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href="#Bhajans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Bhajans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhajans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compilations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compilations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Compilations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compilations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anamnetic_authorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anamnetic_authorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Anamnetic authorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anamnetic_authorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Namdev</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC" title="নামদেব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নামদেব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Namdev" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Namdev" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Namdev" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B5" title="નામદેવ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નામદેવ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A4%D6%87" title="Նամդև – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նամդև" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5" title="नामदेव – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नामदेव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Namdev" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D" title="ನಾಮ್‍ದೇವ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಾಮ್‍ದೇವ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D" title="നാംദേവ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നാംദേവ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5" title="नामदेव – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नामदेव" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5" title="ਭਗਤ ਨਾਮਦੇਵ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭਗਤ ਨਾਮਦੇਵ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%DA%AF%D8%AA_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88" title="بھگت نامدیو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بھگت نامدیو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namdew" title="Namdew – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Namdew" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B2" title="Намдев – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Намдев" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5" title="नामदेव – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="नामदेव" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="நாமதேவர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நாமதேவர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="నామదేవుడు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నామదేవుడు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88" title="نام دیو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نام دیو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2602417#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="View the content 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hindu Bhakti Saint from the medieval era</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background: #FFC569; color: #000000;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;">Shri Sant</div><div class="fn">Namdev</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;">Maharaj</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Namdev_maharaj.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Namdev_maharaj.JPG/220px-Namdev_maharaj.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Namdev_maharaj.JPG/330px-Namdev_maharaj.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Namdev_maharaj.JPG/440px-Namdev_maharaj.JPG 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="1115" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Shri Sant Namdev Maharaj</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFC569; color: #000000;">Personal life</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 26 October 1270</span> CE<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Narsi, Bamani <a href="/wiki/Seuna_(Yadava)_dynasty" title="Seuna (Yadava) dynasty">Yadava Dynasty</a>, <br /> <small>Currently <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></small></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3 July 1350</span> CE<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Pandharpur <a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmani Sultanate</a>, <br /> <small>Currently <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></small></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFC569; color: #000000;">Religious life</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Philosophy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFC569; color: #000000;">Religious career</th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Namdev</b> (Pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Marathi" title="Help:IPA/Marathi">[naːmdeʋ]</a>), also transliterated as Nam Dayv, Namdeo, Namadeva, (traditionally, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 26 October 1270</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3 July 1350</span><sup id="cite_ref-:6_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was a <a href="/wiki/Marathi_people" title="Marathi people">Marathi</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaishnav" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnav">Vaishnava</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> from <a href="/wiki/Narsi,_Hingoli" title="Narsi, Hingoli">Narsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hingoli_district" title="Hingoli district">Hingoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Varkari</a> tradition of Hinduism. He was as a devotee of the deity <a href="/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba">Vithoba</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pandharpur" title="Pandharpur">Pandharpur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Namdev was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> and became widely known in India for his devotional songs set to music (<i>bhajan-kirtans</i>). His philosophy contains both <i><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">nirguna brahman</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">saguna brahman</a></i> elements, with <a href="/wiki/Monism#Vedanta" title="Monism">Vedanta</a> themes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198439_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198439-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namdev's legacy is remembered in modern times in the <i>Varkari</i> tradition, along with those of other <i>gurus</i>, with masses of people walking together in biannual pilgrimages to <a href="/wiki/Pandharpur" title="Pandharpur">Pandharpur</a> in Maharashtra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIwao1988186_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwao1988186-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201383–84_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke201383–84-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also recognised in the North Indian traditions of the Dadu Panthis, Kabir Panthis and Sikhs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some hymns of Namdev are included in the <a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namdev&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Kabir_with_Namdeva,_Raidas_and_Pipaji._Jaipur,_early_19century,_National_Museum_New_Delhi_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Saint_Kabir_with_Namdeva%2C_Raidas_and_Pipaji._Jaipur%2C_early_19century%2C_National_Museum_New_Delhi_%282%29.jpg/220px-Saint_Kabir_with_Namdeva%2C_Raidas_and_Pipaji._Jaipur%2C_early_19century%2C_National_Museum_New_Delhi_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Saint_Kabir_with_Namdeva%2C_Raidas_and_Pipaji._Jaipur%2C_early_19century%2C_National_Museum_New_Delhi_%282%29.jpg/330px-Saint_Kabir_with_Namdeva%2C_Raidas_and_Pipaji._Jaipur%2C_early_19century%2C_National_Museum_New_Delhi_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Saint_Kabir_with_Namdeva%2C_Raidas_and_Pipaji._Jaipur%2C_early_19century%2C_National_Museum_New_Delhi_%282%29.jpg/440px-Saint_Kabir_with_Namdeva%2C_Raidas_and_Pipaji._Jaipur%2C_early_19century%2C_National_Museum_New_Delhi_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1618" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption>Namdev (second from right) with other <a href="/wiki/Bhagat" title="Bhagat">bhagats</a> of Hinduism: Ravidas, Kabir and Pipa.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/90px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/135px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/180px-1_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of 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href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></i></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Vedic Deities:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Post-Vedic:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Mokṣa-related topics:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_in_Hinduism" title="Exorcism in Hinduism">Exorcism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Divisions</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Rigveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Yajurveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Samaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Atharvaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)"><i>Agama</i>s (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Society</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayastha" title="Kayastha">Kayastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvija" title="Dvija">Dvija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasa" title="Dasa">Dasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Art</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Hindu iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">Indian aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Architecture</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamana" title="Talamana">Talamana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Music</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_music" title="Hindu music">Hindu music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_(music)" title="Shruti (music)">Shruti (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svara" title="Svara">Svara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alank%C4%81ra" title="Alankāra">Alankāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">Tala (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">Raga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangita" title="Sangita">Sangita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadya" title="Vadya">Vadya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Food & Diet Customs</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Diet in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Time Keeping Practices</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shaka era</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Pilgrimage</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other society-related topics:</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_organisations" title="List of Hindu organisations">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Reform movements</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Other topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Shaktism" title="Caribbean Shaktism">Caribbean Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts">Template:Hindu scriptures and texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hinduism & Other Religions</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Jainism" title="Hinduism and Jainism">Hinduism and Jainism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">and Buddhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">and Sikhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">and Judaism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism and Christianity">and Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">and Islam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other Related Links (Templates)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"> Hindu Scriptures & Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template:Hindu philosophy"> Hindu Philosphy</a></li> <li>Sampradayas (Traditions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saivism" title="Template:Saivism"> Shaivism</a></li> <li><a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #FFC600; padding:0.2em; font-size:140%;"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda"><img alt="Khanda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/100px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/150px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/200px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border-top:1px solid #FFC600;border-bottom:1px solid #FFC600;padding-bottom:.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhs" title="Category:Sikhs">Topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sikhism" title="Outline of Sikhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Sikhism" title="Glossary of Sikhism">Glossary</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Sikh gurus</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Rai" title="Guru Har Rai">Guru Har Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Krishan" title="Guru Har Krishan">Guru Har Krishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bhagat" title="Bhagat"> <span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Selected revered saints</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Bhagat Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Ravidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Ravidas">Bhagat Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Farid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Farid">Bhagat Farid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Ramanand" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Ramanand">Bhagat Ramanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Beni" title="Bhagat Beni">Bhagat Beni</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bhagat Namdev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Sadhana" title="Bhagat Sadhana">Bhagat Sadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Bhikhan" title="Bhagat Bhikhan">Bhagat Bhikhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Parmanand" title="Bhagat Parmanand">Bhagat Parmanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Sain" title="Bhagat Sain">Bhagat Sain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Dhanna" title="Bhagat Dhanna">Bhagat Dhanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Pipa" title="Bhagat Pipa">Bhagat Pipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Bhagat Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Bhagat Jaidev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Trilochan" title="Bhagat Trilochan">Bhagat Trilochan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Kalshar" title="Bhatt Kalshar">Bhatt Kalshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Balh" title="Bhatt Balh">Bhatt Balh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Bhalh" title="Bhatt Bhalh">Bhatt Bhalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Bhika" title="Bhatt Bhika">Bhatt Bhika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Gayand" title="Bhatt Gayand">Bhatt Gayand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Harbans" title="Bhatt Harbans">Bhatt Harbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Jalap" title="Bhatt Jalap">Bhatt Jalap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Kirat" title="Bhatt Kirat">Bhatt Kirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Mathura" title="Bhatt Mathura">Bhatt Mathura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Nalh" title="Bhatt Nalh">Bhatt Nalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Salh" title="Bhatt Salh">Bhatt Salh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Sunder" title="Baba Sunder">Baba Sundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satta_Doom" title="Satta Doom">Satta Doom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balvand_Rai" title="Balvand Rai">Balvand Rai</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_religious_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh religious philosophy"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Philosophy</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Naam_Japo" title="Naam Japo">Naam Japo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Karo" title="Kirat Karo"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kirat Karō</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vand_Chhako" title="Vand Chhako"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vand Chakkō</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charhdi_Kala" class="mw-redirect" title="Charhdi Kala"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Charhdi Kalā</i></span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guru_Maneyo_Granth" title="Guru Maneyo Granth">Guru Maneyo Granth</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Thieves" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Thieves">Five Thieves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Virtues">Five Virtues</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_practices" title="Category:Sikh practices"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Practices</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Rehat_Maryada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Rehat Maryada">Sikh Rehat Maryada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitions_in_Sikhism" title="Prohibitions in Sikhism">Prohibitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard%C4%81s" title="Ardās">Ardās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Vel%C4%81" title="Amrit Velā">Amrit Velā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasvand" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasvand">Dasvand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Ks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Ks">The Five Ks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">Langar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_(Indian_religions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seva (Indian religions)">Sewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Simran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitnem" title="Nitnem">Nitnem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">Dastar</a> (Turban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Karan" title="Naam Karan">Naam Karan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanskar" title="Amrit Sanskar">Amrit Sanskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Karaj" title="Anand Karaj">Anand Karaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antam_Sanskar" title="Antam Sanskar">Antam Sanskar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_scripture" title="Category:Sikh scripture"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Scripture</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarbloh_Granth" title="Sarbloh Granth">Sarbloh Granth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Banis" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Banis">Five Banis</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_places" title="Category:Sikh places"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Places</span></a> and <a href="/wiki/Panj_Takht" title="Panj Takht"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Takhts</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Harmandir Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Keshgarh_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib">Keshgarh Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Damdama_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Damdama Sahib">Damdama Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Patna_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Patna Sahib">Patna Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Hazur_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Takht Sri Hazur Sahib">Hazur Sahib</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">General topics</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Culture24" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_culture" title="Sikh culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-_ODDEVEN_" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_literature" title="Category:Sikh literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_music" title="Category:Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_names" title="Sikh names">Names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panj_Pyare" title="Panj Pyare">Panj Pyare</a></li> <li><a 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Details of the life of Namdev are vague.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198440–42_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198440–42-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His family name was believed to be as Relekar which is common in Bhavsar and Namdev shimpi caste. He is traditionally believed to have lived between 1270 and 1350 but S. B. Kulkarni has suggested that 1207-1287 is more likely, based on textual analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201345–46_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke201345–46-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars date him to around 1425<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIwao1988184_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwao1988184-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and another, R. Bharadvaj, proposes 1309-1372.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201348_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke201348-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is, according to Christian Novetzke, "one of the most prominent voices in the historical study of Maharashtrian <i>Sant</i> figures". His well-known and first miracle is that, in childhood, he got an idol of Lord Vitthal to drink milk.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Namdev was married to Rajai and had a son, Vitha, both of whom wrote about him, as did his mother, Gonai. Contemporary references to him by a disciple, a potter, a guru and other close associates also exist. There are no references to him in the records and inscriptions of the then-ruling family and the first non-Varkari noting of him appears possibly to be in the <i><a href="/wiki/Leela_Charitra" title="Leela Charitra">Leela Charitra</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a>-sect biography dating from 1278. <i>Smrtisthala</i>, a later Mahanubhava text from around 1310, may also possibly refer to him; after that, there are no references until a <i><a href="/wiki/Bakhar" title="Bakhar">bakhar</a></i> of around 1538.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201342–44,_46_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke201342–44,_46-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Mahipati" title="Mahipati">Mahipati</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiographer</a> of the 18th century, Namdev's parents were Damashet and Gonai, a childless elderly couple whose prayers for parenthood were answered and involved him being found floating down a river. As with various other details of his life, elements such as this may have been invented to sidestep issues that might have caused controversy. In this instance, the potential controversy was that of <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">caste</a> or, more specifically, his position in the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">varna system</a> of ritual ranking. He was born into what is generally recognised as a <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya (क्षत्रिय)</a> caste, variously recorded as <i><a href="/wiki/Shimpi" title="Shimpi">shimpi</a></i> (tailor) in the <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi language</a> and as <i>Chhipa</i>, <i>Chhimpa</i>, <i>Chhimba</i>, <i>shimpi</i>, <i>chimpi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Calico_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calico (textile)">calico</a>-printer) in northern India. His followers in Maharashtra and northern India who are from those communities prefer to consider their place, and thus his, as <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIwao1988185_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwao1988185-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201354–55[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidEeU8DwAAQBAJpgPA54_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke201354–55[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidEeU8DwAAQBAJpgPA54-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are contrary traditions concerning his birthplace, with some people believing that he was born at <a href="/wiki/Narsi,_Hingoli" title="Narsi, Hingoli">Narsi Bahmani</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Krishna_River" title="Krishna River">Krishna River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Marathwada" title="Marathwada">Marathwada</a> and others preferring somewhere near to <a href="/wiki/Pandharpur" title="Pandharpur">Pandharpur</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Bhima" title="Bhima">Bhima</a> river.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201355_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke201355-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that he was himself a calico-printer or tailor and that he spent much of his life in Punjab.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198440–42_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198440–42-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrill2009_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrill2009-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Lilacaritra</i> suggests, however, that Namdev was a <a href="/wiki/Cattle_raiding" title="Cattle raiding">cattle-thief</a> who was devoted to and assisted <a href="/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba">Vithoba</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrill2009_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrill2009-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201343_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke201343-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A friendship between Namdev and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">yogi</a>-saint,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201342_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke201342-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been posited at least as far back as circa 1600 CE when Nabhadas, a hagiographer, noted it in his <i><a href="/wiki/Bhaktamal" title="Bhaktamal">Bhaktamal</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198440–42_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198440–42-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jñāneśvar, also known as Jñāndev, never referred to Namdev in his writings but perhaps had no cause to do so; Novetzke notes that "Jnandev's songs generally did not concern biography or autobiography; the historical truth of their friendship is beyond my ken to determine and has remained an unsettled subject in Marathi scholarship for over a century."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201342–43_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke201342–43-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Namdev is generally considered by <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikhs</a> to be a holy man (<a href="/wiki/Bhagat" title="Bhagat">bhagat</a>), many of whom came from lower castes and so also attracted attention as social reformers. Such men, who comprised both Hindus and Muslims, traditionally wrote devotional poetry in a style that was acceptable to the Sikh belief system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrill2009_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrill2009-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_the_shrine_of_Bhagat_Namdev_in_Ghuman,_as_published_in_%27The_Sikh_Religion%27_(1909).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Photograph_of_the_shrine_of_Bhagat_Namdev_in_Ghuman%2C_as_published_in_%27The_Sikh_Religion%27_%281909%29.jpg/220px-Photograph_of_the_shrine_of_Bhagat_Namdev_in_Ghuman%2C_as_published_in_%27The_Sikh_Religion%27_%281909%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Photograph_of_the_shrine_of_Bhagat_Namdev_in_Ghuman%2C_as_published_in_%27The_Sikh_Religion%27_%281909%29.jpg/330px-Photograph_of_the_shrine_of_Bhagat_Namdev_in_Ghuman%2C_as_published_in_%27The_Sikh_Religion%27_%281909%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Photograph_of_the_shrine_of_Bhagat_Namdev_in_Ghuman%2C_as_published_in_%27The_Sikh_Religion%27_%281909%29.jpg/440px-Photograph_of_the_shrine_of_Bhagat_Namdev_in_Ghuman%2C_as_published_in_%27The_Sikh_Religion%27_%281909%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="826" data-file-height="1238" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of the shrine of Bhagat Namdev in Ghuman, as published in 'The Sikh Religion' (1909)</figcaption></figure> <p>A tradition in Maharashtra is that Namdev died at the age of eighty in 1350 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198440–42_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198440–42-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sikh tradition maintains that his death place was the Punjabi village of <a href="/wiki/Ghuman_(Gurdaspur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghuman (Gurdaspur)">Ghuman</a>, although this is not universally accepted. Aside from a shrine there that marks his death, there are monuments at the other claimant places, being Pandharpur and the nearby <a href="/wiki/Narsi,_Hingoli" title="Narsi, Hingoli">Narsi Bahmani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201343,_48_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke201343,_48-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadarangani2004146_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadarangani2004146-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reliability_of_hagiographies">Reliability of hagiographies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namdev&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reliability of hagiographies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars note that many miracles and specifics about Namdev's life appear only in manuscripts written centuries after Namdev's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert198911–12,_see_also_pp._14-20_for_examples_of_biographical_inconsistencies_among_manuscripts_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaert198911–12,_see_also_pp._14-20_for_examples_of_biographical_inconsistencies_among_manuscripts-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201353,_55_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke201353,_55-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The birth theory with Namdev floating down a river, is first found in Mahipati's <i>Bhaktavijay</i> composed around 1762, and is absent in all earlier biographies of Namdev.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201353,_55_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke201353,_55-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahipati's biography of Namdev adds numerous other miracles, such as buildings rotating and sun rising in the west to show respect to Namdev.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201362–64_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke201362–64-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest surviving Hindi and Rajasthani biographies from about 1600 only mention a few miracles performed by Namdev.<sup id="cite_ref-CallewaertNamdevParcai_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CallewaertNamdevParcai-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert198911–12,_see_also_pp._14-20_for_examples_of_biographical_inconsistencies_among_manuscripts_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaert198911–12,_see_also_pp._14-20_for_examples_of_biographical_inconsistencies_among_manuscripts-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Namdev biographies published after 1600 through the end of the 20th century, new life details and more miracles increasingly appear with the passage of time.<sup id="cite_ref-CallewaertNamdevParcai_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CallewaertNamdevParcai-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest biographies never mention the caste of Namdev, and his caste appears for the first time in manuscripts with statements from Ravidas and Dhana in early 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert198911–12,_see_also_pp._14-20_for_examples_of_biographical_inconsistencies_among_manuscripts_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaert198911–12,_see_also_pp._14-20_for_examples_of_biographical_inconsistencies_among_manuscripts-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namdev's <i>Immaculate Conception</i> miracle mentioned in later era manuscripts, adds Novetzke, is a story found regularly for other sants in India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201354_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke201354-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Namdev biographies in medieval manuscripts are inconsistent and contradictory, feeding questions of their reliability.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert198911–12,_see_also_pp._14-20_for_examples_of_biographical_inconsistencies_among_manuscripts_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaert198911–12,_see_also_pp._14-20_for_examples_of_biographical_inconsistencies_among_manuscripts-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namdev&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Painting_of_Bhagat_Namdev,_from_a_folio_within_an_illustrated_manuscript_of_the_Prem_Ambodh_Pothi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Painting_of_Bhagat_Namdev%2C_from_a_folio_within_an_illustrated_manuscript_of_the_Prem_Ambodh_Pothi.jpg/220px-Painting_of_Bhagat_Namdev%2C_from_a_folio_within_an_illustrated_manuscript_of_the_Prem_Ambodh_Pothi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Painting_of_Bhagat_Namdev%2C_from_a_folio_within_an_illustrated_manuscript_of_the_Prem_Ambodh_Pothi.jpg/330px-Painting_of_Bhagat_Namdev%2C_from_a_folio_within_an_illustrated_manuscript_of_the_Prem_Ambodh_Pothi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Painting_of_Bhagat_Namdev%2C_from_a_folio_within_an_illustrated_manuscript_of_the_Prem_Ambodh_Pothi.jpg/440px-Painting_of_Bhagat_Namdev%2C_from_a_folio_within_an_illustrated_manuscript_of_the_Prem_Ambodh_Pothi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="1078" /></a><figcaption>Painting of Bhagat Namdev, from a folio within an illustrated manuscript of the <i>Prem Ambodh Pothi</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The literary works of Namdev were influenced by <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnava</a> philosophy<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198440–42_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198440–42-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a belief in <a href="/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba">Vithoba</a>. Along with the <i><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81n%C4%93%C5%9Bvar%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñānēśvarī">Jñānēśvarī</a></i>, a sacred work of Jñānēśvar, and of <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a> teacher-writers such as <a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a>, the writings of Namdev form the basis of the beliefs held by the Varkari sect of Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIwao1988186_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwao1988186-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was thus among those responsible for disseminating the monotheistic Varkari faith that had emerged first in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> in the mid-to-late 12th century and then spread to Pandharpur in Maharashtra.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIwao1988184–185_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwao1988184–185-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Namdev and Jñānēśvar used the <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi language</a> to convey their beliefs. Namdev's style was to compose simply worded praise for Vithoba and to use a <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melodic device</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/Samkirtana" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkirtana">samkirtana</a></i>, both of which were accessible to common people. Shima Iwao says that "He taught that all can be saved equally, without regard to caste, through devotion (<i>bhakti</i>) to Vithoba" and that he greatly influenced groups of people who were forbidden by the Brahmin elite from studying the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, such as women and members of the Shudra and <a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">untouchable</a> communities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIwao1988184–185_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwao1988184–185-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest anthological record of Namdev's works occurs in the <i><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></i>, the Sikh scriptures compiled in 1604,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198440–42_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198440–42-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although Novetzke notes that while the manuscript records of Namdev mostly date from the 17th and 18th centuries, there exists a manuscript from 1581 that presents a rarely recounted variant version of Namdev's <i>Tirthavli</i>, a Marathi-language autobiographical piece.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201341–42_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke201341–42-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is evident that the <i>Guru Granth Sahib ji</i> record is an accurate rendition of what Namdev wrote: the oral tradition probably accounts significantly for the changes and additions that appear to have been made by that time. The numerous subsequently produced manuscripts also show variant texts and additions that are attributed to him. Of around 2500 <a href="/wiki/Abhang" title="Abhang">abhangs</a> that were credited to him and written in the Marathi language, perhaps only 600 - 700 are authentic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198440–42_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198440–42-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surviving manuscripts are geographically dispersed and of uncertain provenance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201341_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke201341-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bhajans">Bhajans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namdev&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bhajans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_of_Bhagat_Namdev_from_a_fresco_depicting_Guru_Arjan_meeting_the_Bhagats_and_composing_the_Adi_Granth_with_the_assistance_of_Bhai_Gurdas,_circa_mid-19th_century.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Detail_of_Bhagat_Namdev_from_a_fresco_depicting_Guru_Arjan_meeting_the_Bhagats_and_composing_the_Adi_Granth_with_the_assistance_of_Bhai_Gurdas%2C_circa_mid-19th_century.jpeg/220px-thumbnail.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="380" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Detail_of_Bhagat_Namdev_from_a_fresco_depicting_Guru_Arjan_meeting_the_Bhagats_and_composing_the_Adi_Granth_with_the_assistance_of_Bhai_Gurdas%2C_circa_mid-19th_century.jpeg/330px-thumbnail.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Detail_of_Bhagat_Namdev_from_a_fresco_depicting_Guru_Arjan_meeting_the_Bhagats_and_composing_the_Adi_Granth_with_the_assistance_of_Bhai_Gurdas%2C_circa_mid-19th_century.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>Detail of Bhagat Namdev from a <a href="/wiki/Sikh_art" title="Sikh art">Sikh fresco</a>, circa mid-19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Namdev's <i>padas</i> are not mere poems, according to Callewaert and Lath.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert198955_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaert198955-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like other Bhakti movement sants, Namdev composed <i>bhajans</i>, that is songs meant to be sung to music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert198955–56_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaert198955–56-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>Bhajan</i> literally means "a thing enjoyed or shared".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke2013276_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke2013276-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namdev's songs were composed to be melodious and carry a spiritual message. They built on one among the many ancient Indian traditions for making music and singing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert198955–56_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaert198955–56-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namdev's bhajans, note Callewaert and Lath, deployed particular species of <i>Raag</i>, used <i>Bhanita</i> (or <i>Chhap</i>, a stamp of the composer's name inside the poem, in his case <i>Nama</i>), applied a <i>Tek</i> (or <i>dhruva</i>, repeated refrain) and a meter than helps harmonise the wording with the musical instrument, all according to <i>Sangita</i> manuals refined from the 8th to 13th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert198955–56_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaert198955–56-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The musical genre of Namdev's literary works was a form of <i>Prabandha</i> – itself a very large and rich genre that includes <i>dhrupad</i>, <i>thumri</i>, <i>tappa</i>, <i>geet</i>, <i>bhajan</i> and other species.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert198956–57_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaert198956–57-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some species of Indian music, it is the music that dominates while words and their meaning are secondary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert198957–58_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaert198957–58-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, in Namdev's bhajan the spiritual message in the words has a central role, and the structure resonates with the singing and music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert198957–58_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaert198957–58-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The songs and music that went with Namdev's works were usually transmitted verbally across generations, in a <i>guru-sisya-parampara</i> (teacher-student tradition), within singing <i>gharanas</i> (family-like musical units).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert198957–58_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaert198957–58-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Callewaert and Lath state that, "each single song of Namdev is a musical and textual unit and this unit is the basis for textual considerations".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert198964–65_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaert198964–65-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unit contained <i>Antaras</i>, which are the smallest independent unit within that can be shifted around, dropped or added, without affecting the harmony or meaning, when a bhajan is being sung with music.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert198967–68_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaert198967–68-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Namdev's songs, the dominant pattern is <i>Caturasra</i>, or an avarta with the 4x4 square pattern of musical matras (beat).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert198968–70_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaert198968–70-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compilations">Compilations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namdev&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Compilations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Namdev's work is known for <i>abhangs</i>, a genre of hymn poetry in India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198440–42_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198440–42-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His poems were transmitted from one generation to the next within singing families, and memory was the only recording method in the centuries that followed Namdev's death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor199229–30_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGregor199229–30-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The repertoires grew, because the artists added new songs to their repertoire. The earliest surviving manuscripts of songs attributed to Namdev, from these singing families, are traceable to the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor199229_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGregor199229-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A diverse collection of these manuscripts exist, which have been neither compiled nor archived successfully in a single <a href="/wiki/Critical_edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical edition">critical edition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201341–42_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke201341–42-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor199229–33_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGregor199229–33-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state Government of Maharashtra made an effort and compiled Namdev's work from various manuscripts into the <i>Sri Namdev Gatha</i> in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201341–42_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke201341–42-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trilok_Singh_Chitarkar_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Trilok_Singh_Chitarkar_1933.jpg/220px-Trilok_Singh_Chitarkar_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Trilok_Singh_Chitarkar_1933.jpg/330px-Trilok_Singh_Chitarkar_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Trilok_Singh_Chitarkar_1933.jpg/440px-Trilok_Singh_Chitarkar_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2098" data-file-height="1410" /></a><figcaption>Oil painting work of <a href="/wiki/Trilok_Singh_Chitarkar" title="Trilok Singh Chitarkar">Trilok Singh Chitarkar</a> from 1933 depicting bhagat Namdev in his hut</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>Adi Granth</i> of Sikhism includes a compilation of 61 songs of Namdev.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor199231–33_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGregor199231–33-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, of these only 25 are found in surviving Namdev-related manuscripts of Rajasthan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor199231–33_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGregor199231–33-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert19898_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaert19898-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Winand Callewaert suggests that Namdev's poems in the Adi Granth and the surviving Rajasthani manuscripts are considerably different musically and morphologically, but likely to have evolved from a very early common source.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor199230_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGregor199230-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anamnetic_authorship">Anamnetic authorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namdev&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Anamnetic authorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of thousands of <i>Abhang</i> poems credited to Namdev, 600 - 700 are probably authentic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198440–42_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198440–42-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other poems are attributed to Namdev, in a phenomenon Novetzke calls, "anamnetic authorship".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke2013137–138_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke2013137–138-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The later compositions and their authors hid the true authorship purposefully and collectively over the 14th to 18th centuries, a period described in Maharashtra culture as the dark age.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke2013138–139_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke2013138–139-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a period of Muslim conquest and repression of Hindus under the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke2013138–139_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke2013138–139-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The literary works not composed by Namdev, but attributed to Namdev were partly a product of this historical suffering and political situation in <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a> region of India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke2013137–140_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke2013137–140-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the poetries of another Poet named Vishnudas Namadev who lived in 15th century are also attributed to this Namadev, the Saint. This includes the popular Marathi Aartis of Vithoba "Yuge Atthavis" & "Yei O Vitthale" </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namdev&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Namdev was influenced by Vaishnavite philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198440–42_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198440–42-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His poems sometimes invoked Vithoba, sometimes <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>-<a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> as Govind-Hari, but in the larger context of Rama, which states <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Stuart_McGregor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald Stuart McGregor">Ronald McGregor</a>, was not referring to the hero described in the Hindu epic <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i>, but to a <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheistic</a> Ultimate Being.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198441_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198441-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namdev's view of Rama can be visualised, adds McGregor, "only as the one true, or real Teacher of man (<i>satguru</i>)".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198441_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198441-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this is an observation based on hymns for which Namdev is not definitively known to the author, and might well be interpolated. For example, the following hymn talks about worshipping One Omnipresent God rather than Hindu deities <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>O <a href="/wiki/Pandit" title="Pandit">Pandit</a>, I saw your great god Shiva, riding along on a white bull. In the merchant's house, a banquet was prepared for him - he killed the merchant's son. O Pandit, I saw your Raam Chand coming too; he lost his wife, fighting a war against Raawan. The Hindu is sightless; the Muslim has only one eye. The spiritual teacher is wiser than both of them. The Hindu worships at the temple, the Muslim at the mosque. Naam Dayv serves that Lord, who is not limited to either the temple or the mosque. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Namdev, Guru Granth Sahib 874-875 <sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>One stone is lovingly decorated, while another stone is walked upon. If one is a god, then the other must also be a god. Says Naam Dayv, I serve the Lord. </p> </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Namdev, Guru Granth Sahib 525 <sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Indian traditions attribute varying theosophical views to Namdev. In north India, Namdev is considered as a <i><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement#Philosophy:_Nirguna_and_Saguna_Brahman" title="Bhakti movement">nirguna bhakta</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS"><span title="The anchor (Philosophy: Nirguna and Saguna Brahman) has been deleted. (2024-03-25)">broken anchor</span></a></i>]</sup></i>, in Marathi culture he is considered a <i><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement#Philosophy:_Nirguna_and_Saguna_Brahman" title="Bhakti movement">saguna bhakta</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS"><span title="The anchor (Philosophy: Nirguna and Saguna Brahman) has been deleted. (2024-03-25)">broken anchor</span></a></i>]</sup></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201366,_160_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke201366,_160-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Namdev literature, devotion as the path to liberation is considered superior to alternative paths. Novetzke states that the envisioned devotion is not one way from the devotee to Vishnu, but it is bidirectional, such that "Krishna (Vishnu) is Namdev's slave, and Namdev is Vishnu's slave". To Namdev, mechanical rituals are futile, pilgrimage to holy places is pointless, deep meditation and loving mutual devotion is what matters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke2006124–126_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke2006124–126-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namdev and other sant poets of India "were influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monist</a> view of the ultimate being (<a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>)", which was expressed, in vernacular language, as the loving devotion not of a specific deity but to this ultimate, according to McGregor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198439_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198439-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namdev's songs suggested the divine is within oneself, its <a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">non-duality</a>, its presence and oneness in everyone and everything.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Namdev's literary works, summarises Klaus Witz, as with virtually every Bhakti movement poet, the "Upanishadic teachings form an all-pervasive substratum, if not a basis. We have here a state of affairs that has no parallel in the West. Supreme Wisdom, which can be taken as basically nontheistic and as an independent wisdom tradition (not dependent on the Vedas), appears fused with highest level of bhakti and with highest level of God realization."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namdev&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Namdev_1970_stamp_of_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Namdev_1970_stamp_of_India.jpg/220px-Namdev_1970_stamp_of_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Namdev_1970_stamp_of_India.jpg/330px-Namdev_1970_stamp_of_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Namdev_1970_stamp_of_India.jpg/440px-Namdev_1970_stamp_of_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="692" /></a><figcaption>Namdev on a 1970 stamp of India</figcaption></figure> <p>Along with the works of sants such as <a href="/wiki/Jnanesvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jnanesvar">Jnanesvar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a>, the writings of Namdev are at the foundation of beliefs held by the Varkari sect of Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIwao1988186_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwao1988186-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was among those responsible for disseminating the Vithoba faith that had emerged first in the 12th century <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIwao1988184–185_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwao1988184–185-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namdev used the Marathi language to compose his poetry, which made it accessible to the wider public. Namdev's simple words of devotion and his use melody appealed to common people. This helped spread his message and songs widely. Namdev thus played a role, states McGregor, in shaping the religious base for the "premodern and modern culture of north India".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198441_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198441-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Namdev attracted individuals from diverse classes and castes during community-driven bhajan singing sessions. His companions during worship sessions included Kanhopatra (a dancing girl), Sena (a barber), Savata (a gardener), Chokhamela (an untouchable), Janabai (a maid), Gora (a potter), Narahari (a goldsmith) and Jñāneśvar (also known as Dnyandev, a Brahmin).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The close friendship between Namdev and the influential Jnanesvar, a Brahmin <a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">yogi</a>-saint,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201342_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke201342-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is mentioned in <i><a href="/wiki/Bhaktamal" title="Bhaktamal">Bhaktamal</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198440–42_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198440–42-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The songs of Namdev, also called <i>kirtans</i>, use the term <i>loka</i>, which Novetzke states is a reference to "we the people" and the "human world" as a social force.<sup id="cite_ref-chrisnovijhs_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chrisnovijhs-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Namdev is considered one of the five revered <i>gurus</i> in the <i>Dadupanth</i> tradition within Hinduism, the other four being <a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haridasa" title="Haridasa">Hardas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert19894_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaert19894-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dadupanthi Hindus thrived in <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, creating and compiling Bhakti poems including one of the largest collection of Namdev's songs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert198984–89_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaert198984–89-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were also among the warrior-ascetics of Rajput heritage who became a widespread phenomena in the 17th- and 18th-century North India, and were <a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">sannyasis</a> who participated in armed resistance to the Islamic Mughal empire, inspired by their Nath yogi heritage and five revered <i>gurus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like Dadupanth, another north Indian warrior ascetic group, the Niranjani Sampraday tradition within Hinduism reveres Namdev as a holy person. The <i>Niranjani Vani</i>, which is their scripture just like the scriptures of Dadu Panthi and Sikhs, includes poetry of Namdev, and is dated to be from the 17th and 18th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Namdev is one of the revered holy men in Sikhism as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrill2009_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrill2009-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is mentioned in Guru Granth Sahib, where Novetzke notes, "Namdev is remembered as having been summoned to confront a Sultan."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke2013182_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke2013182-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a controversy among scholars if the Namdev hymns recorded in the Guru Granth of Sikhs were composed by the Marathi Namdev, or a different sant whose name was also Namdev.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Namdev's legacy continues through the biannual pilgrimage to <a href="/wiki/Pandharpur" title="Pandharpur">Pandharpur</a>, near Bhima river, in Maharashtra. His <i>paduka</i> (footprints) are among those of revered <a href="/wiki/Sant_(religion)" title="Sant (religion)">sants</a> that Varkari communities from various parts of Maharashtra carry with a <i>palkhi</i> (palanquin) to the Vithoba temple in Pandharpur, every year in modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIwao1988186_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwao1988186-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201383–84_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke201383–84-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namdev composed <i>bhajan-kirtans</i> are sung during the pilgrimage-related festivities.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namdev&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There was a revival of interest in the Marathi-language <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">bhakti movement</a>, of which Namdev had been a part, in the 16th century following the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijayanagara empire">Vijayanagara empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIwao1988185_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwao1988185-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Mahanubhavs and <a href="/wiki/Varkari" class="mw-redirect" title="Varkari">Varkaris</a> were antagonists and this is often reflected in their writings, especially in those of the former sect. Novetzke discusses the chronological and <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philological</a> difficulties relating to the purported origins of the <i>Lilacaritra</i> and the traditionally-accepted year of birth and spelling of Namdev.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201344_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke201344-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Callewaert and Lath translate Hindi Pada 20 of Namdev as,<br />I worship only God-within,<br />nothing else, says Namdev.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert1989156_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaert1989156-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Callewaert and Lath translate Namdev's Hindi Pada 6 as,<br /><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> speaks, Rama alone speaks,<br />Who can speak without Rama, brother?<br />The elephant and the ant, are one, being both dust.<br />These are the vessels, many and varied.<br />The worm and the moth, whatever moves or is still,<br />everything is filled with Rama.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert1989146_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaert1989146-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namdev&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:6-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDatta1987" class="citation book cs1">Datta, Amaresh (1987). <i>Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo, Volume 1</i>. Sahitya Akademi. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126018031" title="Special:BookSources/9788126018031"><bdi>9788126018031</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+Literature%3A+A-Devo%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9788126018031&rft.aulast=Datta&rft.aufirst=Amaresh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamdev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck2012" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Guy L. (1 February 2012). <i>Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity</i>. SUNY Press. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8341-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8341-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-8341-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alternative+Krishnas%3A+Regional+and+Vernacular+Variations+on+a+Hindu+Deity&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2012-02-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-8341-1&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Guy+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamdev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198439-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198439_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198439_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGregor1984">McGregor (1984)</a>, p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwao1988186-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIwao1988186_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIwao1988186_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIwao1988186_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIwao1988186_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIwao1988">Iwao (1988)</a>, p. 186</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke201383–84-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201383–84_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201383–84_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNovetzke2013">Novetzke (2013)</a>, pp. 83–84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFService" class="citation web cs1">Service, Tribune News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/little-maharashtra-in-punjab-village-62948">"Little Maharashtra in Punjab village"</a>. <i>Tribuneindia News Service</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221113182228/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/little-maharashtra-in-punjab-village-62948">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tribuneindia+News+Service&rft.atitle=Little+Maharashtra+in+Punjab+village&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=Tribune+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2Fnews%2Farchive%2Ffeatures%2Flittle-maharashtra-in-punjab-village-62948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamdev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198440–42-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198440–42_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198440–42_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198440–42_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198440–42_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198440–42_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198440–42_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198440–42_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198440–42_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198440–42_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198440–42_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198440–42_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGregor1984">McGregor (1984)</a>, pp. 40–42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke201345–46-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201345–46_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNovetzke2013">Novetzke (2013)</a>, pp. 45–46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwao1988184-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIwao1988184_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIwao1988">Iwao (1988)</a>, p. 184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke201348-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201348_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNovetzke2013">Novetzke (2013)</a>, p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Namdev">"Namdev | Indian poet"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240714055323/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Namdev">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Namdev+%7C+Indian+poet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FNamdev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamdev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke201342–44,_46-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201342–44,_46_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNovetzke2013">Novetzke (2013)</a>, pp. 42–44, 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwao1988185-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIwao1988185_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIwao1988185_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIwao1988">Iwao (1988)</a>, p. 185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke201354–55[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidEeU8DwAAQBAJpgPA54-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201354–55[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidEeU8DwAAQBAJpgPA54_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNovetzke2013">Novetzke (2013)</a>, pp. 54–55, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EeU8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke201355-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201355_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNovetzke2013">Novetzke (2013)</a>, p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrill2009-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrill2009_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrill2009_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrill2009_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrill2009_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrill2009">Prill (2009)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke201343-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201343_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNovetzke2013">Novetzke (2013)</a>, p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke201344-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201344_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNovetzke2013">Novetzke (2013)</a>, pp. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke201342-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201342_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201342_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNovetzke2013">Novetzke (2013)</a>, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke201342–43-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201342–43_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNovetzke2013">Novetzke (2013)</a>, pp. 42–43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke201343,_48-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201343,_48_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNovetzke2013">Novetzke (2013)</a>, pp. 43, 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESadarangani2004146-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadarangani2004146_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSadarangani2004">Sadarangani (2004)</a>, p. 146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaert198911–12,_see_also_pp._14-20_for_examples_of_biographical_inconsistencies_among_manuscripts-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert198911–12,_see_also_pp._14-20_for_examples_of_biographical_inconsistencies_among_manuscripts_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert198911–12,_see_also_pp._14-20_for_examples_of_biographical_inconsistencies_among_manuscripts_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert198911–12,_see_also_pp._14-20_for_examples_of_biographical_inconsistencies_among_manuscripts_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert198911–12,_see_also_pp._14-20_for_examples_of_biographical_inconsistencies_among_manuscripts_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCallewaert1989">Callewaert (1989)</a>, pp. 11–12, see also pp. 14-20 for examples of biographical inconsistencies among manuscripts.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke201353,_55-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201353,_55_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201353,_55_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNovetzke2013">Novetzke (2013)</a>, pp. 53, 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke201362–64-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201362–64_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNovetzke2013">Novetzke (2013)</a>, pp. 62–64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CallewaertNamdevParcai-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CallewaertNamdevParcai_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CallewaertNamdevParcai_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Winand Callewaert (2003), Pilgrims, Patrons, and Place: Localizing Sanctity in Asian Religions (Editors: Phyllis Granoff and Koichi Shinohara), University of British Columbia Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0774810395" title="Special:BookSources/978-0774810395">978-0774810395</a>, page 205</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke201354-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201354_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNovetzke2013">Novetzke (2013)</a>, p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIwao1988184–185-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIwao1988184–185_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIwao1988184–185_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIwao1988184–185_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIwao1988">Iwao (1988)</a>, pp. 184–185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bhaskar.com/state/haryana/news/haryana-news-saint-namdev-maharaj-gave-the-message-of-humanity-to-the-world-dharmaveer-082118-6535121.html">"संत नामदेव महाराज ने दुनिया को मानवता का संदेश िदया : धर्मवीर"</a>. <i>Dainik Bhaskar</i> (in Hindi). 3 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422172813/https://www.bhaskar.com/state/haryana/news/haryana-news-saint-namdev-maharaj-gave-the-message-of-humanity-to-the-world-dharmaveer-082118-6535121.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dainik+Bhaskar&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6+%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%3A+%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0&rft.date=2020-02-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhaskar.com%2Fstate%2Fharyana%2Fnews%2Fharyana-news-saint-namdev-maharaj-gave-the-message-of-humanity-to-the-world-dharmaveer-082118-6535121.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamdev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke201341–42-32"><span 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert198955–56_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert198955–56_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert198955–56_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCallewaert1989">Callewaert (1989)</a>, pp. 55–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke2013276-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke2013276_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNovetzke2013">Novetzke (2013)</a>, p. 276</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaert198956–57-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert198956–57_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCallewaert1989">Callewaert (1989)</a>, pp. 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaert198957–58-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert198957–58_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert198957–58_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert198957–58_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCallewaert1989">Callewaert (1989)</a>, pp. 57–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaert198964–65-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert198964–65_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCallewaert1989">Callewaert (1989)</a>, pp. 64–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaert198967–68-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert198967–68_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCallewaert1989">Callewaert (1989)</a>, pp. 67–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaert198968–70-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert198968–70_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCallewaert1989">Callewaert (1989)</a>, pp. 68–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGregor199229–30-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor199229–30_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGregor1992">McGregor (1992)</a>, pp. 29–30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGregor199229-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor199229_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGregor1992">McGregor (1992)</a>, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGregor199229–33-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor199229–33_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGregor1992">McGregor (1992)</a>, pp. 29–33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGregor199231–33-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor199231–33_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor199231–33_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGregor1992">McGregor (1992)</a>, pp. 31–33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaert19898-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert19898_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCallewaert1989">Callewaert (1989)</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGregor199230-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor199230_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGregor1992">McGregor (1992)</a>, pp. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke2013137–138-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke2013137–138_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNovetzke2013">Novetzke (2013)</a>, pp. 137–138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke2013138–139-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke2013138–139_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke2013138–139_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNovetzke2013">Novetzke (2013)</a>, pp. 138–139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke2013137–140-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke2013137–140_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNovetzke2013">Novetzke (2013)</a>, pp. 137–140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198441-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198441_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198441_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGregor198441_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGregor1984">McGregor (1984)</a>, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=874">"Sri Granth: Sri Guru Granth Sahib"</a>. <i>www.srigranth.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221113182515/https://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=874">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.srigranth.org&rft.atitle=Sri+Granth%3A+Sri+Guru+Granth+Sahib&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.srigranth.org%2Fservlet%2Fgurbani.gurbani%3FAction%3DPage%26Param%3D874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamdev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=525">"Sri Granth: Sri Guru Granth Sahib"</a>. <i>www.srigranth.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221113182515/https://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=525">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.srigranth.org&rft.atitle=Sri+Granth%3A+Sri+Guru+Granth+Sahib&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.srigranth.org%2Fservlet%2Fgurbani.gurbani%3FAction%3DPage%26Param%3D525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamdev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke201366,_160-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke201366,_160_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNovetzke2013">Novetzke (2013)</a>, pp. 66, 160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke2006124–126-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke2006124–126_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNovetzke2006">Novetzke (2006)</a>, pp. 124–126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Justin Abbott and NR Godbole (2014), <i>Stories of Indian Saints</i>, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120804692" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120804692">978-8120804692</a>, pp. 62-63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaert1989156-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert1989156_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCallewaert1989">Callewaert (1989)</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaert1989146-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert1989146_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCallewaert1989">Callewaert (1989)</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klaus G Witz (1998), The Supreme Wisdom of the Upaniṣads: An Introduction, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120815735" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120815735">978-8120815735</a>, page 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karine Schomer and WH McLeod (1987), The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120802773" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120802773">978-8120802773</a>, page 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chrisnovijhs-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chrisnovijhs_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian_Lee_Novetzke2007" class="citation journal cs1">Christian Lee Novetzke (2007). "Bhakti and Its Public". <i>International Journal of Hindu Studies</i>. <b>11</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">264–</span>265. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25691067">25691067</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Hindu+Studies&rft.atitle=Bhakti+and+Its+Public&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E264-%3C%2Fspan%3E265&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25691067%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Christian+Lee+Novetzke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamdev" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaert19894-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert19894_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCallewaert1989">Callewaert (1989)</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K Schomer and WH McLeod (1987), <i>The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India</i>, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120802773" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120802773">978-8120802773</a>, pp. 76, 193-194</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECallewaert198984–89-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallewaert198984–89_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCallewaert1989">Callewaert (1989)</a>, pp. 84–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karine Schomer, JL Erdman and DO Lodrick (1994), Idea of Rajasthan, Explorations in Regional Identity, Volume 2, South Asia Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0945921264" title="Special:BookSources/978-0945921264">978-0945921264</a>, pp. 242-250</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Hastings (2002), <i>Poets, sants, and warriors: the Dadu Panth, religious change and identity formation in Jaipur State circa 1562-1860 CE</i>, PhD Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/652198959">652198959</a>, pp. 16-17, 113-127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tyler Williams (2014), <i>Sacred Sounds and Sacred Books: A History of Writing in Hindi</i>, PhD Thesis, Columbia University, Reviewers: John Hawley, <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Pollock" title="Sheldon Pollock">Sheldon Pollock</a>, Sudipta Kaviraj and <a href="/wiki/Francesca_Orsini" title="Francesca Orsini">Francesca Orsini</a>, pp. 298-300, 337-340. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7916%2FD8VX0DQG">10.7916/D8VX0DQG</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENovetzke2013182-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovetzke2013182_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNovetzke2013">Novetzke (2013)</a>, p. 182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Vaudeville" title="Charlotte Vaudeville">Charlotte Vaudeville</a> (1996), Myths, Saints and Legends in Medieval India, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195634143" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195634143">978-0195634143</a>, p. 217: "The question of the identity of the Marathi Namdev with the Hindi Namdev, author of the hymns recorded in the Guru-Granth of the Sikhs, is also a matter for controversy."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian Lee Novetzke (2008), <i>Shared Idioms, Sacred Symbols, and the Articulation of Identities in South Asia</i>. Kelly Pemberton and Michael Nijhawan (eds.), Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415958288" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415958288">978-0415958288</a>, pp. 218-219</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namdev&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallewaert1989" class="citation cs2">Callewaert, Winand M. and Mukunda Lāṭh (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LNtQsB6KX7IC"><i>The Hindi Songs of Namdev</i></a>, Peeters Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-906831-107-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-906831-107-5"><bdi>978-906831-107-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindi+Songs+of+Namdev&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-906831-107-5&rft.aulast=Callewaert&rft.aufirst=Winand+M.+and+Mukunda+L%C4%81%E1%B9%ADh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLNtQsB6KX7IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamdev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIwao1988" class="citation cs2">Iwao, Shima (June–September 1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326062749/http://www.ic.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/jjrs/pdf/276.pdf">"The Vithoba Faith of Maharashtra: The Vithoba Temple of Pandharpur and Its Mythological Structure"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Japanese Journal of Religious Studies</i>, <b>15</b> (<span class="nowrap">2–</span>3): <span class="nowrap">183–</span>197, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0304-1042">0304-1042</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ic.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/jjrs/pdf/276.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 March 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Journal+of+Religious+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Vithoba+Faith+of+Maharashtra%3A+The+Vithoba+Temple+of+Pandharpur+and+Its+Mythological+Structure&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E183-%3C%2Fspan%3E197&rft.date=1988-06%2F1988-09&rft.issn=0304-1042&rft.aulast=Iwao&rft.aufirst=Shima&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ic.nanzan-u.ac.jp%2FSHUBUNKEN%2Fpublications%2Fjjrs%2Fpdf%2F276.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamdev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGregor1984" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Stuart_McGregor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald Stuart McGregor">McGregor, Ronald Stuart</a> (1984), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SGsOGT8Xej8C&pg=PA40"><i>A History of Indian Literature</i></a>, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-44702-413-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-44702-413-6"><bdi>978-3-44702-413-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Literature&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-3-44702-413-6&rft.aulast=McGregor&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSGsOGT8Xej8C%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamdev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGregor1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Stuart_McGregor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald Stuart McGregor">McGregor, Ronald Stuart</a> (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-X5Nv3gkdGoC"><i>Devotional Literature in South Asia</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52141-311-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52141-311-4"><bdi>978-0-52141-311-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Devotional+Literature+in+South+Asia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-52141-311-4&rft.aulast=McGregor&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-X5Nv3gkdGoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamdev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovetzke2006" class="citation cs2">Novetzke, Christian Lee (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8z-v1p2qrwsC">"A Family Affair"</a>, in Beck, Guy (ed.), <i>Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity</i>, State University of New York Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-79146-416-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-79146-416-8"><bdi>978-0-79146-416-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Family+Affair&rft.btitle=Alternative+Krishnas%3A+Regional+and+Vernacular+Variations+on+a+Hindu+Deity&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-79146-416-8&rft.aulast=Novetzke&rft.aufirst=Christian+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8z-v1p2qrwsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamdev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovetzke2013" class="citation cs2">Novetzke, Christian Lee (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SqUdRVOv9TUC"><i>Religion and Public Memory: A Cultural History of Saint Namdev in India</i></a>, Columbia University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-23151-256-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-23151-256-5"><bdi>978-0-23151-256-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Public+Memory%3A+A+Cultural+History+of+Saint+Namdev+in+India&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-23151-256-5&rft.aulast=Novetzke&rft.aufirst=Christian+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSqUdRVOv9TUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamdev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrill2009" class="citation cs2">Prill, Susan (2009), "Representing Sainthood in India: Sikh and Hindu Visions of Namdev", <i>Material Religion</i>, <b>5</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">156–</span>179, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2752%2F174322009X12448040551602">10.2752/174322009X12448040551602</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194036093">194036093</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Material+Religion&rft.atitle=Representing+Sainthood+in+India%3A+Sikh+and+Hindu+Visions+of+Namdev&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E156-%3C%2Fspan%3E179&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2752%2F174322009X12448040551602&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A194036093%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Prill&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamdev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadarangani2004" class="citation cs2">Sadarangani, Neeti M. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WVQrKJbJ2JIC&pg=PA146"><i>Bhakti Poetry in Medieval India: Its Inception, Cultural Encounter and Impact</i></a>, Sarup & Sons, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-17625-436-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-17625-436-6"><bdi>978-8-17625-436-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhakti+Poetry+in+Medieval+India%3A+Its+Inception%2C+Cultural+Encounter+and+Impact&rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-8-17625-436-6&rft.aulast=Sadarangani&rft.aufirst=Neeti+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWVQrKJbJ2JIC%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamdev" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Namdev&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Namdev" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Namdev">Namdev</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sant-namdev-gatha"><i>Sant Namdev Abhang Gatha</i></a>, 1250</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sant+Namdev+Abhang+Gatha&rft.date=1250&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsant-namdev-gatha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamdev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/001SantNaamDevachiAbhangGathaMarathi"><i>Sant Namdev Abhang Gatha</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sant+Namdev+Abhang+Gatha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F001SantNaamDevachiAbhangGathaMarathi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamdev" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.searchgurbani.com/guru-granth-sahib/author/bhagat-namdev"><i>Bhagat Namdev Bani in Guru Granth Sahib</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhagat+Namdev+Bani+in+Guru+Granth+Sahib&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.searchgurbani.com%2Fguru-granth-sahib%2Fauthor%2Fbhagat-namdev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANamdev" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Writers_of_Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Template:Writers of Guru Granth Sahib"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Writers_of_Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Template talk:Writers of Guru Granth Sahib"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Writers_of_Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Writers of Guru Granth Sahib"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Writers_of_the_Guru_Granth_Sahib36" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Writers_of_the_Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Writers of the Guru Granth Sahib">Writers of the Guru Granth Sahib</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Namdev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Beni" title="Bhagat Beni">Bhagat Beni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Bhikhan" title="Bhagat Bhikhan">Bhagat Bhikhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Dhanna" title="Bhagat Dhanna">Bhagat Dhanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Jayadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Parmanand" title="Bhagat Parmanand">Bhagat Parmanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Pipa" title="Bhagat Pipa">Bhagat Pipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Sadhana" title="Bhagat Sadhana">Bhagat Sadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Sain" title="Bhagat Sain">Bhagat Sain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Trilochan" title="Bhagat Trilochan">Bhagat Trilochan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Sunder" title="Baba Sunder">Baba Sundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Farid" title="Baba Farid">Baba Farid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satta_Doom" title="Satta Doom">Satta Doom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balvand_Rai" title="Balvand Rai">Balvand Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Kalshar" title="Bhatt Kalshar">Bhatt Kalshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Balh" title="Bhatt Balh">Bhatt Balh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Bhalh" title="Bhatt Bhalh">Bhatt Bhalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Bhika" title="Bhatt Bhika">Bhatt Bhika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Gayand" title="Bhatt Gayand">Bhatt Gayand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Harbans" title="Bhatt Harbans">Bhatt Harbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Jalap" title="Bhatt Jalap">Bhatt Jalap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Kirat" title="Bhatt Kirat">Bhatt Kirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Mathura" title="Bhatt Mathura">Bhatt Mathura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Nalh" title="Bhatt Nalh">Bhatt Nalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Salh" title="Bhatt Salh">Bhatt Salh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2602417#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2048" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2602417#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2048" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2602417#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121008771">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/41898863">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/18906/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvXhpjkwQ3Q4RHQhGWqwC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/130484350">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50064597">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122688543">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122688543">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35870711">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=zcu2015855882&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p09993695X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90537363">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007265852105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14773425">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA08661356?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/3f1de5a4-686f-4517-a11c-632ef3dbed75">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1124426">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028702360">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Namdev&oldid=1264134150">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Namdev&oldid=1264134150</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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