for_a_Fruit.jpg/250px-Hanuman_Mistakes_the_Sun_for_a_Fruit.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hanuman_Mistakes_the_Sun_for_a_Fruit.jpg/330px-Hanuman_Mistakes_the_Sun_for_a_Fruit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hanuman_Mistakes_the_Sun_for_a_Fruit.jpg/380px-Hanuman_Mistakes_the_Sun_for_a_Fruit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><i>Child Hanuman reaches for the Sun thinking it is a fruit</i> by <a href="/wiki/Bhawanrao_Shriniwasrao_Pant_Pratinidhi" title="Bhawanrao Shriniwasrao Pant Pratinidhi">BSP Pratinidhi</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indra_maintains_the_celestial_order_by_striking_down_the_precocious_Hanuman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Indra_maintains_the_celestial_order_by_striking_down_the_precocious_Hanuman.jpg/220px-Indra_maintains_the_celestial_order_by_striking_down_the_precocious_Hanuman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Indra_maintains_the_celestial_order_by_striking_down_the_precocious_Hanuman.jpg/330px-Indra_maintains_the_celestial_order_by_striking_down_the_precocious_Hanuman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Indra_maintains_the_celestial_order_by_striking_down_the_precocious_Hanuman.jpg/440px-Indra_maintains_the_celestial_order_by_striking_down_the_precocious_Hanuman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="1177" /></a><figcaption>Indra maintains the celestial order by striking down the precocious Hanuman</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Valmiki's Ramayana, one morning in his childhood, Hanuman was hungry and saw the sun. Mistaking it for a ripe fruit, he leapt up to eat it. In one version of the Hindu legend, the king of gods <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a> intervened and struck Hanuman with his thunderbolt. It hit Hanuman on his jaw, and he fell to the earth dead with a broken jaw. Hanuman's father, Vayu, became upset and withdrew all the air from Earth. The lack of air created immense suffering to all living beings. This led <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> to intervene and resuscitate Hanuman, which in turn prompted Vayu to return air to the living beings. As the mistake was done by the god <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, he grants Hanuman a wish that his body would be as strong as Indra's <a href="/wiki/Vajra" title="Vajra">Vajra</a>, and that his Vajra can also not harm him. Along with Indra other gods have also granted him wishes: the God <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a> granted Hanuman a wish that fire won't harm him; God <a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a> granted a wish for Hanuman that water won't harm him; God <a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a> granted a wish for Hanuman that he will be as fast as wind and that the wind won't harm him. <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> also granted Hanuman a wish that he can move to any place where he cannot be stopped. Hence these wishes make Hanuman an <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortal</a>, who has unique powers and strength.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In another Hindu version of his childhood legend, which is likely older and also found in <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a> texts such as the 8th-century <i>Dhurtakhyana</i>, Hanuman's leap to the sun proves to be fatal and he is burnt to ashes from the sun's heat. His ashes fall onto the earth and oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007188–189_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007188–189-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gods then gather the ashes and his bones from land and, with the help of fishes, re-assemble him. They find everything except one fragment of his jawbone. His great-grandfather on his mother's side then asks <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a> to restore the child to life. Surya returns him to life, but Hanuman is left with a disfigured jaw.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007188–189_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007188–189-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hanuman is said to have spent his childhood in <a href="/wiki/Kishkindha" title="Kishkindha">Kishkindha</a>. </p><p>Some time after this event, Hanuman begins using his supernatural powers on innocent bystanders as simple pranks, until one day he pranks a meditating sage. In fury, the sage curses Hanuman to forget the vast majority of his powers. The curse remains in effect until he is reminded of his powers in his adulthood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adulthood">Adulthood</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ramayana">Ramayana</h4></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> and his brother <a href="/wiki/Lakshmana" title="Lakshmana">Lakshmana</a>, searching for Rama's kidnapped wife, <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a>, arrive in Kishkindha, the new king, and Rama's newfound ally the monkey king <a href="/wiki/Sugriva" title="Sugriva">Sugriva</a>, agree to send scouts in all four directions to search for Rama's missing wife. To the south, Sugriva sends Hanuman and some others, including the great bear <a href="/wiki/Jambavan" title="Jambavan">Jambavan</a>. This group travels all the way to the southernmost tip of India, where they encounter the ocean with the island of <a href="/wiki/Lanka" title="Lanka">Lanka</a> (said to be modern day <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>) visible in the horizon. The group wishes to investigate the island, but none can swim or jump so far (it was common for such supernatural powers to be common amongst figures in these epics). However, Jambavan knows from prior events that Hanuman used to be able to do such a feat with ease and lifts his curse.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanuman_then_allows_himself_to_be_captured_by_Ravana,_who_sets_his_tail_on_fire;_bazaar_art,_c.1910%27s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hanuman_then_allows_himself_to_be_captured_by_Ravana%2C_who_sets_his_tail_on_fire%3B_bazaar_art%2C_c.1910%27s.jpg/220px-Hanuman_then_allows_himself_to_be_captured_by_Ravana%2C_who_sets_his_tail_on_fire%3B_bazaar_art%2C_c.1910%27s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hanuman_then_allows_himself_to_be_captured_by_Ravana%2C_who_sets_his_tail_on_fire%3B_bazaar_art%2C_c.1910%27s.jpg/330px-Hanuman_then_allows_himself_to_be_captured_by_Ravana%2C_who_sets_his_tail_on_fire%3B_bazaar_art%2C_c.1910%27s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hanuman_then_allows_himself_to_be_captured_by_Ravana%2C_who_sets_his_tail_on_fire%3B_bazaar_art%2C_c.1910%27s.jpg/440px-Hanuman_then_allows_himself_to_be_captured_by_Ravana%2C_who_sets_his_tail_on_fire%3B_bazaar_art%2C_c.1910%27s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Ravana burns Hanuman's tail.</figcaption></figure> <p>The curse lifted; Hanuman now remembers all of his dynamic divine powers. He is said to have transformed into the size of mountain and flew across the narrow channel to Lanka. Upon landing, he discovers a city populated by the Lanka king <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a> and his demon followers, so he shrinks down to the size of an ant and sneaks into the city. After searching the city, he discovers Sita in a grove, guarded by demon warriors. When they all fall asleep, he meets with Sita and discusses how he came to find her. She reveals that Ravana kidnapped her and is forcing her to marry him soon. He offers to rescue her but Sita refuses, stating that her husband must do it.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>What happens next differs by account, but a common tale is that after visiting Sita, he starts destroying the grove, prompting his capture. Regardless of the tale, he ends up captured in the court of Ravana himself, who laughs when Hanuman tells him that Rama is coming to take back Sita. Ravana orders his servants to light Hanuman's tail on fire as torture for threatening his safety. However, every time they put on an oil-soaked cloth to burn, he grows his tail longer so that more cloths need to be added. This continues until Ravana has had enough and orders the lighting to begin. However, when his tail is lit, he shrinks his tail back and breaks free of his bonds with his superhuman strength. He jumps out a window and jumps from rooftop to rooftop, burning down building after building, until much of the city is ablaze. Seeing this triumph, Hanuman leaves back for India.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When he returns, he tells his scouting party what had occurred, and they rush back to Kishkindha, where Rama had been waiting all along for news. Hearing that Sita was safe and was awaiting him, Rama gathered the support of Sugriva's army and marched for Lanka. Thus begins the legendary Battle of Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the long battle, Hanuman played a role as a general in the army. During one intense fight, Lakshmana, Rama's brother, was fatally wounded; it was thought that he would die without the aid of a <a href="/wiki/Sanjeevani_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjeevani (plant)">herb</a> from a Himalayan mountain. Hanuman was the only one who could make the journey so quickly, and was thus sent to the mountain. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_Hanuman_and_the_healing_herbs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Image_Hanuman_and_the_healing_herbs.jpg/220px-Image_Hanuman_and_the_healing_herbs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Image_Hanuman_and_the_healing_herbs.jpg/330px-Image_Hanuman_and_the_healing_herbs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Image_Hanuman_and_the_healing_herbs.jpg/440px-Image_Hanuman_and_the_healing_herbs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Hanuman and the healing herb</figcaption></figure> <p>Upon arriving, he discovered that there were many herbs along the mountainside, and did not want to take the wrong herb back. So instead, he grew to the size of a mountain, ripped the mountain from the Earth, and flew it back to the battle. A chunk of this mountain was said to have fallen down and the present day "Forts Purandar and Vajragad" are believed to be the fallen pieces. </p><p>In the end, Rama revealed his divine powers as the incarnation of the God Vishnu, and slew Ravana and the rest of the demon army. Finally, Rama returned to his home of Ayodhya to return to his place as king. After blessing all those who aided him in the battle with gifts, Rama gave Hanuman his gift, which Hanuman threw away. Many court officials, perplexed, were angered by this act. Hanuman replied that rather than needing a gift to remember Rama, he would always be in his heart. Some court officials, still upset, asked him for proof, and Hanuman tore open his chest, which had an image of Rama and Sita on his heart. Now proven as a true devotee, Rama cured him and blessed him with immortality, but Hanuman refused this and asked only for a place at Rama's feet to worship him. Touched, Rama blessed him with immortality anyway. Like Shesha Nag, Hanuman would live on after the <a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(aeon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalpa (aeon)"><i>kalpa</i></a> (destruction of the universe).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_50-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhimanjaneyula_kalayika.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bhimanjaneyula_kalayika.jpg/250px-Bhimanjaneyula_kalayika.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bhimanjaneyula_kalayika.jpg/330px-Bhimanjaneyula_kalayika.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Bhimanjaneyula_kalayika.jpg/500px-Bhimanjaneyula_kalayika.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Bhima tries to lift Hanuman's tail.</figcaption></figure> <p>Centuries after the events of the Ramayana, and during the events of the Mahabharata, Hanuman is now a nearly forgotten demigod living his life in a forest. After some time, his spiritual brother through the god <a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhima" title="Bhima">Bhima</a>, passes through looking for flowers for his <a href="/wiki/Draupadi" title="Draupadi">wife</a>. Hanuman senses this and decides to teach him a lesson, as Bhima had been known to be boastful of his superhuman strength (at this point in time supernatural powers were much rarer than in the Ramayana but still seen in the Hindu epics). Bhima encountered Hanuman lying on the ground in the shape of a feeble old monkey. He asked Hanuman to move, but he would not. As stepping over an individual was considered extremely disrespectful in this time, Hanuman suggested lifting his tail up to create a passage. Bhima heartily accepted, but could not lift the tail to any avail.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bhima, humbled, realized that the frail monkey was some sort of deity, and asked him to reveal himself. Hanuman revealed himself, much to Bhima's surprise, and the brothers embraced. Hanuman prophesied that Bhima would soon be a part of <a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra_War" title="Kurukshetra War">a terrible war</a>, and promised Bhima that he would sit on the flag of his brother Arjuna's chariot and shout a battle cry for Bhima that would weaken the hearts of his enemies. Content, Hanuman left his brother to his search.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attributes">Attributes</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanuman_fetches_the_herb-bearing_mountain,_in_a_print_from_the_Ravi_Varma_Press,_1910%27s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Hanuman_fetches_the_herb-bearing_mountain%2C_in_a_print_from_the_Ravi_Varma_Press%2C_1910%27s.jpg/250px-Hanuman_fetches_the_herb-bearing_mountain%2C_in_a_print_from_the_Ravi_Varma_Press%2C_1910%27s.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Hanuman_fetches_the_herb-bearing_mountain%2C_in_a_print_from_the_Ravi_Varma_Press%2C_1910%27s.jpg/330px-Hanuman_fetches_the_herb-bearing_mountain%2C_in_a_print_from_the_Ravi_Varma_Press%2C_1910%27s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Hanuman_fetches_the_herb-bearing_mountain%2C_in_a_print_from_the_Ravi_Varma_Press%2C_1910%27s.jpg/500px-Hanuman_fetches_the_herb-bearing_mountain%2C_in_a_print_from_the_Ravi_Varma_Press%2C_1910%27s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="4182" /></a><figcaption>Hanuman fetches the <a href="/wiki/Sanjeevani_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjeevani (plant)">herb-bearing</a> mountain, in a print from the Ravi Varma Press, 1910s</figcaption></figure> <p>Hanuman has many attributes, including: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiranjivi" title="Chiranjivi">Chiranjivi</a></i> (immortal): various versions of <i>Ramayana</i> and <i>Rama Katha</i> state towards their end, just before Rama and Lakshmana die, that Hanuman is blessed to be immortal. He will be a part of humanity forever, while the story of Rama lives on and the story will go on as the gods recite the story always. Thus, he will live forever.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmachari</a></i> (self-controlled): one who control their lust from all materialistic things of material world.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Kurūp</i> and <i>Sundar</i>: he is described in Hindu texts as <i>kurūp</i> (ugly) on the outside, but divinely <i>sundar</i> (beautiful inside).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007188–189_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007188–189-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hanuman_Chalisa" title="Hanuman Chalisa">Hanuman Chalisa</a> describes him as handsome with a complexion of molten gold (<i>kanchana barana birāja subesā</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Kama-rupin</i>: He can shapeshift, become smaller than the smallest, larger than the largest adversary at will.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200745–47,_287_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200745–47,_287-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He uses this attribute to shrink and enter Lanka, as he searches for the kidnapped Sita imprisoned in Lanka. Later on, he takes on the size of a mountain, blazing with radiance, to show his true power to Sita.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Strength</i>: Hanuman is extraordinarily strong, one capable of lifting and carrying any burden for a cause. He is called <i>Vira</i>, <i>Mahavira</i>, <i>Mahabala</i> and other names signifying this attribute of his. During the epic war between Rama and Ravana, Rama's brother Lakshmana is wounded. He can only be healed and his death prevented by a herb found in a particular Himalayan mountain. Hanuman leaps and finds the mountain. There, states <i>Ramayana</i>, Hanuman finds the mountain is full of many herbs. He doesn't know which one to take. So, he lifts the entire Himalayan mountain and carries it across India to Lanka for Lakshmana. His immense strength thus helps Lakshmana recover from his wound.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf20076,_44–45,_205–210_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf20076,_44–45,_205–210-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This legend is the popular basis for the iconography where he is shown flying and carrying a mountain on his palm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200761_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200761-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Innovative</i>: Hanuman is described as someone who constantly faces very difficult odds, where the adversary or circumstances threaten his mission with certain defeat and his very existence. Yet he finds an innovative way to turn the odds. For example, after he finds Sita, delivers Rama's message, and persuades her that he is indeed Rama's true messenger, he is discovered by the prison guards. They arrest Hanuman, and under Ravana's orders take him to a public execution. There, Ravana's guards begin his torture by tying his tail with oiled cloth and setting it on fire. Hanuman then leaps from one palace rooftop to another, burning everything down in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007140–141,_201_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007140–141,_201-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Bhakti</i>: Hanuman is presented as the exemplary devotee (<i>bhakta</i>) of Rama and Sita. The Hindu texts such as the <i>Bhagavata Purana</i>, the <i>Bhakta Mala</i>, the <i>Ananda Ramayana</i> and the <i>Ramacharitmanas</i> present him as someone who is talented, strong, brave and spiritually devoted to <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ludvik12_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ludvik12-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rama stories such as the <i>Ramayana</i> and the <i>Ramacharitmanas</i>, in turn themselves, present the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharmic</a> concept of the ideal, virtuous and compassionate man (Rama) and woman (Sita) thereby providing the context for attributes assigned therein for Hanuman.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Learned Yogi</i>: In the late medieval texts and thereafter, such as those by <a href="/wiki/Tulasidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulasidas">Tulasidas</a>, attributes of Hanuman include learned in <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> philosophy of Hinduism, the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, a poet, a polymath, a grammarian, a singer and musician par excellence.<sup id="cite_ref-ludvik12_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ludvik12-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Williams2008p146_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams2008p146-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Remover of obstacles</i>: in devotional literature, Hanuman is the remover of difficulties.<sup id="cite_ref-ludvik12_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ludvik12-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Healer of diseases, pains and sorrows:</i> Heals all kinds of diseases, pains and sorrows of devotees.</li> <li><i>Slayer of demons, evil and negative energies:</i> Hanuman is offered worship to rid of negative influences, such as ghosts, evil spirits and ill-intentioned humans.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following names of Hanuman describe some of these qualities, <i>Rakshovidhwansakaraka, Akshahantre, Dashagreevakulantaka, Lankineebhanjana, Simhikaprana Bhanjana, Maharavanamardana, Kalanemi Pramathana.</i></li> <li><i>Protector and saviour of devotees of Shri Ram and himself:</i> The doorkeeper and protector of the door to Rama's court, and protector and saviour of devotees.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchamukha" title="Panchamukha">Five-faced or Panchamukha</a> when he assumes his fierce form:</i> East facing Hanuman face (Anjaneya) that grants purity of mind and success. South facing man-lion face <a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a> that West facing <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a> face, north facing Boar face <a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a> and horse face (<a href="/wiki/Hayagriva" title="Hayagriva">Hayagriva</a>) facing towards the sky (upwards).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Texts">Texts</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ramayana_2">Ramayana</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanuman_finds_Sita_in_the_ashoka_grove,_and_shows_her_Rama%27s_ring.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Hanuman_finds_Sita_in_the_ashoka_grove%2C_and_shows_her_Rama%27s_ring.jpg/190px-Hanuman_finds_Sita_in_the_ashoka_grove%2C_and_shows_her_Rama%27s_ring.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Hanuman_finds_Sita_in_the_ashoka_grove%2C_and_shows_her_Rama%27s_ring.jpg/285px-Hanuman_finds_Sita_in_the_ashoka_grove%2C_and_shows_her_Rama%27s_ring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Hanuman_finds_Sita_in_the_ashoka_grove%2C_and_shows_her_Rama%27s_ring.jpg/380px-Hanuman_finds_Sita_in_the_ashoka_grove%2C_and_shows_her_Rama%27s_ring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption>Hanuman finds Sita in the <a href="/wiki/Ashoka_Vatika" title="Ashoka Vatika">Ashoka grove</a>, and delivers her Rama's ring.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sundara_Kanda" title="Sundara Kanda">Sundara Kanda</a>, the fifth book in the Ramayana, focuses on Hanuman. Hanuman meets <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> in the last year of the latter's 14-year exile, after the demon king Ravana had kidnapped Sita. With his brother <a href="/wiki/Lakshmana" title="Lakshmana">Lakshmana</a>, Rama is searching for his wife <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a>. This, and related Rama legends are the most extensive stories about Hanuman.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous versions of the <i>Ramayana</i> exist within India. These present variant legends of Hanuman, Rama, Sita, Lakshamana and Ravana. The figures and their descriptions vary, in some cases quite significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mahabharata_2">Mahabharata</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanuman_statue_and_shrine._South_of_Chennai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Hanuman_statue_and_shrine._South_of_Chennai.jpg/250px-Hanuman_statue_and_shrine._South_of_Chennai.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Hanuman_statue_and_shrine._South_of_Chennai.jpg/330px-Hanuman_statue_and_shrine._South_of_Chennai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Hanuman_statue_and_shrine._South_of_Chennai.jpg/500px-Hanuman_statue_and_shrine._South_of_Chennai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Roadside Hanuman shrine south of <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Mahabharata</i> is another major epic which has a short mention of Hanuman. In Book 3, the Vana Parva of the <i>Mahabharata</i>, he is presented as a half-brother of <a href="/wiki/Bhima" title="Bhima">Bhima</a>, who meets him accidentally on his way to Mount Kailasha. A man of extraordinary strength, Bhima is unable to move Hanuman's tail, making him realize and acknowledge the strength of Hanuman. This story attests to the ancient chronology of Hanuman. It is also a part of artwork and reliefs such as those at the Vijayanagara ruins.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_literature">Other literature</h3></div> <p>Apart from Ramayana and Mahabharata, Hanuman is mentioned in several other texts. Some of these stories add to his adventures mentioned in the earlier epics, while others tell alternative stories of his life. The <i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></i> mentions Hanuman in <a href="/wiki/Rameswaram" title="Rameswaram">Rameswaram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eck1991_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eck1991-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a South Indian version of <i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i>, Hanuman is described as the son of Shiva and <a href="/wiki/Mohini" title="Mohini">Mohini</a> (the female avatar of Vishnu), or alternatively he has been linked to or merged with the origin of Swami <a href="/wiki/Ayyappa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyappa">Ayyappa</a> who is popular in parts of South India.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams2008p146_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams2008p146-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Muktik%C4%81" title="Muktikā">Muktikā Upanishad</a></i> Hanuman is in dialogue with <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> about the subject of <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hanuman_Chalisa">Hanuman Chalisa</h4></div> <p>The 16th-century Indian poet <a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a> wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Hanuman_Chalisa" title="Hanuman Chalisa">Hanuman Chalisa</a></i>, a devotional song dedicated to Hanuman. He claimed to have visions where he met face to face with Hanuman. Based on these meetings, he wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></i>, an <a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi language</a> version of Ramayana.<sup id="cite_ref-Ludvík1994_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ludvík1994-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relation_with_Devi_or_Shakti">Relation with Devi or Shakti</h4></div> <p>The relation between Hanuman and the goddess <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a> finds mention in the <i><a href="/wiki/Krittivasi_Ramayan" title="Krittivasi Ramayan">Krittivasi Ramayana</a></i>. Their meeting takes place in the <a href="/wiki/Yuddha_Kanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuddha Kanda">Yuddha Kanda</a> of this <i>Ramayana</i>, in the legend of <a href="/wiki/Mahiravana" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahiravana">Mahiravana</a>. Mahiravana is stated to be the king of the <a href="/wiki/Patala" title="Patala">Patala</a> (netherworld) and a trusted friend/brother of Ravana. After his son, <a href="/wiki/Indrajit" title="Indrajit">Indrajita</a>, was killed, Ravana sought Mahiravana's help to kill <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lakshmana" title="Lakshmana">Lakshmana</a>. One night, Mahiravana, using his <i>maya</i>, took Vibhishana's form and entered Rama's camp. He cast the <i>nidra mantra</i> (sleeping spell) on the vanara army, kidnapped Rama and Lakshmana, and took them to Patala to sacrifice them to Devi, as per Ravana's suggestion. Hanuman learnt the way to Patala from <a href="/wiki/Vibhishana" title="Vibhishana">Vibhishana</a> and made haste to rescue his lords. On his journey, he met <a href="/wiki/Makaradhwaja" title="Makaradhwaja">Makardhwaja</a>, who claimed of being Hanuman's son. Hanuman defeated and tied him, and went inside the palace. He met Chandrasena, who told about the sacrifice and the way to kill Mahiravana. Hanuman shrunk his size to that of a bee and came across a huge <a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">idol</a> of Kali. After being prayed to, the goddess agreed to help Hanuman rescue the brothers, allowing him to take her place while she slipped below. When Mahiravana asked the brothers to bow, they refused, claiming not to know how to perform the act. As Mahiravana decided to demonstrate, Hanuman assumed his <i><a href="/wiki/Panchamukha" title="Panchamukha">panchamukha</a></i> (five-faced) form (manifesting the additional heads of Garuda, Narasimha, Varaha, and Hayagriva), blowing the five oil lamps present in the chamber in the five cardinal directions. He severed the head of Mahiravana, thus killing him. He carried Rama and Lakshmana upon his shoulders to return them to their camp, before which he released and crowned Makaradhvaja the king of Patala. The story of Ahiravan finds its place in the Ramayanas of the east. It can be found in the Bengali version of the Ramayana, written by Krittibash, in the passage known as <i>Mahirabonerpala</i>. It is believed that Kali, pleased with Hanuman, blessed him to be her <i><a href="/wiki/Dvarapala" title="Dvarapala">dvarapala</a></i> (gatekeeper).<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3></div> <p>Hanuman appears in <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> (southwest China) and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Khotanese</a> (west China, central Asia and northern Iran) versions of Ramayana. The Khotanese versions have a <a href="/wiki/J%C4%81taka" class="mw-redirect" title="Jātaka">Jātaka</a> tales-like theme but are generally similar to the Hindu texts in the storyline of Hanuman. The Tibetan version is more embellished, and without attempts to reference the Jātakas. Also, in the Tibetan version, novel elements appear such as Hanuman carrying love letters between Rama and Sita, in addition to the Hindu version wherein Rama sends the wedding ring with him as a message to Sita. Further, in the Tibetan version, Rama chides Hanuman for not corresponding with him through letters more often, implying that the monkey-messenger and warrior is a learned being who can read and write.<sup id="cite_ref-whitfield212_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitfield212-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hie_Shrine_Saru-gami.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Hie_Shrine_Saru-gami.jpg/250px-Hie_Shrine_Saru-gami.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Hie_Shrine_Saru-gami.jpg/330px-Hie_Shrine_Saru-gami.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Hie_Shrine_Saru-gami.jpg/380px-Hie_Shrine_Saru-gami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="619" /></a><figcaption>In Japan, icons of the divine monkey (Saruta Biko), guarding temples such as Saru-gami at <a href="/wiki/Hie_Shrine" title="Hie Shrine">Hie Shrine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007353–354_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007353–354-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ohnuki42_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohnuki42-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the Sri Lankan versions of Ramayana, which are titled after Ravana, the story is less melodramatic than the Indian stories. Many of the legends recounting Hanuman's bravery and innovative ability are found in the Sinhala versions. The stories in which the figures are involved have Buddhist themes, and lack the embedded ethics and values structure according to Hindu dharma.<sup id="cite_ref-Holt2005_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holt2005-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Hera Walker, some Sinhalese communities seek the aid of Hanuman through prayers to his mother.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Chinese Buddhist texts, states Arthur Cotterall, myths mention the meeting of the Buddha with Hanuman, as well as Hanuman's great triumphs.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Rosalind Lefeber, the arrival of Hanuman in East Asian Buddhist texts may trace its roots to the translation of the Ramayana into Chinese and Tibetan in the 6th-century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In both China and Japan, much like in India, there is a lack of a radical divide between humans and animals, with all living beings and nature assumed to be related to humans. There is no exaltation of humans over animals or nature, unlike the Western traditions. A divine monkey has been a part of the historic literature and culture of China and Japan, possibly influenced by the close cultural contact through Buddhist monks and pilgrimage to India over two millennia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007353–354_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007353–354-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the Japanese text <i>Keiranshuyoshu</i>, while presenting its mythology about a divine monkey, that is the theriomorphic <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> emblem of <a href="/wiki/Hie_Shrine" title="Hie Shrine">Hie</a> shrines, describes a flying white monkey that carries a mountain from India to China, then from China to Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This story is based on a passage in the Ramayana where the wounded hero asks Hanuman to bring a certain herbal medicine from the Himalayas. As Hanuman does not know the herb he brings the entire mountain for the hero to choose from. By that time a learned medicine man from Lanka discovered the cure and Hanuman brings the mountain back to where he got it from. Many Japanese <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> shrines and village boundaries, dated from the 8th to the 14th centuries, feature a monkey deity as guardian or intermediary between humans and gods (kami).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007353–354_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007353–354-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ohnuki42_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohnuki42-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jātaka tales contain Hanuman-like stories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200738–41_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200738–41-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the Buddha is described as a monkey-king in one of his earlier births in the <i>Mahakapi Jātaka</i>, wherein he as a compassionate monkey suffers and is abused, but who nevertheless continues to follow <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a> in helping a human being who is lost and in danger.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various scholars have suggested that Hanuman may have influenced the conception of <a href="/wiki/Sun_WuKong" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun WuKong">Sun Wukong</a>, the central figure in the Chinese epic <i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West" title="Journey to the West">Journey to the West</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-hanuman_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hanuman-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jainism">Jainism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Rama_in_Jainism" title="Rama in Jainism">Rama in Jainism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salakapurusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Salakapurusa">Salakapurusa</a></div> <p><i>Paumacariya</i> (also known as <i>Pauma Chariu</i> or <i>Padmacharit</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a> version of Ramayana written by Vimalasuri, mentions Hanuman not as a divine monkey, but as a <a href="/wiki/Vidyadhara" title="Vidyadhara">Vidyadhara</a> (a supernatural being, demigod in Jain cosmology). He is the son of Pavangati (wind deity) and <a href="/wiki/A%C3%B1jan%C4%81" title="Añjanā">Anjana</a> Sundari. Anjana gives birth to Hanuman in a forest cave, after being banished by her in-laws. Her maternal uncle rescues her from the forest; while boarding his <a href="/wiki/Vimana" title="Vimana">vimana</a>, Anjana accidentally drops her baby on a rock. However, the baby remains uninjured while the rock is shattered. The baby is raised in Hanuruha, thus receiving the name "Hanuman." </p><p>There are major differences from the Hindu text: Hanuman is a supernatural being in Jain texts, Rama is a pious Jaina who never kills anyone, and it is Lakshamana who kills Ravana. Hanuman becomes a supporter of Rama after meeting him and learning about <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a>'s kidnapping by Ravana. He goes to <a href="/wiki/Lanka" title="Lanka">Lanka</a> on Rama's behalf but is unable to convince Ravana to give up Sita. Ultimately, he joins Rama in the war against Ravana and performs several heroic deeds. </p><p>Later Jain texts, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Uttarapurana" title="Uttarapurana">Uttarapurana</a></i> (9th century CE) by Gunabhadra and <i>Anjana-Pavananjaya</i> (12th century CE), tell the same story. </p><p>In several versions of the Jain <i>Ramayana</i> story, there are passages that explain the connection of Hanuman and Rama (called Pauma in Jainism). Hanuman, in these versions, ultimately renounces all social life to become a Jain ascetic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200750–53_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200750–53-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, the Hindu god Rama has been referred to as Sri Ram Chandar, and the story of Hanuman as a <i><a href="/wiki/Siddha" title="Siddha">siddha</a></i> has been influential. After the birth of the martial Sikh <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a> movement in 1699, during the 18th and 19th centuries, Hanuman was an inspiration and object of reverence by the Khalsa.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some Khalsa regiments brought along the Hanuman image to the battleground. The Sikh texts such as <i>Hanuman Natak</i> composed by Hirda Ram Bhalla, and <i>Das Gur Katha</i> by Kavi Kankan describe the heroic deeds of Hanuman.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Louis Fenech, the Sikh tradition states that <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a> was a fond reader of the <i>Hanuman Natak</i> text.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the colonial era, in Sikh <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminaries</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, Sikh teachers were called <i>bhai</i>, and they were required to study the <i>Hanuman Natak</i>, the Hanuman story containing <i>Ramcharitmanas</i> and other texts, all of which were available in Gurmukhi script.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Kabir" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Kabir">Bhagat Kabir</a>, a prominent writer of the scripture explicitly states that Hanuman does not know the full glory of the divine. This statement is in the context of the Divine as being unlimited and ever expanding. Ananta is therefore a name of the divine. In <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <i>anta</i> means "end". The prefix <i>-an</i> is added to create the word <i>Ananta</i> (meaning "without end" or "unlimited"). </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>ਹਨੂਮਾਨ ਸਰਿ ਗਰੁੜ ਸਮਾਨਾਂ </p><p>Hanūmān sar garuṛ samānāŉ. </p><p>Beings like Hanumaan, Garura, </p><p>ਸੁਰਪਤਿ ਨਰਪਤਿ ਨਹੀ ਗੁਨ ਜਾਨਾਂ Surpaṯ narpaṯ nahī gun jānāŉ. </p><p> Indra the King of the gods and the rulers of humans – none of them know Your Glories, Lord.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Sri Guru Granth Sahib page 691</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asian_texts">Southeast Asian texts</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Hanuman_with_a_yoni_(14th_century),_Singapore_Pinacoth%C3%A8que_De_Paris_-_20160410.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Statue_of_Hanuman_with_a_yoni_%2814th_century%29%2C_Singapore_Pinacoth%C3%A8que_De_Paris_-_20160410.jpg/250px-Statue_of_Hanuman_with_a_yoni_%2814th_century%29%2C_Singapore_Pinacoth%C3%A8que_De_Paris_-_20160410.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Statue_of_Hanuman_with_a_yoni_%2814th_century%29%2C_Singapore_Pinacoth%C3%A8que_De_Paris_-_20160410.jpg/330px-Statue_of_Hanuman_with_a_yoni_%2814th_century%29%2C_Singapore_Pinacoth%C3%A8que_De_Paris_-_20160410.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Statue_of_Hanuman_with_a_yoni_%2814th_century%29%2C_Singapore_Pinacoth%C3%A8que_De_Paris_-_20160410.jpg/500px-Statue_of_Hanuman_with_a_yoni_%2814th_century%29%2C_Singapore_Pinacoth%C3%A8que_De_Paris_-_20160410.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> statue of Hanuman with a yoni (andesite; 14th century) from <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There exist non-Indian versions of the <i>Ramayana</i>, such as the Thai <i><a href="/wiki/Ramakien" title="Ramakien">Ramakien</a>.</i> According to these <a href="/wiki/Versions_of_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Versions of Ramayana">versions of the <i>Ramayana</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Macchanu" title="Macchanu">Macchanu</a> is the son of Hanuman borne by Suvannamaccha, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a>. </p><p>Another legend says that a demigod named Matsyaraja (also known as <a href="/wiki/Makardhwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Makardhwaja">Makardhwaja</a> or Matsyagarbha) claimed to be his son. Matsyaraja's birth is explained as follows: a fish (<i>matsya</i>) was impregnated by the drops of Hanuman's sweat, while he was bathing in the ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-CamillePrasada2010_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CamillePrasada2010-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hanuman in southeast Asian texts differs from the north Indian Hindu version in various ways in the Burmese Ramayana, such as <i>Rama Yagan</i>, <i>Alaung Rama Thagyin</i> (in the Arakanese dialect), <i>Rama Vatthu</i> and <i>Rama Thagyin</i>, the Malay Ramayana, such as <i>Hikayat Sri Rama</i> and <i>Hikayat Maharaja Ravana</i>, and the Thai Ramayana, such as <i>Ramakien</i>. However, in some cases, the aspects of the story are similar to Hindu versions and Buddhist versions of Ramayana found elsewhere on the Indian subcontinent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance_and_influence">Significance and influence</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanuman_HYC_20181014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Hanuman_HYC_20181014.jpg/250px-Hanuman_HYC_20181014.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Hanuman_HYC_20181014.jpg/330px-Hanuman_HYC_20181014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Hanuman_HYC_20181014.jpg/500px-Hanuman_HYC_20181014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="3017" /></a><figcaption>Hanuman <a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">murti</a> seated in meditation in <a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">lotus asana</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Hanuman became more important in the medieval period and came to be portrayed as the ideal devotee (<a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakta</a>) of Rama.<sup id="cite_ref-CamillePrasada2010_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CamillePrasada2010-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hanuman's life, devotion, and strength inspired wrestlers in India.<sup id="cite_ref-Pattanaik2000_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pattanaik2000-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Devotionalism to Hanuman and his theological significance emerged long after the composition of the <i>Ramayana</i>, in the 2nd millennium CE. His prominence grew after the arrival of Islamic rule in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Paula_Richman_2010_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paula_Richman_2010-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is viewed as the ideal combination of shakti ("strength, heroic initiative and assertive excellence") and bhakti ("loving, emotional devotion to his personal god Rama").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200726–32,_116,_257–259,_388–391_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200726–32,_116,_257–259,_388–391-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond wrestlers, he has been the patron god of other martial arts. He is stated to be a gifted grammarian, meditating yogi and diligent scholar. He exemplifies the human excellences of temperance, faith and service to a cause.<sup id="cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p177_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonesRyan2006p177-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lutgendorf_1997_311–332_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lutgendorf_1997_311–332-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ludvik2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ludvik2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176" /><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="; color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0BB;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><b>"Greater than Ram is Ram's servant."</b> </p> <div class="poem"> </div> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">– <a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a>, <i>Ramcharitmanas 7.120.14</i><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>In 17th-century north and western regions of India, Hanuman emerged as an expression of resistance and dedication against Islamic persecution. For example, the bhakti poet-saint <a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Ramdas</a> presented Hanuman as a symbol of Marathi nationalism and resistance to Mughal Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-lele114_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lele114-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hanuman in the colonial and post-colonial era has been a cultural icon, as a symbolic ideal combination of <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">shakti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a>, as a right of Hindu people to express and pursue their forms of spirituality and religious beliefs (<a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200726–32,_116,_257–259,_388–391_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200726–32,_116,_257–259,_388–391-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political and religious organizations have named themselves after him or his synonyms such as <i>Bajrang</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pinch1996_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pinch1996-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sarvepalli_Gopal_1993_41–46,_135–137_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarvepalli_Gopal_1993_41–46,_135–137-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political parades or religious processions have featured men dressed up as Hanuman, along with women dressed up as <i><a href="/wiki/Gopi" title="Gopi">gopis</a></i> (milkmaids) of god Krishna, as an expression of their pride and right to their heritage, culture and religious beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some scholars, the Hanuman-linked youth organizations have tended to have a paramilitary wing and have opposed other religions, with a mission of resisting the "evil eyes of Islam, Christianity and Communism", or as a symbol of Hindu nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography">Iconography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <span class="anonymous-show"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AHanuman&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+31+March+2025&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Hanuman">making an edit request</a></span></span><span class="user-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanuman&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> </span>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-slideshow"> <li class="gallerycaption">The variation in iconography depicting Hanuman carrying the Sanjeevani mountain</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanuman_Brings_the_Gandhamardhana_Mountain_odisha_tala_patra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Hanuman_Brings_the_Gandhamardhana_Mountain_odisha_tala_patra.jpg/114px-Hanuman_Brings_the_Gandhamardhana_Mountain_odisha_tala_patra.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Hanuman_Brings_the_Gandhamardhana_Mountain_odisha_tala_patra.jpg/170px-Hanuman_Brings_the_Gandhamardhana_Mountain_odisha_tala_patra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Hanuman_Brings_the_Gandhamardhana_Mountain_odisha_tala_patra.jpg/227px-Hanuman_Brings_the_Gandhamardhana_Mountain_odisha_tala_patra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="718" data-file-height="758" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanuman_Brings_the_Gandhamardhana_Mountain_odisha_tala_patra.jpg" class="galleryfilename galleryfilename-truncate" title="File:Hanuman Brings the Gandhamardhana Mountain odisha tala patra.jpg">Hanuman Brings the Gandhamardhana Mountain odisha tala patra.jpg</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanuman_returns_with_sanjeevani_mountain_for_laxmana%27s_life.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hanuman_returns_with_sanjeevani_mountain_for_laxmana%27s_life.jpg/120px-Hanuman_returns_with_sanjeevani_mountain_for_laxmana%27s_life.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hanuman_returns_with_sanjeevani_mountain_for_laxmana%27s_life.jpg/250px-Hanuman_returns_with_sanjeevani_mountain_for_laxmana%27s_life.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3138" data-file-height="3876" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanuman_returns_with_sanjeevani_mountain_for_laxmana%27s_life.jpg" class="galleryfilename galleryfilename-truncate" title="File:Hanuman returns with sanjeevani mountain for laxmana's life.jpg">Hanuman returns with sanjeevani mountain for laxmana's life.jpg</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanuman_fetches_the_herb-bearing_mountain,_in_a_print_from_the_Ravi_Varma_Press,_1910%27s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Hanuman_fetches_the_herb-bearing_mountain%2C_in_a_print_from_the_Ravi_Varma_Press%2C_1910%27s.jpg/120px-Hanuman_fetches_the_herb-bearing_mountain%2C_in_a_print_from_the_Ravi_Varma_Press%2C_1910%27s.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Hanuman_fetches_the_herb-bearing_mountain%2C_in_a_print_from_the_Ravi_Varma_Press%2C_1910%27s.jpg/250px-Hanuman_fetches_the_herb-bearing_mountain%2C_in_a_print_from_the_Ravi_Varma_Press%2C_1910%27s.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="4182" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanuman_fetches_the_herb-bearing_mountain,_in_a_print_from_the_Ravi_Varma_Press,_1910%27s.jpg" class="galleryfilename galleryfilename-truncate" title="File:Hanuman fetches the herb-bearing mountain, in a print from the Ravi Varma Press, 1910's.jpg">Hanuman fetches the herb-bearing mountain, in a print from the Ravi Varma Press, 1910's.jpg</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanuman_Carrying_the_Mountain_of_Medicinal_Herbs_(left);_Rama_Battles_Ravana_(right),_Architectural_Panel_with_Ramayana_(Adventures_of_Rama)_Scenes_LACMA_M.89.159.1_(6_of_6).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hanuman_Carrying_the_Mountain_of_Medicinal_Herbs_%28left%29%3B_Rama_Battles_Ravana_%28right%29%2C_Architectural_Panel_with_Ramayana_%28Adventures_of_Rama%29_Scenes_LACMA_M.89.159.1_%286_of_6%29.jpg/120px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Hanuman_Carrying_the_Mountain_of_Medicinal_Herbs_%28left%29%3B_Rama_Battles_Ravana_%28right%29%2C_Architectural_Panel_with_Ramayana_%28Adventures_of_Rama%29_Scenes_LACMA_M.89.159.1_%286_of_6%29.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1573" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanuman_Carrying_the_Mountain_of_Medicinal_Herbs_(left);_Rama_Battles_Ravana_(right),_Architectural_Panel_with_Ramayana_(Adventures_of_Rama)_Scenes_LACMA_M.89.159.1_(6_of_6).jpg" class="galleryfilename galleryfilename-truncate" title="File:Hanuman Carrying the Mountain of Medicinal Herbs (left); Rama Battles Ravana (right), Architectural Panel with Ramayana (Adventures of Rama) Scenes LACMA M.89.159.1 (6 of 6).jpg">Hanuman Carrying the Mountain of Medicinal Herbs (left); Rama Battles Ravana (right), Architectural Panel with Ramayana (Adventures of Rama) Scenes LACMA M.89.159.1 (6 of 6).jpg</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanuman_Herb_Mountain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Hanuman_Herb_Mountain.jpg/120px-Hanuman_Herb_Mountain.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Hanuman_Herb_Mountain.jpg/250px-Hanuman_Herb_Mountain.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="368" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanuman_Herb_Mountain.jpg" class="galleryfilename galleryfilename-truncate" title="File:Hanuman Herb Mountain.jpg">Hanuman Herb Mountain.jpg</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanuman_bringing_the_mountain_to_the_injured_Lakshmana_Wellcome_L0022499.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Hanuman_bringing_the_mountain_to_the_injured_Lakshmana_Wellcome_L0022499.jpg/74px-Hanuman_bringing_the_mountain_to_the_injured_Lakshmana_Wellcome_L0022499.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Hanuman_bringing_the_mountain_to_the_injured_Lakshmana_Wellcome_L0022499.jpg/111px-Hanuman_bringing_the_mountain_to_the_injured_Lakshmana_Wellcome_L0022499.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Hanuman_bringing_the_mountain_to_the_injured_Lakshmana_Wellcome_L0022499.jpg/148px-Hanuman_bringing_the_mountain_to_the_injured_Lakshmana_Wellcome_L0022499.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1118" data-file-height="1814" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanuman_bringing_the_mountain_to_the_injured_Lakshmana_Wellcome_L0022499.jpg" class="galleryfilename galleryfilename-truncate" title="File:Hanuman bringing the mountain to the injured Lakshmana Wellcome L0022499.jpg">Hanuman bringing the mountain to the injured Lakshmana Wellcome L0022499.jpg</a> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 186px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 184px; height: 190px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -30px; left: -30px; width: 250px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:11TH_Rudra_Shiva_Hanuman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Five-faced or Panchamukhi Hanuman: Hanuman face, man-lion face, Garuda face, Boar face, Horse face. It is found in esoteric tantric traditions that weave Vaishvana and Shaiva ideas, and is relatively uncommon.[101][102]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/11TH_Rudra_Shiva_Hanuman.jpg/250px-11TH_Rudra_Shiva_Hanuman.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/11TH_Rudra_Shiva_Hanuman.jpg/375px-11TH_Rudra_Shiva_Hanuman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/11TH_Rudra_Shiva_Hanuman.jpg/500px-11TH_Rudra_Shiva_Hanuman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:11TH_Rudra_Shiva_Hanuman.jpg" title="File:11TH Rudra Shiva Hanuman.jpg"> </a></div><a href="/wiki/Panchamukha" title="Panchamukha">Five-faced or Panchamukhi</a> Hanuman: Hanuman face, man-lion face, Garuda face, Boar face, Horse face. It is found in esoteric tantric traditions that weave Vaishvana and Shaiva ideas, and is relatively uncommon.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007319,_380–388_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007319,_380–388-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div> </div> </div> <p>The earliest known sculptures of Hanuman date from the Gupta Empire ca. 500 CE. In these very early representations, Hanuman is not yet shown as a sole figure. Free standing <i>murtis</i> or statues of Hanuman appeared from ca. 700 CE. onwards. These murtis portrayed Hanuman with one hand raised, one foot suppressing a demon, and an erect tail.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200759–61_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200759–61-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later centuries his raised hand was sometimes shown supporting a mountain of healing herbs.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hanuman's iconography is derived from Valmiki's <i>Ramayana.</i> He is usually portrayed with other central figures of the Ramayana – Rama, Sita and Lakshmana. He carries weapons such as a <a href="/wiki/Gada_(mace)" title="Gada (mace)">gada (mace)</a> and thunderbolt (<i>vajra</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Williams2008p146_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams2008p146-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His iconography and temples are common today. He is typically shown with Rama, Sita and Lakshmana, near or in Vaishnavism temples, as well as by himself usually opening his chest to symbolically show images of Rama and Sita near his heart. He is also popular among the followers of <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p177_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonesRyan2006p177-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In north India, an iconic representation of Hanuman such as a round stone has been in use by <a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">yogis</a>, as a means to help focus on the abstract aspects of him.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temples_and_shrines">Temples and shrines</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanuman-vijayawada-paritala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Hanuman-vijayawada-paritala.jpg/250px-Hanuman-vijayawada-paritala.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="377" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Hanuman-vijayawada-paritala.jpg/330px-Hanuman-vijayawada-paritala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Hanuman-vijayawada-paritala.jpg/400px-Hanuman-vijayawada-paritala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption>41 meters (135 ft) high Hanuman monument at Paritala, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punchamukhi_Hanuman_Temple_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Punchamukhi_Hanuman_Temple_1.jpg/250px-Punchamukhi_Hanuman_Temple_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Punchamukhi_Hanuman_Temple_1.jpg/330px-Punchamukhi_Hanuman_Temple_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Punchamukhi_Hanuman_Temple_1.jpg/500px-Punchamukhi_Hanuman_Temple_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Panchmukhi_Hanuman_Temple" title="Panchmukhi Hanuman Temple">Panchmukhi Hanuman Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, Pakistan is the only temple in the world which has a natural statue of Hanuman</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_green_Hanuman_statue_in_Batu_Caves_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/The_green_Hanuman_statue_in_Batu_Caves_%281%29.jpg/250px-The_green_Hanuman_statue_in_Batu_Caves_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/The_green_Hanuman_statue_in_Batu_Caves_%281%29.jpg/330px-The_green_Hanuman_statue_in_Batu_Caves_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/The_green_Hanuman_statue_in_Batu_Caves_%281%29.jpg/500px-The_green_Hanuman_statue_in_Batu_Caves_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2604" data-file-height="4624" /></a><figcaption>The green Hanuman statue in Batu Caves, Malaysia</figcaption></figure> <p>Hanuman is often worshipped along with Rama and Sita of <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>, and sometimes independently of them.<sup id="cite_ref-Claus2003p280_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claus2003p280-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are numerous statues to celebrate or temples to worship Hanuman all over India. Vanamali says, "<a href="/wiki/Vaishnavite" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnavite">Vaishnavites</a> or followers of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, believe that the wind god <a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a> underwent three incarnations to help Vishnu. As Hanuman he helped <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Bhima" title="Bhima">Bhima</a>, he assisted <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>, and as <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a> (1238–1317) he founded the Vaishnava sect called <a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanamali201014_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanamali201014-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivites</a> claim him as an avatar of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Claus2003p280_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claus2003p280-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lutgendorf writes, "The later identification of Hanuman as one of the eleven rudras may reflect a <a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> sectarian claim on an increasing popular god, it also suggests his kinship with, and hence potential control over, a class of awesome and ambivalent deities". Lutgendorf also writes, "Other skills in Hanuman's resume also seem to derive in part from his windy patrimony, reflecting <a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a>'s role in both body and cosmos".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200767_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200767-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a review by Lutgendorf, some scholars state that the earliest Hanuman <a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">murtis</a> appeared in the 8th century, but verifiable evidence of Hanuman images and inscriptions appear in the 10th century in Indian monasteries in central and north India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200760_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200760-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wall_Carvings_at_Undavalli_Caves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Wall_Carvings_at_Undavalli_Caves.jpg/220px-Wall_Carvings_at_Undavalli_Caves.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Wall_Carvings_at_Undavalli_Caves.jpg/330px-Wall_Carvings_at_Undavalli_Caves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Wall_Carvings_at_Undavalli_Caves.jpg/440px-Wall_Carvings_at_Undavalli_Caves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Wall carvings depicting the worship of Hanuman at <a href="/wiki/Undavalli_Caves" title="Undavalli Caves">Undavalli Caves</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guntur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Guntur District">Guntur District</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tuesday and Saturday of every week are particularly popular days at Hanuman temples. Some people keep a partial or full fast on either of those two days and remember Hanuman and the theology he represents to them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200711–12,_101_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200711–12,_101-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major temples and shrines of Hanuman include: </p> <ul><li>The oldest known independent Hanuman temple and statue is at <a href="/wiki/Khajuraho" title="Khajuraho">Khajuraho</a>, dated to about 922 CE from the <a href="/wiki/Khajuraho_Hanuman_inscription" title="Khajuraho Hanuman inscription">Khajuraho Hanuman inscription</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200759–60_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200759–60-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanumangarhi,_Ayodhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanumangarhi, Ayodhya">Hanumangarhi, Ayodhya</a>, is a 10th-century temple dedicated to Hanuman.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchmukhi_Hanuman_Temple" title="Panchmukhi Hanuman Temple">Panchmukhi Hanuman Temple</a> is a 1,500-year-old temple in Pakistan. It is located in Soldier Bazaar in <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. The temple is highly venerated by Pakistani Hindus as it is the only temple in the world which has a natural statue of Hanuman that is not man-made (<a href="/wiki/Swayambhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Swayambhu">Swayambhu</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakhu_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakhu temple">Jakhu temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Shimla</a>, Himachal Pradesh contains a monumental 108-foot (33-metre) statue of Hanuman and is the highest point in Shimla.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The tallest Hanuman statue is the <a href="/wiki/Paritala_Anjaneya_Temple" title="Paritala Anjaneya Temple">Veera Abhaya Anjaneya Swami</a>, standing 135 feet tall at Paritala, 32 km from <a href="/wiki/Vijayawada" title="Vijayawada">Vijayawada</a> in <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, installed in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitrakoot,_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh">Chitrakoot</a> in Madhya Pradesh features the Hanuman Dhara temple, which features a panchmukhi statue of Hanuman. It is located inside a forest, and it along with Ramghat that is a few kilometers away, are significant Hindu pilgrimage sites.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Peshwa era rulers in 18th century city of <a href="/wiki/Pune" title="Pune">Pune</a> provided endowments to more Hanuman temples than to temples of other deities such as Shiva, <a href="/wiki/Ganesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganesh">Ganesh</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vitthal" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitthal">Vitthal</a>. Even in present time there are more Hanuman temples in the city and the district than of other deities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007239,_24_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007239,_24-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>One of the major temples of Hanuman is <a href="/wiki/Hanuman_temple,_Salangpur" title="Hanuman temple, Salangpur">Hanuman Temple Salangpur</a> in based in <a href="/wiki/Salangpur,_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salangpur, Gujarat">Salangpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a statue of Hanuman which is 54 ft tall.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramlila_artists.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ramlila_artists.jpg/220px-Ramlila_artists.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ramlila_artists.jpg/330px-Ramlila_artists.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ramlila_artists.jpg/440px-Ramlila_artists.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>In India, the annual autumn season Ramlila play features Hanuman, enacted during Navratri by rural artists (above).</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Outside India, a major Hanuman statue has been built by Tamil Hindus near the Batu caves in Malaysia, and an 85-foot (26 m) Karya Siddhi Hanuman statue by colonial era Hindu indentured workers' descendants at <a href="/wiki/Carapichaima" title="Carapichaima">Carapichaima</a> in <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>. Another Karya Siddhi Hanuman Temple has been built in <a href="/wiki/Frisco,_Texas" title="Frisco, Texas">Frisco, Texas</a> in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, another Hanuman statue was inaugurated in Texas with the name <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Union" title="Statue of Union">Statue of Union</a>, which is now the fourth-tallest statue in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals_and_celebrations">Festivals and celebrations</h3></div> <p>Hanuman is a central figure in the annual <a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a> celebrations in India, and seasonal dramatic arts in southeast Asia, particularly in Thailand; and Bali and Java, Indonesia. Ramlila is a dramatic folk re-enactment of the life of Rama according to the ancient Hindu epic <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> or secondary literature based on it such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It particularly refers to the thousands<sup id="cite_ref-SchechnerHess51_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchechnerHess51-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of dramatic plays and dance events that are staged during the annual autumn festival of <a href="/wiki/Navratri" class="mw-redirect" title="Navratri">Navratri</a> in India.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hanuman is featured in many parts of the folk-enacted play of the legendary war between Good and Evil, with the celebrations climaxing in <a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-unescodussehra_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unescodussehra-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ramlila festivities were declared by UNESCO as one of the "Intangible Cultural Heritages of Humanity" in 2008. Ramlila is particularly notable in the historically important Hindu cities of <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vrindavan" title="Vrindavan">Vrindavan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almora" title="Almora">Almora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satna" title="Satna">Satna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madhubani_district" title="Madhubani district">Madhubani</a> – cities in Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh.<sup id="cite_ref-unescodussehra_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unescodussehra-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hanuman's birthday is observed by some Hindus as <a href="/wiki/Hanuman_Jayanti" title="Hanuman Jayanti">Hanuman Jayanti</a>. It falls in much of India in the traditional month of Chaitra in the <a href="/wiki/Lunisolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunisolar">lunisolar</a> <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a>, which overlaps with March and April. However, in parts of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, Hanuman Jayanti is observed in the regional Hindu month of Mārgaḻi, which overlaps with December and January. The festive day is observed with devotees gathering at Hanuman temples before sunrise, and day long spiritual recitations and story reading about the victory of good over evil.<sup id="cite_ref-Melton2010p1310_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melton2010p1310-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hanuman_in_Southeast_Asia">Hanuman in Southeast Asia</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cambodia">Cambodia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27exposition_%22Angkor_-_la_naissance_d%27un_mythe%22_(mus%C3%A9e_Guimet)_(11804234493).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/L%27exposition_%22Angkor_-_la_naissance_d%27un_mythe%22_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29_%2811804234493%29.jpg/220px-L%27exposition_%22Angkor_-_la_naissance_d%27un_mythe%22_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29_%2811804234493%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/L%27exposition_%22Angkor_-_la_naissance_d%27un_mythe%22_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29_%2811804234493%29.jpg/330px-L%27exposition_%22Angkor_-_la_naissance_d%27un_mythe%22_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29_%2811804234493%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/L%27exposition_%22Angkor_-_la_naissance_d%27un_mythe%22_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29_%2811804234493%29.jpg/440px-L%27exposition_%22Angkor_-_la_naissance_d%27un_mythe%22_%28mus%C3%A9e_Guimet%29_%2811804234493%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="1001" /></a><figcaption>Cambodian depiction of Hanuman at Angkor Wat. Rama is standing on top of Hanuman in the middle of the mural.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hanuman is a revered heroic figure in Khmer history in southeast Asia. He features predominantly in the <a href="/wiki/Reamker" title="Reamker">Reamker</a>, a Cambodian epic poem, based on the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <a href="/wiki/Itihasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Itihasa">Itihasa</a> Ramayana epic.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intricate carvings on the walls of Angkor Wat depict scenes from the Ramayana including those of Hanuman.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Cambodia and many other parts of southeast Asia, mask dance and shadow theatre arts celebrate Hanuman with Ream (same as Rama of India). Hanuman is represented by a white mask.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Particularly popular in southeast Asian theatre are Hanuman's accomplishments as a martial artist <i>Ramayana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue-IMG_4662.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Statue-IMG_4662.JPG/220px-Statue-IMG_4662.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Statue-IMG_4662.JPG/330px-Statue-IMG_4662.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Statue-IMG_4662.JPG/440px-Statue-IMG_4662.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Hanuman statue at <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Hanuman (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i>Hanoman</i> or <i>Anoman</i> ) is the central figure in many of the historic dance and drama art works such as <a href="/wiki/Wayang_Wong" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayang Wong">Wayang Wong</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. These performance arts can be traced to at least the 10th century.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has been popular, along with the local versions of <i>Ramayana</i> in other islands of Indonesia such as Java.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_on_Prambanan_-_Hanuman_meeting_Sita,_Pentas_Ramajana,_p33.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Relief_on_Prambanan_-_Hanuman_meeting_Sita%2C_Pentas_Ramajana%2C_p33.jpg/220px-Relief_on_Prambanan_-_Hanuman_meeting_Sita%2C_Pentas_Ramajana%2C_p33.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Relief_on_Prambanan_-_Hanuman_meeting_Sita%2C_Pentas_Ramajana%2C_p33.jpg/330px-Relief_on_Prambanan_-_Hanuman_meeting_Sita%2C_Pentas_Ramajana%2C_p33.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Relief_on_Prambanan_-_Hanuman_meeting_Sita%2C_Pentas_Ramajana%2C_p33.jpg/440px-Relief_on_Prambanan_-_Hanuman_meeting_Sita%2C_Pentas_Ramajana%2C_p33.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="934" /></a><figcaption>Hanuman relief in <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a> temple, Indonesia</figcaption></figure> <p>In major medieval era Hindu temples, archeological sites and manuscripts discovered in Indonesian and Malay islands, Hanuman features prominently along with Rama, Sita, Lakshmana, Vishvamitra and Sugriva.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most studied and detailed <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a> artworks are found in the <a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candis</a> <a href="/wiki/Panataran" class="mw-redirect" title="Panataran">Panataran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hanuman, along with other figures of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i>, are an important source of plays and dance theatre repertoire at <a href="/wiki/Odalan" title="Odalan">Odalan</a> celebrations and other festivals in Bali.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wayang_story">Wayang story</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangfiguur_voorstellende_de_apenkoning_Hanuman_TMnr_15-954-41.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangfiguur_voorstellende_de_apenkoning_Hanuman_TMnr_15-954-41.jpg/250px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangfiguur_voorstellende_de_apenkoning_Hanuman_TMnr_15-954-41.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangfiguur_voorstellende_de_apenkoning_Hanuman_TMnr_15-954-41.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangfiguur_voorstellende_de_apenkoning_Hanuman_TMnr_15-954-41.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangfiguur_voorstellende_de_apenkoning_Hanuman_TMnr_15-954-41.jpg/500px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Wajangfiguur_voorstellende_de_apenkoning_Hanuman_TMnr_15-954-41.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Hanuman <a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">wayang</a> (puppetry) in <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian culture">Indonesian culture</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Hanoman in <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">wayang</a> is the son of <a href="/wiki/Batara_Guru" title="Batara Guru">Batara Guru</a> who became the disciple and adopted son of <a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Batara Bayu</a>. Hanoman himself is a cross-generational figure from the time of <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> to the time of <a href="/wiki/Jayabaya" title="Jayabaya">Jayabaya</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anjani" title="Anjani">Anjani</a> is the eldest daughter of Rishi Gotama who is cursed so that she has the face of an <a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">ape</a>. On the orders of his father, he was imprisoned naked in the lake Madirda. Once upon a time, Batara Guru and <a href="/wiki/Narada" title="Narada">Batara Narada</a> flew across the sky. When he saw Anjani, Batara Guru was so amazed that he released semen. The king of the puppet gods rubbed it with tamarind leaves and threw it into the lake. The sinom leaf fell on Anjani's lap. She also picked it up and ate it until she became pregnant. When it was time to give birth, Anjani was assisted by the angels sent by Batara Guru. She gave birth to a baby monkey with white hair, while herself again had a beautiful face and was taken to heaven as an angel. </p><p>The baby, in the form of a white monkey, which is Anjani's son, was taken by Batara Bayu and adopted as a child. After completing his education, Hanoman returned to the world and served his uncle, Sugriwa, the monkey king of Kiskenda Cave. At that time, Sugriwa had just been defeated by his brother, Subali, another uncle of Hanoman. Hanoman managed to meet Rama and Laksmana, a pair of princes from Ayodhya who were undergoing exile. The two then work together with Sugriwa to defeat Subali, and together attack the land of <a href="/wiki/Lanka" title="Lanka">Alengka</a> to free Sita, Rama's wife who was kidnapped by Rahwana, Subali's disciple. </p><p>Hanoman infiltrates the Alengka palace to investigate Ravana's power and witness Sita's plight. There he made such a mess that he was caught and burned. Instead, Hanoman actually managed to burn parts of the capital city of Alengka. This event is known as Hanuman Obong. After Hanoman returned to Rama's place, the monkey army set out to attack Alengka. Hanoman appears as a hero who kills many Alengka troops, for example Surpanaka (Sarpakenaka) <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a>'s younger brother. In the final battle between Rama and Ravana, he was overwhelmed with his Aji Pancasu, the ability to live eternally. Every time Rama's weapon killed Ravana, immediately Ravana rose again. Wibisana, Ravana's sister who sided with Rama immediately asked Hanoman to help. Hanoman also lifted Mount Ungaran to fall on top of Ravana's corpse when Ravana had just died at the hands of Rama for the umpteenth time. Seeing Hanuman's impudence, Rama also punished him to guard Ravana's grave. Rama believes that Ravana is still alive under the crush of the mountain, and at any time can release his spirit to wreak havoc in the world. </p><p>Several years later after Rama died, Ravana's spirit escaped from Mount Pati and went to <a href="/wiki/Sumatra_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumatra Island">Sumatra Island</a> to seek the reincarnation of Sita, namely <a href="/wiki/Subhadra" title="Subhadra">Subhadra</a>, Krishna's sister. <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> himself is the reincarnation of Rama. Hanoman chases and meets Bima, his younger brother and Bayu's adopted son. Hanuman then served Krishna. He also managed to capture the spirit of Ravana and imprisoned him in Mount Kendalisada. On the mountain Hanoman acts as a hermit. </p><p>Unlike the original version, Hanoman in the wayang has two children. The first is named Trigangga who is in the form of a white ape like himself. It is said that when he came home from burning Alengka, Hanoman had the image of Trijata's face, Wibisana's daughter, who took care of Sita. Over the ocean, Hanuman's semen fell and caused the seawater to boil. Unbeknownst to him, Baruna created the foam into Trigangga. Trigangga immediately grew up and met Bukbis, the son of Ravana. The two are friends and sided with Alengka against Rama. In the war Trigangga managed to kidnap Rama and Laksmana but was chased by Hanoman. Narada came down to intervene and explained the blood relationship between the two white monkeys. Finally, Trigangga turned against Ravana. </p><p>Hanuman's second son was named Purwaganti, who had only appeared in the Pandavas era. He was credited with finding Yudhisthira's lost heirloom named Kalimasada. Purwaganti was born to a priest's daughter whom Hanoman married, named Purwati. Hanuman lived so long that he was tired of living. <a href="/wiki/Narada" title="Narada">Narada</a> descends to grant his wish, which is to die, as long as he can complete the final task, which is to reconcile the six descendants of Arjuna who are involved in a civil war. Hanoman disguised himself as Resi Mayangkara and succeeded in marrying Astradarma, son of Sariwahana, to Pramesti, daughter of Jayabaya. The Sariwahana family and Jayabaya were involved in a dispute even though they were both descendants of Arjuna. Hanoman then appeared to face Jayabaya's enemy named Yaksadewa, the king of Selahuma. In that war, Hanuman died, moksha with his body, while Yaksadewa returned to his original form, namely <a href="/wiki/Batara_Kala" title="Batara Kala">Batara Kala</a>, the god of death.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thailand">Thailand</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanuman1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Hanuman1.jpg/250px-Hanuman1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Hanuman1.jpg/330px-Hanuman1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Hanuman1.jpg/500px-Hanuman1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Thai iconography of Hanuman. He is one of the most popular figures in the <i><a href="/wiki/Ramakien" title="Ramakien">Ramakien</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Hanuman plays a significantly more prominent role in the <i>Ramakien</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to the strict devoted lifestyle to Rama of his Indian counterpart, Hanuman is known in Thailand as a promiscuous and flirtatious figure.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One famous episode of the <i>Ramakien</i> has him fall in love with the mermaid <a href="/wiki/Suvannamaccha" title="Suvannamaccha">Suvannamaccha</a> and fathering <a href="/wiki/Macchanu" title="Macchanu">Macchanu</a> with her. In another, Hanuman takes on the form of Ravana and sleeps with <a href="/wiki/Mandodari" title="Mandodari">Mandodari</a>, Ravana's consort, thus destroying her chastity, which was the last protection for Ravana's life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007211_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007211-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As in the Indian tradition, Hanuman is the patron of martial arts and an example of courage, fortitude and excellence in Thailand.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is depicted as wearing a crown on his head and <a href="/wiki/Armor" class="mw-redirect" title="Armor">armor</a>. He is depicted as an albino with a strong character, open mouth, and sometimes is shown carrying a trident. </p><p>Hanuman is the mascot of <a href="/wiki/2009_Asian_Martial_Arts_Games" title="2009 Asian Martial Arts Games">the 1st Asian Martial Arts Games</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, Thailand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lineage">Lineage</h2></div> <p>Though Hanuman is described to be celibate in the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> and most of the Puranas, according to some regional sources, Hanuman married Suvarchala, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a> (Sun-God).<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, once Hanuman was flying above the seas to go to <a href="/wiki/Lanka" title="Lanka">Lanka</a>, a drop of his sweat fell in the mouth of a crocodile, which eventually turned into a baby. The monkey baby was delivered by the crocodile, who was soon retrieved by <a href="/wiki/Ahiravana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahiravana">Ahiravana</a>, and raised by him, named <a href="/wiki/Makardhwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Makardhwaja">Makardhwaja</a>, and made the guard of the gates of Patala, the former's kingdom. One day, Hanuman, when going to save <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lakshmana" title="Lakshmana">Lakshmana</a> from Ahiravana, faced Makardhwaja and defeated him in combat. Later, after knowing the reality and after saving him, he made his son the king of Patala. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Jethwa" title="Jethwa">Jethwa</a> clan claims to be a descendant of Makardhwaja, and, according to them, he had a son named Modh-dhwaja, who in turn had a son named Jeth-dhwaja, hence the name of the clan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <p>While Hanuman is a quintessential character of any movie on <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, Hanuman-centric movies have also been produced with Hanuman as the central character. In 1976 the <a href="/wiki/Bajrangbali_(film)" title="Bajrangbali (film)">first biopic movie</a> on Hanuman in Hindi was released with wrestler <a href="/wiki/Dara_Singh" title="Dara Singh">Dara Singh</a> playing the role of Hanuman. He again reprised the character in <a href="/wiki/Ramanand_Sagar" title="Ramanand Sagar">Ramanand Sagar</a>'s television series <a href="/wiki/Ramayan_(1987_TV_series)" title="Ramayan (1987 TV series)">Ramayan</a> and <a href="/wiki/B._R._Chopra" title="B. R. Chopra">B. R. Chopra</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mahabharat_(1988_TV_series)" title="Mahabharat (1988 TV series)">Mahabharat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The TV series <a href="/wiki/Jai_Hanuman_(1997_TV_series)" title="Jai Hanuman (1997 TV series)">Jai Hanuman</a> was released in 1997 on Doordarshan. </p><p>In 2005 an animated movie <a href="/wiki/Hanuman_(2005_film)" title="Hanuman (2005 film)">of the same name</a> was released and was extremely popular among children. Actor <a href="/wiki/Mukesh_Khanna" title="Mukesh Khanna">Mukesh Khanna</a> voiced the character of Hanuman in the film.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this several series of movies featuring the god were produced, though all of them were animated, prominent ones being the Bal Hanuman series 2006–2012. Another movie, Maruti Mera dost, (2009) was a contemporary adaptation of Hanuman in modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2015 Bollywood movie <a href="/wiki/Bajrangi_Bhaijaan" title="Bajrangi Bhaijaan">Bajrangi Bhaijaan</a> had <a href="/wiki/Salman_Khan" title="Salman Khan">Salman Khan</a> playing the role of Pawan Kumar Chaturvedi, who is an ardent Hanuman devotee and regularly invokes him for his protection, courage, and strength.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>US president <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> had a habit of carrying with him a few small items given to him by people he had met. The items included a small figurine of Hanuman.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hanuman was referenced in the 2018 <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Cinematic_Universe" title="Marvel Cinematic Universe">Marvel Cinematic Universe</a> film, <a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_(film)" title="Black Panther (film)"><i>Black Panther</i></a> and its 2022 sequel <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther:_Wakanda_Forever" title="Black Panther: Wakanda Forever">Black Panther: Wakanda Forever</a></i>, which are set in the fictional African nation of <a href="/wiki/Wakanda" title="Wakanda">Wakanda</a>; the Jabari tribe often is seen saying <i>Glory to "Hanuman" </i> as the tribe worships its ancestral gorilla deity. The reference was removed from the film in theatre screenings in India. But the uncensored part came out later on digital streaming platforms in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mexican acoustic-metal duo, <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Y_Gabriela" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodrigo Y Gabriela">Rodrigo Y Gabriela</a> released a hit single named "Hanuman" from their album <a href="/wiki/11:11_(Rodrigo_y_Gabriela_album)" title="11:11 (Rodrigo y Gabriela album)"><i>11:11</i></a>. Each song on the album was made to pay tribute to a different musician that inspired the band, and the song Hanuman is dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Santana" title="Carlos Santana">Carlos Santana</a>. Why the band used the name Hanuman is unclear, but the artists have stated that Santana "was a role model for musicians back in Mexico that it was possible to do great music and be an international musician."<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hanuman is the protagonist in the 2022 film <i>Hanuman White Monkey</i>, a fantasy film that combines special effects with a <i><a href="/wiki/Khon" title="Khon">Khon</a></i> (Thai masked pantomime) performance style.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2022 action-adventure <i><a href="/wiki/Ram_Setu_(film)" title="Ram Setu (film)">Ram Setu</a></i>, it is implied that the character "AP" is actually Hanuman.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, Telugu film director Prasanth Varma directed the film <i><a href="/wiki/Hanu-Man" title="Hanu-Man">Hanu-Man</a></i>, a superhero film based on Hanuman's power. The film's sequel, <i><a href="/wiki/Hanu-Man#Future" title="Hanu-Man">Jai Hanuman</a></i>, is set to be released during the <a href="/wiki/Sankranti" title="Sankranti">Sankranti</a> of 2025 and would directly show Hanuman keeping his promise to Rama. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2></div> <p>The Sapta Chiranjivi Stotram is a mantra that is featured in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu literature</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>अश्वत्थामा बलिर्व्यासो हनुमांश्च विभीषण:।<br />कृप: परशुरामश्च सप्तैतै चिरञ्जीविन:॥<br />सप्तैतान् संस्मरेन्नित्यं मार्कण्डेयमथाष्टमम्।<br />जीवेद्वर्षशतं सोपि सर्वव्याधिविवर्जितः॥ aśvatthāmā balirvyāsō hanumāṁśca vibhīṣaṇaḥ।<br />kṛpaḥ paraśurāmaśca saptaitai cirañjīvinaḥ॥<br />saptaitān saṁsmarēnnityaṁ mārkaṇḍēyamathāṣṭamam।<br />jīvēdvarṣaśataṁ sopi sarvavyādhivivarjitaḥ॥</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Sapta Chiranjivi Stotram</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The mantra states that the remembrance of the eight immortals (<a href="/wiki/Ashwatthama" title="Ashwatthama">Ashwatthama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahabali" title="Mahabali">Mahabali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a>, Hanuman, <a href="/wiki/Vibhishana" title="Vibhishana">Vibhishana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kripa" title="Kripa">Kripa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Markandeya" title="Markandeya">Markandeya</a>) offers one freedom from ailments and longevity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hanuman_temples" title="Category:Hanuman temples">Hanuman temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman_Chalisa" title="Hanuman Chalisa">Hanuman Chalisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman_Jayanti" title="Hanuman Jayanti">Hanuman Jayanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanumanasana" title="Hanumanasana">Hanumanasana</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">asana</a> named after Hanuman</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_6_Ultra_Brothers_vs._the_Monster_Army" title="The 6 Ultra Brothers vs. the Monster Army">The 6 Ultra Brothers vs. the Monster Army</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hanuman_and_the_Five_Riders" title="Hanuman and the Five Riders">Hanuman and the Five Riders</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_langur" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray langur">Gray langur</a>, also known as the Hanuman langur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Wukong" title="Sun Wukong">Sun Wukong</a>, a Chinese literary character in <a href="/wiki/Wu_Cheng%27en" title="Wu Cheng'en">Wu Cheng'en</a>'s masterpiece <i><a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West" title="Journey to the West">Journey to the West</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/8thday/hanuman-a-symbol-of-unity-1502720672.html">"Hanuman: A Symbol of Unity"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Statesman_(India)" title="The Statesman (India)">The Statesman</a></i>. 21 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210131003759/https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/8thday/hanuman-a-symbol-of-unity-1502720672.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Statesman&rft.atitle=Hanuman%3A+A+Symbol+of+Unity&rft.date=2021-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestatesman.com%2Fsupplements%2F8thday%2Fhanuman-a-symbol-of-unity-1502720672.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown_2011_p._44-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brown_2011_p._44_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown2011" class="citation book cs1">Brown, N.R. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1lR_UXIkBfgC&pg=PT44"><i>The Mythology of Supernatural: The Signs and Symbols Behind the Popular TV Show</i></a>. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-51752-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-51752-9"><bdi>978-1-101-51752-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mythology+of+Supernatural%3A+The+Signs+and+Symbols+Behind+the+Popular+TV+Show&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Penguin+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-101-51752-9&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=N.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1lR_UXIkBfgC%26pg%3DPT44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams_2008148-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Williams_2008148_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2008" class="citation book cs1">Williams, G.M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC&pg=PA148"><i>Handbook of Hindu Mythology</i></a>. Handbooks of world mythology. OUP USA. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533261-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533261-2"><bdi>978-0-19-533261-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Hindu+Mythology&rft.series=Handbooks+of+world+mythology&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533261-2&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=G.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN7LOZfwCDpEC%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrian_A._Hatcher2015" class="citation book cs1">Brian A. Hatcher (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=19aoCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT193"><i>Hinduism in the Modern World</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-04630-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-04630-9"><bdi>978-1-135-04630-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism+in+the+Modern+World&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-135-04630-9&rft.au=Brian+A.+Hatcher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D19aoCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/hanuman">"Hanuman"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200926141450/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/hanuman">Archived</a> 26 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFwisdomlib.org2019" class="citation web cs1">wisdomlib.org (16 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/anjaneya">"Anjaneya, Āñjaneya, Amjaneya: 9 definitions"</a>. <i>www.wisdomlib.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221113140542/https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/anjaneya">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wisdomlib.org&rft.atitle=Anjaneya%2C+%C4%80%C3%B1janeya%2C+Amjaneya%3A+9+definitions&rft.date=2019-01-16&rft.au=wisdomlib.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdomlib.org%2Fdefinition%2Fanjaneya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-debroy184-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-debroy184_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBibek_Debroy2012" class="citation book cs1">Bibek Debroy (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=af1qFbouaVMC&pg=PA184"><i>The Mahabharata: Volume 3</i></a>. Penguin Books. pp. 184 with footnote 686. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-310015-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-310015-7"><bdi>978-0-14-310015-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mahabharata%3A+Volume+3&rft.pages=184+with+footnote+686&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-14-310015-7&rft.au=Bibek+Debroy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Daf1qFbouaVMC%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melton2010p1310-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Melton2010p1310_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Melton2010p1310_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ._Gordon_MeltonMartin_Baumann2010" class="citation book cs1">J. Gordon Melton; Martin Baumann (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C"><i>Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. <span class="nowrap">1310–</span>1311. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-204-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-204-3"><bdi>978-1-59884-204-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+of+the+World%3A+A+Comprehensive+Encyclopedia+of+Beliefs+and+Practices%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1310-%3C%2Fspan%3E1311&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-204-3&rft.au=J.+Gordon+Melton&rft.au=Martin+Baumann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv2yiyLLOj88C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paula_Richman_2010-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paula_Richman_2010_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paula_Richman_2010_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paula Richman (2010), <i>Review: Lutgendorf, Philip's Hanuman's Tale: The Messages of a Divine Monkey</i>, The Journal of Asian Studies; Vol 69, Issue 4 (Nov 2010), page 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lele114-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lele114_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lele114_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lele114_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lele114_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJayant_Lele1981" class="citation book cs1">Jayant Lele (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kLs3AAAAIAAJ"><i>Tradition and Modernity in Bhakti Movements</i></a>. Brill Academic. pp. <span class="nowrap">114–</span>116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06370-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-06370-9"><bdi>978-90-04-06370-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tradition+and+Modernity+in+Bhakti+Movements&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E114-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-90-04-06370-9&rft.au=Jayant+Lele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkLs3AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200767-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200767_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200767_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLutgendorf2007">Lutgendorf 2007</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JonesRyan2006p177-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p177_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p177_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p177_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p177_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p177_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConstance_JonesJames_D._Ryan2006" class="citation book cs1">Constance Jones; James D. Ryan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC"><i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i></a>. Infobase. pp. <span class="nowrap">177–</span>178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5"><bdi>978-0-8160-7564-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221020070415/https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E177-%3C%2Fspan%3E178&rft.pub=Infobase&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5&rft.au=Constance+Jones&rft.au=James+D.+Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOgMmceadQ3gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200726–32,_116,_257–259,_388–391-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200726–32,_116,_257–259,_388–391_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200726–32,_116,_257–259,_388–391_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200726–32,_116,_257–259,_388–391_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200726–32,_116,_257–259,_388–391_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLutgendorf2007">Lutgendorf 2007</a>, pp. 26–32, 116, 257–259, 388–391.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams2008p146-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams2008p146_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams2008p146_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams2008p146_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams2008p146_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams2008p146_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams2008p146_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_M._Williams2008" class="citation book cs1">George M. Williams (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC&pg=PA146"><i>Handbook of Hindu Mythology</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">146–</span>148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533261-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533261-2"><bdi>978-0-19-533261-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Hindu+Mythology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E146-%3C%2Fspan%3E148&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533261-2&rft.au=George+M.+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN7LOZfwCDpEC%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lutgendorf_1997_311–332-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lutgendorf_1997_311–332_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lutgendorf_1997_311–332_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLutgendorf1997" class="citation journal cs1">Lutgendorf, Philip (1997). "Monkey in the Middle: The Status of Hanuman in Popular Hinduism". <i>Religion</i>. <b>27</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">311–</span>332. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Freli.1997.0095">10.1006/reli.1997.0095</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion&rft.atitle=Monkey+in+the+Middle%3A+The+Status+of+Hanuman+in+Popular+Hinduism&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E311-%3C%2Fspan%3E332&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Freli.1997.0095&rft.aulast=Lutgendorf&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ludvik2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ludvik2_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ludvik2_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCatherine_Ludvik1994" class="citation book cs1">Catherine Ludvik (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KCXQN0qoAe0C"><i>Hanumān in the Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki and the Rāmacaritamānasa of Tulasī Dāsa</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">2–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1122-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1122-5"><bdi>978-81-208-1122-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hanum%C4%81n+in+the+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+of+V%C4%81lm%C4%ABki+and+the+R%C4%81macaritam%C4%81nasa+of+Tulas%C4%AB+D%C4%81sa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1122-5&rft.au=Catherine+Ludvik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKCXQN0qoAe0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007223,_309,_320-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007223,_309,_320_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLutgendorf2007">Lutgendorf 2007</a>, pp. 223, 309, 320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200744-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200744_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLutgendorf2007">Lutgendorf 2007</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200731–32-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200731–32_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200731–32_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200731–32_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200731–32_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200731–32_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLutgendorf2007">Lutgendorf 2007</a>, pp. 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGopal1990" class="citation book cs1">Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada"><i>India through the ages</i></a>. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/68">68</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+through+the+ages&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Publication+Division%2C+Ministry+of+Information+and+Broadcasting%2C+Government+of+India&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Gopal&rft.aufirst=Madan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiathroughages00mada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Claus2003p280-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Claus2003p280_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Claus2003p280_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Claus2003p280_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Claus2003p280_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeter_J._ClausSarah_DiamondMargaret_Ann_Mills2003" class="citation book cs1">Peter J. Claus; Sarah Diamond; Margaret Ann Mills (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=au_Vk2VYyrkC&pg=PA280"><i>South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. <span class="nowrap">280–</span>281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93919-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93919-5"><bdi>978-0-415-93919-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Folklore%3A+An+Encyclopedia+%3A+Afghanistan%2C+Bangladesh%2C+India%2C+Nepal%2C+Pakistan%2C+Sri+Lanka&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E280-%3C%2Fspan%3E281&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93919-5&rft.au=Peter+J.+Claus&rft.au=Sarah+Diamond&rft.au=Margaret+Ann+Mills&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dau_Vk2VYyrkC%26pg%3DPA280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200750–53-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200750–53_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200750–53_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLutgendorf2007">Lutgendorf 2007</a>, pp. 50–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/s/9c">ऋग्वेद:_सूक्तं_१०.८६</a>, Rigveda, Wikisource</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lutgendorf23-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lutgendorf23_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Lutgendorf (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manushi.in/docs/106.%20Like%20Mother,%20Like%20Son.pdf">Like Mother, Like Son, Sita and Hanuman</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170929092531/http://www.manushi.in/docs/106.%20Like%20Mother,%20Like%20Son.pdf">Archived</a> 29 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Manushi, No. 114, pages 23–25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200739–40-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200739–40_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLutgendorf2007">Lutgendorf 2007</a>, pp. 39–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Lutgendorf (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manushi.in/docs/106.%20Like%20Mother,%20Like%20Son.pdf">Like Mother, Like Son, Sita and Hanuman</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170929092531/http://www.manushi.in/docs/106.%20Like%20Mother,%20Like%20Son.pdf">Archived</a> 29 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Manushi, No. 114, pp. 22–23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNanditha_Krishna2010" class="citation book cs1">Nanditha Krishna (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J3NU35nngxEC&pg=PA178"><i>Sacred Animals of India</i></a>. Penguin Books India. pp. 178–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-306619-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-306619-4"><bdi>978-0-14-306619-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Animals+of+India&rft.pages=178-&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-14-306619-4&rft.au=Nanditha+Krishna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ3NU35nngxEC%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parmeshwaranand-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Parmeshwaranand_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSwami_Parmeshwaranand2001" class="citation book cs1">Swami Parmeshwaranand (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nmmkM0fVS-cC&pg=PA411"><i>Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas, Vol. 1</i></a>. Sarup & Sons. pp. 411–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-226-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-226-3"><bdi>978-81-7625-226-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedic+Dictionary+of+Puranas%2C+Vol.+1&rft.pages=411-&rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7625-226-3&rft.au=Swami+Parmeshwaranand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnmmkM0fVS-cC%26pg%3DPA411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CamillePrasada2010-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CamillePrasada2010_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CamillePrasada2010_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CamillePrasada2010_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CamillePrasada2010_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCamille_BulckeDineśvara_Prasāda2010" class="citation book cs1">Camille Bulcke; Dineśvara Prasāda (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cvE4wF-cfX0C&pg=PA117"><i>Rāmakathā and Other Essays</i></a>. Vani Prakashan. pp. <span class="nowrap">117–</span>126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5000-107-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5000-107-3"><bdi>978-93-5000-107-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R%C4%81makath%C4%81+and+Other+Essays&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.pub=Vani+Prakashan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-93-5000-107-3&rft.au=Camille+Bulcke&rft.au=Dine%C5%9Bvara+Pras%C4%81da&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcvE4wF-cfX0C%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W3PXAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Rigveda, with Dayananda Saraswati's Commentary, Volume 1</i></a>. Sarvadeshik Arya Pratinidhi Sabha. 1974. p. 717. <q>The third meaning of Rudra is Vayu or air that causes pain to the wicked on the account of their evil actions...... Vayu or air is called Rudra as it makes a person weep causing pain as a result of bad deeds .</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rigveda%2C+with+Dayananda+Saraswati%27s+Commentary%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=717&rft.pub=Sarvadeshik+Arya+Pratinidhi+Sabha&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW3PXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDevdutt_Pattanaik2018" class="citation book cs1">Devdutt Pattanaik (10 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bk1tDwAAQBAJ"><i>Gender Fluidity in Hindu Mythology</i></a>. Penguin Random House. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789353052720" title="Special:BookSources/9789353052720"><bdi>9789353052720</bdi></a>. <q>In Vaishnava traditions, Hanuman is not related to Shiva. In Shaiva traditions, Hanuman is either Shiva's avatar or son.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+Fluidity+in+Hindu+Mythology&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House&rft.date=2018-09-10&rft.isbn=9789353052720&rft.au=Devdutt+Pattanaik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbk1tDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nagar1999-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nagar1999_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShanti_Lal_Nagar1999" class="citation book cs1">Shanti Lal Nagar (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gPLqAAAAMAAJ"><i>Genesis and evolution of the Rāma kathā in Indian art, thought, literature, and culture: from the earliest period to the modern times</i></a>. B.R. Pub. Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7646-082-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7646-082-8"><bdi>978-81-7646-082-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis+and+evolution+of+the+R%C4%81ma+kath%C4%81+in+Indian+art%2C+thought%2C+literature%2C+and+culture%3A+from+the+earliest+period+to+the+modern+times&rft.pub=B.R.+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-7646-082-8&rft.au=Shanti+Lal+Nagar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgPLqAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200764–71-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200764–71_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLutgendorf2007">Lutgendorf 2007</a>, pp. 64–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKane1966" class="citation journal cs1">Kane, P. V. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41694199">"The Two Epics"</a>. <i>Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute</i>. <b>47</b> (1/4): 48. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0378-1143">0378-1143</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41694199">41694199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+Bhandarkar+Oriental+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Two+Epics&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=48&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41694199%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0378-1143&rft.aulast=Kane&rft.aufirst=P.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41694199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCatherine_Ludvik1987" class="citation book cs1">Catherine Ludvik (1987). F.S. Growse (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5WViTwAKqzoC&pg=PA723"><i>The Rāmāyaṇa of Tulasīdāsa</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">723–</span>725. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0205-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0205-6"><bdi>978-81-208-0205-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+of+Tulas%C4%ABd%C4%81sa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E723-%3C%2Fspan%3E725&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0205-6&rft.au=Catherine+Ludvik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5WViTwAKqzoC%26pg%3DPA723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-peebles100-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-peebles100_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-peebles100_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Peebles2015" class="citation book cs1">Patrick Peebles (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l2JsBgAAQBAJ"><i>Voices of South Asia: Essential Readings from Antiquity to the Present</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">99–</span>100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45248-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45248-5"><bdi>978-1-317-45248-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voices+of+South+Asia%3A+Essential+Readings+from+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-45248-5&rft.au=Patrick+Peebles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl2JsBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200785-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200785_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLutgendorf2007">Lutgendorf 2007</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200757–64-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200757–64_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLutgendorf2007">Lutgendorf 2007</a>, pp. 57–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas_A._Green2001" class="citation book cs1">Thomas A. Green (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v32oHSE5t6cC"><i>Martial Arts of the World: En Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. <span class="nowrap">467–</span>468. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-150-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-150-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-150-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martial+Arts+of+the+World%3A+En+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E467-%3C%2Fspan%3E468&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-150-2&rft.au=Thomas+A.+Green&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv32oHSE5t6cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Lutgendorf (2002), Evolving a monkey: Hanuman, poster art and postcolonial anxiety, Contributions to Indian Sociology, Vol. 36, Iss. 1–2, pp. 71–112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Puranas-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Puranas_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Puranas_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nmmkM0fVS-cC">Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas Vol 2. (D-H)</a> pp=628–631, Swami Parmeshwaranand, Sarup & Sons, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-226-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7625-226-3">978-81-7625-226-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007249-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007249_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLutgendorf2007">Lutgendorf 2007</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeshpande2016" class="citation web cs1">Deshpande, Chaitanya (22 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/hanuman-devotees-to-visit-anjaneri-today/articleshow/51935825.cms">"Hanuman devotees to visit Anjaneri today"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160913144004/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/Hanuman-devotees-to-visit-Anjaneri-today/articleshow/51935825.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Hanuman+devotees+to+visit+Anjaneri+today&rft.date=2016-04-22&rft.aulast=Deshpande&rft.aufirst=Chaitanya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fnashik%2Fhanuman-devotees-to-visit-anjaneri-today%2Farticleshow%2F51935825.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBose2020" class="citation web cs1">Bose, Mrityunjay (7 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanherald.com/national/west/maharashtra-govt-to-develop-hanuman-s-birthplace-anjaneri-912617.html">"Maharashtra govt to develop Hanuman's birthplace Anjaneri"</a>. <i>Deccan Herald</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201107164524/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/west/maharashtra-govt-to-develop-hanuman-s-birthplace-anjaneri-912617.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Herald&rft.atitle=Maharashtra+govt+to+develop+Hanuman%27s+birthplace+Anjaneri&rft.date=2020-11-07&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Mrityunjay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fnational%2Fwest%2Fmaharashtra-govt-to-develop-hanuman-s-birthplace-anjaneri-912617.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalagi2018" class="citation web cs1">Malagi, Shivakumar G. (20 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/201218/at-hampi-fervour-peaks-at-hanumans-birthplace.html">"At Hampi, fervour peaks at Hanuman's birthplace"</a>. <i>Deccan Chronicle</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531132533/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/201218/at-hampi-fervour-peaks-at-hanumans-birthplace.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Chronicle&rft.atitle=At+Hampi%2C+fervour+peaks+at+Hanuman%27s+birthplace&rft.date=2018-12-20&rft.aulast=Malagi&rft.aufirst=Shivakumar+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanchronicle.com%2Fnation%2Fcurrent-affairs%2F201218%2Fat-hampi-fervour-peaks-at-hanumans-birthplace.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hampi.in/anjaneya-hill">"Anjaneya Hill"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531132535/http://hampi.in/anjaneya-hill">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anjaneya+Hill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhampi.in%2Fanjaneya-hill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.karnataka.com/hampi/anjeyanadri-hill/">"Anjeyanadri Hill | Sightseeing Hampi"</a>. <i>Karnataka.com</i>. 22 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326030203/https://www.karnataka.com/hampi/anjeyanadri-hill/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Karnataka.com&rft.atitle=Anjeyanadri+Hill+%7C+Sightseeing+Hampi&rft.date=2014-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.karnataka.com%2Fhampi%2Fanjeyanadri-hill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCatherine_Ludvik1994" class="citation book cs1">Catherine Ludvik (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KCXQN0qoAe0C"><i>Hanumān in the Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki and the Rāmacaritamānasa of Tulasī Dāsa</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">61–</span>62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1122-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1122-5"><bdi>978-81-208-1122-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hanum%C4%81n+in+the+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+of+V%C4%81lm%C4%ABki+and+the+R%C4%81macaritam%C4%81nasa+of+Tulas%C4%AB+D%C4%81sa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1122-5&rft.au=Catherine+Ludvik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKCXQN0qoAe0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007188–189-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007188–189_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007188–189_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007188–189_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLutgendorf2007">Lutgendorf 2007</a>, pp. 188–189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_50-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPai1978" class="citation book cs1">Pai, Anant (1978). <i>Valmiki's Ramayana</i>. India: Amar Chitra Katha. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Valmiki%27s+Ramayana&rft.place=India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.pub=Amar+Chitra+Katha&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Pai&rft.aufirst=Anant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPai1971" class="citation book cs1">Pai, Anant (1971). <i>Hanuman</i>. India: Amar Chitra Katha. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hanuman&rft.place=India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.pub=Amar+Chitra+Katha&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Pai&rft.aufirst=Anant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChandrakant1980" class="citation book cs1">Chandrakant, Kamala (1980). <i>Bheema and Hanuman</i>. India: Amar Chitra Katha. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bheema+and+Hanuman&rft.place=India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.pub=Amar+Chitra+Katha&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Chandrakant&rft.aufirst=Kamala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoginder_Narula1991" class="citation book cs1">Joginder Narula (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k-5jAAAAMAAJ"><i>Hanuman, God and Epic Hero: The Origin and Growth of Hanuman in Indian Literary and Folk Tradition</i></a>. Manohar Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">19–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85054-84-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85054-84-1"><bdi>978-81-85054-84-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hanuman%2C+God+and+Epic+Hero%3A+The+Origin+and+Growth+of+Hanuman+in+Indian+Literary+and+Folk+Tradition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.pub=Manohar+Publications&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-81-85054-84-1&rft.au=Joginder+Narula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk-5jAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">James G. Lochtefeld (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch"><i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z</i></a></span>. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. <span class="nowrap">271–</span>272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-2287-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-2287-1"><bdi>978-0-8239-2287-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%3A+N-Z&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E271-%3C%2Fspan%3E272&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-2287-1&rft.au=James+G.+Lochtefeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedencyc0000loch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNityananda_Misra" class="citation book cs1">Nityananda Misra. <i>Mahaviri: Hanuman Chalisa Demystified</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahaviri%3A+Hanuman+Chalisa+Demystified&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing%2C+2018&rft.au=Nityananda+Misra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200745–47,_287-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200745–47,_287_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLutgendorf2007">Lutgendorf 2007</a>, pp. 45–47, 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldman, Robert P. (Introduction, translation and annotation) (1996). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sFmsrEszbxgC">The Ramayana of Valmiki: An Epic of Ancient India, Volume V: Sundarakanda</a></i>. Princeton University Press, New Jersey. 0691066620. pp. 45–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf20076,_44–45,_205–210-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf20076,_44–45,_205–210_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLutgendorf2007">Lutgendorf 2007</a>, pp. 6, 44–45, 205–210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200761-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200761_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLutgendorf2007">Lutgendorf 2007</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007140–141,_201-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007140–141,_201_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLutgendorf2007">Lutgendorf 2007</a>, pp. 140–141, 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ludvik12-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ludvik12_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ludvik12_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ludvik12_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCatherine_Ludvik1994" class="citation book cs1">Catherine Ludvik (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KCXQN0qoAe0C"><i>Hanumān in the Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki and the Rāmacaritamānasa of Tulasī Dāsa</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">12–</span>14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1122-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1122-5"><bdi>978-81-208-1122-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hanum%C4%81n+in+the+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+of+V%C4%81lm%C4%ABki+and+the+R%C4%81macaritam%C4%81nasa+of+Tulas%C4%AB+D%C4%81sa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1122-5&rft.au=Catherine+Ludvik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKCXQN0qoAe0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFA_Kapoor1995" class="citation book cs1">A Kapoor (1995). Gilbert Pollet (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EVnK3q48dL0C&pg=PA181"><i>Indian Epic Values: Rāmāyaṇa and Its Impact</i></a>. Peeters Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">181–</span>186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6831-701-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6831-701-5"><bdi>978-90-6831-701-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Epic+Values%3A+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+and+Its+Impact&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E181-%3C%2Fspan%3E186&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-90-6831-701-5&rft.au=A+Kapoor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEVnK3q48dL0C%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoderick_Hindery1978" class="citation book cs1">Roderick Hindery (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-FswBLvTkvQC&pg=PA100"><i>Comparative Ethics in Hindu and Buddhist Traditions</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">100–</span>107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0866-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0866-9"><bdi>978-81-208-0866-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Ethics+in+Hindu+and+Buddhist+Traditions&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E100-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0866-9&rft.au=Roderick+Hindery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-FswBLvTkvQC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolcott1978" class="citation journal cs1">Wolcott, Leonard T. (1978). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/2054368">"Hanumān: The Power-Dispensing Monkey in North Indian Folk Religion"</a></span>. <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>37</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">653–</span>661. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2054368">10.2307/2054368</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9118">0021-9118</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2054368">2054368</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162908060">162908060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Hanum%C4%81n%3A+The+Power-Dispensing+Monkey+in+North+Indian+Folk+Religion&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E653-%3C%2Fspan%3E661&rft.date=1978&rft.issn=0021-9118&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162908060%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2054368%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2054368&rft.aulast=Wolcott&rft.aufirst=Leonard+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2307%2F2054368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLutgendorf2001" class="citation journal cs1">Lutgendorf, Philip (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20106778">"Five Heads and No Tale: Hanumān and the Popularization of Tantra"</a>. <i>International Journal of Hindu Studies</i>. <b>5</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">269–</span>296. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11407-001-0003-3">10.1007/s11407-001-0003-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1022-4556">1022-4556</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20106778">20106778</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Hindu+Studies&rft.atitle=Five+Heads+and+No+Tale%3A+Hanum%C4%81n+and+the+Popularization+of+Tantra&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E296&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=1022-4556&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20106778%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11407-001-0003-3&rft.aulast=Lutgendorf&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20106778&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCatherine_Ludvik1987" class="citation book cs1">Catherine Ludvik (1987). F.S. Growse (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5WViTwAKqzoC&pg=PA723"><i>The Rāmāyaṇa of Tulasīdāsa</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">723–</span>728. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0205-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0205-6"><bdi>978-81-208-0205-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+of+Tulas%C4%ABd%C4%81sa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E723-%3C%2Fspan%3E728&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0205-6&rft.au=Catherine+Ludvik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5WViTwAKqzoC%26pg%3DPA723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCatherine_Ludvik1994" class="citation book cs1">Catherine Ludvik (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KCXQN0qoAe0C"><i>Hanumān in the Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki and the Rāmacaritamānasa of Tulasī Dāsa</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1122-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1122-5"><bdi>978-81-208-1122-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hanum%C4%81n+in+the+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+of+V%C4%81lm%C4%ABki+and+the+R%C4%81macaritam%C4%81nasa+of+Tulas%C4%AB+D%C4%81sa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1122-5&rft.au=Catherine+Ludvik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKCXQN0qoAe0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeter_J._ClausSarah_DiamondMargaret_Ann_Mills2003" class="citation book cs1">Peter J. Claus; Sarah Diamond; Margaret Ann Mills (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=au_Vk2VYyrkC"><i>South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. <span class="nowrap">509–</span>511. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93919-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93919-5"><bdi>978-0-415-93919-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Folklore%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E509-%3C%2Fspan%3E511&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93919-5&rft.au=Peter+J.+Claus&rft.au=Sarah+Diamond&rft.au=Margaret+Ann+Mills&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dau_Vk2VYyrkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDallapiccolaVerghese2002" class="citation journal cs1">Dallapiccola, A.L.; Verghese, Anila (2002). "Narrative Reliefs of Bhima and Purushamriga at Vijayanagara". <i>South Asian Studies</i>. <b>18</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">73–</span>76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02666030.2002.9628609">10.1080/02666030.2002.9628609</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191646631">191646631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Narrative+Reliefs+of+Bhima+and+Purushamriga+at+Vijayanagara&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02666030.2002.9628609&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191646631%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Dallapiccola&rft.aufirst=A.L.&rft.au=Verghese%2C+Anila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ._A._B._van_Buitenen1973" class="citation book cs1">J. A. B. van Buitenen (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2QG_ZgsM13IC&pg=PA371"><i>The Mahabharata, Vol. 2: Book 2: The Book of Assembly; Book 3: The Book of the Forest</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 180, 371, <span class="nowrap">501–</span>505. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-84664-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-84664-4"><bdi>978-0-226-84664-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mahabharata%2C+Vol.+2%3A+Book+2%3A+The+Book+of+Assembly%3B+Book+3%3A+The+Book+of+the+Forest&rft.pages=180%2C+371%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E501-%3C%2Fspan%3E505&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-226-84664-4&rft.au=J.+A.+B.+van+Buitenen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2QG_ZgsM13IC%26pg%3DPA371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eck1991-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eck1991_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDiana_L._Eck1991" class="citation book cs1">Diana L. Eck (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uz0qAAAAYAAJ"><i>Devotion divine: Bhakti traditions from the regions of India : studies in honour of Charlotte Vaudeville</i></a>. Egbert Forsten. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6980-045-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6980-045-5"><bdi>978-90-6980-045-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Devotion+divine%3A+Bhakti+traditions+from+the+regions+of+India+%3A+studies+in+honour+of+Charlotte+Vaudeville&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Egbert+Forsten&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-90-6980-045-5&rft.au=Diana+L.+Eck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUz0qAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeussen1997" class="citation book cs1">Deussen, Paul (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XYepeIGUY0gC&q=telugu&pg=PA725"><i>Sixty Upanishads of the Veda</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1467-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1467-7"><bdi>978-81-208-1467-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sixty+Upanishads+of+the+Veda&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1467-7&rft.aulast=Deussen&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXYepeIGUY0gC%26q%3Dtelugu%26pg%3DPA725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ludvík1994-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ludvík1994_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCatherine_Ludvík1994" class="citation book cs1">Catherine Ludvík (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KCXQN0qoAe0C&pg=PA164"><i>Hanumān in the Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki and the Rāmacaritamānasa of Tulasī Dāsa</i></a>. Motilal Banarasidas publ. pp. 164–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1122-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1122-5"><bdi>978-81-208-1122-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hanum%C4%81n+in+the+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+of+V%C4%81lm%C4%ABki+and+the+R%C4%81macaritam%C4%81nasa+of+Tulas%C4%AB+D%C4%81sa&rft.pages=164-&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarasidas+publ.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1122-5&rft.au=Catherine+Ludv%C3%ADk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKCXQN0qoAe0C%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mystery of Hanuman Inspiring Tales from Art and Mythology –The Story of Ahiravan Vadh – Hanuman Saves Lord</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whitfield212-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whitfield212_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSusan_WhitfieldUrsula_Sims-Williams2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Whitfield" title="Susan Whitfield">Susan Whitfield</a>; Ursula Sims-Williams (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ArWLD4Qop38C&pg=PA212"><i>The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith</i></a>. Serindia Publications. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932476-13-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932476-13-2"><bdi>978-1-932476-13-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road%3A+Trade%2C+Travel%2C+War+and+Faith&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Serindia+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-932476-13-2&rft.au=Susan+Whitfield&rft.au=Ursula+Sims-Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DArWLD4Qop38C%26pg%3DPA212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ._L._Brockington1985" class="citation book cs1">J. L. Brockington (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-QFkAAAAMAAJ"><i>Righteous Rāma: The Evolution of an Epic</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">264–</span>267, <span class="nowrap">283–</span>284, <span class="nowrap">300–</span>303, 312 with footnotes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815463-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815463-1"><bdi>978-0-19-815463-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Righteous+R%C4%81ma%3A+The+Evolution+of+an+Epic&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E264-%3C%2Fspan%3E267%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E283-%3C%2Fspan%3E284%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E300-%3C%2Fspan%3E303%2C+312+with+footnotes&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-19-815463-1&rft.au=J.+L.+Brockington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-QFkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007353–354-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007353–354_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007353–354_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007353–354_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLutgendorf2007">Lutgendorf 2007</a>, pp. 353–354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ohnuki42-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ohnuki42_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ohnuki42_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmiko_Ohnuki-Tierney1989" class="citation book cs1">Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gBKI6BKx0sYC&pg=PA42"><i>The Monkey as Mirror: Symbolic Transformations in Japanese History and Ritual</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">42–</span>54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02846-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-02846-0"><bdi>978-0-691-02846-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Monkey+as+Mirror%3A+Symbolic+Transformations+in+Japanese+History+and+Ritual&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-691-02846-0&rft.au=Emiko+Ohnuki-Tierney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgBKI6BKx0sYC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holt2005-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holt2005_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_C._Holt2005" class="citation book cs1">John C. Holt (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HYUqsYbLP6QC"><i>The Buddhist Visnu: Religious Transformation, Politics, and Culture</i></a>. Columbia University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">138–</span>140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50814-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50814-8"><bdi>978-0-231-50814-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+Visnu%3A+Religious+Transformation%2C+Politics%2C+and+Culture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E138-%3C%2Fspan%3E140&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-231-50814-8&rft.au=John+C.+Holt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHYUqsYbLP6QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHera_S._Walker1998" class="citation book cs1">Hera S. Walker (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ulxkAAAAMAAJ"><i>Indigenous Or Foreign?: A Look at the Origins of the Monkey Hero Sun Wukong, Sino-Platonic Papers, Issues 81–87</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania. p. 45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Or+Foreign%3F%3A+A+Look+at+the+Origins+of+the+Monkey+Hero+Sun+Wukong%2C+Sino-Platonic+Papers%2C+Issues+81%E2%80%9387&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Hera+S.+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DulxkAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Cotterall2012" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Cotterall (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0TvCkXvnV6EC&pg=PT45"><i>The Pimlico Dictionary of Classical Mythologies</i></a>. Random House. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4481-2996-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4481-2996-6"><bdi>978-1-4481-2996-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pimlico+Dictionary+of+Classical+Mythologies&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4481-2996-6&rft.au=Arthur+Cotterall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0TvCkXvnV6EC%26pg%3DPT45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosalind_Lefeber1994" class="citation book cs1">Rosalind Lefeber (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BJMWT0ZJYHAC&pg=PA30"><i>The Ramayana of Valmiki: An Epic of Ancient India-Kiskindhakanda</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">29–</span>31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-06661-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-06661-5"><bdi>978-0-691-06661-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ramayana+of+Valmiki%3A+An+Epic+of+Ancient+India-Kiskindhakanda&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-691-06661-5&rft.au=Rosalind+Lefeber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBJMWT0ZJYHAC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Karl_Payne1998" class="citation book cs1">Richard Karl Payne (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w5nJT5NYvn4C&pg=PA65"><i>Re-Visioning "Kamakura" Buddhism</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">65–</span>66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2078-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2078-7"><bdi>978-0-8248-2078-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Re-Visioning+%22Kamakura%22+Buddhism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2078-7&rft.au=Richard+Karl+Payne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw5nJT5NYvn4C%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200738–41-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200738–41_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLutgendorf2007">Lutgendorf 2007</a>, pp. 38–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeter_D._Hershock2006" class="citation book cs1">Peter D. Hershock (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N_2SAgAAQBAJ"><i>Buddhism in the Public Sphere: Reorienting Global Interdependence</i></a>. Routledge. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-98674-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-98674-2"><bdi>978-1-135-98674-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+the+Public+Sphere%3A+Reorienting+Global+Interdependence&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-135-98674-2&rft.au=Peter+D.+Hershock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN_2SAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReiko_Ohnuma2017" class="citation book cs1">Reiko Ohnuma (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ci7ADgAAQBAJ"><i>Unfortunate Destiny: Animals in the Indian Buddhist Imagination</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">80–</span>81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-063755-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-063755-2"><bdi>978-0-19-063755-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unfortunate+Destiny%3A+Animals+in+the+Indian+Buddhist+Imagination&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-063755-2&rft.au=Reiko+Ohnuma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCi7ADgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hanuman-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hanuman_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wendy Doniger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hanuman">Hanuman: Hindu mythology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220415082224/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hanuman">Archived</a> 15 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Encyclopaedia Britannica; For a summary of the Chinese text, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Xiyouji">Xiyouji: Novel by Wu Cheng'En</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. S. Walker (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://telugustotram.com/wp-content/uploads/files/indegenous_foreign_monkey_sun_wukong_.pdf">Indigenous or Foreign? A Look at the Origins of the Monkey Hero Sun Wukong</a>, Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 81. September 1998, Editor: <a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Mair" title="Victor H. Mair">Victor H. Mair</a>, University of Pennsylvania</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLouis_E._Fenech2013" class="citation book cs1">Louis E. Fenech (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aUUfAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA149"><i>The Sikh Zafar-namah of Guru Gobind Singh: A Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 149–150 with note 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993145-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993145-3"><bdi>978-0-19-993145-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikh+Zafar-namah+of+Guru+Gobind+Singh%3A+A+Discursive+Blade+in+the+Heart+of+the+Mughal+Empire&rft.pages=149-150+with+note+28&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-993145-3&rft.au=Louis+E.+Fenech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaUUfAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Stratton_HawleyGurinder_Singh_Mann1993" class="citation book cs1">John Stratton Hawley; Gurinder Singh Mann (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fWJGAECpClsC&pg=PA98"><i>Studying the Sikhs: Issues for North America</i></a>. State University of New York Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">98–</span>99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1426-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1426-2"><bdi>978-0-7914-1426-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studying+the+Sikhs%3A+Issues+for+North+America&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E98-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1426-2&rft.au=John+Stratton+Hawley&rft.au=Gurinder+Singh+Mann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfWJGAECpClsC%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pattanaik2000-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pattanaik2000_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDevdutt_Pattanaik2000" class="citation book cs1">Devdutt Pattanaik (1 September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rjL3ogbdJNkC&pg=PA71"><i>The Goddess in India: The Five Faces of the Eternal Feminine</i></a>. Inner Traditions * Bear & Company. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-807-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-807-5"><bdi>978-0-89281-807-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Goddess+in+India%3A+The+Five+Faces+of+the+Eternal+Feminine&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions+%2A+Bear+%26+Company&rft.date=2000-09-01&rft.isbn=978-0-89281-807-5&rft.au=Devdutt+Pattanaik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrjL3ogbdJNkC%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLutgendorf1997" class="citation journal cs1">Lutgendorf, Philip (1997). "Monkey in the Middle: The Status of Hanuman in Popular Hinduism". <i>Religion</i>. <b>27</b> (4): 311. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Freli.1997.0095">10.1006/reli.1997.0095</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion&rft.atitle=Monkey+in+the+Middle%3A+The+Status+of+Hanuman+in+Popular+Hinduism&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=311&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Freli.1997.0095&rft.aulast=Lutgendorf&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Lutgendorf (2002), Evolving a monkey: Hanuman, poster art and postcolonial anxiety, Contributions to Indian Sociology, Vol 36, Issue 1–2, pages 71–110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristophe_Jaffrelot2010" class="citation book cs1">Christophe Jaffrelot (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XAO3i_gS61wC"><i>Religion, Caste, and Politics in India</i></a>. Primus Books. p. 183 note 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-04-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-04-7"><bdi>978-93-80607-04-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207082453/https://books.google.com/books?id=XAO3i_gS61wC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Caste%2C+and+Politics+in+India&rft.pages=183+note+4&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-93-80607-04-7&rft.au=Christophe+Jaffrelot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXAO3i_gS61wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pinch1996-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pinch1996_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_R._Pinch1996" class="citation book cs1">William R. Pinch (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peasantsmonksinb0000pinc"><i>Peasants and Monks in British India</i></a></span>. University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peasantsmonksinb0000pinc/page/27">27</a>–28, 64, <span class="nowrap">158–</span>159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91630-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91630-2"><bdi>978-0-520-91630-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peasants+and+Monks+in+British+India&rft.pages=27-28%2C+64%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E158-%3C%2Fspan%3E159&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-520-91630-2&rft.au=William+R.+Pinch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeasantsmonksinb0000pinc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarvepalli_Gopal_1993_41–46,_135–137-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sarvepalli_Gopal_1993_41–46,_135–137_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSarvepalli_Gopal1993" class="citation book cs1">Sarvepalli Gopal (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=47AARF595dUC"><i>Anatomy of a Confrontation: Ayodhya and the Rise of Communal Politics in India</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. <span class="nowrap">41–</span>46, <span class="nowrap">135–</span>137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85649-050-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85649-050-4"><bdi>978-1-85649-050-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+a+Confrontation%3A+Ayodhya+and+the+Rise+of+Communal+Politics+in+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E46%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E137&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-85649-050-4&rft.au=Sarvepalli+Gopal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D47AARF595dUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristophe_Jaffrelot2010" class="citation book cs1">Christophe Jaffrelot (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XAO3i_gS61wC"><i>Religion, Caste, and Politics in India</i></a>. Primus Books. pp. 332, <span class="nowrap">389–</span>391. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-04-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-04-7"><bdi>978-93-80607-04-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207082453/https://books.google.com/books?id=XAO3i_gS61wC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Caste%2C+and+Politics+in+India&rft.pages=332%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E389-%3C%2Fspan%3E391&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-93-80607-04-7&rft.au=Christophe+Jaffrelot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXAO3i_gS61wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaromir_RudnyckyjFilippo_Osella2017" class="citation book cs1">Daromir Rudnyckyj; Filippo Osella (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MV5EDgAAQBAJ"><i>Religion and the Morality of the Market</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">75–</span>82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-18605-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-18605-7"><bdi>978-1-107-18605-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+Morality+of+the+Market&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-107-18605-7&rft.au=Daromir+Rudnyckyj&rft.au=Filippo+Osella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMV5EDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPathik_Pathak2008" class="citation book cs1">Pathik Pathak (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6QarBgAAQBAJ"><i>Future of Multicultural Britain: Confronting the Progressive Dilemma: Confronting the Progressive Dilemma</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3546-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3546-7"><bdi>978-0-7486-3546-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Future+of+Multicultural+Britain%3A+Confronting+the+Progressive+Dilemma%3A+Confronting+the+Progressive+Dilemma&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-3546-7&rft.au=Pathik+Pathak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6QarBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChetan_Bhatt2001" class="citation book cs1">Chetan Bhatt (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hindunationalism00chet"><i>Hindu nationalism: origins, ideologies and modern myths</i></a></span>. Berg. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hindunationalism00chet/page/180">180</a>–192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-343-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85973-343-1"><bdi>978-1-85973-343-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+nationalism%3A+origins%2C+ideologies+and+modern+myths&rft.pages=180-192&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85973-343-1&rft.au=Chetan+Bhatt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhindunationalism00chet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLutgendorf2001" class="citation journal cs1">Lutgendorf, Philip (2001). "Five heads and no tale: Hanumān and the popularization of Tantra". <i>International Journal of Hindu Studies</i>. <b>5</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">269–</span>296. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11407-001-0003-3">10.1007/s11407-001-0003-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144825928">144825928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Hindu+Studies&rft.atitle=Five+heads+and+no+tale%3A+Hanum%C4%81n+and+the+popularization+of+Tantra&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E296&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11407-001-0003-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144825928%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lutgendorf&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007319,_380–388-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007319,_380–388_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLutgendorf2007">Lutgendorf 2007</a>, pp. 319, 380–388.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200759–61-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200759–61_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLutgendorf2007">Lutgendorf 2007</a>, pp. 59–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/37960">Hanuman Bearing the Mountaintop with Medicinal Herbs</a> New York Metropolitan Museum. Ca. 1800. Retrieved April 6, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFT._A._Gopinatha_Rao1993" class="citation book cs1">T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MJD-KresBwIC"><i>Elements of Hindu iconography</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 58, <span class="nowrap">190–</span>194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0878-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0878-2"><bdi>978-81-208-0878-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Hindu+iconography&rft.pages=58%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E190-%3C%2Fspan%3E194&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0878-2&rft.au=T.+A.+Gopinatha+Rao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMJD-KresBwIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_N._Lorenzen1995" class="citation book cs1">David N. Lorenzen (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rpSxJg_ehnIC"><i>Bhakti Religion in North India: Community Identity and Political Action</i></a>. State University of New York Press. p. 271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2025-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2025-6"><bdi>978-0-7914-2025-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhakti+Religion+in+North+India%3A+Community+Identity+and+Political+Action&rft.pages=271&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-2025-6&rft.au=David+N.+Lorenzen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrpSxJg_ehnIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanamali201014-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanamali201014_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVanamali2010">Vanamali 2010</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200760-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200760_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLutgendorf2007">Lutgendorf 2007</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200711–12,_101-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200711–12,_101_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLutgendorf2007">Lutgendorf 2007</a>, pp. 11–12, 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reports of a Tour in Bundelkhand and Rewa in 1883–84, and of a Tour in Rewa, Bundelkhand, Malwa, and Gwalior, in 1884–85, Alexander Cunningham, 1885</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200759–60-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf200759–60_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLutgendorf2007">Lutgendorf 2007</a>, pp. 59–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200728155251/http://www.uptourism.gov.in/post/hanuman-garhi">"Hanuman Garhi"</a>. <i>www.uptourism.gov.in</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uptourism.gov.in/post/hanuman-garhi">the original</a> on 28 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.uptourism.gov.in&rft.atitle=Hanuman+Garhi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uptourism.gov.in%2Fpost%2Fhanuman-garhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wionews.com/south-asia/five-historical-hindu-temples-of-pakistan-33163">"Five historical Hindu temples of Pakistan"</a>. <i>WION</i>. 17 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191123101658/https://www.wionews.com/south-asia/five-historical-hindu-temples-of-pakistan-33163">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WION&rft.atitle=Five+historical+Hindu+temples+of+Pakistan&rft.date=2018-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wionews.com%2Fsouth-asia%2Ffive-historical-hindu-temples-of-pakistan-33163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAcademy" class="citation web cs1">Academy, Himalayan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hinduismtoday.com/">"Hinduism Today Magazine"</a>. <i>www.hinduismtoday.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190506123703/https://www.hinduismtoday.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hinduismtoday.com&rft.atitle=Hinduism+Today+Magazine&rft.aulast=Academy&rft.aufirst=Himalayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hinduismtoday.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Indian Express</i>, <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>, Tuesday, 2 November 2010, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLutgendorf2007">Lutgendorf 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSwati_Mitra2012" class="citation book cs1">Swati Mitra (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=THW_OkoTuE4C&pg=PA41"><i>Temples of Madhya Pradesh</i></a>. Eicher Goodearth and Government of Madhya Pradesh. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80262-49-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-80262-49-9"><bdi>978-93-80262-49-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Temples+of+Madhya+Pradesh&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Eicher+Goodearth+and+Government+of+Madhya+Pradesh&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-93-80262-49-9&rft.au=Swati+Mitra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTHW_OkoTuE4C%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007239,_24-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007239,_24_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLutgendorf2007">Lutgendorf 2007</a>, pp. 239, 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaymond_Brady_Williams2001" class="citation book cs1">Raymond Brady Williams (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontosw0000will"><i>An introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontosw0000will/page/128">128</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65422-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65422-7"><bdi>978-0-521-65422-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2009</span>. <q>hanuman sarangpur.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+Swaminarayan+Hinduism&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-65422-7&rft.au=Raymond+Brady+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontosw0000will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span> Page 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/amit-shah-unveils-54-feet-tall-statue-of-lord-hanuman-at-gujarat-temple-3926616">"Amit Shah Unveils 54-Feet-Tall Statue Of Lord Hanuman At Gujarat Temple"</a>. <i>NDTV.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NDTV.com&rft.atitle=Amit+Shah+Unveils+54-Feet-Tall+Statue+Of+Lord+Hanuman+At+Gujarat+Temple&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Findia-news%2Famit-shah-unveils-54-feet-tall-statue-of-lord-hanuman-at-gujarat-temple-3926616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dallasnews.com/news/frisco/2015/08/06/new-hindu-temple-serves-friscos-growing-asian-indian-population">New Hindu temple serves Frisco's growing Asian Indian population</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171028043624/https://www.dallasnews.com/news/frisco/2015/08/06/new-hindu-temple-serves-friscos-growing-asian-indian-population">Archived</a> 28 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Dallas Morning News, 6 August 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/us/90-ft-hanuman-statue-of-union-unveiled-in-texas-3rd-tallest-in-us/articleshow/112663661.cms">"90-ft Hanuman Statue of Union unveiled in Texas, 3rd tallest in US"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 21 August 2024. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8257">0971-8257</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=90-ft+Hanuman+Statue+of+Union+unveiled+in+Texas%2C+3rd+tallest+in+US&rft.date=2024-08-21&rft.issn=0971-8257&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fworld%2Fus%2F90-ft-hanuman-statue-of-union-unveiled-in-texas-3rd-tallest-in-us%2Farticleshow%2F112663661.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SchechnerHess51-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SchechnerHess51_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchechnerHess1977" class="citation journal cs1">Schechner, Richard; Hess, Linda (1977). "The Ramlila of Ramnagar [India]". <i>The Drama Review: TDR</i>. <b>21</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">51–</span>82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1145152">10.2307/1145152</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1145152">1145152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Drama+Review%3A+TDR&rft.atitle=The+Ramlila+of+Ramnagar+%5BIndia%5D&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1145152&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1145152%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schechner&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Hess%2C+Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopedia_Britannica2015" class="citation web cs1">Encyclopedia Britannica (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Navratri">"Navratri – Hindu festival"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170222124136/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Navratri">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Navratri+%E2%80%93+Hindu+festival&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FNavratri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unescodussehra-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unescodussehra_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unescodussehra_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/ramlila-the-traditional-performance-of-the-ramayana-00110">Ramlila, the traditional performance of the Ramayana</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170131032510/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/RL/ramlila-the-traditional-performance-of-the-ramayana-00110">Archived</a> 31 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, UNESCO</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sv7Uk0UcdM8C">Ramlila</a> <i>Pop Culture India!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle</i>, by Asha Kasbekar. Published by ABC-CLIO, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-636-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85109-636-1">1-85109-636-1</a>. <i>Page 42</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Toni Shapiro-Phim, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asiasociety.org/education/reamker">Reamker</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161129212016/http://asiasociety.org/education/reamker">Archived</a> 29 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Cambodian Version of Ramayana, Asia Society</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarrison1989" class="citation journal cs1">Marrison, G. E (1989). "Reamker (Rāmakerti), the Cambodian Version of the Rāmāyaṇa. A Review Article". <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i>. <b>121</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">122–</span>129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00167917">10.1017/S0035869X00167917</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25212421">25212421</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161831703">161831703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=Reamker+%28R%C4%81makerti%29%2C+the+Cambodian+Version+of+the+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a.+A+Review+Article&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E122-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161831703%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25212421%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0035869X00167917&rft.aulast=Marrison&rft.aufirst=G.+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJukka_O._Miettinen1992" class="citation book cs1">Jukka O. Miettinen (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GD3YAAAAMAAJ"><i>Classical Dance and Theatre in South-East Asia</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">120–</span>122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-588595-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-588595-8"><bdi>978-0-19-588595-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Dance+and+Theatre+in+South-East+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E120-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-588595-8&rft.au=Jukka+O.+Miettinen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGD3YAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeakthina_Chau-Pech_OllierTim_Winter2006" class="citation book cs1">Leakthina Chau-Pech Ollier; Tim Winter (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vs98AgAAQBAJ"><i>Expressions of Cambodia: The Politics of Tradition, Identity and Change</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">140–</span>141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-17196-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-17196-5"><bdi>978-1-134-17196-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Expressions+of+Cambodia%3A+The+Politics+of+Tradition%2C+Identity+and+Change&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E140-%3C%2Fspan%3E141&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-134-17196-5&rft.au=Leakthina+Chau-Pech+Ollier&rft.au=Tim+Winter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvs98AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_R._BrandonMartin_Banham1997" class="citation book cs1">James R. Brandon; Martin Banham (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ttnH5W9qoBAC"><i>The Cambridge Guide to Asian Theatre</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">236–</span>237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58822-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58822-5"><bdi>978-0-521-58822-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Guide+to+Asian+Theatre&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E236-%3C%2Fspan%3E237&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-58822-5&rft.au=James+R.+Brandon&rft.au=Martin+Banham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DttnH5W9qoBAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMargarete_Merkle2012" class="citation book cs1">Margarete Merkle (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QgQcmPUrO_wC&pg=PA43"><i>Bali: Magical Dances</i></a>. epubli. pp. <span class="nowrap">42–</span>43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8442-3298-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8442-3298-1"><bdi>978-3-8442-3298-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bali%3A+Magical+Dances&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.pub=epubli&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-8442-3298-1&rft.au=Margarete+Merkle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQgQcmPUrO_wC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Kats (1927), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/606956">The Rāmāyana in Indonesia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126000638/https://www.jstor.org/stable/606956">Archived</a> 26 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 4, No. 3 (1927), pp. 579–585</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malini Saran (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23005981">The Ramayana in Indonesia: alternate tellings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215225013/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23005981">Archived</a> 15 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, India International Centre Quarterly, Vol. 31, No. 4 (SPRING 2005), pp. 66–82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWillem_Frederik_Stutterheim1989" class="citation book cs1">Willem Frederik Stutterheim (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OoitUqGk8PAC"><i>Rāma-legends and Rāma-reliefs in Indonesia</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. pp. xvii, 5–16 (Indonesia), 17–21 (Malaysia), <span class="nowrap">34–</span>37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-251-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-251-2"><bdi>978-81-7017-251-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R%C4%81ma-legends+and+R%C4%81ma-reliefs+in+Indonesia&rft.pages=xvii%2C+5-16+%28Indonesia%29%2C+17-21+%28Malaysia%29%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-251-2&rft.au=Willem+Frederik+Stutterheim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOoitUqGk8PAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarijke_Klokke2006" class="citation book cs1">Marijke Klokke (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dSFfD0dpdS4C"><i>Archaeology: Indonesian Perspective : R.P. Soejono's Festschrift</i></a>. Yayasan Obor Indonesia. pp. <span class="nowrap">391–</span>399. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-26-2499-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-26-2499-1"><bdi>978-979-26-2499-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology%3A+Indonesian+Perspective+%3A+R.P.+Soejono%27s+Festschrift&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E391-%3C%2Fspan%3E399&rft.pub=Yayasan+Obor+Indonesia&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-979-26-2499-1&rft.au=Marijke+Klokke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdSFfD0dpdS4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndrea_AcriH.M._CreeseA._Griffiths2010" class="citation book cs1">Andrea Acri; H.M. Creese; A. Griffiths (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LXdhAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA209"><i>From Lanka Eastwards: The Ramayana in the Literature and Visual Arts of Indonesia</i></a>. BRILL Academic. pp. <span class="nowrap">197–</span>203, <span class="nowrap">209–</span>213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25376-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25376-6"><bdi>978-90-04-25376-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Lanka+Eastwards%3A+The+Ramayana+in+the+Literature+and+Visual+Arts+of+Indonesia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E197-%3C%2Fspan%3E203%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E209-%3C%2Fspan%3E213&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-25376-6&rft.au=Andrea+Acri&rft.au=H.M.+Creese&rft.au=A.+Griffiths&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLXdhAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoertjipto1991" class="citation book cs1">Moertjipto (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hd3VAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Ramayana Reliefs of Prambanan</i></a>. Penerbit Kanisius. pp. <span class="nowrap">40–</span>42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-413-720-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-413-720-8"><bdi>978-979-413-720-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ramayana+Reliefs+of+Prambanan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.pub=Penerbit+Kanisius&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-979-413-720-8&rft.au=Moertjipto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhd3VAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHildred_Geertz2004" class="citation book cs1">Hildred Geertz (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JbrPXcurKxAC"><i>The Life of a Balinese Temple: Artistry, Imagination, and History in a Peasant Village</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">154–</span>165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2533-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2533-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-2533-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+a+Balinese+Temple%3A+Artistry%2C+Imagination%2C+and+History+in+a+Peasant+Village&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E154-%3C%2Fspan%3E165&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2533-1&rft.au=Hildred+Geertz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJbrPXcurKxAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPitoyo_Amrih2014" class="citation cs2">Pitoyo Amrih (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=26z0DwAAQBAJ&q=hanoman+wayang"><i>Hanoman, Akhir bisu sebuah perang besar</i></a>, Pitoyo Ebook, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230411052751/https://books.google.com/books?id=26z0DwAAQBAJ&q=hanoman+wayang">archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hanoman%2C+Akhir+bisu+sebuah+perang+besar&rft.pub=Pitoyo+Ebook&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Pitoyo+Amrih&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D26z0DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dhanoman%2Bwayang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaula_Richman1991" class="citation book cs1">Paula Richman (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XkifYfljHP4C"><i>Many Rāmāyaṇas: The Diversity of a Narrative Tradition in South Asia</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">38–</span>39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07589-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07589-4"><bdi>978-0-520-07589-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Many+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87as%3A+The+Diversity+of+a+Narrative+Tradition+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07589-4&rft.au=Paula+Richman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXkifYfljHP4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amolwan Kiriwat (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/KiriwatAX2001.pdf">KHON: MASKED DANCE DRAMA OF THE THAI EPIC RAMAKIEN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052338/http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/kiriwatax2001.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, University of Maine, Advisor: Sandra Hardy, pages 3–4, 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlanetIsalskaBewerBrash2018" class="citation book cs1">Planet, Lonely; Isalska, Anita; Bewer, Tim; Brash, Celeste; Bush, Austin; Eimer, David; Harper, Damian; Symington, Andy (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cEljDwAAQBAJ"><i>Lonely Planet Thailand</i></a>. Lonely Planet. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78701-926-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78701-926-3"><bdi>978-1-78701-926-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lonely+Planet+Thailand&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-78701-926-3&rft.aulast=Planet&rft.aufirst=Lonely&rft.au=Isalska%2C+Anita&rft.au=Bewer%2C+Tim&rft.au=Brash%2C+Celeste&rft.au=Bush%2C+Austin&rft.au=Eimer%2C+David&rft.au=Harper%2C+Damian&rft.au=Symington%2C+Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcEljDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007211-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELutgendorf2007211_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLutgendorf2007">Lutgendorf 2007</a>, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTony_MooreTim_Mousel2008" class="citation book cs1">Tony Moore; Tim Mousel (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9IDf4dW99QYC&pg=PA67"><i>Muay Thai</i></a>. New Holland. pp. <span class="nowrap">66–</span>67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84773-151-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84773-151-7"><bdi>978-1-84773-151-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muay+Thai&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.pub=New+Holland&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84773-151-7&rft.au=Tony+Moore&rft.au=Tim+Mousel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9IDf4dW99QYC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.speakingtree.in/allslides/hanuman-was-married-to-whom/45648">"Wives Of Hanuman"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200103061233/https://www.speakingtree.in/allslides/hanuman-was-married-to-whom/45648">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wives+Of+Hanuman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.speakingtree.in%2Fallslides%2Fhanuman-was-married-to-whom%2F45648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mid-day.com/articles/did-you-know-how-dara-singh-was-chosen-for-the-role-of-hanuman-in-ramayan/22814246">"Did you know how Dara Singh was chosen for the role of Hanuman in Ramayan?"</a>. <i>mid-day</i>. 30 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614112421/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/did-you-know-how-dara-singh-was-chosen-for-the-role-of-hanuman-in-ramayan/22814246">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mid-day&rft.atitle=Did+you+know+how+Dara+Singh+was+chosen+for+the+role+of+Hanuman+in+Ramayan%3F&rft.date=2020-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mid-day.com%2Farticles%2Fdid-you-know-how-dara-singh-was-chosen-for-the-role-of-hanuman-in-ramayan%2F22814246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news18.com/news/india/hanuman-the-journey-of-a-mythical-superhero-228121.html">"Hanuman: the journey of a mythical superhero"</a>. <i>News18</i>. 21 October 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200614090548/https://www.news18.com/news/india/hanuman-the-journey-of-a-mythical-superhero-228121.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News18&rft.atitle=Hanuman%3A+the+journey+of+a+mythical+superhero&rft.date=2005-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.news18.com%2Fnews%2Findia%2Fhanuman-the-journey-of-a-mythical-superhero-228121.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://in.bookmyshow.com/entertainment/movies/5-bollywood-movies-hanuman">"5 Bollywood Movies About Hanuman"</a>. <i>BookMyShow</i>. 2 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329140101/https://in.bookmyshow.com/entertainment/movies/5-bollywood-movies-hanuman">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BookMyShow&rft.atitle=5+Bollywood+Movies+About+Hanuman&rft.date=2017-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fin.bookmyshow.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmovies%2F5-bollywood-movies-hanuman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/bajrangi_bhaijaan"><i>Bajrangi Bhaijaan (2015)</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201092610/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/bajrangi_bhaijaan/">archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bajrangi+Bhaijaan+%282015%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rottentomatoes.com%2Fm%2Fbajrangi_bhaijaan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/Revealed-Obama-always-carries-Hanuman-statuette-in-pocket/article14001552.ece">"Revealed: Obama always carries Hanuman statuette in pocket"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. 16 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414074305/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/Revealed-Obama-always-carries-Hanuman-statuette-in-pocket/article14001552.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+Obama+always+carries+Hanuman+statuette+in+pocket&rft.date=2016-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Finternational%2FRevealed-Obama-always-carries-Hanuman-statuette-in-pocket%2Farticle14001552.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/ox6LidnmbPM">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160116012625/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ox6LidnmbPM">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ox6LidnmbPM">"Obama Reveals Lucky Charms During Interview"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 16 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obama+Reveals+Lucky+Charms+During+Interview&rft.pub=Associated+Press&rft.date=2016-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dox6LidnmbPM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmish_Tripathi2018" class="citation web cs1">Amish Tripathi (12 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/global-opinions/wp/2018/03/12/what-india-can-learn-from-black-panther">"What India can learn from 'Black Panther'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>washingtonpost.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180519032349/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/global-opinions/wp/2018/03/12/what-india-can-learn-from-black-panther/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=washingtonpost.com&rft.atitle=What+India+can+learn+from+%27Black+Panther%27&rft.date=2018-03-12&rft.au=Amish+Tripathi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fglobal-opinions%2Fwp%2F2018%2F03%2F12%2Fwhat-india-can-learn-from-black-panther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNicole_Drum2018" class="citation web cs1">Nicole Drum (20 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://comicbook.com/marvel/2018/02/21/black-panther-censored-in-india">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Black Panther' Movie Had a Word Censored in India"</a>. <i>comicbook.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180518054935/http://comicbook.com/marvel/2018/02/21/black-panther-censored-in-india">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=comicbook.com&rft.atitle=%27Black+Panther%27+Movie+Had+a+Word+Censored+in+India&rft.date=2018-02-20&rft.au=Nicole+Drum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcomicbook.com%2Fmarvel%2F2018%2F02%2F21%2Fblack-panther-censored-in-india&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=113658095">"Rodrigo y Gabriela: Fusing Flamenco And Metal"</a>. <i>NPR.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200828005110/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=113658095">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=Rodrigo+y+Gabriela%3A+Fusing+Flamenco+And+Metal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D113658095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thainews.prd.go.th/en/news/detail/TCATG221108015929988">"White Monkey' Khon performance film to hit cinemas on December 5"</a>. <i>NNT</i>. 8 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221205121851/https://thainews.prd.go.th/en/news/detail/TCATG221108015929988">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NNT&rft.atitle=White+Monkey%27+Khon+performance+film+to+hit+cinemas+on+December+5&rft.date=2022-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthainews.prd.go.th%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fdetail%2FTCATG221108015929988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSamrat2022" class="citation web cs1">Samrat, Ujjwal (24 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.truescoopnews.com/newsdetail/who-is-ap-in-ram-setu-human-avatar-of-lord-hanuman-in-akshay-kumars-adventuredrama">"Who is AP in Ram Setu?"</a>. <i>True Scoop News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230116110040/https://www.truescoopnews.com/newsdetail/who-is-ap-in-ram-setu-human-avatar-of-lord-hanuman-in-akshay-kumars-adventuredrama">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=True+Scoop+News&rft.atitle=Who+is+AP+in+Ram+Setu%3F&rft.date=2022-12-24&rft.aulast=Samrat&rft.aufirst=Ujjwal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.truescoopnews.com%2Fnewsdetail%2Fwho-is-ap-in-ram-setu-human-avatar-of-lord-hanuman-in-akshay-kumars-adventuredrama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClausSarah_DiamondMargaret_Ann_Mills2003" class="citation book cs1">Claus, Peter J.; Sarah Diamond; Margaret Ann Mills (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=au_Vk2VYyrkC&pg=PA280">"Hanuman"</a>. <i>South Asian folklore</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hanuman%27s+Tale%3A+The+Messages+of+a+Divine+Monkey&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530921-8&rft.aulast=Lutgendorf&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfVFC2Nx-LP8C%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVanamali2010" class="citation book cs1">Vanamali, V (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t10oDwAAQBAJ"><i>Hanuman: The Devotion and Power of the Monkey God</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59477-914-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59477-914-5"><bdi>978-1-59477-914-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hanuman%3A+The+Devotion+and+Power+of+the+Monkey+God&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59477-914-5&rft.aulast=Vanamali&rft.aufirst=V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt10oDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sri Ramakrishna Math (1985): <i>Hanuman Chalisa</i>. Chennai (India): Sri Ramakrishna Math. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7120-086-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-7120-086-9">81-7120-086-9</a>.</li> <li><i>Mahabharata</i> (1992). Gorakhpur (India): Gitapress.</li> <li><i>Anand Ramayan</i> (1999). Bareily (India): Rashtriya Sanskriti Sansthan.</li> <li>Swami Satyananda Sarawati: <i>Hanuman Puja</i>. India: Devi Mandir. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-887472-91-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-887472-91-6">1-887472-91-6</a>.</li> <li><i>The Ramayana</i> Smt. Kamala Subramaniam. Published by Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan (1995). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7276-406-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-7276-406-5">81-7276-406-5</a></li> <li><i>Hanuman – In Art, Culture, Thought and Literature</i> by Shanti Lal Nagar (1995). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7076-075-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-7076-075-5">81-7076-075-5</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCatherine_Ludvik1994" class="citation book cs1">Catherine Ludvik (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KCXQN0qoAe0C"><i>Hanumān in the Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki and the Rāmacaritamānasa of Tulasī Dāsa</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1122-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1122-5"><bdi>978-81-208-1122-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hanum%C4%81n+in+the+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+of+V%C4%81lm%C4%ABki+and+the+R%C4%81macaritam%C4%81nasa+of+Tulas%C4%AB+D%C4%81sa&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1122-5&rft.au=Catherine+Ludvik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKCXQN0qoAe0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHelen_M._Johnson1931" class="citation book cs1">Helen M. Johnson (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/jainism/book/trishashti-shalaka-purusha-caritra/d/doc214005.html"><i>Hanumat's birth and Varuṇa's subjection (Chapter III of the Jain Ramayana by Hemachandra)</i></a>. Baroda Oriental Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hanumat%27s+birth+and+Varu%E1%B9%87a%27s+subjection+%28Chapter+III+of+the+Jain+Ramayana+by+Hemachandra%29&rft.pub=Baroda+Oriental+Institute&rft.date=1931&rft.au=Helen+M.+Johnson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdomlib.org%2Fjainism%2Fbook%2Ftrishashti-shalaka-purusha-caritra%2Fd%2Fdoc214005.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Lutgendorf, Philip (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fVFC2Nx-LP8C"><i>Hanuman's Tale: The Messages of a Divine Monkey</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530921-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530921-8"><bdi>978-0-19-530921-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hanuman%27s+Tale%3A+The+Messages+of+a+Divine+Monkey&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530921-8&rft.aulast=Lutgendorf&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfVFC2Nx-LP8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobert_GoldmanSally_Goldman2006" class="citation book cs1">Robert Goldman; Sally Goldman (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mGseItRDAc8C"><i>The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India. Volume V: Sundarakāṇḍa</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3166-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3166-7"><bdi>978-81-208-3166-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+R%C4%81m%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a+of+V%C4%81lm%C4%ABki%3A+An+Epic+of+Ancient+India.+Volume+V%3A+Sundarak%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-208-3166-7&rft.au=Robert+Goldman&rft.au=Sally+Goldman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmGseItRDAc8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanuman" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Vanamali, Mataji Devi (2010). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j5qFlxXSS48C">Hanuman: The Devotion and Power of the Monkey God</a></i> Inner Traditions, USA. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59477-337-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-59477-337-8">1-59477-337-8</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dasharatha" title="Dasharatha">Dasharatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kausalya" title="Kausalya">Kausalya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumitra" title="Sumitra">Sumitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaikeyi" title="Kaikeyi">Kaikeyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharata_(Ramayana)" title="Bharata (Ramayana)">Bharata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmana" title="Lakshmana">Lakshmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatrughna" title="Shatrughna">Shatrughna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urmila" title="Urmila">Urmila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandavi" title="Mandavi">Mandavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrutakirti" title="Shrutakirti">Shrutakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_(Ramayana)" title="Lava (Ramayana)">Lava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusha_(Ramayana)" title="Kusha (Ramayana)">Kusha</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramapanchayan,_Raja_Ravi_Varma_(Lithograph).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ramapanchayan%2C_Raja_Ravi_Varma_%28Lithograph%29.jpg/125px-Ramapanchayan%2C_Raja_Ravi_Varma_%28Lithograph%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ramapanchayan%2C_Raja_Ravi_Varma_%28Lithograph%29.jpg/188px-Ramapanchayan%2C_Raja_Ravi_Varma_%28Lithograph%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Ramapanchayan%2C_Raja_Ravi_Varma_%28Lithograph%29.jpg/250px-Ramapanchayan%2C_Raja_Ravi_Varma_%28Lithograph%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4106" data-file-height="5712" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vanara" title="Vanara">Vanara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugriva" title="Sugriva">Sugriva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vali_(Ramayana)" title="Vali (Ramayana)">Vali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angada" title="Angada">Angada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Ramayana)" title="Tara (Ramayana)">Tara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum%C4%81" title="Rumā">Rumā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nala_(Ramayana)" title="Nala (Ramayana)">Nala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nila_(Ramayana)" title="Nila (Ramayana)">Nila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesari_(Ramayana)" title="Kesari (Ramayana)">Kesari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%B1jan%C4%81" title="Añjanā">Anjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makaradhwaja" title="Makaradhwaja">Makaradhwaja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">Rakshasa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibhishana" title="Vibhishana">Vibhishana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbhakarna" title="Kumbhakarna">Kumbhakarna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrajit" title="Indrajit">Indrajit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshayakumara" title="Akshayakumara">Akshayakumara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atikaya" title="Atikaya">Atikaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabandha" title="Kabandha">Kabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khara_(Ramayana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khara (Ramayana)">Khara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dushana" class="mw-redirect" title="Dushana">Dushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandodari" title="Mandodari">Mandodari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanyamalini" title="Dhanyamalini">Dhanyamalini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavanasura" title="Lavanasura">Lavanasura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malyavan" title="Malyavan">Malyavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maricha" title="Maricha">Maricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayasura" title="Mayasura">Mayasura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narantaka-Devantaka" title="Narantaka-Devantaka">Narantaka-Devantaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prahasta" title="Prahasta">Prahasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarama_(Ramayana)" title="Sarama (Ramayana)">Sarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subahu" title="Subahu">Subahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulochana_(Ramayana)" title="Sulochana (Ramayana)">Sulochana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumali" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumali">Sumali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shurpanakha" title="Shurpanakha">Shurpanakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tataka" title="Tataka">Tataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trijata" title="Trijata">Trijata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trishira" title="Trishira">Trishira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viradha" title="Viradha">Viradha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">Sages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahalya" title="Ahalya">Ahalya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arundhati_(Hinduism)" title="Arundhati (Hinduism)">Arundhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadvaja" title="Bharadvaja">Bharadvaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sage_Kambhoja" title="Sage Kambhoja">Kambhoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasishtha" title="Vasishtha">Vasishtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishyasringa" title="Rishyasringa">Rishyasringa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Characters_in_the_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Characters in the Ramayana">Other figures<br />and concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmana_rekha" title="Lakshmana rekha">Lakshmana rekha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambavan" title="Jambavan">Jambavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janaka" title="Janaka">Janaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushadhvaja" title="Kushadhvaja">Kushadhvaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatayu" title="Jatayu">Jatayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manthara" title="Manthara">Manthara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Sita" title="Maya Sita">Maya Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampati" title="Sampati">Sampati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabari" title="Shabari">Shabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanta" title="Shanta">Shanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shravana_Kumara" title="Shravana Kumara">Shravana Kumara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedavati" title="Vedavati">Vedavati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shambuka" title="Shambuka">Shambuka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_(legendary_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayodhya (legendary city)">Ayodhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithila_(ancient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithila (ancient)">Mithila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandakaranya" title="Dandakaranya">Dandakaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishkindha" title="Kishkindha">Kishkindha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanka" title="Lanka">Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshadhiparvata" title="Oshadhiparvata">Oshadhiparvata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Books/Kandas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balakanda" title="Balakanda">Bala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayodhya_Kand" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayodhya Kand">Ayodhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ara%E1%B9%87ya-K%C4%81%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da" title="Araṇya-Kāṇḍa">Aranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishkindha_Kanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Kishkindha Kanda">Kishkindha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundara_Kanda" title="Sundara Kanda">Sundara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuddha_Kanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuddha Kanda">Yuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttara_Kanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttara Kanda">Uttara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Versions_of_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Versions of Ramayana">Versions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adbhuta_Ramayana" title="Adbhuta Ramayana">Adbhuta Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adhyathmaramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Adhyathmaramayanam">Adhyathmaramayanam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adhyatma_Ramayana" title="Adhyatma Ramayana">Adhyatma Ramayana</a></i> (Sanskrit)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Ramayana" title="Ananda Ramayana">Ananda Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhanubhakta_Ramayana" title="Bhanubhakta Ramayana">Bhanubhakta Ramayana</a></i> (Nepali)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADik%C4%81vya" title="Bhaṭṭikāvya">Bhaṭṭikāvya</a></i> (Sanskrit)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bilanka_Ramayana" title="Bilanka Ramayana">Bilanka Ramayana</a></i> (Odia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hikayat_Seri_Rama" title="Hikayat Seri Rama">Hikayat Seri Rama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jagamohana_Ramayana" title="Jagamohana Ramayana">Jagamohana Ramayana</a></i> (Odia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kakawin_Ramayana" title="Kakawin Ramayana">Kakawin Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></i> (Tamil)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Krittivasi_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Krittivasi Ramayana">Krittivasi Ramayana</a></i> (Bengakl)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maharadia_Lawana" title="Maharadia Lawana">Maharadia Lawana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Molla_Ramayanam" title="Molla Ramayanam">Molla Ramayanam</a></i> (Telugu)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phra_Lak_Phra_Ram" title="Phra Lak Phra Ram">Phra Lak Phra Ram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Ramayana" title="Raghunatha Ramayana">Raghunatha Ramayana</a></i> (Telugu)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramakien" title="Ramakien">Ramakien</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana_Kalpavruksham" title="Ramayana Kalpavruksham">Ramayana Kalpavruksham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></i>(Awadhi)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ranganatha_Ramayanamu" title="Ranganatha Ramayanamu">Ranganatha Ramayanamu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reamker" title="Reamker">Reamker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saptakanda_Ramayana" title="Saptakanda Ramayana">Saptakanda Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sri_Ramayana_Darshanam" title="Sri Ramayana Darshanam">Sri Ramayana Darshanam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sri_Ramayanamu" title="Sri Ramayanamu">Sri Ramayanamu</a></i> (Telugu)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trai_Bhet" title="Trai Bhet">Trai Bhet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yama_Zatdaw" title="Yama Zatdaw">Yama Zatdaw</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FFC569;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hindu_deities_and_texts170" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Template talk:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hindu_deities_and_texts170" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Hindu deities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">texts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_directions" title="Guardians of the directions">Dikpala</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishana" title="Ishana">Ishana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nir%E1%B9%9Bta" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirṛta">Nirṛta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amsha" title="Amsha">Amsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryaman" title="Aryaman">Aryaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaga" title="Bhaga">Bhaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daksha" title="Daksha">Daksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhatri" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhatri">Dhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitra_(Hindu_god)" title="Mitra (Hindu god)">Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parjanya" title="Parjanya">Parjanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushan" title="Pushan">Pushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitr" title="Savitr">Savitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvashtri" class="mw-redirect" title="Tvashtri">Tvashtri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Vivasvat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Navagraha" title="Navagraha">Navagraha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihaspati" title="Brihaspati">Brihaspati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budha" title="Budha">Budha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra" title="Chandra">Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketu_(mythology)" title="Ketu (mythology)">Ketu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangala" title="Mangala">Mangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahu" title="Rahu">Rahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shani" title="Shani">Shani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shukra" title="Shukra">Shukra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Other Important</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyaus" title="Dyaus">Dyaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamadeva" title="Kamadeva">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_(deity)" title="Shasta (deity)">Shasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hindu Om symbol"><img alt="Hindu Om symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/60px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/120px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Prakriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Prakriti">Prakriti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayatri" title="Gayatri">Gayatri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Other Important</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aditi" title="Aditi">Aditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prithvi" title="Prithvi">Prithvi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaya" title="Chhaya">Chhaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganga_(goddess)" title="Ganga (goddess)">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrani" title="Indrani">Shachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavidyas">Mahavidyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rati" title="Rati">Rati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohini (goddess)">Rohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjna" title="Sanjna">Sanjna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushas" title="Ushas">Ushas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamuna_in_Hinduism" title="Yamuna in Hinduism">Yami</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Other deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">Apsaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asuras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daitya" title="Daitya">Daitya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danava_(Hinduism)" title="Danava (Hinduism)">Danava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharva" title="Gandharva">Gandharvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gana" title="Gana">Gana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramadevata" title="Gramadevata">Gramadevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuladevata" title="Kuladevata">Kuladevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinnara" title="Kinnara">Kinnaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimpurushas" title="Kimpurushas">Kimpurushas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maruts" title="Maruts">Maruts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitri" title="Pitri">Pitṛs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">Rakshasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribhus" title="Ribhus">Ribhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhyas" title="Sadhyas">Sadhyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">Vahanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasu" title="Vasu">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyadhara" title="Vidyadhara">Vidyadharas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yakshas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yakshini" title="Yakshini">Yakshini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Texts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics723" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindudharma" title="Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindudharma" title="Template talk:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics723" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aum" title="Aum"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/20px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/40px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/20px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/40px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a></span> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81bh%C4%81vika_Bhed%C4%81bheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svābhāvika Bhedābheda">Svābhāvika Bhedābheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a><br /> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2016908782&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX5792752">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007550743705171">Israel</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007280103005171">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11889675X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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