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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attributes_and_iconography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attributes_and_iconography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Attributes and iconography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attributes_and_iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worship_and_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worship_and_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Worship and festivals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Worship_and_festivals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Worship and festivals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Worship_and_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Durga_puja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Durga_puja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Durga puja</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Durga_puja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dashain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dashain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Dashain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dashain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Other cultures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Outside Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Outside_Hinduism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Outside Hinduism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Outside_Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>In Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>In Jainism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>In Sikhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_the_Indian_subcontinent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Outside the Indian subcontinent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_the_Indian_subcontinent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Durga</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga" title="Durga – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Durga" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga" title="Durga – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Durga" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="دورجا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دورجا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE" title="দুৰ্গা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="দুৰ্গা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE" title="दुर्गा – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="दुर्गा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durqa" title="Durqa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Durqa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE" title="দুর্গা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দুর্গা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Дурга – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дурга" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE" title="दुर्गा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="दुर्गा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga" title="Durga – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Durga" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Дурга – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дурга" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga" title="Durga – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Durga" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga" title="Durga – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Durga" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga" title="Durga – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Durga" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga" title="Durga – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Durga" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durg%C4%81" title="Durgā – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Durgā" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga" title="Durga – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Durga" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durgo" title="Durgo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Durgo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga" title="Durga – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Durga" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="دورگا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دورگا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dourga" title="Dourga – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dourga" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%BE" title="દુર્ગા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="દુર્ગા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE" title="दुर्गा – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="दुर्गा" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%91%90%EB%A5%B4%EA%B0%80" title="두르가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="두르가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A1" title="Դուրգա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դուրգա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE" title="दुर्गा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दुर्गा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga" title="Durga – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Durga" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga" title="Durga – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Durga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durg%C4%81" title="Durgā – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Durgā" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%94" title="האלה דורגה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האלה דורגה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga" title="Durga – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Durga" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%86" title="ದುರ್ಗೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದುರ್ಗೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%90" title="დურგა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დურგა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Дурга – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дурга" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga" title="Durga – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Durga" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga" title="Durga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Durga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga" title="Durga – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Durga" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE" title="दुर्गा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="दुर्गा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durg%C3%A2" title="Durgâ – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Durgâ" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%97" title="ദുർഗ്ഗ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദുർഗ്ഗ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE" title="दुर्गा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दुर्गा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%90" title="დურგა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დურგა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="دورجا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دورجا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga" title="Durga – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Durga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯗꯨꯔꯒꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯗꯨꯔꯒꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A0ng-g%C3%AA%CC%A4%E1%B9%B3ng-m%C5%8D%CC%A4" title="Nàng-gê̤ṳng-mō̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nàng-gê̤ṳng-mō̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga" title="Durga – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Durga" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE" title="दुर्गा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="दुर्गा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC" title="ドゥルガー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドゥルガー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga" title="Durga – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Durga" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga" title="Durga – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Durga" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BE" title="ଦୁର୍ଗା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଦୁର୍ଗା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali-durga" title="Kali-durga – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kali-durga" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE" title="ਦੁਰਗਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦੁਰਗਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="درگا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="درگا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B6" title="ព្រះម៉ែទុគា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្រះម៉ែទុគា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga" title="Durga – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Durga" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga" title="Durga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Durga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga" title="Durga – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Durga" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Дурга – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дурга" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE" title="दुर्गा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="दुर्गा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9" title="ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱫᱩᱨᱜᱟᱹ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="දුර්ගා දේවිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දුර්ගා දේවිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga" title="Durga – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Durga" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="درگا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="درگا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga" title="Durga – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Durga" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga" title="Durga – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Durga" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga" title="Durga – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Durga" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga" title="Durga – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Durga" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="துர்க்கை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துர்க்கை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%97" title="దుర్గ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="దుర్గ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2" title="พระทุรคา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระทุรคา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%86" title="ದುರ್ಗೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ದುರ್ಗೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga" title="Durga – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Durga" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%80%D2%91%D0%B0" title="Дурґа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дурґа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="درگا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="درگا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durga" title="Durga – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Durga" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9A%BE%E8%BF%91%E6%AF%8D" title="难近母 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="难近母" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%A3%E8%BF%91%E6%AF%8D" title="難近母 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="難近母" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9A%BE%E8%BF%91%E6%AF%8D" title="难近母 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="难近母" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q382973#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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For the radio programme, see <a href="/wiki/Mahisasuramardini_(radio_programme)" title="Mahisasuramardini (radio programme)"><i>Mahisasuramardini</i> (radio program)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Demus" redirects here. For the surname, see <a href="/wiki/Demus_(surname)" title="Demus (surname)">Demus (surname)</a>. For the production company, see <a href="/wiki/Demus_Productions" title="Demus Productions">Demus Productions</a>. For the subdivision in Ancient Greece, see <a href="/wiki/Deme" title="Deme">deme</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #FFC569;">Durga</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;">Mother Goddess;<br />Goddess of Power, Strength and Protection</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Member of <a href="/wiki/Prakriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Prakriti">Pancha Prakriti</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Durga_Mahisasuramardini.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Durga_Mahisasuramardini.JPG/250px-Durga_Mahisasuramardini.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Durga_Mahisasuramardini.JPG/330px-Durga_Mahisasuramardini.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Durga_Mahisasuramardini.JPG/500px-Durga_Mahisasuramardini.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1973" data-file-height="3069" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">18th-century painting of Durga slaying the buffalo demon <a href="/wiki/Mahishasura" title="Mahishasura">Mahishasura</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Adi Shakti, Mahishasura Mardini, Bhagavati, Bhavani, <a href="/wiki/Jagadamba" class="mw-redirect" title="Jagadamba">Jagadamba</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></th><td class="infobox-data">दुर्गा</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandi" title="Chandi">Chandi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abode</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manidvipa" title="Manidvipa">Manidvipa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kailash" title="Mount Kailash">Mount Kailash</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Oṃ Śrī Durgāyai Namaḥ</li> <li>Oṃ Aiṃ Hrīṃ Klīṃ Cāmuṇḍāyai Vicce</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weapon</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sudarshana_Chakra" title="Sudarshana Chakra">Chakra</a> (discus), <a href="/wiki/Trishula" title="Trishula">Trishula</a> (trident), <a href="/wiki/Gada_(mace)" title="Gada (mace)">Gada (mace)</a>, Bow and Arrow, <a href="/wiki/Khanda_(sword)" title="Khanda (sword)">Khanda (sword)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Day</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Friday" title="Friday">Friday</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">Mount</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Lion; Tiger<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_S_EllwoodGregory_D_Alles2007126_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobert_S_EllwoodGregory_D_Alles2007126-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_Doniger1999306_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_Doniger1999306-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Devi-Bhagavata_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Devi-Bhagavata Purana">Devi-Bhagavata Purana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalika_Purana" title="Kalika Purana">Kalika Purana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shakta_Upanishads" title="Shakta Upanishads">Shakta Upanishads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Gender</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">Female</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Festivals</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durga_Ashtami" title="Durga Ashtami">Durga Ashtami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bathukamma" title="Bathukamma">Bathukamma</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFC569;">Genealogy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Siblings</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a><sup id="cite_ref-G_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_Doniger1999306_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_Doniger1999306-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-G_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFC569;">Equivalents</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manipuri</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Panthoibi" title="Panthoibi">Panthoibi</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/120px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/250px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"><b>Historical</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> <p><b>Traditional</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></i></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Vedic Deities:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Post-Vedic:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Mokṣa-related topics:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uparati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uparati (page does not exist)">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_in_Hinduism" title="Exorcism in Hinduism">Exorcism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Divisions</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Principal_Upanishads" title="Principal Upanishads">Principal Upanishads</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <dl><dd><i>Rigveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Yajurveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Samaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Atharvaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)"><i>Agama</i>s (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Society</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayastha" title="Kayastha">Kayastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvija" title="Dvija">Dvija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasa" title="Dasa">Dasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Art</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Hindu iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">Indian aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Architecture</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamana" title="Talamana">Talamana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; 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background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Time Keeping Practices</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shaka era</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Pilgrimage</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other society-related topics:</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_organisations" title="List of Hindu organisations">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Reform movements</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; 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background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other Related Links (Templates)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"> Hindu Scriptures & Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template:Hindu philosophy"> Hindu Philosphy</a></li> <li>Sampradayas (Traditions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saivism" title="Template:Saivism"> Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Template:Vaishnavism"> Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saktism" title="Template:Saktism"> Shaktism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/20px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/40px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hinduism" title="Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hinduism" title="Template talk:Hinduism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Durga</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">दुर्गा</span>, <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Durgā</i></span>) is a major <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">goddess</a>, worshipped as a principal aspect of the mother goddess <a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a>. She is associated with protection, strength, motherhood, destruction, and wars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica2015_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica2015-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_R_Kinsley19893–4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_R_Kinsley19893–4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharles_PhillipsMichael_KerriganDavid_Gould201193–94_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharles_PhillipsMichael_KerriganDavid_Gould201193–94-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Durga's legend centres around combating evils and demonic forces that threaten peace, prosperity, and <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a>, representing the power of good over evil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_R_Kinsley19893–4_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_R_Kinsley19893–4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul_Reid-Bowen2012212–213_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul_Reid-Bowen2012212–213-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durga is believed to unleash her divine wrath against the wicked for the liberation of the oppressed, and entails destruction to empower creation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaura_Amazzone20123–5_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaura_Amazzone20123–5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durga is seen as a motherly figure and often depicted as a beautiful woman, riding a lion or tiger, with many arms each carrying a weapon and often defeating demons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_Doniger1999306_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_Doniger1999306-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_R_Kinsley19893–5_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_R_Kinsley19893–5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaura_Amazzone201171–73_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaura_Amazzone201171–73-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald_J_LaRocca19965–6_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald_J_LaRocca19965–6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is widely worshipped by the followers of the goddess-centric sect, <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a>, and has importance in other denominations like <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul_Reid-Bowen2012212–213_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul_Reid-Bowen2012212–213-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn_FoulstonStuart_Abbott20099–17_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn_FoulstonStuart_Abbott20099–17-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most important texts of Shaktism, <a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a>, revere Devi (the Goddess) as the primordial creator of the universe and the <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> (ultimate truth and reality).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel2004215–216_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel2004215–216-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley1998101–102_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley1998101–102-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaura_Amazzone2012xi_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaura_Amazzone2012xi-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is one of the five equivalent deities in <a href="/wiki/Panchayatana_puja" title="Panchayatana puja">Panchayatana puja</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smarta tradition</a> of Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199617,_153_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199617,_153-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Panchayatna_Puja_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panchayatna_Puja-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is also considered to be the younger sister of Vishnu according to Bhagavata purana.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Durga has a significant following all over <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and many other countries. She is mostly worshipped after spring and autumn harvests, especially during the festivals of <a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durga_Ashtami" title="Durga Ashtami">Durga Ashtami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Deepavali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames_G_Lochtefeld2002208_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames_G_Lochtefeld2002208-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstance_JonesJames_D_Ryan2006139–140,_308–309_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstance_JonesJames_D_Ryan2006139–140,_308–309-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_nomenclature">Etymology and nomenclature</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Shaktism" title="Category:Shaktism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: #FFC569; padding:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SriYantra_color.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/SriYantra_color.svg/120px-SriYantra_color.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/SriYantra_color.svg/250px-SriYantra_color.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shaktism" title="History of Shaktism">History</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a> (Supreme)</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Sundari" title="Tripura Sundari">Lalita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures and texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogini_Tantra" title="Yogini Tantra">Yogini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakta_Upanishads" title="Shakta Upanishads">Shakta Upanishads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Upanishad" title="Devi Upanishad">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita_Upanishad" title="Sita Upanishad">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Upanishad" title="Tripura Upanishad">Tripura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalita_Sahasranama" title="Lalita Sahasranama">Lalita Sahasranama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Rahasya" title="Tripura Rahasya">Tripura Rahasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalika_Purana" title="Kalika Purana">Kalika Purana</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><b>other texts</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saundarya_Lahari" title="Saundarya Lahari">Saundarya Lahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annada_Mangal" title="Annada Mangal">Annada Mangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasadi" title="Ramprasadi">Ramprasadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"><hr /> <dl><dd><b>Vidya margam</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vamachara" title="Vamachara">Vamachara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshina" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakshina">Dakshinachara</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Kaula_(Hinduism)" title="Kaula (Hinduism)">Kula margam</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Vidya" title="Shri Vidya">Srikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism#Kalikula:_family_of_Kali" title="Shaktism">Kalikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trika" class="mw-redirect" title="Trika">Trika (Kashmir Shaivism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubjika" title="Kubjika">Kubjikamata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Scholars</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatchandra_Ray" title="Bharatchandra Ray">Bharatchandra Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskararaya" title="Bhaskararaya">Bhaskararaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Agamavagisha" title="Krishnananda Agamavagisha">Krishnananda Agamavagisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Pattar" class="mw-redirect" title="Abirami Pattar">Abhirami Bhattar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoni" title="Yoni">Yoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini">Kundalini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchamakara" title="Panchamakara">Panchamakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Festivals and temples</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Lakshmi Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Puja" title="Kali Puja">Kali Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Saraswati Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakta_pithas" title="Shakta pithas">Shakta pithas</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Regional variations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Shaktism" title="Caribbean Shaktism">Caribbean Shaktism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/20px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/40px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saktism" title="Template:Saktism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Saktism" title="Template talk:Saktism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saktism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saktism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The word <i>Durga</i> (दुर्गा) literally means "impassable",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica2015_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEncyclopedia_Britannica2015-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames_G_Lochtefeld2002208_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames_G_Lochtefeld2002208-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "invincible, unassailable".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaura_Amazzone2012xxii_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaura_Amazzone2012xxii-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is related to the word <i>Durg</i> (दुर्ग) which means "fortress, something difficult to defeat or pass". According to <a href="/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williams" title="Monier Monier-Williams">Monier Monier-Williams</a>, <i>Durga</i> is derived from the roots <i>dur</i> (difficult) and <i>gam</i> (pass, go through).<sup id="cite_ref-mmw487_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmw487-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Indologist <a href="/wiki/Alain_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Alain Daniélou">Alain Daniélou</a>, Durga means "beyond defeat".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlain_Daniélou199121_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlain_Daniélou199121-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word <i>Durga</i> and related terms appear in the Vedic literature, such as in the <i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i> hymns 4.28, 5.34, 8.27, 8.47, 8.93 and 10.127, and in sections 10.1 and 12.4 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-mmw487_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmw487-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A deity named <i>Durge</i> appears in section 10.1.7 of the Taittiriya <a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mmw487_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmw487-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Vedic literature uses the word <i>Durga</i>, the description therein lacks the legendary details about her that is found in later Hindu literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley199895–96_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley199895–96-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word is also found in ancient post-Vedic Sanskrit texts such as in section 2.451 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> and section 4.27.16 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-mmw487_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmw487-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These usages are in different contexts. For example, <i>Durg</i> is the name of an <a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asura</a> who had become invincible to gods, and <i>Durga</i> is the goddess who intervenes and slays him. <i>Durga</i> and its derivatives are found in sections 4.1.99 and 6.3.63 of the <i>Ashtadhyayi</i> by <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a>, the ancient Sanskrit grammarian, and in the commentary of <a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a> by <a href="/wiki/Yaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaska">Yaska</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mmw487_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmw487-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Epithets">Epithets</h3></div> <p>Durga is commonly known as <i>Mahishasura-mardini</i> for slaying the half-buffalo demon Mahishasura.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley199895_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley199895-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is also known as <i>Vindhyavasini</i> (she who dwells in the Vindhya Mountains).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley199899–100_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley199899–100-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her other epithets include <i>Mahamoha</i> (great delusion), <i>Mahasuri</i> (the great demoness), <i>Tamasi</i> (the great night, the night of delusion).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley199899–100_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley199899–100-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many epithets for Durga in <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> and her nine appellations are (<a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a>): Shailaputri, Brahmacharini, Chandraghanta, Kushmanda, Skandamata, Katyayini, Kalaratri, Mahagauri and Siddhidatri. A list of 108 names of the goddess is recited in order to worship her and is popularly known as the "Ashtottarshat Namavali of Goddess Durga".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Other meanings may include: "the one who cannot be accessed easily",<sup id="cite_ref-mmw487_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmw487-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "the undefeatable goddess".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlain_Daniélou199121_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlain_Daniélou199121-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Durga is also known as <i>Durgati Nashini,</i> meaning one who eliminates suffering.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Her other names include Chandika, Sharada, Ambika, Vaishnavi etc.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_texts">History and texts</h2></div> <p>Evidence of Durga-like images can probably be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilisation</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Asko_Parpola" title="Asko Parpola">Asko Parpola</a>, a cylindrical seal from <a href="/wiki/Kalibangan" title="Kalibangan">Kalibangan</a> shows "a Durgā-like goddess of war, who is associated with the tiger".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reverence for <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a>, the feminine nature of God, first appears in the <a href="/wiki/Mandala_10" title="Mandala 10">10th Maṇḍala</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rig Veda">Rig Veda</a></i>, one of the scriptures of Hinduism. This hymn is also called the Devi Suktam hymn (abridged):<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel200490_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel200490-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown199826_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown199826-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote style="background-color:none;margin-right:5em;margin-left:0em;border-left:solid 6px #FFE0BB;padding:1.0em"> <div class="poem"> <p>I am the Queen, the gatherer-up of treasures, most thoughtful, first of those who merit worship.<br />      Thus gods have established me in many places with many homes to enter and abide in.<br /> Through me alone all eat the food that feeds them, – each man who sees, breathes, hears the word outspoken.<br />      They know it not, yet I reside in the essence of the Universe. Hear, one and all, the truth as I declare it.<br /> I, verily, myself announce and utter the word that gods and men alike shall welcome.<br />      I make the man I love exceedingly mighty, make him nourished, a sage, and one who knows Brahman.<br /> I bend the bow for Rudra, that his arrow may strike, and slay the hater of devotion.<br />      I rouse and order battle for the people, I created Earth and Heaven and reside as their Inner Controller.<br /> On the world's summit I bring forth sky the Father: my home is in the waters, in the ocean as Mother.<br />      Thence I pervade all existing creatures, as their Inner Supreme Self, and manifest them with my body.<br /> I created all worlds at my will, without any higher being, and permeate and dwell within them.<br />      The eternal and infinite consciousness is I, it is my greatness dwelling in everything. </p> </div> <p>– Devi Sukta, <i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> 10.125.3 – 10.125.8</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel200490_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel200490-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown199826_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown199826-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hymn_125_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hymn_125-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Durga_slaying_buffalo_composite,_2nd-century_to_13th-century_Devi_Mahatmya.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Durga_slaying_buffalo_composite%2C_2nd-century_to_13th-century_Devi_Mahatmya.png/250px-Durga_slaying_buffalo_composite%2C_2nd-century_to_13th-century_Devi_Mahatmya.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Durga_slaying_buffalo_composite%2C_2nd-century_to_13th-century_Devi_Mahatmya.png/330px-Durga_slaying_buffalo_composite%2C_2nd-century_to_13th-century_Devi_Mahatmya.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Durga_slaying_buffalo_composite%2C_2nd-century_to_13th-century_Devi_Mahatmya.png 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>Artwork depicting the "Goddess Durga Slaying the Buffalo demon Mahishasura" scene of <i>Devi Mahatmya</i>, is found all over India, Nepal and southeast Asia. Clockwise from top: 9th-century <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, 9th century <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a> Indonesia, 2nd-century <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Devi's epithets synonymous with Durga appear in <a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishadic</a> literature, such as <i>Kali</i> in verse 1.2.4 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka Upanishad</a></i> dated to about the 5th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERachel_Fell_McDermott2001162–163_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERachel_Fell_McDermott2001162–163-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This single mention describes <i>Kali</i> as "terrible yet swift as thought", very red and smoky coloured manifestation of the divine with a fire-like flickering tongue, before the text begins presenting its thesis that one must seek self-knowledge and the knowledge of the eternal <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Durga, in her various forms, appears as an independent deity in the Epics period of ancient India, that is the centuries around the start of the common era.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERachel_Fell_McDermott2001162_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERachel_Fell_McDermott2001162-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both <a href="/wiki/Yudhisthira" class="mw-redirect" title="Yudhisthira">Yudhisthira</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a> characters of the <i>Mahabharata</i> invoke hymns to <i>Durga</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERachel_Fell_McDermott2001162–163_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERachel_Fell_McDermott2001162–163-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She appears in <i>Harivamsa</i> in the form of Vishnu's eulogy, and in Pradyumna prayer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERachel_Fell_McDermott2001162_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERachel_Fell_McDermott2001162-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various <a href="/wiki/Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Purana">Puranas</a> from the early to late 1st millennium CE dedicate chapters of inconsistent legends associated with <i>Durga</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERachel_Fell_McDermott2001162–163_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERachel_Fell_McDermott2001162–163-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these, the <i><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Devi-Bhagavata_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Devi-Bhagavata Purana">Devi-Bhagavata Purana</a></i> are the most significant texts on <i>Durga</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudo_Rocher1986168–172,_191–193_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudo_Rocher1986168–172,_191–193-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEC_Mackenzie_Brown199044–45,_129,_247–248_with_notes_57–60_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEC_Mackenzie_Brown199044–45,_129,_247–248_with_notes_57–60-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Devi_Upanishad" title="Devi Upanishad">Devi Upanishad</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Shakta_Upanishads" title="Shakta Upanishads">Shakta Upanishads</a>, mostly dated to have been composed in or after the 9th century, present the philosophical and mystical speculations related to <i>Durga</i> as <i>Devi</i> and other epithets, identifying her to be the same as the <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> (self, soul).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas_Renfrew_Brooks199276–80_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas_Renfrew_Brooks199276–80-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel200489–91_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel200489–91-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Narada_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Narada Purana">Narada Purana</a></i>, Durga is associated as a form of <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i>, Lakshmi is considered Prakriti (Mahalakshmi) and is identified with three forms — Sri, Bhu and Durga.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a> texts such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Tantra" title="Lakshmi Tantra">Lakshmi Tantra</a></i>, Lakshmi has Durga as one of her forms and acquires the name Durga after killing the demon Durgamasura.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These texts identify Durga as Vishnu's <a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">māyā</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley1998104_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley1998104-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Mahishasura_Mardini_Stotra" title="Mahishasura Mardini Stotra">Mahishasura Mardini Stotra</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a> was written in her praise.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div> <p>The historian Ramaprasad Chanda stated in 1916 that Durga evolved over time in the Indian subcontinent. A primitive form of Durga, according to Chanda, was the result of "<a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> of a mountain-goddess worshipped by the dwellers of the <a href="/wiki/Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya">Himalaya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vindhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vindhya">Vindhyas</a>", a deity of the <a href="/wiki/Abhiras" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhiras">Abhiras</a> conceptualised as a war-goddess. Durga then transformed into <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a> as the personification of the all-destroying time, while aspects of her emerged as the primordial energy (<a href="/wiki/Adya_Sakti" class="mw-redirect" title="Adya Sakti">Adya Sakti</a>) integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Samsara" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsara">samsara</a> (cycle of rebirths) concept and this idea was built on the foundation of the Vedic religion, mythology and philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel2004214_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel2004214-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are total of nine avatars of Goddess Durga in Hinduism. </p><p>Epigraphical evidence indicates that regardless of her origins, Durga is an ancient goddess. The 6th-century CE inscriptions in early Siddhamatrika script, such as at the Nagarjuni hill cave during the <a href="/wiki/Maukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Maukhari">Maukhari</a> era, already mention the legend of her victory over Mahishasura (buffalo-hybrid demon).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Durga</i> as a demon-slaying goddess was likely well established by the time the classic Hindu text called <i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmya</a></i> was composed, which scholars variously estimate to between 400 and 600 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown199877_note_28_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown199877_note_28-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas_B._Coburn199113_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas_B._Coburn199113-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas_B._Coburn20021–7_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas_B._Coburn20021–7-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Devi Mahatmya</i> and other mythologies describe the nature of demonic forces symbolised by Mahishasura as shape-shifting and adapting in nature, form and strategy to create difficulties and achieve their evil ends, while Durga calmly understands and counters the evil in order to achieve her solemn goals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlain_Daniélou1991288_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlain_Daniélou1991288-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel2004215–219_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel2004215–219-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legends">Legends</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unknown_(Indian)_-_Durga_in_Combat_with_the_Bull,_Mahishasura_-_69.428_-_Detroit_Institute_of_Arts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Unknown_%28Indian%29_-_Durga_in_Combat_with_the_Bull%2C_Mahishasura_-_69.428_-_Detroit_Institute_of_Arts.jpg/250px-Unknown_%28Indian%29_-_Durga_in_Combat_with_the_Bull%2C_Mahishasura_-_69.428_-_Detroit_Institute_of_Arts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Unknown_%28Indian%29_-_Durga_in_Combat_with_the_Bull%2C_Mahishasura_-_69.428_-_Detroit_Institute_of_Arts.jpg/330px-Unknown_%28Indian%29_-_Durga_in_Combat_with_the_Bull%2C_Mahishasura_-_69.428_-_Detroit_Institute_of_Arts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Unknown_%28Indian%29_-_Durga_in_Combat_with_the_Bull%2C_Mahishasura_-_69.428_-_Detroit_Institute_of_Arts.jpg/500px-Unknown_%28Indian%29_-_Durga_in_Combat_with_the_Bull%2C_Mahishasura_-_69.428_-_Detroit_Institute_of_Arts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1460" /></a><figcaption>'Durga in Combat with the Bull, Mahishasura', 19th century painting</figcaption></figure> <p>The most popular legend associated with the goddess is of her killing of <a href="/wiki/Mahishasura" title="Mahishasura">Mahishasura</a>. Mahishasura was a half-buffalo demon who did severe penance in order to please <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, the creator. After several years, Brahma, pleased with his devotion, appeared before him. The demon opened his eyes and asked the god for immortality. Brahma refused, stating that all must die one day. Mahishasura then thought for a while and asked a boon that only a woman could be able to kill him. Brahma granted the boon and disappeared. Mahishasura started to torture innocent people. He captured <a href="/wiki/Svarga" title="Svarga">Svarga</a> and was not in any kind of fear, as he thought women to be powerless and weak. The <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">devas</a> were worried and they went to <a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a>. The Trimurti combined their power, and gave a physical form to the sum of their divine energy, <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shakti" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi Shakti">Adi Shakti</a>, a warrior woman with many arms. <a href="/wiki/Himavat" title="Himavat">Himavan</a>, the personification of the Himalayas, gifted a lion as her mount. Durga, on her lion, appeared before Mahishasura where the demon took on different forms and attacked the goddess. Each time, Durga would destroy his forms. At last, Durga slew Mahishasura with her trident when he was transforming as a buffalo demon.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnava</a> tradition, Durga is among the various epithets and avatars of <a href="/wiki/Vindhyavasini" class="mw-redirect" title="Vindhyavasini">Yogamaya</a>, the personification of the illusory power of Vishnu. Vishnu offers Durga the task of transferring the <a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">seventh child</a> of <a href="/wiki/Devaki" title="Devaki">Devaki</a> into the womb of <a href="/wiki/Rohini_(wife_of_Vasudeva)" title="Rohini (wife of Vasudeva)">Rohini</a>, as well as being born on earth as the infant daughter of <a href="/wiki/Yashoda" title="Yashoda">Yashoda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nanda_(Hinduism)" title="Nanda (Hinduism)">Nanda</a>, so that she could be swapped with <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Kamsa" title="Kamsa">Kamsa</a> attempted to slay her, she manifested her true form of an eighteen-armed goddess, wearing a garland of lemons. The goddess announced that Kamsa's slayer had already been born, before vanishing.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durga is often conceptualised in this role as a sister of Vishnu.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attributes_and_iconography">Attributes and iconography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:289px;max-width:289px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:6th_century_Ravanaphadi_cave_temple_Shaktism,_Durga_spearing_Mahisha_buffalo_demon,_Aihole_Hindu_monuments_Karnataka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/6th_century_Ravanaphadi_cave_temple_Shaktism%2C_Durga_spearing_Mahisha_buffalo_demon%2C_Aihole_Hindu_monuments_Karnataka.jpg/100px-6th_century_Ravanaphadi_cave_temple_Shaktism%2C_Durga_spearing_Mahisha_buffalo_demon%2C_Aihole_Hindu_monuments_Karnataka.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/6th_century_Ravanaphadi_cave_temple_Shaktism%2C_Durga_spearing_Mahisha_buffalo_demon%2C_Aihole_Hindu_monuments_Karnataka.jpg/150px-6th_century_Ravanaphadi_cave_temple_Shaktism%2C_Durga_spearing_Mahisha_buffalo_demon%2C_Aihole_Hindu_monuments_Karnataka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/6th_century_Ravanaphadi_cave_temple_Shaktism%2C_Durga_spearing_Mahisha_buffalo_demon%2C_Aihole_Hindu_monuments_Karnataka.jpg/200px-6th_century_Ravanaphadi_cave_temple_Shaktism%2C_Durga_spearing_Mahisha_buffalo_demon%2C_Aihole_Hindu_monuments_Karnataka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2869" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:183px;max-width:183px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Varaha_Cave_Bas_relief.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/76/Varaha_Cave_Bas_relief.jpg/250px-Varaha_Cave_Bas_relief.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/76/Varaha_Cave_Bas_relief.jpg/330px-Varaha_Cave_Bas_relief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/76/Varaha_Cave_Bas_relief.jpg/500px-Varaha_Cave_Bas_relief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: Durga as buffalo-demon slayer from a 6th century Aihole Hindu temple, Karnataka; Right: in Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu.</div></div></div></div> <p>Durga is a warrior goddess, and she is depicted to express her martial skills. Her iconography typically resonates with these attributes, where she rides a lion or a tiger,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_S_EllwoodGregory_D_Alles2007126_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobert_S_EllwoodGregory_D_Alles2007126-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has between eight and eighteen hands, each holding a weapon to destroy and create.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaura_Amazzone20124–5_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaura_Amazzone20124–5-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChitrita_Banerji20063–5_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChitrita_Banerji20063–5-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is often shown in the midst of her war with Mahishasura, the buffalo demon, at the time she victoriously kills the demonic force. Her icon shows her in action, yet her face is calm and serene.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald_J_LaRocca19965–7_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald_J_LaRocca19965–7-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-linda83_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linda83-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Hindu arts, this tranquil attribute of Durga's face is traditionally derived from the belief that she is protective and violent not because of her hatred, egotism or getting pleasure in violence, but because she acts out of necessity, for the love of the good, for liberation of those who depend on her, and a mark of the beginning of soul's journey to creative freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-linda83_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linda83-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaura_Amazzone20124–9,_14–17_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaura_Amazzone20124–9,_14–17-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalcolm_McLean199860–65_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm_McLean199860–65-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Durga_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Durga_2005.jpg/250px-Durga_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Durga_2005.jpg/330px-Durga_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Durga_2005.jpg/500px-Durga_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Durga killing Mahishasura in a Durga Puja celebration in Bengal</figcaption></figure> <p>Durga traditionally holds the weapons of various male gods of Hindu mythology, which they give her to fight the evil forces because they feel that she is <i>shakti</i> (energy, power).<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include the <i><a href="/wiki/Sudarshana_Chakra" title="Sudarshana Chakra">chakra</a></i> (divine discus), conch, bow, arrow, sword, javelin, <a href="/wiki/Trishula" title="Trishula">trishula</a> trident, shield, mace, pink Lotus Flower and a noose.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharles_Russell_CoulterPatricia_Turner2013158_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharles_Russell_CoulterPatricia_Turner2013158-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These weapons are considered symbolic by Shakta Hindus, representing self-discipline, selfless service to others, self-examination, prayer, devotion, remembering her mantras, cheerfulness and meditation. Durga herself is viewed as the "Self" within and the divine mother of all creation.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She has been revered by warriors, blessing their new weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-hiltebeitel16_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hiltebeitel16-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durga iconography has been flexible in the Hindu traditions, where for example some intellectuals place a pen or other writing implements in her hand since they consider their stylus as their weapon.<sup id="cite_ref-hiltebeitel16_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hiltebeitel16-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archeological discoveries suggest that these iconographic features of Durga became common throughout India by about the 4th century CE, states David Kinsley – a professor of religious studies specialising on Hindu goddesses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley199895–105_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley199895–105-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the north wall of a granite cave in <a href="/wiki/Mamallapuram" title="Mamallapuram">Mamallapuram</a>, Tamil Nadu there is a large <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a> of Durga slaying Mahisasura, carved around 630–674 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Durga iconography in some temples appears as part of <i>Mahavidyas</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Saptamatrkas</a></i> (seven mothers considered forms of Durga). Her icons in major Hindu temples such as in <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a> include relief artworks that show scenes from the <i>Devi Mahatmya</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley199730–35,_60,_16–22,_149_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley199730–35,_60,_16–22,_149-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>, Durga and her mount of a lion, is considered one of the three aspects or forms of Goddess <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>, the other two being <i>Sri</i> and <i>Bhu,</i> in place of <a href="/wiki/Niladevi" title="Niladevi">Niladevi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaeva1993252_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva1993252-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to professor Tracy Pintchman, "When the Lord <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Gunas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunas">gunas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Prakriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Prakriti">prakriti</a>, there arose <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> in her three forms, <i>Sri</i>, <i>Bhu</i> and <i>Durga</i>. <i>Sri</i> consisted of <a href="/wiki/Sattva" title="Sattva">sattva</a>, <i>Bhu</i> as <a href="/wiki/Rajas" title="Rajas">rajas</a> and <i>Durga</i> as <a href="/wiki/Tamas_(philosophy)" title="Tamas (philosophy)">tamas</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPintchman201482_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPintchman201482-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Durga appears in Hindu traditions in numerous forms and names, but ultimately all these are different aspects and manifestations of one goddess. She is imagined to be terrifying and destructive when she has to be, but benevolent and nurturing when she needs to be.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatricia_Monaghan201173–74_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatricia_Monaghan201173–74-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While anthropomorphic icons of her, such as those showing her riding a lion and holding weapons, are common, the Hindu traditions use aniconic forms and geometric designs (<a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">yantra</a>) to remember and revere what she symbolises.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatricia_Monaghan201173–78_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatricia_Monaghan201173–78-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worship_and_festivals">Worship and festivals</h2></div> <p>Durga is worshipped in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temples</a> across India and Nepal by Shakta Hindus. </p><p> The Vedic Texts concluded Durga alone to be the Supreme and the Absolute facet of Brahman,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as stated in the Devi-Atharvashirsha<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>यस्याः परतरं नास्ति सैषा दुर्गा प्रकीर्तिता॥२४॥ </p><p>She who is renowned by the name "Durga" is the being superior to whom, no one exists. </p><p> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stotranidhi.com/en/sri-devi-atharvashirsha-in-english/">Devi Atharvashirhsa Upanishad</a>, 24. </p></blockquote><p>Her temples, worship and festivals are particularly popular in eastern and northeastern parts of <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> during Durga puja, Dashain and Navaratri.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_Doniger1999306_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_Doniger1999306-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames_G_Lochtefeld2002208_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames_G_Lochtefeld2002208-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Melton2011_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melton2011-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Durga_puja">Durga puja</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Durga_festival_collage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/A_Durga_festival_collage.jpg/280px-A_Durga_festival_collage.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/A_Durga_festival_collage.jpg/420px-A_Durga_festival_collage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/A_Durga_festival_collage.jpg/560px-A_Durga_festival_collage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3988" data-file-height="3988" /></a><figcaption>Durga festival images (clockwise from top): Durga Puja pandal with a Durga idol with 1 million hands standing on top a bull's head to symbolize her victory over Mahishasura in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, Dancing on Vijaya Dashami, women smearing each other with colour, and family get together for Dashain in Nepal.</figcaption></figure> <p>As per the Markandeya Purana, Durga Puja can be performed either for 9 days or 4 days (last four in sequence). The four-day-long <a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a> is a major annual festival in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_Doniger1999306_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_Doniger1999306-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames_G_Lochtefeld2002208_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames_G_Lochtefeld2002208-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is scheduled per the Hindu luni-solar calendar in the month of <i>Ashvina</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley1998106–108_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley1998106–108-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and typically falls in September or October. Since it is celebrated during Sharad (literally, season of weeds), it is called as Sharadiya Durga Puja or Akal-Bodhan to differentiate it from the one celebrated originally in spring. The festival is celebrated by communities by making special colourful images of Durga out of clay,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley199718–19_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley199718–19-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> recitations of <i>Devi Mahatmya</i> text,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley1998106–108_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley1998106–108-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prayers and revelry for nine days, after which it is taken out in procession with singing and dancing, then immersed in water. The Durga puja is an occasion of major private and public festivities in the eastern and northeastern states of India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_Doniger1999306_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_Doniger1999306-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERachel_Fell_McDermott2001172–174_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERachel_Fell_McDermott2001172–174-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn_FoulstonStuart_Abbott2009162–169_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn_FoulstonStuart_Abbott2009162–169-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The day of Durga's victory is celebrated as <a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a> (Bijoya in Bengali), Dashain (Nepali) or <a href="/wiki/Dussehra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dussehra">Dussehra</a> (in Hindi) – these words literally mean "the victory on the Tenth (day)".<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This festival is an old tradition of Hinduism, though it is unclear how and in which century the festival began. Surviving manuscripts from the 14th century provide guidelines for Durga puja, while historical records suggest royalty and wealthy families were sponsoring major Durga puja public festivities since at least the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERachel_Fell_McDermott2001172–174_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERachel_Fell_McDermott2001172–174-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 11th or 12th century Jainism text <i>Yasatilaka</i> by Somadeva mentions a festival and annual dates dedicated to a warrior goddess, celebrated by the king and his armed forces, and the description mirrors attributes of a Durga puja.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley1998106–108_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley1998106–108-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The prominence of Durga puja increased during the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> in Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Hindu reformists identified Durga with India, she became an icon for the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The city of <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> is famous for Durga puja.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dashain">Dashain</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, the festival dedicated to Durga is called <a href="/wiki/Dashain" title="Dashain">Dashain</a> (sometimes spelled as Dasain), which literally means "the ten".<sup id="cite_ref-Melton2011_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melton2011-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dashain is the longest national holiday of Nepal, and is a public holiday in <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>. During Dashain, Durga is worshipped in ten forms (<a href="/wiki/Shailaputri" title="Shailaputri">Shailaputri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahmacharini" title="Brahmacharini">Brahmacharini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandraghanta" title="Chandraghanta">Chandraghanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kushmanda" title="Kushmanda">Kushmanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skandamata" title="Skandamata">Skandamata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katyayani" title="Katyayani">Katyayani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalaratri" title="Kalaratri">Kalaratri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahagauri" title="Mahagauri">Mahagauri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahakali" title="Mahakali">Mahakali</a> and Durga) with one form for each day in Nepal. The festival includes animal sacrifice in some communities, as well as the purchase of new clothes and gift giving. Traditionally, the festival is celebrated over 15 days, the first nine-day are spent by the faithful by remembering Durga and her ideas, the tenth day marks Durga's victory over Mahisura, and the last five days celebrate the victory of good over evil.<sup id="cite_ref-Melton2011_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Melton2011-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the first nine days, nine aspects of Durga known as <a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a> are meditated upon, one by one during the nine-day festival by devout Hindus. Durga is usually worshipped as a celibate goddess, but the <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a> traditions includes the worship of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> along with Durga, who is considered to be his consort, in addition to <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a>, who are considered to be Durga's children by Shaktas.<sup id="cite_ref-celibatemarried_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-celibatemarried-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley199895_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley199895-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Shaktas worship Durga's symbolism and presence as <a href="/wiki/Mother_Nature" title="Mother Nature">Mother Nature</a>. In South India, especially Andhra Pradesh, Dussera Navaratri is also celebrated and the goddess is dressed each day as a different Devi, all considered equivalent but another aspect of Durga. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_cultures">Other cultures</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, the four-day-long <a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Sharadiya Durga Puja</a> is the most important religious festival for the Hindus and celebrated across the country with <i>Vijayadashami</i> being a national holiday. In Sri Lanka, Durga in the form of Vaishnavi, bearing Vishnu's iconographic symbolism is celebrated. This tradition has been continued by Sri Lankan diaspora.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outside_Hinduism">Outside Hinduism</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Buddhism">In Buddhism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MET_DT238.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/MET_DT238.jpg/220px-MET_DT238.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/MET_DT238.jpg/330px-MET_DT238.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/MET_DT238.jpg/440px-MET_DT238.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Durga statue from the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a>, in which Buddhism and Hinduism coexisted peacefully.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Beeld_van_Durga_als_de_godin_Kwan_Yin_in_een_Chinese_tempel_te_Soerabaja_TMnr_10026825.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Beeld_van_Durga_als_de_godin_Kwan_Yin_in_een_Chinese_tempel_te_Soerabaja_TMnr_10026825.jpg/250px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Beeld_van_Durga_als_de_godin_Kwan_Yin_in_een_Chinese_tempel_te_Soerabaja_TMnr_10026825.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Beeld_van_Durga_als_de_godin_Kwan_Yin_in_een_Chinese_tempel_te_Soerabaja_TMnr_10026825.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Beeld_van_Durga_als_de_godin_Kwan_Yin_in_een_Chinese_tempel_te_Soerabaja_TMnr_10026825.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Beeld_van_Durga_als_de_godin_Kwan_Yin_in_een_Chinese_tempel_te_Soerabaja_TMnr_10026825.jpg/500px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Beeld_van_Durga_als_de_godin_Kwan_Yin_in_een_Chinese_tempel_te_Soerabaja_TMnr_10026825.jpg 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Image of Durga, interpreted as a form of <a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a>, in a Chinese temple in <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. It resembles Chola art and likely pre-dates the Chinese community in East Java.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_mural_of_Durga_from_a_gurdwara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sikh_mural_of_Durga_from_a_gurdwara.jpg/250px-Sikh_mural_of_Durga_from_a_gurdwara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sikh_mural_of_Durga_from_a_gurdwara.jpg/330px-Sikh_mural_of_Durga_from_a_gurdwara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sikh_mural_of_Durga_from_a_gurdwara.jpg/440px-Sikh_mural_of_Durga_from_a_gurdwara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Mural of Durga crushing Mahikasur from the Guru Ram Rai Udasin Akhara located in <a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Tantric Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> traditions adopted several Hindu deities into its fold, including Durga.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous depictions of Durgā Mahiṣāsuramardinī (Durgā slaying the buffalo demon) have been found at Buddhist temple sites (c. 8th–11th century) in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and northeastern India. Durga statues have also been found in major Buddhist sites like <a href="/wiki/Nalanda_mahavihara" title="Nalanda mahavihara">Nalanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vikramashila" title="Vikramashila">Vikramashila</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, late Indian Mahayana Buddhists during the 17th century worshiped Durga during traditional <a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a> Puja celebrations, and some traces of these Mahayana Durga rites survive today, even though the Bengalis who perform them are no longer Buddhist.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Images of the Buddhist Durga have also been found in <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a> (surrounded with images of Buddhas and bodhisattvas) and date from the 10th and 11th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Durga also appears in the <i>Sarvadurgatipariśodhana tantra</i>, though in this text, she appears not in her demon slaying form, but mounted on a lion.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_98-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several aspects of the popular Vajrayana Buddhist goddess <a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a> are believed to have originated as a form of the goddess Durga or to have been influenced by Hindu stories of Durga, including Tara's <a href="/wiki/Wrathful_deities" title="Wrathful deities">fierce forms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One form of Tara is even called Durgottāriṇī-tārā who specializes in saving devotees from evil and rides a lion mount, the traditional mount of Durga.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durgottāriṇī appears in the <i>Sādhanamālā</i> (237.10; 237.21; 238.4).<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepalese Buddhism</a>, the Buddhist tantric goddess <a href="/wiki/Vajrayogini" title="Vajrayogini">Vajrayogini</a> is "often worshiped interchangeably with Durga" during Durga festivals.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Newar_Buddhism" title="Newar Buddhism">Newar Buddhists</a> also worship Durgottāriṇī-tārā during some of their <a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">Prajñāpāramitā</a> rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japanese Buddhism</a>, the deity <a href="/wiki/Cundi_(Buddhism)" title="Cundi (Buddhism)">Cundī</a>, also known as Butsu-mo (仏母, sometimes called <i>Koti-sri</i>), shares many features with Durga, and some scholars have the two deities as related.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as Gimello notes, they are not the same deity, though they are often confused.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Likewise, in <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, the goddess <a href="/wiki/Palden_Lhamo" title="Palden Lhamo">Palden Lhamo</a> also has similar features to the protective and fierce Durga.<sup id="cite_ref-shaw240_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shaw240-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Jainism">In Jainism</h3></div> <p>The <i>Sacciya mata</i> found in major medieval era Jain temples mirrors Durga, and she has been identified by Jainism scholars to be the same or sharing a more ancient common lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Ellora_Caves" title="Ellora Caves">Ellora Caves</a>, the Jain temples feature Durga with her lion mount. However, she is not shown as killing the buffalo demon in the Jain cave, but she is presented as a peaceful deity.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Sikhism">In Sikhism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chandi_di_Var" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandi di Var">Chandi di Var</a></div> <p>Durga is exalted as the divine in <i><a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></i>, a sacred text of Sikhism that is traditionally attributed to <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nesbitt109_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nesbitt109-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Eleanor Nesbitt, this view has been challenged by Sikhs who consider Sikhism to be monotheistic, who hold that a feminine form of the Supreme and a reverence for the Goddess is "unmistakably of Hindu character".<sup id="cite_ref-nesbitt109_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nesbitt109-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outside_the_Indian_subcontinent">Outside the Indian subcontinent</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3_Hindu_goddess_Durga_in_Southeast_Asia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/3_Hindu_goddess_Durga_in_Southeast_Asia.jpg/330px-3_Hindu_goddess_Durga_in_Southeast_Asia.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/3_Hindu_goddess_Durga_in_Southeast_Asia.jpg/500px-3_Hindu_goddess_Durga_in_Southeast_Asia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/3_Hindu_goddess_Durga_in_Southeast_Asia.jpg/960px-3_Hindu_goddess_Durga_in_Southeast_Asia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3992" data-file-height="2467" /></a><figcaption>Goddess Durga in Southeast Asia, from left: 7th/8th century <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, 10/11th century <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, 8th/9th century <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Archeological site excavations in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, particularly on the island of Java, have yielded numerous statues of Durga. These have been dated to be from the 6th century onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the numerous early to mid medieval era Hindu deity stone statues uncovered on Indonesian islands, at least 135 statues are of Durga.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In parts of Java, she is known as <i>Loro Jonggrang</i> (literally, "slender maiden").<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, during its era of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu king">Hindu kings</a>, Durga was popular and numerous sculptures of her have been found. However, most differ from the Indian representation in one detail. The Cambodian Durga iconography shows her standing on top of the cut buffalo demon head.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Durga statues have been discovered at stone temples and archaeological sites in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, likely related to Champa or Cham dynasty era.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2></div> <p>Durga as the mother goddess is the inspiration behind the song <a href="/wiki/Vande_Mataram" title="Vande Mataram">Vande Mataram</a>, written by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, during the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>, later the official national song of India. Durga is present in <a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a> where <a href="/wiki/Bharat_Mata" title="Bharat Mata">Bharat Mata</a> i.e. Mother India is viewed as a form of Durga. This is completely secular and keeping in line with the ancient ideology of Durga as Mother and protector to Indians. She is present in pop culture and blockbuster Bollywood movies like <i><a href="/wiki/Jai_Santoshi_Maa" title="Jai Santoshi Maa">Jai Santoshi Maa</a></i>. The Indian Army uses <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> phrases like "Durga Mata ki Jai!" and "<a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kaali</a> Mata ki Jai!". Any woman who takes up a cause to fight for goodness and justice is said to have the spirit of Durga in her.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/40px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/60px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/40px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/60px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/120px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It appears in <i>Khila</i> (appendix, supplementary) text to Rigveda 10.127, 4th Adhyaya, per J. Scheftelowitz.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the Shakta tradition of Hinduism, many of the stories about obstacles and battles have been considered metaphors for the divine and demonic within each human being, with liberation being the state of self-understanding whereby a virtuous nature and society emerging victorious over the vicious.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel200420–21,_217–219_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel200420–21,_217–219-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobert_S_EllwoodGregory_D_Alles2007126-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_S_EllwoodGregory_D_Alles2007126_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobert_S_EllwoodGregory_D_Alles2007126_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobert_S_EllwoodGregory_D_Alles2007">Robert S Ellwood & Gregory D Alles 2007</a>, p. 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWendy_Doniger1999306-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_Doniger1999306_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_Doniger1999306_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_Doniger1999306_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_Doniger1999306_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_Doniger1999306_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWendy_Doniger1999306_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWendy_Doniger1999">Wendy Doniger 1999</a>, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-G-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-G_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-G_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2008" class="citation book cs1">Williams, George M. 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OUP USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533261-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533261-2"><bdi>978-0-19-533261-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Hindu+Mythology&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2008-03-27&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533261-2&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=George+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN7LOZfwCDpEC%26dq%3Ddurga%2Bsister%2Bvisnu%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KItocaxbibUC"><i>Indian Civilization and Culture</i></a>. 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href="#CITEREFDavid_Kinsley1998">David Kinsley 1998</a>, pp. 101–102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaura_Amazzone2012xi-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaura_Amazzone2012xi_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaura_Amazzone2012">Laura Amazzone 2012</a>, p. xi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood199617,_153-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood199617,_153_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, pp. 17, 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Panchayatna_Puja-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Panchayatna_Puja_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abplive.com/lifestyle/religion/panch-dev-puja-do-worship-five-minute-daily-and-you-will-get-prosperity-in-your-house-1999399">"Panch Dev Puja Worship"</a>. <i>ABP</i> (in Hindi). 17 November 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221001134350/https://www.abplive.com/lifestyle/religion/panch-dev-puja-do-worship-five-minute-daily-and-you-will-get-prosperity-in-your-house-1999399">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABP&rft.atitle=Panch+Dev+Puja+Worship&rft.date=2021-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abplive.com%2Flifestyle%2Freligion%2Fpanch-dev-puja-do-worship-five-minute-daily-and-you-will-get-prosperity-in-your-house-1999399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/10/4/9/">"ŚB 10.4.9"</a>. <i>Bhaktivedanta Vedabase</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bhaktivedanta+Vedabase&rft.atitle=%C5%9AB+10.4.9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvedabase.io%2Fen%2Flibrary%2Fsb%2F10%2F4%2F9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-bhagavata-purana/d/doc1128869.html#:~:text=Flying%20off%20from%20(the%20grip%20of)%20of%20hands%2C%20she%20rose%20up%20to%20the%20sky%20and%20(stationing%20herself%20in%20the%20sky)%2C%20the%20younger%20sister%20of%20K%E1%B9%9B%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87a%20manifested%20herself%20as%20a%20goddess%20with%20eight%20mighty%20arms%20wielding%20weapons.">"Yoga-Māyā's Prophecy and Kaṃsa's Order to Slaughter all Children [Chapter 4]"</a>. 2 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yoga-M%C4%81y%C4%81%27s+Prophecy+and+Ka%E1%B9%83sa%27s+Order+to+Slaughter+all+Children+%26%2391%3BChapter+4%26%2393%3B&rft.date=2022-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdomlib.org%2Fhinduism%2Fbook%2Fthe-bhagavata-purana%2Fd%2Fdoc1128869.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DFlying%2520off%2520from%2520%28the%2520grip%2520of%29%2520of%2520hands%252C%2520she%2520rose%2520up%2520to%2520the%2520sky%2520and%2520%28stationing%2520herself%2520in%2520the%2520sky%29%252C%2520the%2520younger%2520sister%2520of%2520K%25E1%25B9%259B%25E1%25B9%25A3%25E1%25B9%2587a%2520manifested%2520herself%2520as%2520a%2520goddess%2520with%2520eight%2520mighty%2520arms%2520wielding%2520weapons.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/yoganidra#purana:~:text=R.1.14%3B%2013.6.-,3)%20Name%20of%20Durg%C4%81.,-4)%20the">"Yoganidra, Yoganidrā, Yoga-nidra: 14 definitions"</a>. 11 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yoganidra%2C+Yoganidr%C4%81%2C+Yoga-nidra%3A+14+definitions&rft.date=2017-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdomlib.org%2Fdefinition%2Fyoganidra%23purana%3A~%3Atext%3DR.1.14%253B%252013.6.-%2C3%29%2520Name%2520of%2520Durg%25C4%2581.%2C-4%29%2520the&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames_G_Lochtefeld2002208-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames_G_Lochtefeld2002208_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames_G_Lochtefeld2002208_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames_G_Lochtefeld2002208_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames_G_Lochtefeld2002208_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJames_G_Lochtefeld2002">James G Lochtefeld 2002</a>, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConstance_JonesJames_D_Ryan2006139–140,_308–309-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConstance_JonesJames_D_Ryan2006139–140,_308–309_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConstance_JonesJames_D_Ryan2006">Constance Jones & James D Ryan 2006</a>, pp. 139–140, 308–309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaura_Amazzone2012xxii-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaura_Amazzone2012xxii_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaura_Amazzone2012">Laura Amazzone 2012</a>, p. xxii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mmw487-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mmw487_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmw487_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmw487_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmw487_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmw487_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmw487_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Monier Monier Williams (1899), Sanskrit English Dictionary with Etymology, Oxford University Press, page 487</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlain_Daniélou199121-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlain_Daniélou199121_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlain_Daniélou199121_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlain_Daniélou1991">Alain Daniélou 1991</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maurice Bloomfield (1906), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/vedicconcordance00bloouoft#page/486/mode/1up">A Vedic concordance</a>, Series editor: Charles Lanman, Harvard University Press, page 486;<br />Example Sanskrit original: "अहन्निन्द्रो अदहदग्निरिन्दो पुरा दस्यून्मध्यंदिनादभीके। <b>दुर्गे</b> दुरोणे क्रत्वा न यातां पुरू सहस्रा शर्वा नि बर्हीत्॥३॥ – Rigveda 4.28.8, <a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऋग्वेद:_सूक्तं_४.२८">Wikisource</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181105214014/https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6:_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%AA.%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AE">Archived</a> 5 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ_Scheftelowitz1906" class="citation book cs1">J Scheftelowitz (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_jhIAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA112"><i>Indische Forschungen</i></a>. Verlag von M & H Marcus. pp. 112 line 13a. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217115252/https://books.google.com/books?id=_jhIAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA112">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indische+Forschungen&rft.pages=112+line+13a&rft.pub=Verlag+von+M+%26+H+Marcus&rft.date=1906&rft.au=J+Scheftelowitz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_jhIAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley199895–96-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley199895–96_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavid_Kinsley1998">David Kinsley 1998</a>, pp. 95–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley199895-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley199895_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley199895_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavid_Kinsley1998">David Kinsley 1998</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley199899–100-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley199899–100_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley199899–100_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavid_Kinsley1998">David Kinsley 1998</a>, pp. 99–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/hindu-mythology/chant-these-powerful-durga-mantras-to-turn-your-life-around-for-good/articleshow/70599147.cms">"Chant these powerful Durga Mantras to turn your life around for good"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 9 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211111035951/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/hindu-mythology/chant-these-powerful-durga-mantras-to-turn-your-life-around-for-good/articleshow/70599147.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Chant+these+powerful+Durga+Mantras+to+turn+your+life+around+for+good&rft.date=2019-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Freligion%2Fhindu-mythology%2Fchant-these-powerful-durga-mantras-to-turn-your-life-around-for-good%2Farticleshow%2F70599147.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/10/2/11-12/">"ŚB 10.2.11-12"</a>. <i>Bhaktivedanta Vedabase</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bhaktivedanta+Vedabase&rft.atitle=%C5%9AB+10.2.11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvedabase.io%2Fen%2Flibrary%2Fsb%2F10%2F2%2F11-12%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHiltebeitel1988" class="citation book cs1">Hiltebeitel, Alf (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wgbKqxx1j1EC&pg=PA386"><i>The Cult of Draupadi, Volume 2: On Hindu Ritual and the Goddess</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 386. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-34048-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-34048-7"><bdi>978-0-226-34048-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210723055226/https://books.google.com/books?id=wgbKqxx1j1EC&pg=PA386">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cult+of+Draupadi%2C+Volume+2%3A+On+Hindu+Ritual+and+the+Goddess&rft.pages=386&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-226-34048-7&rft.aulast=Hiltebeitel&rft.aufirst=Alf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwgbKqxx1j1EC%26pg%3DPA386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThapar1997" class="citation book cs1">Thapar, Valmik (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Dvx6EoLwa4C&pg=PA15"><i>Land of the Tiger: A Natural History of the Indian Subcontinent</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21470-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21470-5"><bdi>978-0-520-21470-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210723055227/https://books.google.com/books?id=9Dvx6EoLwa4C&pg=PA15">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+of+the+Tiger%3A+A+Natural+History+of+the+Indian+Subcontinent&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21470-5&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Valmik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Dvx6EoLwa4C%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel200490-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel200490_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel200490_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJune_McDaniel2004">June McDaniel 2004</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown199826-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown199826_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown199826_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCheever_Mackenzie_Brown1998">Cheever Mackenzie Brown 1998</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hymn_125-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hymn_125_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rig_Veda/Mandala_10/Hymn_125">The Rig Veda/Mandala 10/Hymn 125</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011200839/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rig_Veda/Mandala_10/Hymn_125">Archived</a> 11 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Ralph T.H. Griffith (Translator); for Sanskrit original see: <a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऋग्वेद:_सूक्तं_१०.१२५">ऋग्वेद: सूक्तं १०.१२५</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011200515/https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6:_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6.%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AB">Archived</a> 11 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERachel_Fell_McDermott2001162–163-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERachel_Fell_McDermott2001162–163_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERachel_Fell_McDermott2001162–163_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERachel_Fell_McDermott2001162–163_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRachel_Fell_McDermott2001">Rachel Fell McDermott 2001</a>, pp. 162–163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n389/mode/2up">Mundaka Upanishad</a>, Robert Hume, <i>The Thirteen Principal Upanishads</i>, Oxford University Press, pp. 368–377 with verse 1.2.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERachel_Fell_McDermott2001162-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERachel_Fell_McDermott2001162_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERachel_Fell_McDermott2001162_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRachel_Fell_McDermott2001">Rachel Fell McDermott 2001</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELudo_Rocher1986168–172,_191–193-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudo_Rocher1986168–172,_191–193_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLudo_Rocher1986">Ludo Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 168–172, 191–193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEC_Mackenzie_Brown199044–45,_129,_247–248_with_notes_57–60-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEC_Mackenzie_Brown199044–45,_129,_247–248_with_notes_57–60_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFC_Mackenzie_Brown1990">C Mackenzie Brown 1990</a>, pp. 44–45, 129, 247–248 with notes 57–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas_Renfrew_Brooks199276–80-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas_Renfrew_Brooks199276–80_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDouglas_Renfrew_Brooks1992">Douglas Renfrew Brooks 1992</a>, pp. 76–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel200489–91-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel200489–91_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJune_McDaniel2004">June McDaniel 2004</a>, pp. 89–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChitralekha_SinghPrem_Nath2001" class="citation book cs1">Chitralekha Singh; Prem Nath (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xpkRAQAAIAAJ"><i>Lakshmi</i></a>. Crest Publishing House. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788124201732" title="Special:BookSources/9788124201732"><bdi>9788124201732</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816064538/https://books.google.com/books?id=xpkRAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lakshmi&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Crest+Publishing+House&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9788124201732&rft.au=Chitralekha+Singh&rft.au=Prem+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxpkRAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTracy_Pintchman2001" class="citation book cs1">Tracy Pintchman (21 June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-c_j8Xggl0gC"><i>Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791450079" title="Special:BookSources/9780791450079"><bdi>9780791450079</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816064628/https://books.google.com/books?id=-c_j8Xggl0gC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeking+Mahadevi%3A+Constructing+the+Identities+of+the+Hindu+Great+Goddess&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2001-06-21&rft.isbn=9780791450079&rft.au=Tracy+Pintchman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-c_j8Xggl0gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGupta2000" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Sanjukta (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/LakshmiTantraAPancharatraTextSanjuktaGupta"><i>Laksmi Tantra</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120817357" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120817357"><bdi>978-8120817357</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laksmi+Tantra&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-8120817357&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Sanjukta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FLakshmiTantraAPancharatraTextSanjuktaGupta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFS._Rangachar1991" class="citation book cs1">S. Rangachar (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1o3XAAAAMAAJ"><i>Philosophy of Pancaratras</i></a>. Sridevi Prakashana. p. 94. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221001134343/https://books.google.com/books?id=1o3XAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+Pancaratras&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Sridevi+Prakashana&rft.date=1991&rft.au=S.+Rangachar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1o3XAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUpendra_Nath_Dhal1978" class="citation book cs1">Upendra Nath Dhal (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pSQKAQAAIAAJ"><i>Goddess Laksmi: Origin and Development</i></a>. Oriental Publishers & Distributors. p. 195. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210930074922/https://books.google.com/books?id=pSQKAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2022</span>. <q>Like the Devi Māhātmya , the Lakşmi Tantra describes the individual incarnations of Lakşmi thus : During the reign of Svāyambhuva (Manu) for the destruction of the demon Mahisa, Mahālakṣmi appeared Mahişāmardini.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goddess+Laksmi%3A+Origin+and+Development&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Oriental+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Upendra+Nath+Dhal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpSQKAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley1998104-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley1998104_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavid_Kinsley1998">David Kinsley 1998</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarlow2019" class="citation book cs1">Marlow, Chris (29 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFvTDwAAQBAJ&dq=mahishasura+mardini+stotra+adi+shankara&pg=PA168"><i>Navaratri: Prayers, Praises and Hymns</i></a>. Lulu.com. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-244-22986-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-244-22986-3"><bdi>978-0-244-22986-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Navaratri%3A+Prayers%2C+Praises+and+Hymns&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2019-10-29&rft.isbn=978-0-244-22986-3&rft.aulast=Marlow&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZFvTDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmahishasura%2Bmardini%2Bstotra%2Badi%2Bshankara%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel2004214-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel2004214_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJune_McDaniel2004">June McDaniel 2004</a>, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Salomon1998" class="citation book cs1">Richard Salomon (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t-4RDAAAQBAJ"><i>Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the Other Indo-Aryan Languages</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">200–</span>201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509984-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509984-3"><bdi>978-0-19-509984-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170417162346/https://books.google.com/books?id=t-4RDAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Epigraphy%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Study+of+Inscriptions+in+Sanskrit%2C+Prakrit%2C+and+the+Other+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E200-%3C%2Fspan%3E201&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-509984-3&rft.au=Richard+Salomon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt-4RDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown199877_note_28-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECheever_Mackenzie_Brown199877_note_28_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCheever_Mackenzie_Brown1998">Cheever Mackenzie Brown 1998</a>, p. 77 note 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas_B._Coburn199113-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas_B._Coburn199113_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas_B._Coburn1991">Thomas B. Coburn 1991</a>, pp. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas_B._Coburn20021–7-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomas_B._Coburn20021–7_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThomas_B._Coburn2002">Thomas B. Coburn 2002</a>, pp. 1–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlain_Daniélou1991288-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlain_Daniélou1991288_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlain_Daniélou1991">Alain Daniélou 1991</a>, p. 288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel2004215–219-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel2004215–219_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJune_McDaniel2004">June McDaniel 2004</a>, pp. 215–219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel200420–21,_217–219-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJune_McDaniel200420–21,_217–219_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJune_McDaniel2004">June McDaniel 2004</a>, pp. 20–21, 217–219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoa1971" class="citation book cs1">Roa, Subba (April 1971). <i>Tales of Durga</i>. Amar Chitra Katha Private Limited. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-89999-35-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-89999-35-4"><bdi>81-89999-35-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tales+of+Durga&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Amar+Chitra+Katha+Private+Limited&rft.date=1971-04&rft.isbn=81-89999-35-4&rft.aulast=Roa&rft.aufirst=Subba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKumar2012" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Anu (30 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=snUcQGk1dZUC&q=Mahishasura&pg=PT6"><i>Mahishasura: The Buffalo Demon</i></a>. Hachette India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5009-538-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5009-538-6"><bdi>978-93-5009-538-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816064146/https://books.google.com/books?id=snUcQGk1dZUC&q=Mahishasura&pg=PT6">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahishasura%3A+The+Buffalo+Demon&rft.pub=Hachette+India&rft.date=2012-11-30&rft.isbn=978-93-5009-538-6&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Anu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsnUcQGk1dZUC%26q%3DMahishasura%26pg%3DPT6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlueckiger2013" class="citation book cs1">Flueckiger, Joyce Burkhalter (23 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rFlE0PO0x1AC&dq=durga+yogamaya&pg=PA133"><i>When the World Becomes Female: Guises of a South Indian Goddess</i></a>. Indiana University Press. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00960-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00960-9"><bdi>978-0-253-00960-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220913055607/https://books.google.com/books?id=rFlE0PO0x1AC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA133&dq=durga+yogamaya&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+the+World+Becomes+Female%3A+Guises+of+a+South+Indian+Goddess&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2013-07-23&rft.isbn=978-0-253-00960-9&rft.aulast=Flueckiger&rft.aufirst=Joyce+Burkhalter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrFlE0PO0x1AC%26dq%3Ddurga%2Byogamaya%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVerma2011" class="citation book cs1">Verma, Archana (18 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iAArBwAAQBAJ&dq=durga+vishnu%27s+sister&pg=PA48"><i>Performance and Culture: Narrative, Image and Enactment in India</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-2832-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-2832-1"><bdi>978-1-4438-2832-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221001134345/https://books.google.com/books?id=iAArBwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA48&dq=durga+vishnu%27s+sister&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Performance+and+Culture%3A+Narrative%2C+Image+and+Enactment+in+India&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2011-01-18&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-2832-1&rft.aulast=Verma&rft.aufirst=Archana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiAArBwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Ddurga%2Bvishnu%2527s%2Bsister%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaura_Amazzone20124–5-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaura_Amazzone20124–5_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaura_Amazzone2012">Laura Amazzone 2012</a>, pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChitrita_Banerji20063–5-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChitrita_Banerji20063–5_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChitrita_Banerji2006">Chitrita Banerji 2006</a>, pp. 3–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonald_J_LaRocca19965–7-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonald_J_LaRocca19965–7_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonald_J_LaRocca1996">Donald J LaRocca 1996</a>, pp. 5–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-linda83-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-linda83_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-linda83_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLinda_Johnsen2002" class="citation book cs1">Linda Johnsen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UnLSNBBW5wcC&pg=PA83"><i>The Living Goddess: Reclaiming the Tradition of the Mother of the Universe</i></a>. Yes International Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">83–</span>84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-936663-28-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-936663-28-9"><bdi>978-0-936663-28-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217110208/https://books.google.com/books?id=UnLSNBBW5wcC&pg=PA83">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Living+Goddess%3A+Reclaiming+the+Tradition+of+the+Mother+of+the+Universe&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.pub=Yes+International+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-936663-28-9&rft.au=Linda+Johnsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUnLSNBBW5wcC%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaura_Amazzone20124–9,_14–17-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaura_Amazzone20124–9,_14–17_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLaura_Amazzone2012">Laura Amazzone 2012</a>, pp. 4–9, 14–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm_McLean199860–65-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalcolm_McLean199860–65_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalcolm_McLean1998">Malcolm McLean 1998</a>, pp. 60–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlf_HiltebeitelKathleen_M._Erndl2000" class="citation book cs1">Alf Hiltebeitel; Kathleen M. Erndl (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sQJzTr4c-g4C&pg=PA157"><i>Is the Goddess a Feminist?: The Politics of South Asian Goddesses</i></a>. New York University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">157–</span>158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3619-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3619-7"><bdi>978-0-8147-3619-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217110244/https://books.google.com/books?id=sQJzTr4c-g4C&pg=PA157">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+the+Goddess+a+Feminist%3F%3A+The+Politics+of+South+Asian+Goddesses&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E157-%3C%2Fspan%3E158&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-3619-7&rft.au=Alf+Hiltebeitel&rft.au=Kathleen+M.+Erndl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsQJzTr4c-g4C%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharles_Russell_CoulterPatricia_Turner2013158-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharles_Russell_CoulterPatricia_Turner2013158_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCharles_Russell_CoulterPatricia_Turner2013">Charles Russell Coulter & Patricia Turner 2013</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLinda_Johnsen2002" class="citation book cs1">Linda Johnsen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UnLSNBBW5wcC&pg=PA83"><i>The Living Goddess: Reclaiming the Tradition of the Mother of the Universe</i></a>. Yes International Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">89–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-936663-28-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-936663-28-9"><bdi>978-0-936663-28-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217110208/https://books.google.com/books?id=UnLSNBBW5wcC&pg=PA83">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Living+Goddess%3A+Reclaiming+the+Tradition+of+the+Mother+of+the+Universe&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E89-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.pub=Yes+International+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-936663-28-9&rft.au=Linda+Johnsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUnLSNBBW5wcC%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hiltebeitel16-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hiltebeitel16_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hiltebeitel16_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlf_HiltebeitelKathleen_M._Erndl2000" class="citation book cs1">Alf Hiltebeitel; Kathleen M. Erndl (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sQJzTr4c-g4C&pg=PA157"><i>Is the Goddess a Feminist?: The Politics of South Asian Goddesses</i></a>. New York University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">15–</span>16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3619-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3619-7"><bdi>978-0-8147-3619-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217110244/https://books.google.com/books?id=sQJzTr4c-g4C&pg=PA157">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+the+Goddess+a+Feminist%3F%3A+The+Politics+of+South+Asian+Goddesses&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-3619-7&rft.au=Alf+Hiltebeitel&rft.au=Kathleen+M.+Erndl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsQJzTr4c-g4C%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley199895–105-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley199895–105_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavid_Kinsley1998">David Kinsley 1998</a>, pp. 95–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHermanShimkhada2009" class="citation book cs1">Herman, Phyllis K.; Shimkhada, Deepak (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=97EYBwAAQBAJ&dq=devi+mahatmyam&pg=PA149"><i>The Constant and Changing Faces of the Goddess: Goddess Traditions of Asia</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443807029" title="Special:BookSources/9781443807029"><bdi>9781443807029</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constant+and+Changing+Faces+of+the+Goddess%3A+Goddess+Traditions+of+Asia&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781443807029&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=Phyllis+K.&rft.au=Shimkhada%2C+Deepak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D97EYBwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Ddevi%2Bmahatmyam%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley199730–35,_60,_16–22,_149-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley199730–35,_60,_16–22,_149_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavid_Kinsley1997">David Kinsley 1997</a>, pp. 30–35, 60, 16–22, 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaeva1993252-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIsaeva1993252_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIsaeva1993">Isaeva 1993</a>, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPintchman201482-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPintchman201482_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPintchman2014">Pintchman 2014</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatricia_Monaghan201173–74-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatricia_Monaghan201173–74_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatricia_Monaghan2011">Patricia Monaghan 2011</a>, pp. 73–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatricia_Monaghan201173–78-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatricia_Monaghan201173–78_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatricia_Monaghan2011">Patricia Monaghan 2011</a>, pp. 73–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stotranidhi.com/en/sri-devi-atharvashirsha-in-english/">"Devi Atharvashirsha Stotram in Sanskrit"</a>. 11 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804070827/https://stotranidhi.com/en/sri-devi-atharvashirsha-in-english/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Devi+Atharvashirsha+Stotram+in+Sanskrit&rft.date=2020-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstotranidhi.com%2Fen%2Fsri-devi-atharvashirsha-in-english%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melton2011-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Melton2011_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Melton2011_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Melton2011_86-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ_Gordon_Melton2011" class="citation book cs1">J Gordon Melton (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC&pg=PA239"><i>Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. <span class="nowrap">239–</span>241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-206-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-206-7"><bdi>978-1-59884-206-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217111816/https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC&pg=PA239">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Celebrations%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Holidays%2C+Festivals%2C+Solemn+Observances%2C+and+Spiritual+Commemorations&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E239-%3C%2Fspan%3E241&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-206-7&rft.au=J+Gordon+Melton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlD_2J7W_2hQC%26pg%3DPA239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Durga-Puja">"Durga Puja – Hindu festival"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030161639/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Durga-Puja">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Durga+Puja+%E2%80%93+Hindu+festival&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FDurga-Puja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley1998106–108-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley1998106–108_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley1998106–108_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley1998106–108_88-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavid_Kinsley1998">David Kinsley 1998</a>, pp. 106–108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley199718–19-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavid_Kinsley199718–19_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavid_Kinsley1997">David Kinsley 1997</a>, pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERachel_Fell_McDermott2001172–174-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERachel_Fell_McDermott2001172–174_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERachel_Fell_McDermott2001172–174_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRachel_Fell_McDermott2001">Rachel Fell McDermott 2001</a>, pp. 172–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynn_FoulstonStuart_Abbott2009162–169-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynn_FoulstonStuart_Abbott2009162–169_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLynn_FoulstonStuart_Abbott2009">Lynn Foulston & Stuart Abbott 2009</a>, pp. 162–169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEspositoDarrell_J_FaschingTodd_Vernon_Lewis2007" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, John L.; Darrell J Fasching; Todd Vernon Lewis (2007). <i>Religion & globalization: world religions in historical perspective</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 341. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517695-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517695-7"><bdi>978-0-19-517695-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+%26+globalization%3A+world+religions+in+historical+perspective&rft.pages=341&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517695-7&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft.au=Darrell+J+Fasching&rft.au=Todd+Vernon+Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151228091628/http://online.assam.gov.in/web/durga-puja">"Article on Durga Puja"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://online.assam.gov.in/web/durga-puja">the original</a> on 28 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+on+Durga+Puja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.assam.gov.in%2Fweb%2Fdurga-puja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebengalichronicle.com/makeup-artist-saroshi-bhattacharya-has-create-durga-with-the-help-of-her-art-mst/">"Durga puja:আগমনীর ডাকে সেজে উঠেছে তিলোত্তমা শহরে এবার 'রক্তমাংসের দুর্গা' ভাইরাল ভিডিয়ো"</a>. <i>The Bengali Chronicle</i> (in Bengali). 6 August 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220809111316/https://thebengalichronicle.com/makeup-artist-saroshi-bhattacharya-has-create-durga-with-the-help-of-her-art-mst/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bengali+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Durga+puja%3A%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87+%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87+%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87+%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE+%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87+%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0+%27%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0+%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%27+%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2+%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8B&rft.date=2022-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthebengalichronicle.com%2Fmakeup-artist-saroshi-bhattacharya-has-create-durga-with-the-help-of-her-art-mst%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-celibatemarried-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-celibatemarried_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBruce_M._Sullivan2001" class="citation book cs1">Bruce M. Sullivan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xU4ZdatgRysC"><i>The A to Z of Hinduism</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810840706" title="Special:BookSources/9780810840706"><bdi>9780810840706</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415064539/https://books.google.com/books?id=xU4ZdatgRysC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2021</span>. <q>Durga is usually regarded as a celibate goddess whose asceticism empowers her, but she may also be regarded as the consort and Sakti of Siva, depending on tradition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780810840706&rft.au=Bruce+M.+Sullivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxU4ZdatgRysC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoanne_Punzo_Waghorne2004" class="citation book cs1">Joanne Punzo Waghorne (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QBLFbfUrsDIC&pg=PA222"><i>Diaspora of the Gods: Modern Hindu Temples in an Urban Middle-Class World</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">222–</span>224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803557-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803557-2"><bdi>978-0-19-803557-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217115304/https://books.google.com/books?id=QBLFbfUrsDIC&pg=PA222">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diaspora+of+the+Gods%3A+Modern+Hindu+Temples+in+an+Urban+Middle-Class+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E222-%3C%2Fspan%3E224&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803557-2&rft.au=Joanne+Punzo+Waghorne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQBLFbfUrsDIC%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/38583">"The Goddess Durga Slaying the Demon Buffalo Mahisha | Bangladesh or India (Bengal) | Pala-Sena period"</a>. <i>The Metropolitan Museum of Art</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=The+Goddess+Durga+Slaying+the+Demon+Buffalo+Mahisha+%7C+Bangladesh+or+India+%28Bengal%29+%7C+Pala-Sena+period&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fart%2Fcollection%2Fsearch%2F38583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_98-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_98-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Calo, Ambra (2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/32820/1/Pratu_v1_2020_a3_Calo.pdf">'Durgā Mahiṣāsuramardinī in Likely Tantric Buddhist Context from the Northern Indian Subcontinent to 11th-Century Bali</a> [Durga Mahiṣāsuramardinī dalam konteks agama Buddha Tantrayana dari Subkontinen India Utara dan Bali pada abad ke-11].' <i>Pratu: Journal of Buddhist and Hindu Art, Architecture and Archaeology of Ancient to Premodern Southeast Asia</i>, 1 (3). pp. 1-20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wayman, Alex; The Buddhist Tantras light on Indo-Tibetan esotericism, Routledge, (2008), page 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Williams, Tribe and Wynne; Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition, chapter 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHajime_Nakamura1980" class="citation book cs1">Hajime Nakamura (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w0A7y4TCeVQC&pg=PA315"><i>Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0272-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0272-8"><bdi>978-81-208-0272-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217121415/https://books.google.com/books?id=w0A7y4TCeVQC&pg=PA315">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Buddhism%3A+A+Survey+with+Bibliographical+Notes&rft.pages=315&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0272-8&rft.au=Hajime+Nakamura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw0A7y4TCeVQC%26pg%3DPA315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shoko Watanabe (1955), <i>On Durga and Tantric Buddhism</i>, Chizan Gakuho, number 18, pp. 36–44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/for-centuries-hooghly-family-worships-durga-the-buddhist-way/cid/1890024">"For centuries, Hooghly family worships Durga the Buddhist way"</a>. <i>www.telegraphindia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.telegraphindia.com&rft.atitle=For+centuries%2C+Hooghly+family+worships+Durga+the+Buddhist+way&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2Fwest-bengal%2Ffor-centuries-hooghly-family-worships-durga-the-buddhist-way%2Fcid%2F1890024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMallar_Ghosh1980" class="citation book cs1">Mallar Ghosh (1980). <i>Development of Buddhist Iconography in Eastern India</i>. Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-215-0208-X" title="Special:BookSources/81-215-0208-X"><bdi>81-215-0208-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Development+of+Buddhist+Iconography+in+Eastern+India&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=81-215-0208-X&rft.au=Mallar+Ghosh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, Miranda (2006). <i>Buddhist Goddesses of India</i>, p. 313. Princeton University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFwww.wisdomlib.org2019" class="citation web cs1">www.wisdomlib.org (10 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/durgottarini">"Durgottarini, Durgottāriṇī: 2 definitions"</a>. <i>www.wisdomlib.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wisdomlib.org&rft.atitle=Durgottarini%2C+Durgott%C4%81ri%E1%B9%87%C4%AB%3A+2+definitions&rft.date=2019-12-10&rft.au=www.wisdomlib.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdomlib.org%2Fdefinition%2Fdurgottarini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amazzone, Laura (2010). <i>Goddess Durga and Sacred Female Power</i>, p. 156. University Press of America.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kim, Jinah (2013). <i>Receptacle of the Sacred: Illustrated Manuscripts and the Buddhist Book Cult in South Asia</i>, pp. 158-162. University of California Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLouis-Frédéric1995" class="citation book cs1">Louis-Frédéric (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=35NQAAAAMAAJ"><i>Buddhism</i></a>. Flammarion. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-08-013558-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-08-013558-2"><bdi>978-2-08-013558-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217121443/https://books.google.com/books?id=35NQAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Flammarion&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-2-08-013558-2&rft.au=Louis-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D35NQAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Puspa Niyogi (1977). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29756386">Cundā - a Popular Buddhist Goddess.</a> East and West, 27(1-4), 299–308.</i> doi:10.2307/29756386</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:7_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gimello, Robert (2004). ″Icon and Incantation: The Goddess Zhunti and the Role of Images in the Occult Buddhism of China." In <i>Images in Asian Religions: Texts and Contexts</i> ed. Phyllis Granoff and Koichi Shinohara: pp. 71-85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shaw240-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shaw240_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiranda_Eberle_Shaw2006" class="citation book cs1">Miranda Eberle Shaw (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buddhistgoddesse00shaw"><i>Buddhist Goddesses of India</i></a></span>. Princeton University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buddhistgoddesse00shaw/page/240">240</a>–241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-12758-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-12758-1"><bdi>0-691-12758-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Goddesses+of+India&rft.pages=240-241&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-691-12758-1&rft.au=Miranda+Eberle+Shaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuddhistgoddesse00shaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBernard_Faure2009" class="citation book cs1">Bernard Faure (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HidpRwrmx4AC"><i>The Power of Denial: Buddhism, Purity, and Gender</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400825615" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400825615"><bdi>978-1400825615</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161207063604/https://books.google.com/books?id=HidpRwrmx4AC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Denial%3A+Buddhism%2C+Purity%2C+and+Gender&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1400825615&rft.au=Bernard+Faure&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHidpRwrmx4AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_A._Babb1998" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence A. Babb (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5MRAQAAIAAJ"><i>Ascetics and kings in a Jain ritual culture</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">146–</span>147, 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1538-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1538-4"><bdi>978-81-208-1538-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217121444/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5MRAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ascetics+and+kings+in+a+Jain+ritual+culture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E146-%3C%2Fspan%3E147%2C+157&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1538-4&rft.au=Lawrence+A.+Babb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ5MRAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLisa_Owen2012" class="citation book cs1">Lisa Owen (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MUszAQAAQBAJ"><i>Carving Devotion in the Jain Caves at Ellora</i></a>. BRILL Academic. pp. <span class="nowrap">111–</span>112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20630-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20630-4"><bdi>978-90-04-20630-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217123151/https://books.google.com/books?id=MUszAQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carving+Devotion+in+the+Jain+Caves+at+Ellora&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-20630-4&rft.au=Lisa+Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMUszAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nesbitt109-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nesbitt109_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nesbitt109_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEleanor_Nesbitt2016" class="citation book cs1">Eleanor Nesbitt (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zD8SDAAAQBAJ&q=durga"><i>Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">108–</span>109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-106277-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-106277-3"><bdi>978-0-19-106277-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126192114/https://books.google.com/books?id=zD8SDAAAQBAJ&q=durga">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikhism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E108-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-106277-3&rft.au=Eleanor+Nesbitt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzD8SDAAAQBAJ%26q%3Ddurga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_N._Miksic2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_N._Miksic" title="John N. Miksic">John N. Miksic</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZnpAAAAMAAJ"><i>Icons of Art: The Collections of the National Museum of Indonesia</i></a>. BAB Pub. Indonesia. pp. 106, <span class="nowrap">224–</span>238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-8926-25-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-8926-25-9"><bdi>978-979-8926-25-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217121319/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZnpAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Icons+of+Art%3A+The+Collections+of+the+National+Museum+of+Indonesia&rft.pages=106%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E224-%3C%2Fspan%3E238&rft.pub=BAB+Pub.+Indonesia&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-979-8926-25-9&rft.au=John+N.+Miksic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZZnpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnn_R_KinneyMarijke_J_KlokkeLydia_Kieven2003" class="citation book cs1">Ann R Kinney; Marijke J Klokke; Lydia Kieven (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sfa2FiIERLYC"><i>Worshiping Siva and Buddha: The Temple Art of East Java</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">131–</span>145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2779-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2779-3"><bdi>978-0-8248-2779-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125232720/https://books.google.com/books?id=sfa2FiIERLYC">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worshiping+Siva+and+Buddha%3A+The+Temple+Art+of+East+Java&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E131-%3C%2Fspan%3E145&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2779-3&rft.au=Ann+R+Kinney&rft.au=Marijke+J+Klokke&rft.au=Lydia+Kieven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dsfa2FiIERLYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoy_E_JordaanKoninklijk_Instituut_voor_Taal-,_Land-_en_Volkenkunde_(Netherlands)1996" class="citation book cs1">Roy E Jordaan; Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (Netherlands) (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SrkYAAAAYAAJ"><i>In praise of Prambanan: Dutch essays on the Loro Jonggrang temple complex</i></a>. KITLV Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">147–</span>149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6718-105-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6718-105-1"><bdi>978-90-6718-105-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217131047/https://books.google.com/books?id=SrkYAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+praise+of+Prambanan%3A+Dutch+essays+on+the+Loro+Jonggrang+temple+complex&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E149&rft.pub=KITLV+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-6718-105-1&rft.au=Roy+E+Jordaan&rft.au=Koninklijk+Instituut+voor+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde+%28Netherlands%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSrkYAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrudy_Jacobsen2008" class="citation book cs1">Trudy Jacobsen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-9unZvFaiREC&pg=PA20"><i>Lost Goddesses: The Denial of Female Power in Cambodian History</i></a>. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies Press. pp. 20–21 with figure 2.2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7694-001-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7694-001-0"><bdi>978-87-7694-001-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217121531/https://books.google.com/books?id=-9unZvFaiREC&pg=PA20">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Goddesses%3A+The+Denial+of+Female+Power+in+Cambodian+History&rft.pages=20-21+with+figure+2.2&rft.pub=Copenhagen%3A+Nordic+Institute+of+Asian+Studies+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-87-7694-001-0&rft.au=Trudy+Jacobsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-9unZvFaiREC%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeidi_Tan2008" class="citation book cs1">Heidi Tan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x4QOAQAAMAAJ"><i>Vietnam: from myth to modernity</i></a>. Singapore: Asian Civilisations Museum. pp. 56, <span class="nowrap">62–</span>63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-07-0012-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-07-0012-6"><bdi>978-981-07-0012-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217125448/https://books.google.com/books?id=x4QOAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnam%3A+from+myth+to+modernity&rft.pages=56%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E62-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.pub=Singapore%3A+Asian+Civilisations+Museum&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-981-07-0012-6&rft.au=Heidi+Tan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx4QOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCatherine_NoppeJean-François_Hubert2003" class="citation book cs1">Catherine Noppe; Jean-François Hubert (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=efLpAAAAMAAJ"><i>Art of Vietnam</i></a>. Parkstone. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85995-860-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85995-860-5"><bdi>978-1-85995-860-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217135450/https://books.google.com/books?id=efLpAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+of+Vietnam&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Parkstone&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85995-860-5&rft.au=Catherine+Noppe&rft.au=Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois+Hubert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DefLpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSabyasachi_Bhattacharya2003" class="citation book cs1">Sabyasachi Bhattacharya (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cJqfAAAAMAAJ"><i>Vande Mataram, the Biography of a Song</i></a>. Penguin. pp. 5, <span class="nowrap">90–</span>99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303055-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303055-3"><bdi>978-0-14-303055-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170219013610/https://books.google.com/books?id=cJqfAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vande+Mataram%2C+the+Biography+of+a+Song&rft.pages=5%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E90-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303055-3&rft.au=Sabyasachi+Bhattacharya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcJqfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSumathi_Ramaswamy2009" class="citation book cs1">Sumathi Ramaswamy (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OWfcoMnHU8gC&pg=PA107"><i>The Goddess and the Nation: Mapping Mother India</i></a>. Duke University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">106–</span>108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-9153-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-9153-1"><bdi>978-0-8223-9153-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Goddess+and+the+Nation%3A+Mapping+Mother+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E106-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-9153-1&rft.au=Sumathi+Ramaswamy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOWfcoMnHU8gC%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaura_Amazzone2012" class="citation book cs1">Laura Amazzone (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PM_TNDu8NHUC"><i>Goddess Durga and Sacred Female Power</i></a>. University Press of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-5314-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-5314-5"><bdi>978-0-7618-5314-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200317121233/https://books.google.com/books?id=PM_TNDu8NHUC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goddess+Durga+and+Sacred+Female+Power&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-5314-5&rft.au=Laura+Amazzone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPM_TNDu8NHUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaura_Amazzone2011" class="citation book cs1">Laura Amazzone (2011). Patricia Monaghan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qotjet-Hb0MC"><i>Goddesses in World Culture</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35465-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35465-6"><bdi>978-0-313-35465-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217102257/https://books.google.com/books?id=qotjet-Hb0MC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goddesses+in+World+Culture&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35465-6&rft.au=Laura+Amazzone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqotjet-Hb0MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChitrita_Banerji2006" class="citation book cs1">Chitrita Banerji (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NPYvGv7ER4sC"><i>The Hour of the Goddess: Memories of Women, Food, and Ritual in Bengal</i></a>. Penguin Books India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-400142-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-400142-2"><bdi>978-0-14-400142-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217102118/https://books.google.com/books?id=NPYvGv7ER4sC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hour+of+the+Goddess%3A+Memories+of+Women%2C+Food%2C+and+Ritual+in+Bengal&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-14-400142-2&rft.au=Chitrita+Banerji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNPYvGv7ER4sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_Renfrew_Brooks1992" class="citation book cs1">Douglas Renfrew Brooks (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=salQJBpUkGkC"><i>Auspicious Wisdom</i></a>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1145-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1145-2"><bdi>978-0-7914-1145-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140627013858/http://books.google.com/books?id=salQJBpUkGkC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Auspicious+Wisdom&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1145-2&rft.au=Douglas+Renfrew+Brooks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsalQJBpUkGkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFC_Mackenzie_Brown1990" class="citation book cs1">C Mackenzie Brown (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p6KumJp_wNgC"><i>The Triumph of the Goddess: The Canonical Models and Theological Visions of the Devi-Bhagavata Purana</i></a>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0364-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0364-8"><bdi>978-0-7914-0364-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191226130045/https://books.google.com/books?id=p6KumJp_wNgC">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+the+Goddess%3A+The+Canonical+Models+and+Theological+Visions+of+the+Devi-Bhagavata+Purana&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0364-8&rft.au=C+Mackenzie+Brown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp6KumJp_wNgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCheever_Mackenzie_Brown1998" class="citation book cs1">Cheever Mackenzie Brown (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=28CIEnZCcqMC"><i>The Devi Gita: The Song of the Goddess: A Translation, Annotation, and Commentary</i></a>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3939-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3939-5"><bdi>978-0-7914-3939-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224013207/https://books.google.com/books?id=28CIEnZCcqMC">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devi+Gita%3A+The+Song+of+the+Goddess%3A+A+Translation%2C+Annotation%2C+and+Commentary&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3939-5&rft.au=Cheever+Mackenzie+Brown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D28CIEnZCcqMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas_B._Coburn1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_B._Coburn" title="Thomas B. Coburn">Thomas B. Coburn</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c7vIzNrC-coC"><i>Encountering the Goddess: A translation of the Devi-Mahatmya and a Study of Its Interpretation</i></a>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0446-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0446-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-0446-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205081952/https://books.google.com/books?id=c7vIzNrC-coC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encountering+the+Goddess%3A+A+translation+of+the+Devi-Mahatmya+and+a+Study+of+Its+Interpretation&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0446-1&rft.au=Thomas+B.+Coburn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc7vIzNrC-coC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas_B._Coburn2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_B._Coburn" title="Thomas B. Coburn">Thomas B. Coburn</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hy9kf7_TOHgC"><i>Devī Māhātmya, The Crystallization of the Goddess Tradition</i></a>. South Asia Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0557-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0557-7"><bdi>81-208-0557-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211209205927/https://books.google.com/books?id=hy9kf7_TOHgC">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dev%C4%AB+M%C4%81h%C4%81tmya%2C+The+Crystallization+of+the+Goddess+Tradition&rft.pub=South+Asia+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=81-208-0557-7&rft.au=Thomas+B.+Coburn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhy9kf7_TOHgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParthasarathy2009" class="citation book cs1">Parthasarathy, V. R. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EyAoAQAAIAAJ"><i>Devi: Goddesses in Indian Art and Literature</i></a>. Bharatiya Kala Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-1809-0203-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-1809-0203-1"><bdi>978-8-1809-0203-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221001134348/https://books.google.com/books?id=EyAoAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Devi%3A+Goddesses+in+Indian+Art+and+Literature&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Kala+Prakashan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-8-1809-0203-1&rft.aulast=Parthasarathy&rft.aufirst=V.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEyAoAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Russell_CoulterPatricia_Turner2013" class="citation book cs1">Charles Russell Coulter; Patricia Turner (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VWxekbhM1yEC"><i>Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96397-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-96397-2"><bdi>978-1-135-96397-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211026134825/https://books.google.com/books?id=VWxekbhM1yEC">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+Deities&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-135-96397-2&rft.au=Charles+Russell+Coulter&rft.au=Patricia+Turner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVWxekbhM1yEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Reid-Bowen2012" class="citation book cs1">Paul Reid-Bowen (2012). Denise Cush; Catherine Robinson; Michael York (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kzPgCgAAQBAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-18979-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-18979-2"><bdi>978-1-135-18979-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161224010450/https://books.google.com/books?id=kzPgCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-135-18979-2&rft.au=Paul+Reid-Bowen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkzPgCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlain_Daniélou1991" class="citation book cs1">Alain Daniélou (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythsgodsofindia00dani"><i>The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism from the Princeton Bollingen Series</i></a></span>. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-354-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-354-4"><bdi>978-0-89281-354-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myths+and+Gods+of+India%3A+The+Classic+Work+on+Hindu+Polytheism+from+the+Princeton+Bollingen+Series&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions+%2F+Bear+%26+Co&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-89281-354-4&rft.au=Alain+Dani%C3%A9lou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmythsgodsofindia00dani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Doniger1999" class="citation book cs1">Wendy Doniger (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440"><i>Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions</i></a></span>. Merriam-Webster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0"><bdi>978-0-87779-044-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-044-0&rft.au=Wendy+Doniger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780877790440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobert_S_EllwoodGregory_D_Alles2007" class="citation book cs1">Robert S Ellwood; Gregory D Alles (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1pGbdI4L0qsC&pg=PA126"><i>The Encyclopedia of World Religions</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1038-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1038-7"><bdi>978-1-4381-1038-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217102110/https://books.google.com/books?id=1pGbdI4L0qsC&pg=PA126">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1038-7&rft.au=Robert+S+Ellwood&rft.au=Gregory+D+Alles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1pGbdI4L0qsC%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLynn_FoulstonStuart_Abbott2009" class="citation book cs1">Lynn Foulston; Stuart Abbott (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesbe0000foul"><i>Hindu Goddesses: Beliefs and Practices</i></a></span>. Sussex Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902210-43-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902210-43-8"><bdi>978-1-902210-43-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Goddesses%3A+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-902210-43-8&rft.au=Lynn+Foulston&rft.au=Stuart+Abbott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhindugoddessesbe0000foul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConstance_JonesJames_D_Ryan2006" class="citation book cs1">Constance Jones; James D Ryan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC"><i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5"><bdi>978-0-8160-7564-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170323232140/https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5&rft.au=Constance+Jones&rft.au=James+D+Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOgMmceadQ3gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_R_Kinsley1989" class="citation book cs1">David R Kinsley (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b0jmXOPBXkwC"><i>The Goddesses' Mirror: Visions of the Divine from East and West</i></a>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-835-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-835-5"><bdi>978-0-88706-835-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217102120/https://books.google.com/books?id=b0jmXOPBXkwC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Goddesses%27+Mirror%3A+Visions+of+the+Divine+from+East+and+West&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-835-5&rft.au=David+R+Kinsley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db0jmXOPBXkwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Kinsley1998" class="citation book cs1">David Kinsley (1998) [First published 1986]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hgTOZEyrVtIC"><i>Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0394-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0394-7"><bdi>978-81-208-0394-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028095902/https://books.google.com/books?id=hgTOZEyrVtIC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Goddesses%3A+Visions+of+the+Divine+Feminine+in+the+Hindu+Religious+Tradition&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0394-7&rft.au=David+Kinsley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhgTOZEyrVtIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Kinsley1997" class="citation book cs1">David Kinsley (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iob2JIzY9fIC"><i>Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine: The Ten Mahavidyas</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91772-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91772-9"><bdi>978-0-520-91772-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tantric+Visions+of+the+Divine+Feminine%3A+The+Ten+Mahavidyas&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-520-91772-9&rft.au=David+Kinsley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Diob2JIzY9fIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDonald_J_LaRocca1996" class="citation book cs1">Donald J LaRocca (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8B5B4B5IcQkC"><i>The Gods of War: Sacred Imagery and the Decoration of Arms and Armor</i></a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-779-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-779-2"><bdi>978-0-87099-779-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gods+of+War%3A+Sacred+Imagery+and+the+Decoration+of+Arms+and+Armor&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-87099-779-2&rft.au=Donald+J+LaRocca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8B5B4B5IcQkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJames_G_Lochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">James G Lochtefeld (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch"><i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M</i></a></span>. The Rosen Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8"><bdi>978-0-8239-3179-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%3A+A-M&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8&rft.au=James+G+Lochtefeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedencyc0000loch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJune_McDaniel2004" class="citation book cs1">June McDaniel (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=caeJpIj9SdkC"><i>Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534713-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-534713-5"><bdi>978-0-19-534713-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170104022224/https://books.google.com/books?id=caeJpIj9SdkC">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Offering+Flowers%2C+Feeding+Skulls%3A+Popular+Goddess+Worship+in+West+Bengal&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-534713-5&rft.au=June+McDaniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcaeJpIj9SdkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRachel_Fell_McDermott2001" class="citation book cs1">Rachel Fell McDermott (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2PrChFaXgf0C"><i>Mother of My Heart, Daughter of My Dreams: Kali and Uma in the Devotional Poetry of Bengal</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803071-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803071-3"><bdi>978-0-19-803071-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217101734/https://books.google.com/books?id=2PrChFaXgf0C">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mother+of+My+Heart%2C+Daughter+of+My+Dreams%3A+Kali+and+Uma+in+the+Devotional+Poetry+of+Bengal&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803071-3&rft.au=Rachel+Fell+McDermott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2PrChFaXgf0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlood1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Flood, Gavin</a> (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo"><i>An Introduction to Hinduism</i></a></span>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43878-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43878-0"><bdi>0-521-43878-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-43878-0&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontohi0000floo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm_McLean1998" class="citation book cs1">Malcolm McLean (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kXY4uQ9TwI8C"><i>Devoted to the Goddess: The Life and Work of Ramprasad</i></a>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3689-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3689-9"><bdi>978-0-7914-3689-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217101831/https://books.google.com/books?id=kXY4uQ9TwI8C">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Devoted+to+the+Goddess%3A+The+Life+and+Work+of+Ramprasad&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3689-9&rft.au=Malcolm+McLean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkXY4uQ9TwI8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPatricia_Monaghan2011" class="citation book cs1">Patricia Monaghan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qotjet-Hb0MC"><i>Goddesses in World Culture</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35465-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35465-6"><bdi>978-0-313-35465-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217102257/https://books.google.com/books?id=qotjet-Hb0MC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goddesses+in+World+Culture&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35465-6&rft.au=Patricia+Monaghan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqotjet-Hb0MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSree_Padma2014" class="citation book cs1">Sree Padma (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Jn_AwAAQBAJ"><i>Inventing and Reinventing the Goddess: Contemporary Iterations of Hindu Deities on the Move</i></a>. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-9002-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-9002-9"><bdi>978-0-7391-9002-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816064150/https://books.google.com/books?id=9Jn_AwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+and+Reinventing+the+Goddess%3A+Contemporary+Iterations+of+Hindu+Deities+on+the+Move&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-9002-9&rft.au=Sree+Padma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Jn_AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharles_PhillipsMichael_KerriganDavid_Gould2011" class="citation book cs1">Charles Phillips; Michael Kerrigan; David Gould (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p3-RkE-Xxa0C"><i>Ancient India's Myths and Beliefs</i></a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4488-5990-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4488-5990-0"><bdi>978-1-4488-5990-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217102124/https://books.google.com/books?id=p3-RkE-Xxa0C">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+India%27s+Myths+and+Beliefs&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4488-5990-0&rft.au=Charles+Phillips&rft.au=Michael+Kerrigan&rft.au=David+Gould&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp3-RkE-Xxa0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLudo_Rocher1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ludo_Rocher" title="Ludo Rocher">Ludo Rocher</a> (1986). <i>The Puranas</i>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447025225" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447025225"><bdi>978-3447025225</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Puranas&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-3447025225&rft.au=Ludo+Rocher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Sen Ramprasad</a> (1720–1781). <i>Grace and Mercy in Her Wild Hair: Selected Poems to the Mother Goddess</i>. Hohm Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-934252-94-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-934252-94-7">0-934252-94-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHillary_Rodrigues2003" class="citation book cs1">Hillary Rodrigues (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=onyaEhwhJBUC"><i>Ritual Worship of the Great Goddess: The Liturgy of the Durga Puja with Interpretations</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8844-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8844-7"><bdi>978-0-7914-8844-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108105311/https://books.google.com/books?id=onyaEhwhJBUC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ritual+Worship+of+the+Great+Goddess%3A+The+Liturgy+of+the+Durga+Puja+with+Interpretations&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-8844-7&rft.au=Hillary+Rodrigues&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DonyaEhwhJBUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown1990" class="citation book cs1">Brown, C. Mackenzie (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p6KumJp_wNgC"><i>The Triumph of the Goddess: The Canonical Models and Theological Visions of the Devi-Bhagavata Purana</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791403648" title="Special:BookSources/9780791403648"><bdi>9780791403648</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191226130045/https://books.google.com/books?id=p6KumJp_wNgC">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+the+Goddess%3A+The+Canonical+Models+and+Theological+Visions+of+the+Devi-Bhagavata+Purana&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780791403648&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=C.+Mackenzie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp6KumJp_wNgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopedia_Britannica2015" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Durga">"Durga - Hindu mythology"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. 19 February 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170507035548/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Durga">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Durga+-+Hindu+mythology&rft.date=2015-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FDurga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIsaeva1993" class="citation cs2">Isaeva, N. V. (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hshaWu0m1D4C"><i>Shankara and Indian Philosophy</i></a>, SUNY Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791412817" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791412817"><bdi>978-0791412817</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200114040317/https://books.google.com/books?id=hshaWu0m1D4C">archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shankara+and+Indian+Philosophy&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0791412817&rft.aulast=Isaeva&rft.aufirst=N.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhshaWu0m1D4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPintchman2014" class="citation cs2">Pintchman, Tracy (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JfXdGInecRIC"><i>Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess</i></a>, SUNY Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791490495" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791490495"><bdi>978-0791490495</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819130701/https://books.google.com/books?id=JfXdGInecRIC">archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeking+Mahadevi%3A+Constructing+the+Identities+of+the+Hindu+Great+Goddess&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0791490495&rft.aulast=Pintchman&rft.aufirst=Tracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJfXdGInecRIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChiulli2007" class="citation cs2">Chiulli, M. C. Kalavati (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lf5zBgAAQBAJ"><i>Hairakhandi Mantra & Bhajans</i></a>, J. Amba Edizioni publishing house, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8886340465" title="Special:BookSources/978-8886340465"><bdi>978-8886340465</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126192118/https://books.google.com/books?id=lf5zBgAAQBAJ">archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hairakhandi+Mantra+%26+Bhajans&rft.pub=J.+Amba+Edizioni+publishing+house&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-8886340465&rft.aulast=Chiulli&rft.aufirst=M.+C.+Kalavati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlf5zBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADurga" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Durga" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Durga">Durga</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Durga" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Durga">Durga</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://carlos.emory.edu/htdocs/ODYSSEY/SOUTHASIA/durga.html">Durga Battling the Buffalo Demon: Iconography</a>, Carlos Museum, Emory University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160728235056/https://www.asia.si.edu/devi/durga.htm">Devi Durga</a>, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery and Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/hindu/devot/durga.html">Overview Of World Religions – Devotion to Durga</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Durga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakali" title="Mahakali">Mahakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadrakali" title="Bhadrakali">Bhadrakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">More</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg/120px-Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg/250px-Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3162" data-file-height="3632" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmani_(Matrika)" title="Brahmani (Matrika)">Brahmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maheshvari" class="mw-redirect" title="Maheshvari">Maheshvari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaumari">Kaumari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavi_(Matrika_goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnavi (Matrika goddess)">Vaishnavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varahi" title="Varahi">Varahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrani_(Matrika)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indrani (Matrika)">Indrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamunda" title="Chamunda">Chamunda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Mahavidya)" title="Tara (Mahavidya)">Tara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Sundari" title="Tripura Sundari">Tripura Sundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuvaneshvari" title="Bhuvaneshvari">Bhuvaneshvari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhairavi" title="Bhairavi">Bhairavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhinnamasta" title="Chhinnamasta">Chhinnamasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhumavati" title="Dhumavati">Dhumavati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagalamukhi" title="Bagalamukhi">Bagalamukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matangi" title="Matangi">Matangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamalatmika" title="Kamalatmika">Kamalatmika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shailaputri" title="Shailaputri">Shailaputri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharini" title="Brahmacharini">Brahmacharini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandraghanta" title="Chandraghanta">Chandraghanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushmanda" title="Kushmanda">Kushmanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandamata" title="Skandamata">Skandamata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayani" title="Katyayani">Katyayani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaratri" title="Kalaratri">Kalaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahagauri" title="Mahagauri">Mahagauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhidhatri" title="Siddhidhatri">Siddhidhatri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shakta_pithas" title="Shakta pithas">Shakta pithas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vimala_Temple" title="Vimala Temple">Bimala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalighat_Kali_Temple" title="Kalighat Kali Temple">Kalighat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakhya_Temple" title="Kamakhya Temple">Kamakhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taratarini_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Taratarini Temple">Taratarini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulja_Bhavani_Temple" title="Tulja Bhavani Temple">Tulja Bhavani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahalakshmi_Temple,_Kolhapur" title="Mahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur">Mahalakshmi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Shakta_pithas" title="Category:Shakta pithas">More...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi-Bhagavata_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Devi-Bhagavata Purana">Devi-Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalika_Purana" title="Kalika Purana">Kalika Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakta_Upanishads" title="Shakta Upanishads">Shakta Upanishads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sita_Upanishad" title="Sita Upanishad">Sita Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuratapini_Upanishad" title="Tripuratapini Upanishad">Tripuratapini Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Upanishad" title="Devi Upanishad">Devi Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Upanishad" title="Tripura Upanishad">Tripura Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana_Upanishad" title="Bhavana Upanishad">Bhavana Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saubhagyalakshmi_Upanishad" title="Saubhagyalakshmi Upanishad">Saubhagyalakshmi Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarasvati-rahasya_Upanishad" title="Sarasvati-rahasya Upanishad">Sarasvati-rahasya Upanishad</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Regional variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Shaktism" title="Caribbean Shaktism">Caribbean Shaktism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics723" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindudharma" title="Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindudharma" title="Template talk:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics723" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aum" title="Aum"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/20px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/40px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/20px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/40px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a></span> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81bh%C4%81vika_Bhed%C4%81bheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svābhāvika Bhedābheda">Svābhāvika Bhedābheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/120px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/250px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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[\"CITEREFDavid_Kinsley1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_R_Kinsley1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonald_J_LaRocca1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDouglas_Renfrew_Brooks1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEleanor_Nesbitt2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEncyclopedia_Britannica2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEspositoDarrell_J_FaschingTodd_Vernon_Lewis2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlood1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlueckiger2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHajime_Nakamura1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeidi_Tan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHermanShimkhada2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHillary_Rodrigues2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiltebeitel1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsaeva1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ_Gordon_Melton2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ_Scheftelowitz1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_G_Lochtefeld2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoanne_Punzo_Waghorne2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_N._Miksic2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJune_McDaniel2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaura_Amazzone2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaura_Amazzone2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawrence_A._Babb1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinda_Johnsen2002\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLisa_Owen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouis-Frédéric1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLudo_Rocher1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynn_FoulstonStuart_Abbott2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalcolm_McLean1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMallar_Ghosh1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarlow2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiranda_Eberle_Shaw2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParthasarathy2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatricia_Monaghan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_Reid-Bowen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPintchman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRachel_Fell_McDermott2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_Salomon1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoa1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_S_EllwoodGregory_D_Alles2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy_E_JordaanKoninklijk_Instituut_voor_Taal-,_Land-_en_Volkenkunde_(Netherlands)1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFS._Rangachar1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSabyasachi_Bhattacharya2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSree_Padma2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSumathi_Ramaswamy2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThapar1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas_B._Coburn1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas_B._Coburn2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTracy_Pintchman2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrudy_Jacobsen2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUpendra_Nath_Dhal1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerma2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWendy_Doniger1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFwww.wisdomlib.org2019\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 72,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 14,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Hindudharma\"] = 1,\n [\"Hinduism\"] = 1,\n [\"IAST3\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox deity\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 2,\n [\"Saktism\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 77,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Shaktism\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n [\"Wikiquote-inline\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-67db76d8d7-zxlct","timestamp":"20250403184524","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Durga","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Durga","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q382973","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q382973","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-10-06T22:04:02Z","dateModified":"2025-03-19T07:19:03Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f5\/Durga_Mahisasuramardini.JPG","headline":"warrior goddess of Hinduism"}</script> </body> </html>