CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Albanians - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"66101729-16bf-4070-886b-e2ce2d755977","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Albanians","wgTitle":"Albanians","wgCurRevisionId":1258182455,"wgRevisionId":1258182455,"wgArticleId":2927,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Albanian-language text","Pages with Albanian IPA","CS1 Macedonian-language sources (mk)","CS1 Slovenian-language sources (sl)","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from June 2017","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro)","CS1 Slovak-language sources (sk)","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 French-language sources (fr)" ,"CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)","Articles with dead external links from January 2021","CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","CS1: long volume value","CS1 Albanian-language sources (sq)","Articles with dead external links from January 2023","Articles with dead external links from September 2019","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Use dmy dates from July 2020","Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2021","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019","Commons link from Wikidata","Albanian people","Ethnic groups divided by international borders", "Ethnic groups in Albania","Ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina","Ethnic groups in Croatia","Ethnic groups in Greece","Ethnic groups in Italy","Ethnic groups in Kosovo","Ethnic groups in Montenegro","Ethnic groups in North Macedonia","Ethnic groups in Serbia","Ethnic groups in the Balkans","Ethnic groups in Turkey","History of the Albanians","Indo-European peoples","Muslim communities in Europe"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Albanians","wgRelevantArticleId":2927,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"}, "wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q179248","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Map_of_the_Albanian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/1200px-Map_of_the_Albanian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="539"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Map_of_the_Albanian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/800px-Map_of_the_Albanian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="359"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Map_of_the_Albanian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/640px-Map_of_the_Albanian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="288"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Albanians - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Albanians rootpage-Albanians skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Albanians" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Albanians" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Albanians" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Albanians" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnonym" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnonym"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Ethnonym </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ethnonym-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ethnonym subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ethnonym-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Historical records </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Late_Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Late Antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Ottoman Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Albanian_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albanian_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Albanian Renaissance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albanian_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communism_in_Albania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communism_in_Albania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Communism in Albania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communism_in_Albania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_of_Kosovo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_of_Kosovo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Independence of Kosovo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_of_Kosovo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Distribution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Distribution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Balkans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balkans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Balkans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balkans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Greece </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Diaspora </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diaspora-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Diaspora subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia_and_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia_and_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Asia and Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia_and_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas_and_Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas_and_Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Americas and Oceania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas_and_Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Traditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tribal_social_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribal_social_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Tribal social structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribal_social_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Kanun </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Besa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Besa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 Besa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Besa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Visual arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Painting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.2 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Performing arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Apparel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apparel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.1 Apparel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apparel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.2 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Cited sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Albanians</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" > 73 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanese" title="Albanese – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Albanese" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D2%AD%D1%86%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Арнауҭцәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Арнауҭцәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ألبان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألبان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaneses" title="Albaneses – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Albaneses" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanlar" title="Albanlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Albanlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="آلبان‌لار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلبان‌لار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Албандар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Албандар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Албанцы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Албанцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Альбанцы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Альбанцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Албанци – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Албанци" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanci" title="Albanci – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Albanci" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanesos" title="Albanesos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Albanesos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Албансем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Албансем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb%C3%A1nci" title="Albánci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Albánci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaniaid" title="Albaniaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Albaniaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaner" title="Albaner – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Albaner" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaanlased" title="Albaanlased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Albaanlased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%AF" title="Αλβανοί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλβανοί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_alban%C3%A9s" title="Pueblo albanés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo albanés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanoj" title="Albanoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Albanoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaniar" title="Albaniar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Albaniar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="آلبانیایی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلبانیایی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanais_(peuple)" title="Albanais (peuple) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Albanais (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanezen" title="Albanezen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Albanezen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb%C3%A1naigh_(gr%C3%BApa_eitneach)" title="Albánaigh (grúpa eitneach) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Albánaigh (grúpa eitneach)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_alban%C3%A9s" title="Pobo albanés – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo albanés" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%B0%94%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8" title="알바니아인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알바니아인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ալբանացիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալբանացիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanci" title="Albanci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Albanci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Albania" title="Orang Albania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Albania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanesi" title="Albanesi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Albanesi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אלבנים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלבנים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Albani" title="Wong Albani – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wong Albani" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98)" title="ალბანელები (ალბანეთი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალბანელები (ალბანეთი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Албандар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Албандар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alban" title="Alban – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Alban" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Албандар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Албандар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb%C4%81%C5%86i" title="Albāņi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Albāņi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanai" title="Albanai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Albanai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb%C3%A1nok" title="Albánok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Albánok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Албанци – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Албанци" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ალბანარეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალბანარეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="البان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="البان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanezen" title="Albanezen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Albanezen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%90%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E4%BA%BA" title="アルバニア人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルバニア人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Албанхой – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Албанхой" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanere" title="Albanere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Albanere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanlar" title="Albanlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Albanlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="البانيان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="البانيان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba%C5%84czycy" title="Albańczycy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Albańczycy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaneses" title="Albaneses – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Albaneses" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanezi" title="Albanezi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Albanezi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%A3" title="Албанцѣ – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Албанцѣ" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Албанцы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Албанцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanies" title="Albanies – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Albanies" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shqiptar%C3%ABt" title="Shqiptarët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shqiptarët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Albanians" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb%C3%A1nci" title="Albánci – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Albánci" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanci" title="Albanci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Albanci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Албанци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Албанци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanci" title="Albanci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Albanci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaanit" title="Albaanit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Albaanit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albaner" title="Albaner – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Albaner" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Албаннар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Албаннар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%91%D0%B8%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Албониёиҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Албониёиҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnavutlar" title="Arnavutlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arnavutlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96" title="Албанці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Албанці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Albania" title="Người Albania – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Albania" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E6%97%8F" title="阿尔巴尼亚族 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿尔巴尼亚族" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E4%BA%BA" title="阿爾巴尼亞人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿爾巴尼亞人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnawud" title="Arnawud – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Arnawud" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E4%BA%BA" title="阿爾巴尼亞人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿爾巴尼亞人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolma_Albania" title="Jolma Albania – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jolma Albania" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q179248#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Albanians" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Albanians">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanians&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanians&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Albanians">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanians&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanians&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Albanians" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Albanians" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanians&oldid=1258182455" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanians&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Albanians&id=1258182455&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAlbanians">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAlbanians">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Albanians&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanians&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Albanians" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q179248" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group native to Southern Europe</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Albanians</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="sq">Shqiptarët</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Albanian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Map_of_the_Albanian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/220px-Map_of_the_Albanian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Map_of_the_Albanian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/330px-Map_of_the_Albanian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Map_of_the_Albanian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/440px-Map_of_the_Albanian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="230" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 7 to 10 million<a href="#cite_note-seven_million-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-seven_million2-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-eight_million-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-eight_million_2-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-ten_million_albanian_speaker-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> 2,182,917 (2023)<a href="#cite_note-Census_2023-6">[6]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> 1,797,856 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Other regions </th><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Southern Europe</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">970,000<a href="#cite_note-Kosovari_in_Italia-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue1976-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-istat-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></th><td class="infobox-data">500,000–600,000<a href="#cite_note-researchgate.net-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-ssoar.info-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-populationbycitizenship-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">446,245<a href="#cite_note-MKDCensus-18">[18]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30,439<a href="#cite_note-Monstat-19">[19]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">61,687<a href="#cite_note-Почетна_2023_l788-20">[20]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">17,513<a href="#cite_note-Census_2011_Grad_02-21">[21]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6,186<a href="#cite_note-Slovenia-22">[22]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,998<a href="#cite_note-AlbSpa-23">[23]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="infobox-data">99c<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Northern Europe</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></th><td class="infobox-data">54,000<a href="#cite_note-Sweden-25">[25]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></th><td class="infobox-data">19,891c<a href="#cite_note-Norway-26">[26]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13,000<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,391<a href="#cite_note-Finland-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8,223<a href="#cite_note-Denmark-31">[31]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">953–2,133<a href="#cite_note-All_non-Irish-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mother_Tongue-33">[33]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Central Europe and Baltics</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,000<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,000<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,512<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">17 - 31<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Western Europe</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="infobox-data">200,000–300,000<a href="#cite_note-albde-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-SB1-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-SB2-41">[41]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" />  <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">200,000<a href="#cite_note-albsuisse-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-albsuisse2-43">[43]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">28,212<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="infobox-data">27,200 (2019)<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12,969c<a href="#cite_note-Netherlands-46">[46]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,600–30,000<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,155c<a href="#cite_note-Luxembourg-49">[49]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Americas</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">194,028<a href="#cite_note-United_States_Census_Bureau-50">[50]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></th><td class="infobox-data">50,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoinova2021103-51">[51]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="infobox-data">39,055c<a href="#cite_note-Statistics_Canada-52">[52]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">348<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></th><td class="infobox-data">101<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Oceania</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">11,315<a href="#cite_note-ABS_Ancestry-56">[56]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="infobox-data">243<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Asia and Africa</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="infobox-data">500,000–6,000,000 b<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Saunders98-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yenigun184-60">[60]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></th><td class="infobox-data">18,000<a href="#cite_note-Saunders98-59">[59]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,200<a href="#cite_note-Qatar-61">[61]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">275<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></th><td class="infobox-data">268<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">200–300<a href="#cite_note-UAE-64">[64]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Majority: <a href="/wiki/File:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/15px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/23px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/30px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[a]</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a> Minority: <a href="/wiki/File:Christian_cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/15px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/23px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/30px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[b]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Rites</a> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian Greek-Catholic Church</a> · <a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian Church</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[c]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Albanian Orthodox Church">Albanian Orthodox Church</a> · <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America_Albanian_Archdiocese" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Church in America Albanian Archdiocese">Albanian American Orthodox Church</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Albania" title="Protestantism in Albania">Albanian Protestant Church</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Protestant_Evangelical_Church" title="Kosovo Protestant Evangelical Church">Kosovan Protestant Church</a>) Other: <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0.5em;text-align:left;"><hr />a 502,546 Albanian citizens, an additional 43,751 <a href="/wiki/Kosovar_Albanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovar Albanians">Kosovar Albanians</a>, 260,000 <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">Arbëreshë people</a> and 169,644 Albanians who have acquired the Italian citizenship<a href="#cite_note-Kosovari_in_Italia-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue1976-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> b Albanians are not recognized as a minority in Turkey. However approximately 500,000 people are reported to profess an Albanian identity. Of those with full or partial Albanian ancestry and others who have adopted <a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkish</a> language, culture and identity their number is estimated at 1,300,000–5,000,000 many whom do not speak Albanian.<a href="#cite_note-Saunders98-59">[59]</a> c The estimation contains <a href="/wiki/Kosovar_Albanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovar Albanians">Kosovar Albanians</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;background:rgb(220,245,220);"><a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European" title="Category:Indo-European">Indo-European topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_migrations.gif" title="File:Indo-European migrations.gif"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/140px-Indo-European_migrations.gif" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/210px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Indo-European_migrations.gif/280px-Indo-European_migrations.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="598" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_languages" title="List of Indo-European languages">List of Indo-European languages</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Extant</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Extinct</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_languages" title="Tocharian languages">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_language" title="Dacian language">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liburnian_language" title="Liburnian language">Liburnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysian_language" title="Mysian language">Mysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeonian_language" title="Paeonian language">Paeonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Reconstructed</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Phonology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_sound_laws" title="Indo-European sound laws">Sound laws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_accent" title="Proto-Indo-European accent">Accent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_ablaut" title="Indo-European ablaut">Ablaut</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Hypothetical</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Balkanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daco-Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Daco-Thracian">Daco-Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Albanian" title="Graeco-Albanian">Graeco-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Armenian" title="Graeco-Armenian">Graeco-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Aryan" title="Graeco-Aryan">Graeco-Aryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeco-Phrygian" title="Graeco-Phrygian">Graeco-Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Grammar</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_vocabulary" title="Indo-European vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_root" title="Proto-Indo-European root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_verbs" title="Proto-Indo-European verbs">Verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_nominals" title="Proto-Indo-European nominals">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_pronouns" title="Proto-Indo-European pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_numerals" title="Proto-Indo-European numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_particles" title="Proto-Indo-European particles">Particles</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Anatolian_language" title="Proto-Anatolian language">Proto-Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse_language" title="Proto-Norse language">Proto-Norse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Italo-Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Italo-Celtic language">Proto-Italo-Celtic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Italic_language" title="Proto-Italic language">Proto-Italic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> · <a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Philology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_inscriptions" title="Hittite inscriptions">Hittite inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">Hieroglyphic Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_inscriptions" title="Greek inscriptions">Greek epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language#Inscriptions" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapic_language#Inscriptions" title="Messapic language">Messapic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Latin#Corpus" title="Old Latin">Latin epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish#Corpus" title="Gaulish">Gaulish epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_inscriptions" title="Runic inscriptions">Runic epigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Gothic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_Armenian" title="Bible translations into Armenian">Bible translations into Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish#Sources" title="Old Irish">Old Irish glosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Albanian Kanun</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_society" title="Proto-Indo-European society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Mainstream </dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis" title="Kurgan hypothesis">Kurgan hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_nomads" title="Eurasian nomads">Eurasian nomads</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Alternative and fringe </dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hypothesis" title="Anatolian hypothesis">Anatolian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_hypothesis" title="Armenian hypothesis">Armenian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech_argument" title="Beech argument">Beech argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryanism" title="Indigenous Aryanism">Indigenous Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_homeland#Baltic_homeland" title="Proto-Indo-European homeland">Baltic homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_continuity_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleolithic continuity theory">Paleolithic continuity theory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Archaeology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic (Copper Age)</a> </dt></dl> Pontic Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_horse" title="Domestication of the horse">Domestication of the horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">Kurgan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_stelae" title="Kurgan stelae">Kurgan stelae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">Steppe cultures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Dniester_culture" title="Bug–Dniester culture">Bug–Dniester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Donets_culture" title="Dnieper–Donets culture">Dnieper–Donets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara_culture" title="Samara culture">Samara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khvalynsk_culture" title="Khvalynsk culture">Khvalynsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhaylovka_culture" title="Mikhaylovka culture">Mikhaylovka culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novotitarovskaya_culture" title="Novotitarovskaya culture">Novotitarovskaya culture</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> Caucasus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop</a></li></ul> East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo</a></li></ul> Eastern Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usatovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Usatovo culture">Usatovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni</a></li></ul> Northern Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baden_culture" title="Baden culture">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Dnieper_culture" title="Middle Dnieper culture">Middle Dnieper</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> </dt></dl> Pontic Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">Chariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-cordoned_ware_culture" title="Multi-cordoned ware culture">Multi-cordoned ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltavka_culture" title="Poltavka culture">Poltavka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya</a></li></ul> Northern/Eastern Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture" title="Globular Amphora culture">Globular Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian</a></li></ul> South Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaz_culture" title="Yaz culture">Yaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Gandhara grave</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> Steppe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chernoles_culture" title="Chernoles culture">Chernoles</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thraco-Cimmerian" title="Thraco-Cimmerian">Thraco-Cimmerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf</a></li></ul> Caucasus <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li></ul> India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Peoples and societies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian peoples</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt></dl> Indo-Aryans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryans</a></li></ul> Iranians <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a></li></ul> East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">Insular Celts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmerians" title="Cimmerians">Cimmerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Hellenic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Anatolia">Anatolia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></dt></dl> East Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li></ul> Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Balts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a>/<a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">Medieval Scandinavians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li></ul> Indo-Aryan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></li></ul> Iranian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Religion and mythology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt>Reconstructed</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_paganism" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism">Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Historical Vedic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Historical</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indo-Aryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_mythology" title="Kurdish mythology">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></li></ul></li></ul> Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/European_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="European paganism">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian</a> · <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Practices</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship#Indo-European_religions" title="Fire worship">Fire rituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_sacrifice" title="Horse sacrifice">Horse sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">Winter solstice</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:rgb(220,245,220);padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_studies" title="Indo-European studies">Indo-European studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <dl><dt>Scholars</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._P._Mallory" title="J. P. Mallory">J. P. Mallory</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Institutes</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Studies_in_Indo-European" title="Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European">Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Publications</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse,_the_Wheel,_and_Language" title="The Horse, the Wheel, and Language">The Horse, the Wheel, and Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Indo-European_Studies" title="Journal of Indo-European Studies">Journal of Indo-European Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indogermanisches_etymologisches_W%C3%B6rterbuch" title="Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_Etymological_Dictionary" title="Indo-European Etymological Dictionary">Indo-European Etymological Dictionary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-European_topics" title="Template talk:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-European topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Albanian_people" title="Category:Albanian people">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albanians</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="383" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:none;text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Distribution">Geographical distribution</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Native <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvanites" title="Arvanites">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Montenegro" title="Albanians in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_North_Macedonia" title="Albanians in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Serbia" title="Albanians in Serbia">Serbia</a></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Diaspora <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Greece" title="Albanians in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Italy" title="Albanians in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Bulgaria" title="Albanians in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Egypt" title="Albanians in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Germany" title="Albanians in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Romania" title="Albanians in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_South_America" title="Albanians in South America">South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Spain" title="Albanians in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Switzerland" title="Albanians in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Turkey" title="Albanians in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Ukraine" title="Albanians in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Albanians in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:none;text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian culture">Albanian culture</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian architecture">Architecture</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_art" title="Albanian art">Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_traditional_tattooing" title="Albanian traditional tattooing">Traditional tattooing</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Besa_(Albanian_culture)" title="Besa (Albanian culture)">Besa</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Cuisine</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Customary law</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian dance">Dance</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian dress">Dress</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_epic_poetry" title="Albanian epic poetry">Epic poetry</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2ng%C3%AB_Kreshnik%C3%ABsh" title="Kângë Kreshnikësh">Kângë Kreshnikësh</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_folklore" title="Albanian folklore">Folklore</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Gjakmarrje" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjakmarrje">Gjakmarrje</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Vajtim" class="mw-redirect" title="Vajtim">Gjamë/Vajtim</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_literature" title="Albanian literature">Literature</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian music">Music</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Oda_(Albania)" title="Oda (Albania)">Oda</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Paganism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Albania" title="National symbols of Albania">Symbols</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Albania" title="Traditions of Albania">Traditions</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_tribes" title="Albanian tribes">Tribes (farefisní)</a> </li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:none;text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian language</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian" title="Gheg Albanian">Gheg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbanasi_dialect" title="Arbanasi dialect">Arbanasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Reka_Albanian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Reka Albanian dialect">Upper Reka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_Albanian" title="Istrian Albanian">Istrian</a></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Tosk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvanitika_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arvanitika language">Arvanitika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanian_dialect" title="Cham Albanian dialect">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lab_Albanian_dialect" title="Lab Albanian dialect">Lab</a></li></ul> </li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:none;text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Religion">Religion</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Albania" title="Christianity in Albania">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholicism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism in Albania">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian Greek-Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodoxy in Albania">Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Albania" title="Islam in Albania">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunnism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashism" title="Bektashism">Bektashism</a></li></ul> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Albania">Judaism</a> </li></ul> </div> <hr /></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border-top:none; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">History of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Origin of the Albanians</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Albanians" title="Template:Albanians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Albanians" title="Template talk:Albanians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Albanians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Albanians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Albanians<a href="#cite_note-70">[d]</a> are an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> native to the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Peninsula">Balkan Peninsula</a> who share a common Albanian <a href="/wiki/Ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestry">ancestry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian culture">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian history">history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ed-71">[67]</a> They are the main ethnic group of <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, and they also live in the neighboring countries of <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_North_Macedonia" title="Albanians in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Montenegro" title="Albanians in Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Greece" title="Albanians in Greece">Greece</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Serbia" title="Albanians in Serbia">Serbia</a>, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Italy" title="Albanians in Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Bulgaria" title="Albanians in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Turkey" title="Albanians in Turkey">Turkey</a>. Albanians also constitute a large <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> with several communities established across Europe and the other continents. <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">The language of the Albanians</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> language and the only surviving representative of the <a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid branch</a>, which belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan group</a>. Albanians have a western Paleo-Balkanic origin, and for obvious geographic and historical reasons most scholars maintain that they descended at least partially from the <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> but besides the Illyrians which specific Paleo-Balkan group contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">ethnogenesis</a> of the Albanians is still a matter of academic debate. The first mention of the ethnonym <a href="/wiki/Albanoi" title="Albanoi">Albanoi</a> occurred in the 2nd century AD by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> describing an <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Illyrian tribe">Illyrian tribe</a> who lived around present-day central Albania.<a href="#cite_note-:0-73">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Plasari10-74">[70]</a> The first certain reference to Albanians as an ethnic group comes from 11th century chronicler <a href="/wiki/Michael_Attaleiates" title="Michael Attaleiates">Michael Attaleiates</a> who describes them as living in the <a href="/wiki/Dyrrhachium_(theme)" title="Dyrrhachium (theme)">theme of Dyrrhachium</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Shkumbin_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Shkumbin River">Shkumbin River</a> roughly demarcates the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian language</a> between <a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian" title="Gheg Albanian">Gheg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Tosk</a> dialects. Christianity in Albania was under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a> until the 8th century AD. Then, dioceses in Albania were transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchate of Constantinople">patriarchate of Constantinople</a>. In 1054, after the <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a>, the north gradually became identified with <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> and the south with <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>. In 1190 Albanians established the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Arbanon" title="Principality of Arbanon">Principality of Arbanon</a> in central Albania with the capital in <a href="/wiki/Kruj%C3%AB" title="Krujë">Krujë</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Albanian_diaspora" title="Albanian diaspora">Albanian diaspora</a> has its roots in migration from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> initially across Southern Europe and eventually across wider Europe and the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. Between the 13th and 18th centuries, sizeable numbers migrated to escape various social, economic or political difficulties.<a href="#cite_note-79">[e]</a> Albanian population groups settled in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Greece" title="Southern Greece">Southern Greece</a> between the 13th and 16th centuries and came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Arvanites" title="Arvanites">Arvanites</a>. Other Albanian population groups settled across <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> between the 11th and 16th centuries and came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">Arbëreshë</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nasse2426-76">[72]</a> Albanians have also migrated <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Romania" title="Albanians in Romania">to Romania</a> since the late 16th century. In the 18th century smaller Albanian population groups settled in <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Southern Croatia</a> (who came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Arbanasi_people" title="Arbanasi people">Arbanasi</a>), and pockets of <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Ukraine" title="Albanians in Ukraine">Southern Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barancic551-80">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Novik261262-81">[76]</a> By the 15th century, the expanding <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> overpowered the Balkan Peninsula, but faced successful rebellion and resistance by the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB" title="League of Lezhë">League of Lezhë</a>, a union of <a href="/wiki/Albanian_principalities" title="Albanian principalities">Albanian principalities</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Gjergj_Kastrioti_Skanderbeg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg">Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg</a>. By the 17th and 18th centuries, a substantial number of Albanians <a href="/wiki/Islamisation_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamisation of Albania">converted</a> to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, which offered them equal opportunities and advancement <a href="/wiki/Albania_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania under the Ottoman Empire">within the Ottoman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[77]</a> Thereafter, Albanians attained significant positions and culturally contributed to the broader <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clayer-83">[78]</a> Innumerable officials and soldiers of the Ottoman State were of Albanian origin, including more than <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_Grand_Viziers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ottoman Grand Viziers">40 Grand Viziers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-84">[79]</a> and under the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_family" title="Köprülü family">Köprülü</a>, in particular, the Ottoman Empire reached its greatest territorial extension.<a href="#cite_note-85">[80]</a> Between the second half of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Pashaliks" title="Albanian Pashaliks">Albanian Pashaliks</a> were established by <a href="/wiki/Kara_Mahmud_Pasha" title="Kara Mahmud Pasha">Kara Mahmud</a> <a href="/wiki/Pashalik_of_Scutari" title="Pashalik of Scutari">pasha of Scutari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Pasha_of_Ioannina" title="Ali Pasha of Ioannina">Ali</a> <a href="/wiki/Pashalik_of_Yanina" title="Pashalik of Yanina">pasha of Yanina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Kurt_Pasha" title="Ahmet Kurt Pasha">Ahmet Kurt</a> <a href="/wiki/Pashalik_of_Berat" title="Pashalik of Berat">pasha of Berat</a>, while the Albanian <a href="/wiki/W%C4%81l%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wālī">wālī</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali</a> established a <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="Muhammad Ali dynasty">dynasty</a> that ruled over <a href="/wiki/Egypt_under_Muhammad_Ali_and_his_successors" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt under Muhammad Ali and his successors">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sudan_under_Muhammad_Ali_and_his_successors" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sudan under Muhammad Ali and his successors">Sudan</a> until the middle of the 20th century, a period in which Albanians formed a substantial <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Egypt" title="Albanians in Egypt">community in Egypt</a>. During the 19th century, cultural developments, widely attributed to Albanians having gathered both spiritual and intellectual strength, conclusively led to the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Renaissance">Albanian Renaissance</a>. In 1912 during the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a>, Albanians declared the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Albania" title="Independent Albania">independence of their country</a>. The demarcation of the new Albanian state was established following the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1913)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1913)">Treaty of Bucharest</a> and left about half of the ethnic Albanian population outside of its borders, <a href="/wiki/Partition_(politics)" title="Partition (politics)">partitioned</a> between Greece, Montenegro and Serbia.<a href="#cite_note-86">[81]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> up until the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Revolutions of 1991</a>, Albania was governed by a <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">communist government</a> under <a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a> where Albania became largely isolated from the rest of Europe. In neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, Albanians underwent periods of discrimination and systematic oppression that concluded with the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Kosovo">War of Kosovo</a> and eventually with <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of Kosovo">Kosovar independence</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnonym">Ethnonym</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Albanians_and_Albania" title="Names of the Albanians and Albania">Names of the Albanians and Albania</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Albania_(toponym)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania (toponym)">Albania (toponym)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shqiptar" title="Shqiptar">Shqiptar</a></div> The Albanians (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: Shqiptarët) and their country Albania (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: Shqipëria) have been identified by many <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonyms</a>. The most common native <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> is "Shqiptar", plural "Shqiptarë"; the name "Albanians" (<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Greek">Byzantine Greek</a>: Albanoi/Arbanitai/Arbanites; <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: Albanenses/Arbanenses) was used in medieval documents and gradually entered <a href="/wiki/European_Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="European Languages">European Languages</a> from which other similar derivative names emerged,<a href="#cite_note-Elsie200534-87">[82]</a> many of which were or still are in use,<a href="#cite_note-Lloshi277-88">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-BardhylDemiraj534-89">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kamusella241-90">[85]</a> such as English "Albanians"; Italian "Albanesi"; German "Albaner"; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> "Arvanites", "Alvanitis" (Αλβανίτης) plural: "Alvanites" (Αλβανίτες), "Alvanos" (Αλβανός) plural: "Alvanoi" (Αλβανοί); <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> "Arnaut", "Arnavut"; <a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic languages</a> "Arbanasi" (Арбанаси), "Albanci" (Албанци); <a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a> "Arbinesh" and so on.<a href="#cite_note-94">[f]</a> The term "Albanoi" (Αλβανοί) is first encountered on the works of Ptolemy (2nd century CE)<a href="#cite_note-:0-73">[69]</a> also is encountered twice in the works of Byzantine historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Attaliates" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Attaliates">Michael Attaliates</a>, and the term "Arvanitai" (Αρβανίται) is used once by the same author. He referred to the "Albanoi" as having taken part in a revolt against the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> in 1043, and to the "Arbanitai" as subjects of the Duke of Dyrrachium (modern <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a>).<a href="#cite_note-MadgearuGordon25b-95">[89]</a> These references have been disputed as to whether they refer to the people of Albania.<a href="#cite_note-MadgearuGordon25b-95">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pritsak5253-96">[90]</a> Historian E. Vranoussi believes that these "Albanoi" were Normans from Sicily. She also notes that the same term (as "Albani") in medieval Latin meant "foreigners".<a href="#cite_note-97">[91]</a> The reference to "Arvanitai" from Attaliates regarding the participation of Albanians in a rebellion around 1078 is undisputed.<a href="#cite_note-MadgearuGordon25-98">[92]</a> In later Byzantine usage, the terms "Arbanitai" and "Albanoi" with a range of variants were used interchangeably, while sometimes the same groups were also called by the classicising name Illyrians.<a href="#cite_note-99">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Finlay37-101">[95]</a> The first reference to the Albanian language dates to the latter 13th century (around 1285).<a href="#cite_note-102">[96]</a> The national ethnonym Albanian and its variants are derived from <a href="/wiki/Albanoi" title="Albanoi">Albanoi</a>, first mentioned as an <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrian</a> tribe in the 2nd century CE by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> with their centre at the city of <a href="/wiki/Albanopolis" title="Albanopolis">Albanopolis</a>, located in modern-day central Albania, somewhere in the hinterland of <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lloshi277-88">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-MënikuCampos2-104">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vasiliev613-105">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jelavich25-106">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-ShabanDemiraj481-107">[101]</a> Linguists believe that the alb part in the root word originates from an Indo-European term for a type of mountainous topography, from which other words such as <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">alps</a> are derived.<a href="#cite_note-Malcolm29-108">[102]</a> Through the root word alban and its rhotacized equivalents arban, albar, and arbar, the term in Albanian became rendered as Arbëneshë/Arbëreshë for the people and Arbënia/Arbëria for the country.<a href="#cite_note-Elsie200534-87">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lloshi277-88">[83]</a> The Albanian language was referred to as Arbnisht and Arbërisht.<a href="#cite_note-MënikuCampos2-104">[98]</a> While the <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a> Albania for the general region inhabited by the Albanians does have connotations to Classical Antiquity, the Albanian language employs a different ethnonym, with modern Albanians referring to themselves as Shqip(ë)tarë and to their country as Shqipëria.<a href="#cite_note-Lloshi277-88">[83]</a> Two etymologies have been proposed for this ethnonym: one, derived from the etymology from the Albanian word for eagle (shqipe, var., shqiponjë).<a href="#cite_note-Kamusella241-90">[85]</a> In Albanian <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a>, this word denotes a bird <a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">totem</a>, dating from the times of Skanderbeg as displayed on the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian flag">Albanian flag</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kamusella241-90">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-ej2-s-109">[103]</a> The other is within scholarship that connects it to the verb 'to speak' (me shqiptue) from the Latin "excipere".<a href="#cite_note-Kamusella241-90">[85]</a> In this instance the Albanian endonym like <a href="/wiki/Slav_(ethnonym)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slav (ethnonym)">Slav</a> <a href="/wiki/Endonym#Tendencies_in_the_development_of_exonyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">and others</a> would originally have been a term connoting "those who speak [intelligibly, the same language]".<a href="#cite_note-Kamusella241-90">[85]</a> The words Shqipëri and Shqiptar are attested from 14th century onward,<a href="#cite_note-Matasović-110">[104]</a> but it was only at the end of 17th and beginning of the early 18th centuries that the placename Shqipëria and the ethnic demonym Shqiptarë gradually replaced Arbëria and Arbëreshë amongst <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> speakers.<a href="#cite_note-Lloshi277-88">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Matasović-110">[104]</a> That era brought about religious and other sociopolitical changes.<a href="#cite_note-Lloshi277-88">[83]</a> As such a new and generalised response by Albanians based on ethnic and linguistic consciousness to this new and different <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman world</a> emerging around them was a change in ethnonym.<a href="#cite_note-Lloshi277-88">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_records">Historical records</h3></div> Little is known about the Albanian people prior to the 11th century, though a text compiled around the beginning of the 11th century in the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian language</a> contains a possible reference to them.<a href="#cite_note-Elsie3-111">[105]</a> It is preserved in a <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscript</a> written in the <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian Language">Serbo-Croatian Language</a> traced back to the 17th century but published in the 20th century by Radoslav Grujic. It is a fragment of a once longer text that endeavours to explain the origins of peoples and languages in a question-and-answer form similar to a <a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">catechism</a>. The fragmented manuscript differentiated the world into 72 languages and three religious categories including Christians, half-believers and non-believers. Grujic dated it to the early 11th century and, if this and the identification of the Arbanasi as Albanians are correct, it would be the earliest written document referring to the Balkan Albanians as a people or language group.<a href="#cite_note-Elsie3-111">[105]</a> <blockquote>It can be seen that there are various languages on earth. Of them, there are five Orthodox languages: <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, Syrian, Iberian (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>) and Russian. Three of these have Orthodox alphabets: Greek, Bulgarian and Iberian (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian script">Georgian</a>). There are twelve languages of half-believers: Alamanians, <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, Magyars (<a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a>), Indians, Jacobites, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>, Lechs (<a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>), Arbanasi (Albanians), <a href="/wiki/Croatians" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatians">Croatians</a>, Hizi and <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>.</blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Attaleiates" title="Michael Attaleiates">Michael Attaleiates</a> (1022–1080) mentions the term Albanoi twice and the term Arbanitai once. The term Albanoi is used first to describe the groups which rebelled in southern Italy and Sicily against the Byzantines in 1038–40. The second use of the term Albanoi is related to groups which supported the revolt of <a href="/wiki/George_Maniakes" title="George Maniakes">George Maniakes</a> in 1042 and marched with him throughout the Balkans against the Byzantine capital, <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. The term Arvanitai is used to describe a revolt of <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a> (Boulgaroi) and Arbanitai in the theme of <a href="/wiki/Dyrrhachium_(theme)" title="Dyrrhachium (theme)">Dyrrhachium</a> in 1078–79. It is generally accepted that Arbanitai refers to the ethnonym of medieval Albanians. As such, it is considered to be the first attestation of Albanians as an ethnic group in Byzantine historiography.<a href="#cite_note-Plasari41-112">[106]</a> The use of the term Albanoi in 1038–49 and 1042 as an ethnonym related to Albanians have been a subject of debate. In what has been termed the "Vranoussi-Ducellier debate", Alain Ducellier proposed that both uses of the term referred to medieval Albanians. Era Vranoussi counter-suggested that the first use referred to <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>, while the second didn't have an ethnic connotation necessarily and could be a reference to the Normans as "foreigners" (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aubain" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:aubain">aubain</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(region)" title="Epirus (region)">Epirus</a> which Maniakes and his army traversed.<a href="#cite_note-Plasari41-112">[106]</a> This debate has never been resolved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuanrud20211-113">[107]</a> A newer synthesis about the second use of the term Albanoi by Pëllumb Xhufi suggests that the term Albanoi may have referred to Albanians of the specific district of <a href="/wiki/Arbanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbanon">Arbanon</a>, while Arbanitai to Albanians in general regardless of the specific region they inhabited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlasari202043-114">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_dialects" title="Albanian dialects">Albanian dialects</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albanian_language_map_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Albanian_language_map_en.svg/220px-Albanian_language_map_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Albanian_language_map_en.svg/330px-Albanian_language_map_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Albanian_language_map_en.svg/440px-Albanian_language_map_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="931" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Albanian_dialects" title="Albanian dialects">dialects</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian language</a> in Southern Europe</figcaption></figure> Albanians speak the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian language</a>, which is an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> language and the only surviving representative of the <a href="/wiki/Albanoid" title="Albanoid">Albanoid branch</a>, which belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan group</a>. It had its formative core in the Western Balkans after the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a> in the region from about 3000 to 2500 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-Friedman-115">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lazaridis_et_al.-116">[110]</a> The Albanian language is spoken today by approximately 5 million people throughout the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Peninsula">Balkan Peninsula</a> as well as by a more substantial number by <a href="/wiki/Albanian_diaspora" title="Albanian diaspora">communities</a> around the Americas, Europe and Oceania. Numerous variants and dialects of Albanian are used as an <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> in Albania, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[114]</a> The language is also spoken in other countries whence it is officially recognised as a <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority language</a> in such countries as <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, Italy, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Minority_language_in_Croatia-121">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[117]</a> There are two principal <a href="/wiki/Albanian_dialects" title="Albanian dialects">dialects</a> of the Albanian language traditionally represented by <a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian" title="Gheg Albanian">Gheg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Tosk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[119]</a> The ethnogeographical dividing line is traditionally considered to be the <a href="/wiki/Shkumbin" title="Shkumbin">Shkumbin</a> river, with Gheg spoken in the north of it and Tosk in the south. Dialects of linguistic minorities spoken in <a href="/wiki/Albanians_of_Croatia" title="Albanians of Croatia">Croatia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arbanasi_dialect" title="Arbanasi dialect">Arbanasi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Istrian_Albanian" title="Istrian Albanian">Istrian</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Albanians" title="Kosovo Albanians">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Montenegro" title="Albanians in Montenegro">Montenegro</a> and northwestern <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_North_Macedonia" title="Albanians in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> are classified as Gheg, while those spoken in <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Greece" title="Albanians in Greece">Greece</a>, southwestern <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_North_Macedonia" title="Albanians in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> and Italy as Tosk. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Classification_of_Albanian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Classification_of_Albanian.png/220px-Classification_of_Albanian.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Classification_of_Albanian.png/330px-Classification_of_Albanian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Classification_of_Albanian.png/440px-Classification_of_Albanian.png 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="965" /></a><figcaption>Classification of <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> in the Paleo-Balkanic branch as suggested by <a href="/wiki/Brian_D._Joseph" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian D. Joseph">Brian D. Joseph</a> and Adam Hyllested in "The Indo-European Language Family" (2022)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arvanitika" title="Arvanitika">Arvanitika</a> dialects of the Albanian language, are spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">Arbëreshë</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arvanites" title="Arvanites">Arvanites</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Greece" title="Southern Greece">Southern Greece</a>, respectively. They retain elements of medieval Albanian vocabulary and pronunciation that are no longer used in modern Albanian; however, both varieties are classified as <a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">endangered languages</a> in the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Red_Book_of_Endangered_Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Book of Endangered Languages">Red Book of Endangered Languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[122]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanian_dialect" title="Cham Albanian dialect">Cham dialect</a> is spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanians" title="Cham Albanians">Cham Albanians</a>, a community that originates from <a href="/wiki/Chameria" title="Chameria">Chameria</a> in what is currently north-western Greece and southern Albania; the use of the Cham dialect in Greece is declining rapidly, while <a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanians" title="Cham Albanians">Cham communities</a> in Albania and the diaspora have preserved it.<a href="#cite_note-129">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[125]</a> Most of the Albanians in Albania and the <a href="/wiki/Former_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Yugoslavia">Former Yugoslavia</a> are <a href="/wiki/Polyglotism" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyglotism">polyglot</a> and have the ability to understand, speak, read, or write a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">foreign language</a>. As defined by the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Statistics_(Albania)" title="Institute of Statistics (Albania)">Institute of Statistics of Albania</a>, 39.9% of the 25 to 64 years old Albanians in Albania are able to use at least one foreign language including English (40%), Italian (27.8%) and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> (22.9%).<a href="#cite_note-132">[126]</a> The origin of the Albanian language remains a contentious subject that has given rise to numerous <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">hypotheses</a>. The hypothesis of Albanian being one of the descendant of the <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Illyrian languages">Illyrian languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Messapic_language" title="Messapic language">Messapic language</a>) is based on <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Albania" title="Geography of Albania">geography</a> where the languages were spoken however not enough archaeological evidence is left behind to come therefore to a definite conclusion. Another hypothesis associates the Albanian language with the <a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian language</a>. This theory takes exception to the territory, since the language was spoken in an area distinct from Albania, and no significant population movements have been recorded in the period when the shift from one language to the other is supposed to have occurred.<a href="#cite_note-Hock54-133">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Antiquity">Late Antiquity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Origin of the Albanians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Komani-Kruja_culture" title="Komani-Kruja culture">Komani-Kruja culture</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glass_necklace,_7th_-_8th_century,_Shurdhah_-_Archeological_Museum_of_Tirana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Glass_necklace%2C_7th_-_8th_century%2C_Shurdhah_-_Archeological_Museum_of_Tirana.jpg/140px-Glass_necklace%2C_7th_-_8th_century%2C_Shurdhah_-_Archeological_Museum_of_Tirana.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Glass_necklace%2C_7th_-_8th_century%2C_Shurdhah_-_Archeological_Museum_of_Tirana.jpg/210px-Glass_necklace%2C_7th_-_8th_century%2C_Shurdhah_-_Archeological_Museum_of_Tirana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Glass_necklace%2C_7th_-_8th_century%2C_Shurdhah_-_Archeological_Museum_of_Tirana.jpg/280px-Glass_necklace%2C_7th_-_8th_century%2C_Shurdhah_-_Archeological_Museum_of_Tirana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Glass necklace, 7th – 8th century, <a href="/wiki/Shurdhah_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Shurdhah Island">Shurdhah</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Komani-Kruja_culture" title="Komani-Kruja culture">Komani-Kruja culture</a> is an archaeological culture attested from late antiquity to the Middle Ages in central and northern Albania, southern Montenegro and similar sites in the western parts of <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>. It consists of settlements usually built below hillforts along the <a href="/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB" title="Lezhë">Lezhë</a> (<a href="/wiki/Praevalitana" title="Praevalitana">Praevalitana</a>)-<a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Dardania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Via_Egnatia" title="Via Egnatia">Via Egnatia</a> road networks which connected the Adriatic coastline with the central Balkan Roman provinces. Its <a href="/wiki/Type_site" title="Type site">type site</a> is Komani and its fort on the nearby Dalmace hill in the Drin river valley. <a href="/wiki/Kruja" class="mw-redirect" title="Kruja">Kruja</a> and Lezha represent significant sites of the culture. The population of Komani-Kruja represents a local, western Balkan people which was linked to the Roman Justinianic military system of forts. The development of Komani-Kruja is significant for the study of the transition between the <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a> population of Albania to the medieval Albanians who were attested in historical records in the 11th century. Winnifrith (2020) recently described this population as the survival of a "Latin-Illyrian" culture which emerged later in historical records as Albanians and <a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlachs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Romance_languages" title="Eastern Romance languages">Eastern Romance</a>-speaking people). In Winnifrith's narrative, the geographical conditions of northern Albania favored the continuation of the Albanian language in hilly and mountainous areas as opposed to lowland valleys.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinnifrith202098–99-134">[128]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Albania_under_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Albania under the Byzantine Empire">Albania under the Byzantine Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_principalities" title="Albanian principalities">Albanian principalities</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kal-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kal-1.jpg/220px-Kal-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kal-1.jpg/330px-Kal-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Kal-1.jpg/440px-Kal-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4812" data-file-height="3332" /></a><figcaption>The city of <a href="/wiki/Kruj%C3%AB" title="Krujë">Krujë</a> served as the royal seat of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Arbanon" title="Principality of Arbanon">Principality of Arbanon</a> and later as the noble residence of the <a href="/wiki/Kastrioti_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Kastrioti family">Kastrioti family</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Albanian people maintain a very chequered and tumultuous history behind them, a fact explained by their geographical position in the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast of Europe</a> at the cultural and political crossroad between the east and west, but they also have historically inhabited a hardly accessible mountainous region, which helped them preserve their peculiar culture and language. The issue surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">origin of the Albanian people</a> has long been debated by historians and <a href="/wiki/Linguist" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguist">linguists</a> for centuries. They have <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> origins, and for obvious geographic and historical reasons most scholars maintain that they descended at least partially from the <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-135">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[133]</a> but besides the Illyrians which specific Peleo-Balkan group contributed to the ethnogenesis of the Albanians is still a matter of academic debate. The first certain attestation of medieval Albanians as an ethnic group is in Byzantine historiography in the work of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Attaleiates" title="Michael Attaleiates">Michael Attaleiates</a> (1022–1080).<a href="#cite_note-Plasari41-112">[106]</a> Attaleiates mentions the term Albanoi twice and the term Arbanitai once. The term Albanoi is used first to describe the groups which rebelled in southern Italy and Sicily against the Byzantines in 1038–40. The second use of the term Albanoi is related to groups which supported the revolt of <a href="/wiki/George_Maniakes" title="George Maniakes">George Maniakes</a> in 1042 and marched with him throughout the Balkans against the Byzantine capital, <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. The term Arvanitai is used to describe a revolt of <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a> (Boulgaroi) and Arbanitai in the theme of <a href="/wiki/Dyrrhachium_(theme)" title="Dyrrhachium (theme)">Dyrrhachium</a> in 1078–79. It is generally accepted that Arbanitai refers to the ethnonym of medieval Albanians. The use of the term Albanoi in 1038–49 and 1042 as an ethnonym related to Albanians have been a subject of debate. In what has been termed the "Ducellier-Vrannousi" debate, Alain Ducellier proposed that both uses of the term referred to medieval Albanians. Era Vrannousi counter-suggested that the first use referred to <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>, while the second didn't have an ethnic connotation necessarily and could be a reference to the Normans as "foreigners" (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aubain" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:aubain">aubain</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(region)" title="Epirus (region)">Epirus</a> which Maniakes and his army traversed.<a href="#cite_note-Plasari41-112">[106]</a> The debate has never been resolved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuanrud20211-113">[107]</a> A newer synthesis about the second use of the term Albanoi by Pëllumb Xhufi suggests that the term Albanoi may have referred to Albanians of the specific district of <a href="/wiki/Arbanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbanon">Arbanon</a>, while Arbanitai to Albanians in general regardless of the specific region they inhabited.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlasari202043-114">[108]</a> The name reflects the Albanian endonym Arbër/n + esh which itself derives from the same root as the name of the <a href="/wiki/Albanoi" title="Albanoi">Albanoi</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2015481-140">[134]</a> Historically known as the Arbër or Arbën by the 11th century and onwards, they traditionally inhabited the mountainous area to the west of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ochrida" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Ochrida">Lake Ochrida</a> and the upper valley of the Shkumbin river.<a href="#cite_note-Norris35-141">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nicol160-142">[136]</a> Though it was in 1190 when they established their first independent entity, the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Arb%C3%ABr" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Arbër">Principality of Arbër</a> (Arbanon), with its seat based in <a href="/wiki/Kruj%C3%AB" title="Krujë">Krujë</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ducellier780a-143">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[138]</a> Immediately after the decline of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Progon" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Progon">Progon dynasty</a> in 1216, the principality came under <a href="/wiki/Gregorios_Kamonas" title="Gregorios Kamonas">Gregorios Kamonas</a> and next his son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Golem_of_Kruja" title="Golem of Kruja">Golem</a>. Finally, the Principality was dissolved in ca. 1255 by the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicea" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Nicea">Empire of Nicea</a> followed by an unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_Arbanon" title="Rebellion of Arbanon">rebellion between 1257 and 1259</a> supported by the <a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Epirus" title="Despotate of Epirus">Despotate of Epirus</a>. In the meantime <a href="/wiki/Manfred,_King_of_Sicily" title="Manfred, King of Sicily">Manfred, King of Sicily</a> profited from the situation and launched an invasion into Albania. His forces, led by <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Chinard" title="Philippe Chinard">Philippe Chinard</a>, captured <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berat" title="Berat">Berat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Vlorë</a>, <a href="/wiki/Island_of_Zv%C3%ABrnec" class="mw-redirect" title="Island of Zvërnec">Spinarizza</a>, their surroundings and the southern coastline of Albania from Vlorë to <a href="/wiki/Butrint" title="Butrint">Butrint</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton197681-145">[139]</a> In 1266 after <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benevento" title="Battle of Benevento">defeating Manfred's forces</a> and killing him, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Viterbo" title="Treaty of Viterbo">Treaty of Viterbo</a> of 1267 was signed, with <a href="/wiki/Charles_I,_King_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I, King of Sicily">Charles I, King of Sicily</a> acquiring rights on Manfred's dominions in Albania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucellier1999793-146">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol201012-147">[141]</a> Local noblemen such as <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Vrana" title="Andrea Vrana">Andrea Vrana</a> refused to surrender Manfred's former domains, and in 1271 negotiations were initiated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamaliPrifti2002207-148">[142]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:115px;max-width:115px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:214px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Arbanon_(Arb%C3%ABria).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Map_of_Arbanon_%28Arb%C3%ABria%29.png/113px-Map_of_Arbanon_%28Arb%C3%ABria%29.png" decoding="async" width="113" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Map_of_Arbanon_%28Arb%C3%ABria%29.png/170px-Map_of_Arbanon_%28Arb%C3%ABria%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Map_of_Arbanon_%28Arb%C3%ABria%29.png/226px-Map_of_Arbanon_%28Arb%C3%ABria%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3378" data-file-height="6441" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Arbanon" title="Principality of Arbanon">Principality of Arbanon</a> in 1210</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:173px;max-width:173px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:214px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Albania.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Kingdom_of_Albania.png/171px-Kingdom_of_Albania.png" decoding="async" width="171" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Kingdom_of_Albania.png/257px-Kingdom_of_Albania.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Kingdom_of_Albania.png/342px-Kingdom_of_Albania.png 2x" data-file-width="2349" data-file-height="2947" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Kingdom of Albania in 1272–1274, established by <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I of Naples">Charles I of Naples</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> In 1272 the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Albania_(medieval)" title="Kingdom of Albania (medieval)">Kingdom of Albania</a> was created after a delegation of Albanian noblemen from Durrës signed a treaty declaring union with the Kingdom of Sicily under Charles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamaliPrifti2002207-148">[142]</a> Charles soon imposed military rule, new taxes, took sons of Albanian noblemen hostage to ensure loyalty, and confiscated lands for <a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Angevin</a> nobles. This led to discontent among Albanian noblemen, several of whom turned to Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael VIII">Michael VIII</a>. In late 1274, Byzantine forces helped by local Albanian noblemen capture Berat and Butrint.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamaliPrifti2002201-149">[143]</a> Charles' attempt to advance towards Constantinople failed at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Berat_(1280%E2%80%931281)" title="Siege of Berat (1280–1281)">Siege of Berat (1280–1281)</a>. A Byzantine counteroffensive ensued, which drove the Angevins out of the interior by 1281. The <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Vespers" title="Sicilian Vespers">Sicilian Vespers</a> rebellion further weakened the position of Charles, who died in 1285. By the end of the 13th century, most of Albania was under Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a>. In 1296 Serbian king <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Milutin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Milutin">Stephen Milutin</a> captured Durrës. In 1299 Andronikos II married his daughter Simonis to Milutin and the lands he had conquered were considered as <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a>. In 1302, <a href="/wiki/Philip_I,_Prince_of_Taranto" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip I, Prince of Taranto">Philip I, Prince of Taranto</a>, grandson of Charles, claimed his rights on the Albanian kingdom and gained the support of local Albanian Catholics who preferred him over the Orthodox Serbs and Greeks, as well as the support of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XI" title="Pope Benedict XI">Pope Benedict XI</a>. In the summer of 1304, the Serbs were expelled from the city of Durrës by the locals who submitted themselves to Angevin rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol201067–68-150">[144]</a> Prominent Albanian leaders during this time were the <a href="/wiki/Thopia_family" title="Thopia family">Thopia family</a>, ruling in an area between the Mat and Shkumbin rivers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris199336-151">[145]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Muzaka_family" title="Muzaka family">Muzaka family</a> in the territory between the Shkumbin and Vlorë.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994290-152">[146]</a> In 1279, Gjon I Muzaka, who remained loyal to the Byzantines and resisted Angevin conquest of Albania, was captured by the forces of Charles but later released following pressure from Albanian nobles. The Muzaka family continued to remain loyal to the Byzantines and resisted the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Kingdom_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Kingdom (medieval)">Serbian Kingdom</a>. In 1335 the head of the family, Andrea II Muzaka, gained the title of <a href="/wiki/Despot_(court_title)" title="Despot (court title)">Despot</a> and other Muzakas pursued careers in the Byzantine government in Constantinople. Andrea II soon endorsed an anti-Byzantine revolt in his domains between 1335–1341 and formed an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Robert,_Prince_of_Taranto" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert, Prince of Taranto">Robert, Prince of Taranto</a> in 1336.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamaliPrifti2002252-153">[147]</a> In 1336, Serbian king <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Du%C5%A1an" title="Stefan Dušan">Stefan Dušan</a> captured Durrës, including the territory under the control of the Muzaka family. Although Angevins managed to recapture Durazzo, Dušan continued his expansion, and in the period of 1337–45 he had captured <a href="/wiki/Kanin%C3%AB" title="Kaninë">Kanina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Valona</a> in southern Albania.<a href="#cite_note-Fine1994-290--154">[148]</a> Around 1340 forces of Andrea II defeated the Serbian army at the <a href="/wiki/Pelister" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelister">Pelister</a> mountain.<a href="#cite_note-Fine1994-290--154">[148]</a> After the death of Stefan Dušan in 1355 the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a> disintegrated, and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Thopia" title="Karl Thopia">Karl Thopia</a> captured Durrës while the Muzaka family of Berat regained control over parts of southeastern Albania and over <a href="/wiki/Kastoria" title="Kastoria">Kastoria</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamaliPrifti2002252-153">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gloyer2010-155">[149]</a> that Andrea II captured from <a href="/wiki/Prince_Marko" title="Prince Marko">Prince Marko</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marica" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Marica">Battle of Marica</a> in 1371.<a href="#cite_note-FineFine1994-156">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barancic551-80">[75]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:223px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Albanian_Principalities,_ca._1390_(modern_Albania).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Albanian_Principalities%2C_ca._1390_%28modern_Albania%29.png/117px-Albanian_Principalities%2C_ca._1390_%28modern_Albania%29.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Albanian_Principalities%2C_ca._1390_%28modern_Albania%29.png/176px-Albanian_Principalities%2C_ca._1390_%28modern_Albania%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Albanian_Principalities%2C_ca._1390_%28modern_Albania%29.png/234px-Albanian_Principalities%2C_ca._1390_%28modern_Albania%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3378" data-file-height="6441" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Principalities">Albanian principalities</a>, ca. 1390.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:223px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:League_of_Lezh%C3%AB,_1448-1468.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB%2C_1448-1468.png/117px-League_of_Lezh%C3%AB%2C_1448-1468.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB%2C_1448-1468.png/176px-League_of_Lezh%C3%AB%2C_1448-1468.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB%2C_1448-1468.png/234px-League_of_Lezh%C3%AB%2C_1448-1468.png 2x" data-file-width="3378" data-file-height="6441" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The League of Lezhë in 1448–1468.</div></div></div></div></div> The kingdom reinforced the influence of Catholicism and the conversion to its rite, not only in the region of Durrës but in other parts of the country.<a href="#cite_note-157">[151]</a> A new wave of Catholic dioceses, churches and monasteries were founded, papal missionaries and a number of different religious orders began spreading into the country. Those who were not Catholic in central and northern Albania converted and a great number of Albanian clerics and monks were present in the Dalmatian Catholic institutions.<a href="#cite_note-158">[152]</a> Around 1230 the two main centers of Albanian settlements were around <a href="/wiki/Devoll_(river)" title="Devoll (river)">Devoll river</a> in what is now central Albania<a href="#cite_note-Ducellier780781-159">[153]</a> and the other around the region known as Arbanon.<a href="#cite_note-Ducellier780781b-160">[154]</a> Albanian presence in Croatia can be traced back to the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[155]</a> In this period, there was a significant Albanian community in <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Ragusa</a> with a number of families of Albanian origin inclusively the <a href="/wiki/Sorgo_family" title="Sorgo family">Sorgo family</a> who came from the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Rodon" title="Cape of Rodon">Cape of Rodon</a> in central Albania, across <a href="/wiki/Kotor" title="Kotor">Kotor</a> in eastern Montenegro, to <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sorgo_family-162">[156]</a> By the 13th century, Albanian merchants were trading directly with the peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Republic of Ragusa</a> in Dalmatia which increased familiarity between Albanians and Ragusans.<a href="#cite_note-163">[157]</a> The upcoming invasion of Albania by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and the death of <a href="/wiki/Gjergj_Kastrioti_Skanderbeg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg">Skanderbeg</a> caused many Christian Albanians to flee to Dalmatia and surrounding countries.<a href="#cite_note-164">[158]</a> In the 14th century a number of <a href="/wiki/Albanian_principalities" title="Albanian principalities">Albanian principalities</a> were created. These included <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kastrioti" title="Principality of Kastrioti">Principality of Kastrioti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Dukagjini" title="Principality of Dukagjini">Principality of Dukagjini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Albania_(medieval)" title="Principality of Albania (medieval)">Princedom of Albania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Gjirokast%C3%ABr" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Gjirokastër">Principality of Gjirokastër</a>. At the beginning of the 15th century these principalities became stronger, especially because of the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a>. Some of these principalities were united in 1444 under the anti-Ottoman military alliance called <a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB" title="League of Lezhë">League of Lezha</a>. Albanians were recruited all over Europe as a light cavalry known as <a href="/wiki/Stratioti" title="Stratioti">stratioti</a>. The stratioti were pioneers of light cavalry tactics during the 15th century. In the early 16th century heavy cavalry in the European armies was principally remodeled after Albanian stradioti of the Venetian army, Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Hussar" title="Hussar">hussars</a> and German mercenary cavalry units (Schwarzreitern).<a href="#cite_note-165">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Albania_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania under the Ottoman Empire">Albania under the Ottoman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanian-Turkish_Wars_(1432%E2%80%931479)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian-Turkish Wars (1432–1479)">Albanian-Turkish Wars (1432–1479)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB" title="League of Lezhë">League of Lezhë</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:267px;max-width:267px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:162px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Gjergj_Kastrioti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gjergj_Kastrioti.jpg/132px-Gjergj_Kastrioti.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gjergj_Kastrioti.jpg/198px-Gjergj_Kastrioti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gjergj_Kastrioti.jpg/264px-Gjergj_Kastrioti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="349" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Gjergj_Kastrioti_Skanderbeg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg">Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg</a> led a successful <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_rebellion" title="Skanderbeg's rebellion">rebellion</a> to resist Ottoman expansion into Europe for 25 years.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:162px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ali_Pascha_von_Janina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ali Pasha Tepelena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ali_Pascha_von_Janina.jpg/127px-Ali_Pascha_von_Janina.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ali_Pascha_von_Janina.jpg/191px-Ali_Pascha_von_Janina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ali_Pascha_von_Janina.jpg/254px-Ali_Pascha_von_Janina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="388" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Pasha_Tepelena" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Pasha Tepelena">Ali Pasha Tepelena</a> was one of the most powerful autonomous Ottoman Albanian rulers and governed over the <a href="/wiki/Pashalik_of_Yanina" title="Pashalik of Yanina">Pashalik of Yanina</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Albania_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman conquest of Albania</a>, the political situation of the Albanian people was characterised by a fragmented conglomeration of scattered <a href="/wiki/Realm" title="Realm">kingdoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principalities_of_albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Principalities of albania">principalities</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Arbanon" title="Principality of Arbanon">Principalities of Arbanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kastrioti" title="Principality of Kastrioti">Kastrioti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Albania_(medieval)" title="Principality of Albania (medieval)">Thopia</a>. Before and after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> continued an extended period of conquest and expansion with its borders going deep into the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_the_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman conquest of the Balkans">Southeast Europe</a>. As a consequence thousands of Albanians from <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> escaped to <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Ragusa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily_(Medieval_and_Early_Modern)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Sicily (Medieval and Early Modern)">Sicily</a>, whereby others sought protection at the often inaccessible <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Albania" title="Geography of Albania">Mountains of Albania</a>. Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Gjergj_Kastrioti_Skanderbeg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg">Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg</a>, a former governor of the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Dibra" title="Sanjak of Dibra">Sanjak of Dibra</a>, a prosperous and longstanding revolution erupted with the formation of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB" title="League of Lezhë">League of Lezhë</a> in 1444 up until the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shkodra" title="Siege of Shkodra">Siege of Shkodër</a> ending in 1479, multiple times defeating the mightiest power of the time led by <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultans</a> <a href="/wiki/Murad_II" title="Murad II">Murad II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_the_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed the Conqueror">Mehmed II</a>. Skanderbeg managed to gather several of the Albanian principals, amongst them the <a href="/wiki/Arianiti_family" title="Arianiti family">Arianitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dukagjini_family" title="Dukagjini family">Dukagjinis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaharia_family" title="Zaharia family">Zaharias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thopia_family" title="Thopia family">Thopias</a>, and establish a centralised authority over most of the non-conquered territories and proclaiming himself the Lord of Albania (Dominus Albaniae in Latin).<a href="#cite_note-League_of_Lezhë-166">[160]</a> Skanderbeg consistently pursued the aim relentlessly but rather unsuccessfully to create a European coalition against the Ottomans. His unequal fight against them won the esteem of Europe and financial and military aid from the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">Papacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Ragusa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-167">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[163]</a> The Albanians, then predominantly Christian, were initially considered as an <a href="/wiki/Rayah" title="Rayah">inferior class</a> of people and as such were subjected to heavy <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">taxes</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">Devshirme</a> system that allowed the state to collect a requisite percentage of Christian adolescents from the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and elsewhere to compose the <a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">Janissary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[164]</a> Since the Albanians were seen as strategically important, they made up a significant proportion of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman military">Ottoman military</a> and bureaucracy. They were therefore to be found within the imperial services as vital military and administrative retainers from <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> to <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> and the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Norris196-171">[165]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albanian_Pashaliks,_1815-1821.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Albanian_Pashaliks%2C_1815-1821.png/225px-Albanian_Pashaliks%2C_1815-1821.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Albanian_Pashaliks%2C_1815-1821.png/338px-Albanian_Pashaliks%2C_1815-1821.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Albanian_Pashaliks%2C_1815-1821.png/450px-Albanian_Pashaliks%2C_1815-1821.png 2x" data-file-width="4014" data-file-height="4233" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Pashaliks" title="Albanian Pashaliks">Albanian pashaliks</a> in 1815–1821</figcaption></figure> In the late 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Pasha_Tepelena" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Pasha Tepelena">Ali Pasha Tepelena</a> created the autonomous region of the <a href="/wiki/Pashalik_of_Yanina" title="Pashalik of Yanina">Pashalik of Yanina</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> which was never recognised as such by the <a href="/wiki/High_Porte" class="mw-redirect" title="High Porte">High Porte</a>. The territory he properly governed incorporated most of southern <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> and southwestern <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a> region. During his rule, the town of <a href="/wiki/Janina" class="mw-redirect" title="Janina">Janina</a> blossomed into a cultural, political and economic hub for both Albanians and Greeks. The ultimate goal of Ali Pasha Tepelena seems to have been the establishment of an independent rule in Albania and Epirus.<a href="#cite_note-172">[166]</a> Thus, he obtained control of <a href="/wiki/Arta,_Greece" title="Arta, Greece">Arta</a> and took control over the ports of <a href="/wiki/Butrint" title="Butrint">Butrint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preveza" title="Preveza">Preveza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vonitsa" title="Vonitsa">Vonitsa</a>. He also gained control of the <a href="/wiki/Pashalik" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashalik">pashaliks</a> of <a href="/wiki/Elbasan" title="Elbasan">Elbasan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Delvina" title="Sanjak of Delvina">Delvina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashalik_of_Berat" title="Pashalik of Berat">Berat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Avlona" title="Sanjak of Avlona">Vlorë</a>. His relations with the High Porte were always tense though he developed and maintained relations with the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russians</a> and formed alliances with them at various times.<a href="#cite_note-173">[167]</a> In the 19th century, the Albanian <a href="/wiki/W%C4%81l%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wālī">wālī</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali</a> established a <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="Muhammad Ali dynasty">dynasty</a> that ruled over <a href="/wiki/Egypt_under_Muhammad_Ali_and_his_successors" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt under Muhammad Ali and his successors">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sudan_under_Muhammad_Ali_and_his_successors" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sudan under Muhammad Ali and his successors">Sudan</a> until the middle of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Origin_of_Muhammad_Ali-174">[168]</a> After a brief <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="French invasion of Egypt">French invasion</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> and the Ottomans and <a href="/wiki/Mameluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mameluk">Mameluks</a> competing for power there, he managed collectively with his Albanian troops to become the Ottoman viceroy in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-Elsie_303-175">[169]</a> As he revolutionised the military and economic spheres of Egypt, his empire attracted Albanian people contributing to the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Egypt" title="Albanians in Egypt">Albanian diaspora in Egypt</a> initially formed by Albanian soldiers and mercenaries. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chef_Albanais,_G.10376(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chef_Albanais%2C_G.10376%282%29.jpg/220px-Chef_Albanais%2C_G.10376%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chef_Albanais%2C_G.10376%282%29.jpg/330px-Chef_Albanais%2C_G.10376%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chef_Albanais%2C_G.10376%282%29.jpg/440px-Chef_Albanais%2C_G.10376%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4995" data-file-height="4540" /></a><figcaption>Albanian Chief, lithography by Alphonse-Léon Noël, 1828</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> arrived in the lands of the Albanian people gradually and grew widespread between at least the 17th and 18th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Clayer-83">[78]</a> The new religion brought many transformations into Albanian society and henceforth offered them equal opportunities and advancement within the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. With the advent of increasing suppression on <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, the Ottomans initially focused their conversions on the Catholic Albanians of the north in the 17th century and followed suit in the 18th century on the Orthodox Albanians of the south.<a href="#cite_note-176">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[171]</a> At this point, the urban centers of <a href="/wiki/Central_Albania" title="Central Albania">central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Albania" title="Southern Albania">southern Albania</a> had largely adopted the religion of the growing Muslim Albanian elite. Many mosques and <a href="/wiki/Takya" class="mw-redirect" title="Takya">takyas</a> were constructed throughout those urban centers and cities such as <a href="/wiki/Berat" title="Berat">Berat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr" title="Gjirokastër">Gjirokastër</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB" title="Korçë">Korçë</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Shkodër</a> started to flourish.<a href="#cite_note-178">[172]</a> In the far <a href="/wiki/Northern_Albania" title="Northern Albania">north</a>, the spread of Islam was slower due to Catholic Albanian resistance and the inaccessible and rather remote mountainous terrain.<a href="#cite_note-179">[173]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:187px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mehmedpasha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mehmedpasha.jpg/136px-Mehmedpasha.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mehmedpasha.jpg/204px-Mehmedpasha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mehmedpasha.jpg/272px-Mehmedpasha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="466" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_Mehmed_Pasha" title="Köprülü Mehmed Pasha">Köprülü Mehmed Pasha</a> served as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire in the 17th century and started the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_era" title="Köprülü era">Köprülü era</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:150px;max-width:150px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:187px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:ModernEgypt,_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder,_BAP_17996.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/ModernEgypt%2C_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder%2C_BAP_17996.jpg/148px-ModernEgypt%2C_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder%2C_BAP_17996.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/ModernEgypt%2C_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder%2C_BAP_17996.jpg/222px-ModernEgypt%2C_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder%2C_BAP_17996.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/ModernEgypt%2C_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder%2C_BAP_17996.jpg/296px-ModernEgypt%2C_Muhammad_Ali_by_Auguste_Couder%2C_BAP_17996.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4638" data-file-height="5862" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali of Egypt</a> was the governor of Egypt, Sudan, the Levant and Hejaz in the 19th century.</div></div></div></div></div> The motives for <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">conversion</a> to Islam are subject to differing interpretations according to scholars depending on the context though the lack of sources does not help when investigating such issues.<a href="#cite_note-Clayer-83">[78]</a> Reasons included the incentive to escape high <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Taxation in the Ottoman Empire">taxes</a> levied on non-Muslims subjects, <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical" title="Ecclesiastical">ecclesiastical</a> decay, coercion by Ottoman authorities in times of war, and the privileged legal and social position Muslims within the Ottoman administrative and political machinery had over that of non-Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-Giakoumis8687-180">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-Koti1617-181">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ramet203204-182">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-Skendi1956321323-183">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-Giakoumis8788-184">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vickers2011-185">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[180]</a> As Muslims, the Albanians attained powerful positions in the Ottoman administration including over three dozen <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_Grand_Viziers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ottoman Grand Viziers">Grand Viziers</a> of Albanian origin, among them <a href="/wiki/Zagan_Pasha" title="Zagan Pasha">Zagan Pasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_Pasha" title="Bayezid Pasha">Bayezid Pasha</a> and members of the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC_family" title="Köprülü family">Köprülü family</a>, and regional rulers such as <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali of Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ali_Pasha_of_Tepelena" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Pasha of Tepelena">Ali Pasha of Tepelena</a>. The Ottoman sultans <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II" title="Bayezid II">Bayezid II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_III" title="Mehmed III">Mehmed III</a> were both Albanian on their <a href="/wiki/List_of_mothers_of_the_Ottoman_sultans" title="List of mothers of the Ottoman sultans">maternal side</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[182]</a> Areas such as Albania, western North Macedonia, southern Serbia, Kosovo, parts of northern Greece and southern Montenegro in Ottoman sources were referred to as Arnavudluk or Albania.<a href="#cite_note-Anscombe200688-189">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-Anscombe772-190">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kolovos41-191">[185]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albanian_Renaissance">Albanian Renaissance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Renaissance">Independence of Albania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Albanian Declaration of Independence">Albanian Declaration of Independence</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/League_of_Prizren" title="League of Prizren">League of Prizren</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NaumVeqilharxhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/NaumVeqilharxhi.jpg/170px-NaumVeqilharxhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/NaumVeqilharxhi.jpg/255px-NaumVeqilharxhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/NaumVeqilharxhi.jpg/340px-NaumVeqilharxhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="967" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Naum_Veqilharxhi" title="Naum Veqilharxhi">Naum Veqilharxhi</a> was one of the earliest figures of the early <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Renaissance">Albanian Renaissance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[186]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Renaissance">Albanian Renaissance</a> characterised a period wherein the Albanian people gathered both <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> and intellectual strength to establish their rights for an independent political and social life, culture and education. By the late 18th century and the early 19th century, its foundation arose within the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_diaspora" title="Albanian diaspora">Albanian communities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Italy" title="Albanians in Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Romania" title="Albanians in Romania">Romania</a> and was frequently linked to the influences of the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> principles.<a href="#cite_note-193">[187]</a> Albania was under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> for almost five centuries and the Ottoman authorities suppressed any expression of unity or national conscience by the Albanian people. A number of thoroughly intellectual Albanians, among them <a href="/wiki/Naum_Veqilharxhi" title="Naum Veqilharxhi">Naum Veqilharxhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_de_Rada" title="Girolamo de Rada">Girolamo de Rada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dora_d%27Istria" title="Dora d'Istria">Dora d'Istria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thimi_Mitko" title="Thimi Mitko">Thimi Mitko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Naim Frashëri">Naim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sami_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Sami Frashëri">Sami Frashëri</a>, made a conscious effort to awaken feelings of pride and unity among their people by working to develop <a href="/wiki/Albanian_literature" title="Albanian literature">Albanian literature</a> that would call to mind the rich history and hopes for a more decent future.<a href="#cite_note-Elsie6593-194">[188]</a> The Albanians had poor or often no schools or other institutions in place to protect and preserve their <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">cultural heritage</a>. The need for schools was preached initially by the increasing number of Albanians educated abroad. The Albanian communities in Italy and elsewhere were particularly active in promoting the Albanian cause, especially in education which finally resulted with the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%ABsonj%C3%ABtorja" title="Mësonjëtorja">Mësonjëtorja</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB" title="Korçë">Korçë</a>, the first secular school in the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian language</a>. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naim_Frash%C3%ABri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri.jpg/180px-Naim_Frash%C3%ABri.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri.jpg/270px-Naim_Frash%C3%ABri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri.jpg/360px-Naim_Frash%C3%ABri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Naim Frashëri">Naim Frashëri</a> was a well known rilindas and is considered to be the pioneer of modern <a href="/wiki/Albanian_literature" title="Albanian literature">Albanian literature</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire">Turkish yoke</a> had become fixed in the nationalist mythologies and psyches of the people in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, and their march toward independence quickened. Due to the more substantial of Islamic influence, the Albanians internal social divisions, and the fear that they would lose their Albanian territories to the emerging neighbouring states, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, were among the last peoples in the Balkans to desire division from the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-195">[189]</a> The national awakening as a coherent political movement emerged after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">Treaty of San Stefano</a>, according to which Albanian-inhabited territories were to be ceded to the neighbouring states, and focused on preventing that partition.<a href="#cite_note-Kaser-196">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-O'Brien-197">[191]</a> It was the impetus for the nation-building movement, which was based more on fear of partition than national identity.<a href="#cite_note-O'Brien-197">[191]</a> Even after the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_independence_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of independence of Albania">declaration of independence</a>, national identity was fragmented and possibly non-existent in much of the newly proposed country.<a href="#cite_note-O'Brien-197">[191]</a> The state of disunity and fragmentation would remain until the communist period following <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, when the communist nation-building project would achieve greater success in nation-building and reach more people than any previous regime, thus creating Albanian national communist identity.<a href="#cite_note-O'Brien-197">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communism_in_Albania">Communism in Albania</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Albania">Communism in Albania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bunkers_in_Albania" title="Bunkers in Albania">Bunkers in Albania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Partisans_in_Tirana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Partisans_in_Tirana.jpg/220px-Partisans_in_Tirana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Partisans_in_Tirana.jpg/330px-Partisans_in_Tirana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Partisans_in_Tirana.jpg/440px-Partisans_in_Tirana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Albanian partisans, with their leader <a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a> in the center, after the liberation of Tirana on 17 November 1944</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a> of the Communist <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Party of Labour of Albania">Party of Labour</a> took power in <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> in 1946. Albania established an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> which provided Albania with many advantages in the form of economic assistance and military protection from the <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. The Albanians experienced a period of several beneficial political and economic changes. The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Albania">government</a> defended the territorial <a href="/wiki/Integrity" title="Integrity">integrity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> of Albania, diversified the economy through a programme of industrialisation which led to a higher <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a> and followed improvements in areas such as health, education and infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-Albanian_Nationalism-198">[192]</a> It subsequently followed a period wherein the Albanians lived within an extreme isolation from the rest of the world for the next four decades. By 1967, the established government had officially proclaimed Albania to be the first <a href="/wiki/Atheistic_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheistic state">atheistic state</a> in the world as they beforehand confiscated <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">churches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Monasteries">monasteries</a> and mosques, and any religious expression instantly became grounds for imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-199">[193]</a> Protests coinciding with the emerging <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">revolutions of 1989</a> began to break out in various cities throughout Albania including <a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Shkodër</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a> which eventually lead to the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">fall of communism</a>. Significant internal and external migration waves of Albanians to such countries as <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and Italy followed. <a href="/wiki/Bunkerisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunkerisation">Bunkerisation</a> is arguably the most visible and memorable legacy of communism in Albania. Nearly 175,000 reinforced concrete <a href="/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker">bunkers</a> were built on strategic locations across <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Albania" title="Geography of Albania">Albania's territory</a> including near borders, within towns, on the seashores or mountains.<a href="#cite_note-200">[194]</a> These bunkers were never used for their intended purpose or for sheltering the population from attacks or an invasion by a neighbor. However, they were abandoned after the breakup of communism and have been sometimes reused for a variety of purposes. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_of_Kosovo">Independence of Kosovo</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of Kosovo">Independence of Kosovo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> declared <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of Kosovo">independence</a> from Serbia on 17 February 2008, after years of strained relations between the Serb and predominantly <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Kosovo">Albanian</a> population of Kosovo. It has been officially recognised by Australia, Canada, the United States and major <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> countries, while Serbia refuse to recognise Kosovo's independence, claiming it as <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo_and_Metohija" title="Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija">Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija</a> under <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1244" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244</a>. The overwhelming majority of Kosovo's population is ethnically Albanian with nearly 1.7 million people.<a href="#cite_note-201">[195]</a> Their presence as well as in the adjacent regions of <a href="/wiki/Toplica_District" title="Toplica District">Toplica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moravac" title="Moravac">Morava</a> is recorded since the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Anscombe767774785788-202">[196]</a> As the Serbs expelled many Albanians from the wider Toplica and Morava regions in Southern Serbia, which the 1878 <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a> had given to the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Principality of Serbia</a>, many of them settled in Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-Jagodic-203">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-Uka525354-204">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[199]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geb%C3%A4ude_der_UNMIK_NEW_BORN_SIGN_PRISTINA_KOSOVO_Giv_Owned_Image_23_August_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Geb%C3%A4ude_der_UNMIK_NEW_BORN_SIGN_PRISTINA_KOSOVO_Giv_Owned_Image_23_August_2008.jpg/220px-Geb%C3%A4ude_der_UNMIK_NEW_BORN_SIGN_PRISTINA_KOSOVO_Giv_Owned_Image_23_August_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Geb%C3%A4ude_der_UNMIK_NEW_BORN_SIGN_PRISTINA_KOSOVO_Giv_Owned_Image_23_August_2008.jpg/330px-Geb%C3%A4ude_der_UNMIK_NEW_BORN_SIGN_PRISTINA_KOSOVO_Giv_Owned_Image_23_August_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Geb%C3%A4ude_der_UNMIK_NEW_BORN_SIGN_PRISTINA_KOSOVO_Giv_Owned_Image_23_August_2008.jpg/440px-Geb%C3%A4ude_der_UNMIK_NEW_BORN_SIGN_PRISTINA_KOSOVO_Giv_Owned_Image_23_August_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3467" data-file-height="1916" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Newborn_monument" title="Newborn monument">Newborn monument</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a> was unveiled at the celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of Kosovo">Independence of Kosovo</a>.</figcaption></figure> After being an integral section of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a>, Kosovo including its Albanian population went through a period of discrimination, economic and political persecution.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Rights to use the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian language</a> were guaranteed by the constitution of the later formed <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Yugoslavia</a> and was widely used in Macedonia and Montenegro prior to the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of Yugoslavia">dissolution of Yugoslavia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[200]</a> In 1989, Kosovo lost its status as a federal entity of Yugoslavia with rights similar to those of the six other republics and eventually became part of <a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</a>. In 1998, tensions between the <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Kosovo">Albanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbs in kosovo">Serb</a> population of Kosovo culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a>, which led to the external and internal displacement of hundreds of thousands of Kosovo Albanians. Serbian paramilitary forces committed war crimes in Kosovo, although the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Serbia" title="Government of Serbia">government of Serbia</a> claims that the army was only going after suspected Albanian terrorists. <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> launched a <a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">78-day air campaign</a> in 1999, which eventually led to an end to the war.<a href="#cite_note-207">[201]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balkans">Balkans</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Bulgaria" title="Albanians in Bulgaria">Albanians in Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_North_Macedonia" title="Albanians in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Montenegro" title="Albanians in Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Romania" title="Albanians in Romania">Romania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Serbia" title="Albanians in Serbia">Serbia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkan%2BMikrasia_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Balkan%2BMikrasia_1914.jpg/220px-Balkan%2BMikrasia_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Balkan%2BMikrasia_1914.jpg/330px-Balkan%2BMikrasia_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Balkan%2BMikrasia_1914.jpg/440px-Balkan%2BMikrasia_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="823" /></a><figcaption>American ethnographic map of the Balkan Peninsula, 1914; Albanian-inhabited areas are colored in light orange.</figcaption></figure> Approximately five million Albanians are geographically distributed across the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Peninsula">Balkan Peninsula</a> with about half this number living in <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> as well as to a more lesser extent in <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>. There are also significant Albanian populations in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>. Approximately 1.8 million Albanians are concentrated in the partially recognised <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Kosovo">Republic of Kosovo</a>. They are geographically distributed south of the <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Kosovo" title="Municipalities of Kosovo">municipality</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Mitrovica" title="North Mitrovica">North Mitrovica</a> and constitute the overall majority ethnic group of the territory. In <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, the Albanian population is currently estimated to be around 30,000 forming one of the constituent ethnic <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minority groups</a> of the country.<a href="#cite_note-Monstat-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[202]</a> They predominantly live in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Montenegro#Coastal_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regions of Montenegro">coastal region</a> of Montenegro around the municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Ulcinj_Municipality" title="Ulcinj Municipality">Ulcinj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bar_Municipality" title="Bar Municipality">Bar</a> but also Tuz and around <a href="/wiki/Plav_Municipality" title="Plav Municipality">Plav</a> in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Montenegro#Northern_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regions of Montenegro">northern region</a> as well as in the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a> in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Montenegro#Central_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regions of Montenegro">central region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Monstat-19">[19]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_the_historical_center_of_Zadar,_Croatia_(48607312728).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Aerial_view_of_the_historical_center_of_Zadar%2C_Croatia_%2848607312728%29.jpg/220px-Aerial_view_of_the_historical_center_of_Zadar%2C_Croatia_%2848607312728%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Aerial_view_of_the_historical_center_of_Zadar%2C_Croatia_%2848607312728%29.jpg/330px-Aerial_view_of_the_historical_center_of_Zadar%2C_Croatia_%2848607312728%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Aerial_view_of_the_historical_center_of_Zadar%2C_Croatia_%2848607312728%29.jpg/440px-Aerial_view_of_the_historical_center_of_Zadar%2C_Croatia_%2848607312728%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5351" data-file-height="3007" /></a><figcaption>The historical settlement of the <a href="/wiki/Arbanasi_people" title="Arbanasi people">Arbanasi people</a> is presently a neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Zadar" title="Zadar">Zadar</a> in Croatia.<a href="#cite_note-209">[203]</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, there are more than approximately 500,000 Albanians constituting the largest ethnic minority group in the country.<a href="#cite_note-FYROMAlb1-210">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-FYROMAlb2-211">[205]</a> The vast majority of the Albanians are chiefly concentrated around the <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of the Republic of Macedonia">municipalities</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tetovo_Municipality" title="Tetovo Municipality">Tetovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gostivar_Municipality" title="Gostivar Municipality">Gostivar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Polog_Statistical_Region" title="Polog Statistical Region">northwestern region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Struga_Municipality" title="Struga Municipality">Struga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Debar_Municipality" title="Debar Municipality">Debar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Statistical_Region" title="Southwestern Statistical Region">southwestern region</a> as well as around the capital of <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Skopje_Statistical_Region" title="Skopje Statistical Region">central region</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, the number of Albanians stands at approximately 17.500 mostly concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Croatia" title="Counties of Croatia">counties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Istria_County" title="Istria County">Istria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Split-Dalmatia_County" title="Split-Dalmatia County">Split-Dalmatia</a> and most notably in the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-Minority_language_in_Croatia-121">[115]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Arbanasi_people" title="Arbanasi people">Arbanasi people</a> who historically migrated to <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, Croatia and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> live in scattered communities across Bulgaria, Croatia and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ukraine" title="Southern Ukraine">Southern Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Novik261262-81">[76]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, the Albanians are an officially recognised ethnic minority group with a population of around 70,000.<a href="#cite_note-213">[207]</a> They are significantly concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_and_cities_of_Serbia" title="Municipalities and cities of Serbia">municipalities</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bujanovac" title="Bujanovac">Bujanovac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%A1evo" title="Preševo">Preševo</a> in the <a href="/wiki/P%C4%8Dinja_District" title="Pčinja District">Pčinja District</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, the number of Albanians is unofficially estimated from 500 to 10,000 mainly distributed in <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>. They are recognised as an ethnic minority group and are respectively represented in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Romania" title="Parliament of Romania">Parliament of Romania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[209]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Italy" title="Albanians in Italy">Albanians in Italy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">Arbëreshë</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stratioti" title="Stratioti">Stratioti</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CLEMENS_XI.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/CLEMENS_XI.PNG/150px-CLEMENS_XI.PNG" decoding="async" width="150" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/CLEMENS_XI.PNG/225px-CLEMENS_XI.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/CLEMENS_XI.PNG/300px-CLEMENS_XI.PNG 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Francesco_Albani" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni Francesco Albani">Giovanni Francesco Albani</a> was of Albanian origin and served as the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> from 1700 to 1721.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> has attracted Albanian people for more than half a millennium often due to its immediate proximity. Albanians in Italy later became important in establishing the fundamentals of the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Renaissance">Albanian Renaissance</a> and maintaining the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian culture">Albanian culture</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">Arbëreshë people</a> came sporadically in several small and large cycles initially as <a href="/wiki/Stratioti" title="Stratioti">Stratioti</a> mercenaries in service of the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily_(Medieval_and_Early_Modern)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Sicily (Medieval and Early Modern)">Sicily</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[212]</a> Larger migration waves occurred after the death of <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg">Skanderbeg</a> and the capture of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1478)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Krujë (1478)">Krujë</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shkodra" title="Siege of Shkodra">Shkodër</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> to escape the forthcoming political and religious changes.<a href="#cite_note-219">[213]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pasqua_Piana_degli_Albanesi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Pasqua_Piana_degli_Albanesi.jpg/200px-Pasqua_Piana_degli_Albanesi.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Pasqua_Piana_degli_Albanesi.jpg/300px-Pasqua_Piana_degli_Albanesi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Pasqua_Piana_degli_Albanesi.jpg/400px-Pasqua_Piana_degli_Albanesi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1555" data-file-height="1037" /></a><figcaption>Arbëreshë in traditional costume in the <a href="/wiki/Piana_degli_Albanesi" title="Piana degli Albanesi">Piana degli Albanesi</a></figcaption></figure> Today, Arbëreshë constitute one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">ethnolinguistic</a> minority groups and their language is recognized and protected constitutionally under the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-lang-221">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[216]</a> The total number of <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">Arbëreshës</a> is approximately 260,000 scattered across <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, Calabria and <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nasse2426-76">[72]</a> There are Italian Albanians in the Americas especially in such countries as <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, Chile, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, Canada and the United States. After 1991, a mass migration of Albanians towards Italy occurred.<a href="#cite_note-AlbCominIta-223">[217]</a> Between 2015 and 2016, the number of Albanian migrants who held legal permits of residence in Italy was numbered to be around 480,000 and 500,000.<a href="#cite_note-AlbCominIta-223">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[218]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, Lombardy and <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a> represent the <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">regions</a> with the strongest presence of the modern Albanian population in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-AlbCominIta-223">[217]</a> As of 2022, 433,000 Albanian migrants who held legal permits of residence lived in Italy and were the second largest migrant community in Italy after Romanians.<a href="#cite_note-225">[219]</a> As of 2018, an additional ca. 200,000 Albanian migrants have obtained Italian citizenship (children born in Italy not included).<a href="#cite_note-226">[220]</a> As of 2012, 41.5% of the Albanian in Italy population were counted as <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, 38.9% as <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> including 27.7% as <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> and 11% as <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> and 17.8% as <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligious</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Greece" title="Albanians in Greece">Albanians in Greece</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Arvanites" title="Arvanites">Arvanites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanians" title="Cham Albanians">Chams</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albanian_Palikars_in_pursuit_of_an_enemy_--_Charles_Robert_Cockerell,_1813-1814_--_British_Museum,_inv._1923,0113.30.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Albanian_Palikars_in_pursuit_of_an_enemy_--_Charles_Robert_Cockerell%2C_1813-1814_--_British_Museum%2C_inv._1923%2C0113.30.jpg/220px-Albanian_Palikars_in_pursuit_of_an_enemy_--_Charles_Robert_Cockerell%2C_1813-1814_--_British_Museum%2C_inv._1923%2C0113.30.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Albanian_Palikars_in_pursuit_of_an_enemy_--_Charles_Robert_Cockerell%2C_1813-1814_--_British_Museum%2C_inv._1923%2C0113.30.jpg/330px-Albanian_Palikars_in_pursuit_of_an_enemy_--_Charles_Robert_Cockerell%2C_1813-1814_--_British_Museum%2C_inv._1923%2C0113.30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Albanian_Palikars_in_pursuit_of_an_enemy_--_Charles_Robert_Cockerell%2C_1813-1814_--_British_Museum%2C_inv._1923%2C0113.30.jpg/440px-Albanian_Palikars_in_pursuit_of_an_enemy_--_Charles_Robert_Cockerell%2C_1813-1814_--_British_Museum%2C_inv._1923%2C0113.30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1507" /></a><figcaption>Painting of Albanian palikars displayed in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, London</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Arvanites" title="Arvanites">Arvanites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanians_of_Western_Thrace" title="Albanians of Western Thrace">Albanians of Western Thrace</a> are a group descended from <a href="/wiki/Tosks" title="Tosks">Tosks</a> who migrated to southern and central Greece between the 13th and 16th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Gogonas3-77">[73]</a> They are Greek Orthodox Christians, and though they traditionally speak a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Tosk Albanian</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Arvanitika" title="Arvanitika">Arvanitika</a>, they have fully assimilated into the Greek nation and do not identify as Albanians.<a href="#cite_note-Hall2829-78">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bintliff137138-228">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-VeremisKolipoulos2425-229">[223]</a> Arvanitika is in a state of attrition due to language shift towards Greek and large-scale internal migration to the cities and subsequent intermingling of the population during the 20th century. The <a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanians" title="Cham Albanians">Cham Albanians</a> were a group that formerly inhabited a region of <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(region)" title="Epirus (region)">Epirus</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Chameria" title="Chameria">Chameria</a>, nowadays <a href="/wiki/Thesprotia" title="Thesprotia">Thesprotia</a> in northwestern Greece. Many Cham Albanians converted to Islam during the Ottoman era. Muslim Chams were <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Cham_Albanians" title="Expulsion of Cham Albanians">expelled</a> from Greece during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, by an <a href="/wiki/EDES" title="EDES">anti-communist resistance group</a> (EDES). The causes of the expulsion were multifaceted and remain a matter of debate among historians. Different narratives in historiography argue that the causes involved pre-existing Greek policies which targeted the minority and sought its elimination, the Cham <a href="/wiki/Axis-Cham_Albanian_collaboration" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis-Cham Albanian collaboration">collaboration</a> with the Axis forces and local property disputes which were instrumentalized after WWII.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaltsiotis2011Paragraph_56,_Note_95-230">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsoutsoumpis2015119–120-231">[225]</a> The estimated number of Cham Albanians expelled from Epirus to Albania and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> varies: figures include 14,000, 19,000, 20,000, 25,000 and 30,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsitselikis2012311-232">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-Victor_Roudometof_p._158-234">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[230]</a> According to Cham reports this number should be raised to c. 35,000.<a href="#cite_note-Vickers,_Miranda_2002-237">[231]</a> Large-scale migration from Albania to Greece occurred after 1991. During this period, at least 500,000 Albanians have migrated and relocated to Greece. Despite the lack of exact statistics, it is estimated that at least 700,000 Albanians have moved to Greece during the last 25 years. The Albanian government estimates 500,000 Albanians in Greece at the very least without accounting for their children.<a href="#cite_note-auto-12">[12]</a> The 2011 Greece census indicated that Albanians consisted the biggest group of migrants in Greece, numbered roughly 480,000, but taking into consideration the current population of Greece (11 million) and the fact that the census failed to account for illegal foreigners, it was estimated that Albanians consist of 5% of the population (at least 550,000).<a href="#cite_note-ssoar.info-13">[13]</a> By 2005, around 600,000 Albanians lived in Greece, forming the largest immigrant community in the country.<a href="#cite_note-238">[232]</a> They are economic migrants whose migration began in 1991, following the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_People%27s_Republic_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist People's Republic of Albania">Socialist People's Republic of Albania</a>. As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albanians&action=edit">[update]</a>, in total, there might have been more than 500,000 Albanian-born migrants and their children who received Greek citizenship over the years.<a href="#cite_note-albanianresidents-239">[233]</a> In recent years, many Albanian workers and their families have left Greece in search of better opportunities elsewhere in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-albanianresidents-239">[233]</a> As of 2022, there c. 292,000 Albanian immigrants are holders of legal permits to live and work in Greece, down from c. 423,000 in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-240">[234]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chams_on_Filiates_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a1/Chams_on_Filiates_1915.jpg/220px-Chams_on_Filiates_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a1/Chams_on_Filiates_1915.jpg/330px-Chams_on_Filiates_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a1/Chams_on_Filiates_1915.jpg/440px-Chams_on_Filiates_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanians" title="Cham Albanians">Cham Albanians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Filiates" title="Filiates">Filiates</a> in 1915, by Fred Boissonas</figcaption></figure> Albanians in Greece have a long history of <a href="/wiki/Hellenisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenisation">Hellenisation</a>, assimilation and integration.<a href="#cite_note-241">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[236]</a> Many ethnic Albanians have been naturalised as Greek nationals, others have self-declared as Greek since arrival and a considerable number live and work across both countries seasonally hence the number of Albanians in the country has often fluctuated.<a href="#cite_note-243">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_diaspora" title="Albanian diaspora">Albanian diaspora</a></div> Diaspora based Albanians may self identify as Albanian, use hybrid identification or identify with their nationality, often creating an obstacle in establishing a total figure of the population.<a href="#cite_note-244">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Austria" title="Albanians in Austria">Albanians in Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Belgium" title="Albanians in Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_France" title="Albanians in France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Germany" title="Albanians in Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Hungary" title="Albanians in Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_the_Netherlands" title="Albanians in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_the_Nordic_countries" title="Albanians in the Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Spain" title="Albanians in Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Switzerland" title="Albanians in Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Albanians in the United Kingdom">the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kosova_independence_Vienna_17-02-2008_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kosova_independence_Vienna_17-02-2008_b.jpg/220px-Kosova_independence_Vienna_17-02-2008_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kosova_independence_Vienna_17-02-2008_b.jpg/330px-Kosova_independence_Vienna_17-02-2008_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kosova_independence_Vienna_17-02-2008_b.jpg/440px-Kosova_independence_Vienna_17-02-2008_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="1110" /></a><figcaption>Albanians in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> celebrating the declaration of independence of Kosovo</figcaption></figure> During the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">conflicts in the Balkans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a> set in motion large population movements of Albanians to <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> and Northern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-245">[239]</a> The gradual <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">collapse of communism</a> in Albania triggered as well a new wave of migration and contributed to the emergence of a new diaspora, mainly in Southern Europe, in such countries as <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and Italy.<a href="#cite_note-foc-246">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bari-247">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-90s_Greece_and_Italy-248">[242]</a> In Central Europe, there are approximately 200,000 Albanians in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> with the particular concentration in the <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">cantons</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Zürich">Zürich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Basel-Stadt" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Basel-Stadt">Basel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Lucerne" title="Canton of Lucerne">Lucerne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern">Bern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_St._Gallen" title="Canton of St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-albsuisse-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-cantons-249">[243]</a> The neighbouring Germany is home to around 250,000 to 300,000 Albanians while in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> there are around 40,000 to 80,000 Albanians concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Austria">states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Salzburg" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Salzburg">Salzburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Austria" title="Lower Austria">Lower</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Austria" title="Upper Austria">Upper Austria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SB1-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-SB2-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[245]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe#CIA_classification" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, the Albanian population of approximately 10,000 people living in the <a href="/wiki/Benelux_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Benelux countries">Benelux countries</a> is in comparison to other regions relatively limited. There are more than 6,000 Albanian people living in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> and 2,800 in the nearby <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. The most lesser number of Albanian people in the Benelux region is to be found in <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> with a population of 2,100.<a href="#cite_note-252">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-Netherlands-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Luxembourg-49">[49]</a> Within Northern Europe, Sweden possesses the most sizeable population of Albanians in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> however there is no exact answer to their number in the country. The populations also tend to be lower in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> with more than 18,000, 10,000 and 8,000 Albanians respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Norway-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Finland-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Denmark-31">[31]</a> The population of Albanians in the <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Albanians in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> is officially estimated to be around 39,000 whiles in Ireland there are less than 2,500 Albanians.<a href="#cite_note-United_Kingdom_2017-2018-253">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mother_Tongue-33">[33]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia_and_Africa">Asia and Africa</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Egypt" title="Albanians in Egypt">Albanians in Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Syria" title="Albanians in Syria">Syria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Turkey" title="Albanians in Turkey">Turkey</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Leon_Gerome_-_An_Arnaut_N08542-8-lr-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Jean-Leon_Gerome_-_An_Arnaut_N08542-8-lr-1.jpg/220px-Jean-Leon_Gerome_-_An_Arnaut_N08542-8-lr-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Jean-Leon_Gerome_-_An_Arnaut_N08542-8-lr-1.jpg/330px-Jean-Leon_Gerome_-_An_Arnaut_N08542-8-lr-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Jean-Leon_Gerome_-_An_Arnaut_N08542-8-lr-1.jpg/440px-Jean-Leon_Gerome_-_An_Arnaut_N08542-8-lr-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1393" data-file-height="1994" /></a><figcaption>Painting of an <a href="/wiki/Arnaut" title="Arnaut">Arnaut</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me" title="Jean-Léon Gérôme">Jean-Léon Gérôme</a>, 1870s</figcaption></figure> The Albanian diaspora in Africa and Asia, in such countries as <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> or <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, was predominantly formed during the Ottoman period through economic <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">migration</a> and early years of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a> through migration due to sociopolitical discrimination and violence experienced by Albanians in <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GenisMaynard553555-254">[248]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, the exact numbers of the Albanian population of the country are difficult to correctly estimate. According to a 2008 report, there were approximately 1.300,000 people of Albanian descent living in Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-255">[249]</a> As of that report, more than 500,000 Albanian descendants still recognise their <a href="/wiki/Ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestry">ancestry</a> and or their language, culture and traditions.<a href="#cite_note-Zamanheritage-256">[250]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Bargue_%E2%80%93_La_sentinelle_albanaise_en_Caire,_1877.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Charles_Bargue_%E2%80%93_La_sentinelle_albanaise_en_Caire%2C_1877.jpg/200px-Charles_Bargue_%E2%80%93_La_sentinelle_albanaise_en_Caire%2C_1877.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Charles_Bargue_%E2%80%93_La_sentinelle_albanaise_en_Caire%2C_1877.jpg/300px-Charles_Bargue_%E2%80%93_La_sentinelle_albanaise_en_Caire%2C_1877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Charles_Bargue_%E2%80%93_La_sentinelle_albanaise_en_Caire%2C_1877.jpg/400px-Charles_Bargue_%E2%80%93_La_sentinelle_albanaise_en_Caire%2C_1877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="1532" /></a><figcaption>The Albanian <a href="/wiki/Security_guard" title="Security guard">Sentinel</a> in Cairo by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bargue" title="Charles Bargue">Charles Bargue</a>, 1877</figcaption></figure> There are also other estimates that range from being 3 to 4 million people up to a total of 5 million in number, although most of these are Turkish citizens of either full or partial Albanian ancestry being no longer fluent in Albanian, comparable to the <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German Americans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zamanheritage-256">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deliso38-257">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-Saunders98-59">[59]</a> This was due to various degrees of either linguistic and or <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">cultural assimilation</a> occurring amongst the Albanian diaspora in Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-Saunders98-59">[59]</a> Albanians are active in the civic life of Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-Zamanheritage-256">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tabak-258">[252]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> there are 18,000 Albanians, mostly <a href="/wiki/Tosk" class="mw-redirect" title="Tosk">Tosk</a> speakers.<a href="#cite_note-Saunders98-59">[59]</a> Many are descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">Janissaries</a> of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali Pasha</a>, an Albanian who became <a href="/wiki/W%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Wāli">Wāli</a>, and self-declared <a href="/wiki/Khedive" title="Khedive">Khedive</a> of Egypt and <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Saunders98-59">[59]</a> In addition to the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Ali Dynasty">dynasty</a> that he established, a large part of the former Egyptian and Sudanese <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a> was of Albanian origin.<a href="#cite_note-Saunders98-59">[59]</a> Albanian Sunnis, Bektashis and Orthodox Christians were all represented in this diaspora, whose members at some point included major <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> figures (Rilindasit), including Thimi Mitko, Spiro Dine, Andon Zako Çajupi, Milo Duçi, Fan Noli and others who lived in Egypt for a time.<a href="#cite_note-Norris209210-259">[253]</a> With the ascension of <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> in Egypt and rise of <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalism</a>, the last remnants of Albanian community there were forced to leave.<a href="#cite_note-Elsie125126-260">[254]</a> Albanians have been present in <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab</a> countries such as Syria, Lebanon,<a href="#cite_note-Norris209210-259">[253]</a> Iraq, Jordan, and for about five centuries as a legacy of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turk" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turk">Ottoman Turkish</a> rule. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas_and_Oceania">Americas and Oceania</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Canadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Canadians">Albanians in Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Americans" title="Albanian Americans">the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Australia">Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in New Zealand">Albanians in New Zealand</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_South_America" title="Albanians in South America">Albanians in South America</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedral_of_St._George_Historic_District_South_Boston_MA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Cathedral_of_St._George_Historic_District_South_Boston_MA.jpg/180px-Cathedral_of_St._George_Historic_District_South_Boston_MA.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Cathedral_of_St._George_Historic_District_South_Boston_MA.jpg/270px-Cathedral_of_St._George_Historic_District_South_Boston_MA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Cathedral_of_St._George_Historic_District_South_Boston_MA.jpg/360px-Cathedral_of_St._George_Historic_District_South_Boston_MA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="1302" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Albanian Orthodox Church">Albanian Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._George_Historic_District" title="Cathedral of St. George Historic District">Cathedral of St. George Historic District</a> in South Boston, Massachusetts</figcaption></figure> The first Albanian migration to North America began in the 19th and 20th centuries not long after gaining <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_independence_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of independence of Albania">independence</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. However the <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">Arbëreshë people</a> from <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a> were the first Albanian people to arrive in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>, many of them migrating after the wars that accompanied the <a href="/wiki/Risorgimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Risorgimento">Risorgimento</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[256]</a> Since then several Albanian migration waves have occurred throughout the 20th century as for instance after the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> with Albanians mostly from <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> rather than from <a href="/wiki/Communist_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Albania">Communist Albania</a>, then after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Breakup of Communist Albania</a> in 1990 and finally following the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a> in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-Canadian_Encyclopedia-263">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-th24-264">[258]</a> The most sizeable Albanian population in the Americas is predominantly to be found in the United States. <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York metropolitan area</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">State of New York</a> is home to the most sizeable Albanian population of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-265">[259]</a> As of 2017, there are approximately 205,000 Albanians in the country with the main concentration in the <a href="/wiki/States_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="States of the United States">states</a> of New York, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-United_States_Census_Bureau-50">[50]</a> The number could be higher counting the <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">Arbëreshë people</a> as well; they are often distinguishable from other Albanian Americans with regard to their <a href="/wiki/Italianization" title="Italianization">Italianized</a> names, nationality and a common <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-267">[261]</a> In Canada, there are approximately 39,000 Albanians in the country, including 36,185 Albanians from <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> and 2,870 Albanians from <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, predominantly distributed in a multitude of <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">provinces</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Quebec, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Statistics_Canada-52">[52]</a> Canada's largest cities such as <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Montreal and <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a> were besides the United States a major centre of Albanian migration to North America. Toronto is home to around 17,000 Albanians.<a href="#cite_note-Toronto-268">[262]</a> Albanian immigration to Australia began in the late 19th century and most took place during the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Jupp166167-269">[263]</a> People who planned to immigrate chose Australia after the US introduced immigration quotas on southern Europeans.<a href="#cite_note-Jupp166167-269">[263]</a> Most were from southern Albania, of Muslim and Orthodox backgrounds and tended to live in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queensland,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Queensland, Australia">Queensland</a>, with smaller numbers in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western</a> and Northern Australia.<a href="#cite_note-Jupp166167-269">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ahmeti44233-270">[264]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orthodox_Albanian_wedding_in_Bagnoo,_New_South_Wales,_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Orthodox_Albanian_wedding_in_Bagnoo%2C_New_South_Wales%2C_1944.jpg/220px-Orthodox_Albanian_wedding_in_Bagnoo%2C_New_South_Wales%2C_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Orthodox_Albanian_wedding_in_Bagnoo%2C_New_South_Wales%2C_1944.jpg/330px-Orthodox_Albanian_wedding_in_Bagnoo%2C_New_South_Wales%2C_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Orthodox_Albanian_wedding_in_Bagnoo%2C_New_South_Wales%2C_1944.jpg/440px-Orthodox_Albanian_wedding_in_Bagnoo%2C_New_South_Wales%2C_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>Orthodox Albanian wedding in Bagnoo, New South Wales (1944)</figcaption></figure> Italy's <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">annexation</a> of Albania marked a difficult time for Albanian Australians as many were thought by Australian authorities to pose a fascist threat.<a href="#cite_note-Amath99100-271">[265]</a> Post-war, the numbers of Albanian immigrants slowed due to immigration restrictions placed by the <a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Albania">communist government</a> in Albania.<a href="#cite_note-Ahmeti36-272">[266]</a> Albanians from southwestern Yugoslavia (modern North Macedonia) arrived and settled in Melbourne in the 1960s-1970s.<a href="#cite_note-ImmMuswii-273">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ahmeti38-274">[268]</a> Other Albanian immigrants from Yugoslavia came from <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>. The immigrants were mostly Muslims, but also Catholics among them including the relatives of the renowned Albanian nun and missionary <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jupp166167-269">[263]</a> Albanian refugees from Kosovo settled in Australia following the aftermath of the Kosovo conflict.<a href="#cite_note-Jupp166167-269">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ahmeti39-275">[269]</a> In the early twenty first century, Victoria has the highest concentration of Albanians and smaller Albanian communities exist in Western Australia, South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales and the Northern Territory.<a href="#cite_note-Ahmeti4142445556202213232233260263267-276">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haveric27126139144153154159160199-277">[271]</a> In 2016, approximately 4,041 persons resident in Australia identified themselves as having been born in <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, while 15,901 persons identified themselves as having Albanian ancestry, either alone or in combination with another ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-278">[272]</a> Albanian migration to New Zealand occurred mid twentieth century following the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pratt744-279">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kolig23-280">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dru7-281">[275]</a> A small group of Albanian refugees originating mainly from Albania and the rest from Yugoslavian Kosovo and Macedonia settled in Auckland.<a href="#cite_note-Dru7-281">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dru89-282">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-AbdSa-283">[277]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo crisis">Kosovo crisis</a> (1999), up to 400 Kosovo Albanian refugees settled in New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-Miller653-284">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-DruAbd165-285">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-DeMcVe343353-286">[280]</a> In the twenty first century, Albanian New Zealanders number 400-500 people and are mainly concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dru718-287">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-AbdSa-283">[277]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian culture">Albanian culture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditions">Traditions</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tribal_social_structure">Tribal social structure</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northern_Albanian_Tribal_Regions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Northern_Albanian_Tribal_Regions.png/220px-Northern_Albanian_Tribal_Regions.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Northern_Albanian_Tribal_Regions.png/330px-Northern_Albanian_Tribal_Regions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Northern_Albanian_Tribal_Regions.png/440px-Northern_Albanian_Tribal_Regions.png 2x" data-file-width="5248" data-file-height="5275" /></a><figcaption>Map of the northern Albanian tribal regions in the mid-20th century</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Albanian_tribes" title="Albanian tribes">Albanian tribes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: fiset shqiptare) form a historical mode of social organization (farefisní) in <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> and the southwestern <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> characterized by a common <a href="/wiki/Cultur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultur">culture</a>, often common patrilineal kinship ties tracing back to one progenitor and shared <a href="/wiki/Social_ties" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ties">social ties</a>. The fis (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">definite form</a>: fisi; commonly translated as "tribe", also as "clan" or "kin" community) stands at the center of Albanian organization based on <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a> relations, a concept which can be found among southern Albanians also with the term farë (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">definite form</a>: fara). Inherited from ancient <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrian</a> social structures, Albanian tribal society emerged in the early Middle Ages as the dominant form of social organization among Albanians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalaty2002109–121-288">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVillar1996316-289">[283]</a> It also remained in a less developed system in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Albania" title="Southern Albania">southern Albania</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie20151-290">[284]</a> where large feudal estates and later trade and urban centres began to develop at the expense of tribal organization. One of the most particular elements of the Albanian tribal structure is its dependence on the <a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Kanun</a>, a code of Albanian oral <a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">customary laws</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalaty2002109–121-288">[282]</a> Most tribes engaged in warfare against external forces like the Ottoman Empire. Some also engaged in limited inter-tribal struggle for the control of resources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie20151-290">[284]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ad061.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ad061.jpg/220px-Ad061.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ad061.jpg/330px-Ad061.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Ad061.jpg/440px-Ad061.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Picture of members of the Albanian <a href="/wiki/Shkreli_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Shkreli tribe">Shkreli tribe</a>, 1890s</figcaption></figure> Until the early years of the 20th century, the Albanian tribal society remained largely intact until the rise to power of <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">communist regime</a> in 1944, and is considered as the only example of a tribal social system structured with tribal chiefs and councils, <a href="/wiki/Gjakmarrja" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjakmarrja">blood feuds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">oral customary laws</a>, surviving in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> until the middle of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie20151-290">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Rapper20121-291">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalaty2011118-292">[286]</a> Members of the tribes of northern Albania believe their history is based on the notions of resistance and isolationism.<a href="#cite_note-293">[287]</a> Some scholars connect this belief with the concept of "negotiated peripherality". Throughout history the territory northern Albanian tribes occupy has been contested and peripheral so northern Albanian tribes often exploited their position and negotiated their peripherality in profitable ways. This peripheral position also affected their national program which significance and challenges are different from those in southern Albania.<a href="#cite_note-294">[288]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kanun">Kanun</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanuni_i_Lek%C3%AB_Dukagjinit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Kanuni_i_Lek%C3%AB_Dukagjinit.jpg/220px-Kanuni_i_Lek%C3%AB_Dukagjinit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Kanuni_i_Lek%C3%AB_Dukagjinit.jpg/330px-Kanuni_i_Lek%C3%AB_Dukagjinit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Kanuni_i_Lek%C3%AB_Dukagjinit.jpg/440px-Kanuni_i_Lek%C3%AB_Dukagjinit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="1098" /></a><figcaption>The Kanun of <a href="/wiki/Lek%C3%AB_Dukagjini" title="Lekë Dukagjini">Lekë Dukagjini</a>, a Medieval Albanian lord, transcribed by <a href="/wiki/Shtjef%C3%ABn_Gje%C3%A7ovi" title="Shtjefën Gjeçovi">Shtjefën Gjeçovi</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Kanun</a> is a set of Albanian traditional <a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">customary laws</a>, which has directed all the aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_tribes" title="Albanian tribes">Albanian tribal society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Co22-295">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalaty2002113–114-296">[290]</a> For at least the last five centuries and until today, Albanian customary laws have been kept alive only orally by the tribal elders. The success in preserving them exclusively through <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral systems</a> highlights their universal resilience and provides evidence of their likely ancient origins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalaty2018101–102-297">[291]</a> Strong pre-Christian motifs mixed with motifs from the Christian era reflect the stratification of the Albanian customary law across various historical ages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrnavci2010205-298">[292]</a> Over time, Albanian customary laws have undergone their historical development, they have been changed and supplemented with new <a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">norms</a>, in accordance with certain requirements of socio-economic development.<a href="#cite_note-Elezi-299">[293]</a> <a href="/wiki/Besa_(Albanian_culture)" title="Besa (Albanian culture)">Besa</a> and nderi (<a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">honour</a>) are of major importance in Albanian customary law as the cornerstone of personal and social conduct.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006115-300">[294]</a> The Kanun is based on four pillars – Honour (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: Nderi), Hospitality (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: Mikpritja), Right Conduct (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: Sjellja) and Kin Loyalty (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: Fis). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Besa">Besa</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">An Albanian who says besa once cannot in any way break [his] promise and cannot be unfaithful [to it].<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Ferid_Pasha" title="Mehmed Ferid Pasha">Mehmed Ferid Pasha</a>, Ottoman-Albanian grand vizier, 1903<a href="#cite_note-Gawrych132-301">[295]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Besa_(Albanian_culture)" title="Besa (Albanian culture)">Besa</a> (pledge of honor)<a href="#cite_note-Gawrych19-302">[296]</a> is an Albanian cultural <a href="/wiki/Precept" title="Precept">precept</a>, usually translated as "<a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Oath" title="Oath">oath</a>", that means "to keep the promise" and "word of honor".<a href="#cite_note-wordorigin-303">[297]</a> The concept is based upon faithfulness toward one's word in the form of loyalty or as an allegiance guarantee.<a href="#cite_note-DiLellioSchwandersSievers519520-304">[298]</a> Besa contains mores toward obligations to the family and a friend, the demand to have internal commitment, loyalty and solidarity when conducting oneself with others and secrecy in relation to outsiders.<a href="#cite_note-DiLellioSchwandersSievers519520-304">[298]</a> The besa is also the main element within the concept of the ancestor's will or pledge (amanet) where a demand for faithfulness to a cause is expected in situations that relate to unity, national liberation and independence that transcend a person and generations.<a href="#cite_note-DiLellioSchwandersSievers519520-304">[298]</a> The concept of besa is included in the <a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Kanun</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">customary law</a> of the Albanian people.<a href="#cite_note-DiLellioSchwandersSievers519520-304">[298]</a> The besa was an important institution within the tribal society of the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_tribes" title="Albanian tribes">Albanian tribes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200636-305">[299]</a> who swore oaths to jointly fight against invaders, and in this aspect the besa served to uphold tribal autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200636-305">[299]</a> The besa was used toward regulating tribal affairs between and within the Albanian tribes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200636,_128-306">[300]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Albanian cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kosovan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan cuisine">Kosovan cuisine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_cuisine" title="Arbëreshë cuisine">Arbëreshë cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buk%C3%AB_kollomoqe,_buk%C3%AB_misri.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Buk%C3%AB_kollomoqe%2C_buk%C3%AB_misri.JPG/220px-Buk%C3%AB_kollomoqe%2C_buk%C3%AB_misri.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Buk%C3%AB_kollomoqe%2C_buk%C3%AB_misri.JPG/330px-Buk%C3%AB_kollomoqe%2C_buk%C3%AB_misri.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Buk%C3%AB_kollomoqe%2C_buk%C3%AB_misri.JPG/440px-Buk%C3%AB_kollomoqe%2C_buk%C3%AB_misri.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bread_and_salt" title="Bread and salt">Bukë, kripë e zemër</a> is a traditional welcoming custom traced back to medieval <a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Albanian law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-307">[301]</a> The Albanian <a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">code of honour</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Besa_(Albanian_culture)" title="Besa (Albanian culture)">Besa</a>, resulted to look after guests as an act of hospitality.<a href="#cite_note-308">[302]</a></figcaption></figure> The traditional <a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">cuisine</a> of the Albanians is diverse and has been greatly influenced by traditions and their varied <a href="/wiki/Biophysical_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Biophysical environment">environment</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and turbulent history throughout the course of the centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Kanun-309">[303]</a> There is a considerable diversity between the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkan</a>-influenced cuisines of Albanians in the Western Balkan nations and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek</a>-influenced cuisines of the <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people#Cuisine" title="Arbëreshë people">Arbëreshës</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanians#Cuisine" title="Cham Albanians">Chams</a>. The enjoyment of food has a high priority in the lives of Albanian peoples especially when celebrating <a href="/wiki/Religious_festival" title="Religious festival">religious festivals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid</a>, Christmas, Easter, <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a> or <a href="/wiki/Novruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Novruz">Novruz</a> Ingredients include many varieties of fruits such as <a href="/wiki/Lemon_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemon (fruit)">lemons</a>, oranges, <a href="/wiki/Figs_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Figs (fruit)">figs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olive_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olive (fruit)">olives</a>, herbs such as <a href="/wiki/Basil_(herb)" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil (herb)">basil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lavender" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender">lavender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spearmint" title="Spearmint">mint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">oregano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosemary" title="Rosemary">rosemary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">thyme</a> and vegetables such as garlic, onion, <a href="/wiki/Bell_pepper" title="Bell pepper">peppers</a>, potatoes and tomatoes. Albanian peoples who live closer to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prespa_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Prespa Lake">Prespa Lake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ohrid_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohrid Lake">Ohrid Lake</a> are able to complement their diet with fish, <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a> and other seafood. Otherwise, <a href="/wiki/Lamb_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamb (food)">lamb</a> is often considered the traditional meat for different <a href="/wiki/Religious_festival" title="Religious festival">religious festivals</a>. Poultry, beef and pork are also in plentiful supply. <a href="/wiki/Tav%C3%AB_Kosi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tavë Kosi">Tavë Kosi</a> is a national dish in Albania consisting of garlic lamb and rice baked under a thick, tart veil of <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a>. <a href="/wiki/F%C3%ABrges%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fërgesë">Fërgesë</a> is another national dish and is made with peppers, tomatoes and <a href="/wiki/Cottage_cheese" title="Cottage cheese">cottage cheese</a>. Pite is a baked pastry with a filling of a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Spinach" title="Spinach">spinach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Curd" title="Curd">gjizë</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ground_meat" title="Ground meat">mish</a>. Desserts include <a href="/wiki/Flia" title="Flia">Flia</a>, consisting of multiple crepe-like layers brushed with crea; petulla, a traditionally fried dough, and Krofne, similar to <a href="/wiki/Berliner_(doughnut)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berliner (doughnut)">Berliner</a>. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Painting">Painting</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_art" title="Albanian art">Albanian art</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kol%C3%AB_Idromeno_(i_ri).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kol%C3%AB_Idromeno_%28i_ri%29.jpg/170px-Kol%C3%AB_Idromeno_%28i_ri%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kol%C3%AB_Idromeno_%28i_ri%29.jpg/255px-Kol%C3%AB_Idromeno_%28i_ri%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Kol%C3%AB_Idromeno_%28i_ri%29.jpg/340px-Kol%C3%AB_Idromeno_%28i_ri%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kol%C3%AB_Idromeno" title="Kolë Idromeno">Kolë Idromeno</a> is considered the most renowned painter of the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Renaissance">Albanian Renaissance</a>.</figcaption></figure> The earliest preserved relics of visual arts of the Albanian people are <a href="/wiki/Sacred_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred art">sacred</a> in nature and represented by numerous <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">murals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a> which has been created with an admirable use of color and gold. They reveal a wealth of various influences and traditions that converged in the historical lands of the Albanian people throughout the course of the centuries.<a href="#cite_note-medieval-310">[304]</a> The rise of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> was accompanied by a corresponding growth in <a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Christian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a> often apparent in examples of architecture and mosaics throughout Albania.<a href="#cite_note-www.albanianart.net_index_al-311">[305]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Renaissance">Albanian Renaissance</a> proved crucial to the emancipation of the modern Albanian culture and saw unprecedented developments in all fields of literature and arts whereas artists sought to return to the ideals of <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanticism_(art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanticism (art)">Romanticism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-312">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-19th_century-313">[307]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sv_Sedmo%C4%8Dislenici_with_Jovan_Kukuzel_in_Ardenica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Sv_Sedmo%C4%8Dislenici_with_Jovan_Kukuzel_in_Ardenica.jpg/220px-Sv_Sedmo%C4%8Dislenici_with_Jovan_Kukuzel_in_Ardenica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Sv_Sedmo%C4%8Dislenici_with_Jovan_Kukuzel_in_Ardenica.jpg/330px-Sv_Sedmo%C4%8Dislenici_with_Jovan_Kukuzel_in_Ardenica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Sv_Sedmo%C4%8Dislenici_with_Jovan_Kukuzel_in_Ardenica.jpg/440px-Sv_Sedmo%C4%8Dislenici_with_Jovan_Kukuzel_in_Ardenica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>Medieval <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> by <a href="/wiki/Zografi_Brothers" title="Zografi Brothers">Kostandin and Athanas Zografi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ardenica_Monastery" title="Ardenica Monastery">Monastery of Ardenica</a>. It illustrates the seven saints <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Ohrid" title="Clement of Ohrid">Clement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Naum" title="Saint Naum">Naum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sava" title="Saint Sava">Sava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Angelar" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Angelar">Angelar</a>, Gorazd, <a href="/wiki/Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius" class="mw-redirect" title="Saints Cyril and Methodius">Cyril, Method</a> and the Albanian <a href="/wiki/Jan_Kukuzeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Kukuzeli">Jan Kukuzeli</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Onufri" title="Onufri">Onufri</a>, founder of the Berat School, <a href="/wiki/Kol%C3%AB_Idromeno" title="Kolë Idromeno">Kolë Idromeno</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Selenica" title="David Selenica">David Selenica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kostandin_Shpataraku" title="Kostandin Shpataraku">Kostandin Shpataraku</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zografi_Brothers" title="Zografi Brothers">Zografi Brothers</a> are the most eminent representatives of Albanian art. Albanians in Italy and Croatia have been also active among others the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> influenced artists such as <a href="/wiki/Marco_Basaiti" title="Marco Basaiti">Marco Basaiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vittore_Carpaccio" title="Vittore Carpaccio">Viktor Karpaçi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Nikoll%C3%AB_Aleksi" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrea Nikollë Aleksi">Andrea Nikollë Aleksi</a>. In Greece, <a href="/wiki/Eleni_Boukouras" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleni Boukouras">Eleni Boukouras</a> is noted as being the first great female painter of post <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">independence Greece</a>. In 1856, <a href="/wiki/Pjet%C3%ABr_Marubi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pjetër Marubi">Pjetër Marubi</a> arrived in <a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Shkodër</a> and established the first photography museum in Albania and probably the entire <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Photography_%22Marubi%22" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Photography "Marubi"">Marubi Museum</a>. The collection of 150,000 photographs, captured by the Albanian-Italian Marubi dynasty, offers an ensemble of photographs depicting social rituals, traditional costumes, portraits of Albanian history. The Kulla, a traditional Albanian <a href="/wiki/Tower_house" title="Tower house">dwelling</a> constructed completely from natural materials, is a cultural relic from the medieval period particularly widespread in the southwestern region of <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> and northern region of <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>. The rectangular shape of a Kulla is produced with irregular <a href="/wiki/Stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone">stone</a> ashlars, river pebbles and <a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">chestnut</a> woods, however, the size and number of floors depends on the size of the family and their financial resources. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Literature">Literature</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_literature" title="Albanian literature">Albanian literature</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people#Literature_2" title="Arbëreshë people">Arbëreshë literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanians#Literature_and_Media" title="Cham Albanians">Cham literature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kosovan_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan literature">Kosovan literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meshari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Meshari.jpg/220px-Meshari.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Meshari.jpg/330px-Meshari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Meshari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Meshari" title="Meshari">Meshari</a> is currently the earliest published book in the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian language</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Gjon_Buzuku" title="Gjon Buzuku">Gjon Buzuku</a>.</figcaption></figure> The roots of <a href="/wiki/Albanian_literature" title="Albanian literature">literature of the Albanian people</a> can be traced to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> with surviving works about history, theology and philosophy dating from the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elsie332-314">[308]</a> The earliest known use of written Albanian is a <a href="/wiki/Formula_e_pag%C3%ABzimit" title="Formula e pagëzimit">baptismal formula</a> (1462) written by the Archbishop of Durrës <a href="/wiki/Paulus_Angelus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulus Angelus">Paulus Angelus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elsie5-315">[309]</a> In 1555, a Catholic clergyman <a href="/wiki/Gjon_Buzuku" title="Gjon Buzuku">Gjon Buzuku</a> from the Shestan region published the earliest known book written in Albanian titled <a href="/wiki/Meshari" title="Meshari">Meshari</a> (The Missal) regarding Catholic prayers and rites containing archaic medieval language, lexemes and expressions obsolete in contemporary Albanian.<a href="#cite_note-Elsie914-316">[310]</a> Other Christian clergy such as <a href="/wiki/Luca_Matranga" title="Luca Matranga">Luca Matranga</a> in the Arbëresh diaspora published (1592) in the Tosk dialect while other notable authors were from northern Albanian lands and included <a href="/wiki/Pjet%C3%ABr_Budi" title="Pjetër Budi">Pjetër Budi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frang_Bardhi" title="Frang Bardhi">Frang Bardhi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pjet%C3%ABr_Bogdani" title="Pjetër Bogdani">Pjetër Bogdani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elsie1417212430-317">[311]</a> In the 17th century and onwards, important contributions were made by the <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">Arbëreshë people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a> who played an influential role in encouraging the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Renaissance">Albanian Renaissance</a>. Notable among them was figures such as <a href="/wiki/Demetrio_Camarda" title="Demetrio Camarda">Demetrio Camarda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Dara" title="Gabriele Dara">Gabriele Dara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_de_Rada" title="Girolamo de Rada">Girolamo de Rada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Variboba" title="Giulio Variboba">Giulio Variboba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Serembe" title="Giuseppe Serembe">Giuseppe Serembe</a> who produced inspiring nationalist literature and worked to systematise the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elsie4464-318">[312]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historia_de_vita_et_gestis_Scanderbegi,_Epirotarum_principis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Historia_de_vita_et_gestis_Scanderbegi%2C_Epirotarum_principis.jpg/170px-Historia_de_vita_et_gestis_Scanderbegi%2C_Epirotarum_principis.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Historia_de_vita_et_gestis_Scanderbegi%2C_Epirotarum_principis.jpg/255px-Historia_de_vita_et_gestis_Scanderbegi%2C_Epirotarum_principis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Historia_de_vita_et_gestis_Scanderbegi%2C_Epirotarum_principis.jpg/340px-Historia_de_vita_et_gestis_Scanderbegi%2C_Epirotarum_principis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption>The biography of <a href="/wiki/Marin_Barleti" title="Marin Barleti">Marin Barleti</a> on <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg">Skanderbeg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> was translated into many different <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European languages</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Bejtexhinj" class="mw-redirect" title="Bejtexhinj">Bejtexhinj</a> in the 18th century emerged as the result of the influences of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and particularly <a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Sufism</a> orders moving towards <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elsie3643-319">[313]</a> Individuals such as <a href="/wiki/Nezim_Frakulla" title="Nezim Frakulla">Nezim Frakulla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Zyko_Kamberi" title="Hasan Zyko Kamberi">Hasan Zyko Kamberi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahin_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Shahin Frashëri">Shahin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalip_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Dalip Frashëri">Dalip Frashëri</a> compiled literature infused with expressions, language and themes on the circumstances of the time, the insecurities of the future and their discontent at the conditions of the feudal system.<a href="#cite_note-Elsie3643-319">[313]</a> The Albanian Renaissance in the 19th century is important both for its valuable poetic achievement and for its variety within the Albanian literature. It drew on the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> characterised by its emphasis on emotion and individualism as well as the interaction between nature and mankind. <a href="/wiki/Dora_d%27Istria" title="Dora d'Istria">Dora d'Istria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girolamo_de_Rada" title="Girolamo de Rada">Girolamo de Rada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Naim Frashëri">Naim Frashëri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naum_Veqilharxhi" title="Naum Veqilharxhi">Naum Veqilharxhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sami_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Sami Frashëri">Sami Frashëri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pashko_Vasa" title="Pashko Vasa">Pashko Vasa</a> maintained this movement and are remembered today for composing series of prominent works. The 20th century was centred on the principles of <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Realist_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Realist literature">Realism</a> and characterised by the development to a more distinctive and expressive form of Albanian literature.<a href="#cite_note-Elsie94161-320">[314]</a> Pioneers of the time include <a href="/wiki/Asdreni" class="mw-redirect" title="Asdreni">Asdreni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faik_Konica" title="Faik Konica">Faik Konica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fan_Noli" title="Fan Noli">Fan Noli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lasgush_Poradeci" title="Lasgush Poradeci">Lasgush Poradeci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Migjeni" title="Migjeni">Migjeni</a> who chose to portray themes of contemporary life and most notably <a href="/wiki/Gjergj_Fishta" title="Gjergj Fishta">Gjergj Fishta</a> who created the epic masterpiece <a href="/wiki/Lahuta_e_Malc%C3%ADs" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahuta e Malcís">Lahuta e Malcís</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elsie94161-320">[314]</a> After World War II, Albania emerged as a communist state and Socialist realism became part of the literary scene.<a href="#cite_note-Elsie162196-321">[315]</a> Authors and poets emerged such as <a href="/wiki/Sejfulla_Mal%C3%ABshova" title="Sejfulla Malëshova">Sejfulla Malëshova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dritero_Agolli" class="mw-redirect" title="Dritero Agolli">Dritero Agolli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Kadare" title="Ismail Kadare">Ismail Kadare</a> who has become an internationally acclaimed novelist and others who challenged the regime through various sociopolitical and historic themes in their works.<a href="#cite_note-Elsie162196-321">[315]</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Camaj" title="Martin Camaj">Martin Camaj</a> wrote in the diaspora while in neighbouring Yugoslavia, the emergence of Albanian cultural expression resulted in sociopolitical and poetic literature by notable authors like <a href="/wiki/Adem_Dema%C3%A7i" title="Adem Demaçi">Adem Demaçi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rexhep_Qosja" title="Rexhep Qosja">Rexhep Qosja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jusuf_Buxhovi" title="Jusuf Buxhovi">Jusuf Buxhovi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Elsie185186199205-322">[316]</a> The literary scene of the 21st century remains vibrant producing new novelists, authors, poets and other writers.<a href="#cite_note-Elsie19208211-323">[317]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performing_arts">Performing arts</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Apparel">Apparel</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_national_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian national clothing">Albanian clothing</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanians#Dress" title="Cham Albanians">Cham clothing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_clothing_of_Kosovo" title="Traditional clothing of Kosovo">Kosovan clothing</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Byron_in_Albanian_Dress_by_Phillips,_1813.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Lord_Byron_in_Albanian_Dress_by_Phillips%2C_1813.jpg/170px-Lord_Byron_in_Albanian_Dress_by_Phillips%2C_1813.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Lord_Byron_in_Albanian_Dress_by_Phillips%2C_1813.jpg/255px-Lord_Byron_in_Albanian_Dress_by_Phillips%2C_1813.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Lord_Byron_in_Albanian_Dress_by_Phillips%2C_1813.jpg/340px-Lord_Byron_in_Albanian_Dress_by_Phillips%2C_1813.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4214" data-file-height="5320" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a> dressed in the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_national_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian national clothing">traditional Albanian costume</a> traditionally consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Fustanella" title="Fustanella">Fustanella</a> and a Dollama decorated with <a href="/wiki/Filigree" title="Filigree">filigree</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron_in_Albanian_Dress" title="Lord Byron in Albanian Dress">Lord Byron in Albanian Dress</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Phillips" title="Thomas Phillips">Thomas Phillips</a>, 1813.</figcaption></figure> The Albanian people have incorporated various natural materials from their local agriculture and livestock as a source of <a href="/wiki/Attire" class="mw-redirect" title="Attire">attire</a>, clothing and fabrics. Their <a href="/wiki/Albanian_national_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian national clothing">traditional apparel</a> was primarily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle (sociology)">lifestyle</a> and has continuously changed since ancient times.<a href="#cite_note-324">[318]</a> Different regions possesses their own exceptional clothing traditions and peculiarities varied occasionally in colour, material and shape. The <a href="/wiki/Traditional_costume" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional costume">traditional costume</a> of Albanian men includes a white <a href="/wiki/Skirt_(garment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skirt (garment)">skirt</a> called <a href="/wiki/Fustanella" title="Fustanella">Fustanella</a>, a white shirt with wide <a href="/wiki/Sleeve" title="Sleeve">sleeves</a>, and a thin black jacket or vest such as the <a href="/wiki/Xhamadan" title="Xhamadan">Xhamadan</a> or Xhurdia. In winter, they add a warm <a href="/wiki/Woolen" title="Woolen">woolen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">fur</a> coat known as Flokata or Dollama made from <a href="/wiki/Sheepskin" title="Sheepskin">sheepskin</a> or goat fur. Another authentic piece is called Tirq which is a tight pair of felt <a href="/wiki/Trousers" title="Trousers">trousers</a> mostly white, sometimes dark brown or black. The Albanian women's costumes are much more elaborate, colorful and richer in ornamentation. In all the Albanian regions the women's clothing often has been decorated with <a href="/wiki/Filigree" title="Filigree">filigree</a> <a href="/wiki/Ironwork" title="Ironwork">ironwork</a>, colorful embroidery, a lot of symbols and vivid accessories. A unique and ancient dress is called <a href="/wiki/Xhubleta" title="Xhubleta">Xhubleta</a>, a bell shaped skirt reaching down to the calves and worn from the shoulders with two shoulder straps at the upper part.<a href="#cite_note-dtk.rks-gov.net-325">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-PulahaMansaku1982-326">[320]</a> Different traditional handmade shoes and socks were worn by the Albanian people. <a href="/wiki/Opinga" title="Opinga">Opinga</a>, leather shoes made from rough animal skin, were worn with <a href="/wiki/%C3%87orape" title="Çorape">Çorape</a>, knitted woolen or cotton socks. <a href="/wiki/Headdress" class="mw-redirect" title="Headdress">Headdresses</a> remain a contrasting and recognisable feature of Albanian traditional clothing. Albanian men wore hats of various designs, shape and size. A common headgear is a <a href="/wiki/Qeleshe" title="Qeleshe">Plis</a> and Qylafë, in contrast, Albanian women wore a Kapica adorned with jewels or embroidery on the forehead, and a Lëvere or Kryqe which usually covers the head, shoulders and neck. Wealthy Albanian women wore headdresses embellished with gems, gold or silver. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Music">Music</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian music">Albanian music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_music_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional music in Kosovo">Traditional music in Kosovo</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dua_Lipa_with_Warner_Music_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dua_Lipa_with_Warner_Music_2.jpg/150px-Dua_Lipa_with_Warner_Music_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dua_Lipa_with_Warner_Music_2.jpg/225px-Dua_Lipa_with_Warner_Music_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Dua_Lipa_with_Warner_Music_2.jpg/300px-Dua_Lipa_with_Warner_Music_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="721" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dua_Lipa" title="Dua Lipa">Dua Lipa</a> is the first Albanian to ever win a <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-327">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[322]</a></figcaption></figure> For the Albanian people, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian music">music</a> is a vital component to their <a href="/wiki/Albanian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian culture">culture</a> and characterised by its own peculiar features and diverse melodic pattern reflecting the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian history">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestyle (sociology)">way of life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-329">[323]</a> It rather varies from region to another with two essential stylistic differences between the music of the <a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian" title="Gheg Albanian">Ghegs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Tosks</a>. Hence, their geographic position in Southeast Europe in combination with cultural, political and social issues is frequently expressed through music along with the accompanying <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">instruments</a> and dances. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fustanela_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fustanela_001.jpg/170px-Fustanela_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fustanela_001.jpg/255px-Fustanela_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Fustanela_001.jpg/340px-Fustanela_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Southern <a href="/wiki/Albanian_iso-polyphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian iso-polyphony">Albanian polyphonic</a> singers</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Bashi-Bazouk_Singing_-_Walters_37883.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Bashi-Bazouk_Singing_-_Walters_37883.jpg/220px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Bashi-Bazouk_Singing_-_Walters_37883.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Bashi-Bazouk_Singing_-_Walters_37883.jpg/330px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Bashi-Bazouk_Singing_-_Walters_37883.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Bashi-Bazouk_Singing_-_Walters_37883.jpg/440px-Jean-L%C3%A9on_G%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_-_Bashi-Bazouk_Singing_-_Walters_37883.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1282" /></a><figcaption>An Albanian <a href="/wiki/Bashi-bazouk" title="Bashi-bazouk">bashi-bazouk</a> singing and playing an <a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">oud</a>. Painting by Jean-Léon Gérôme, 1868.</figcaption></figure> Albanian folk music is contrasted by the heroic tone of the Ghegs and the relaxed sounds of the Tosks.<a href="#cite_note-330">[324]</a> Traditional <a href="/wiki/Albanian_iso-polyphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian iso-polyphony">iso-polyphony</a> perhaps represents the most noble and essential genre of the Tosks which was proclaimed a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">Masterpiece of the Intangible Heritage of Humanity</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-331">[325]</a> Ghegs in contrast have a reputation for a distinctive variety of sung <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poetry</a> often about the tumultuous history of the Albanian people. There are a number of internationally acclaimed singers of ethnic Albanian origin such as <a href="/wiki/Ava_Max" title="Ava Max">Ava Max</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bebe_Rexha" title="Bebe Rexha">Bebe Rexha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dua_Lipa" title="Dua Lipa">Dua Lipa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Era_Istrefi" title="Era Istrefi">Era Istrefi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rita_Ora" title="Rita Ora">Rita Ora</a>, and rappers such as <a href="/wiki/Action_Bronson" title="Action Bronson">Action Bronson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dardan_(rapper)" title="Dardan (rapper)">Dardan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gashi_(rapper)" title="Gashi (rapper)">Gashi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loredana_Zefi" title="Loredana Zefi">Loredana Zefi</a>. Notable singers of Albanian origin from the former <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> include <a href="/wiki/Selma_Bajrami" title="Selma Bajrami">Selma Bajrami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zana_Nimani" title="Zana Nimani">Zana Nimani</a>. In international competitions, <a href="/wiki/Albania_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Albania in the Eurovision Song Contest">Albania</a> participated in the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Eurovision Song Contest">Eurovision Song Contest</a> for the first time in 2004. Albanians have also represented other countries in the contest: <a href="/wiki/Anna_Oxa" title="Anna Oxa">Anna Oxa</a> for <a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Italy in the Eurovision Song Contest 1989">Italy</a> in 1989, <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Gaxha" title="Adrian Gaxha">Adrian Gaxha</a> for <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2008" title="Macedonia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008">North Macedonia</a> in 2008, <a href="/wiki/Ermal_Meta" title="Ermal Meta">Ermal Meta</a> for <a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2018" title="Italy in the Eurovision Song Contest 2018">Italy</a> in 2018, <a href="/wiki/Eleni_Foureira" title="Eleni Foureira">Eleni Foureira</a> for <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2018" title="Cyprus in the Eurovision Song Contest 2018">Cyprus</a> in 2018, as well as <a href="/wiki/Gjon%27s_Tears" title="Gjon's Tears">Gjon Muharremaj</a> for <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2021" title="Switzerland in the Eurovision Song Contest 2021">Switzerland</a> in 2020 and 2021. <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo in the Eurovision Song Contest">Kosovo</a> has never participated, but is currently applying to become a member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">EBU</a> and therefore debut in the contest. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Religion in Albania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Albania" title="Christianity in Albania">Christianity in Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Kosovo" title="Christianity in Kosovo">and Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Albania" title="Islam in Albania">Islam in Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kosovo" title="Islam in Kosovo">and Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Albania">Judaism in Albania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian folk beliefs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bektashism_in_Albania" title="Bektashism in Albania">Bektashism in Albania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Mosque_of_Tirana_(2020).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Great_Mosque_of_Tirana_%282020%29.jpg/220px-Great_Mosque_of_Tirana_%282020%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Great_Mosque_of_Tirana_%282020%29.jpg/330px-Great_Mosque_of_Tirana_%282020%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Great_Mosque_of_Tirana_%282020%29.jpg/440px-Great_Mosque_of_Tirana_%282020%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Namazgah_Mosque" title="Namazgah Mosque">The Great Mosque of Tirana</a>, Albania</figcaption></figure> Many different <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> traditions, religious <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faiths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">beliefs</a> are practised by the Albanian people who historically have succeeded to coexist peacefully over the centuries in Southeast Europe.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] They are traditionally both Christians and <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>—<a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunnism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunnism">Sunnis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bektashism" title="Bektashism">Bektashis</a> and—but also to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jews</a>, constituting one of the most religiously diverse peoples of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-BogdaniLoughlin2007-332">[326]</a> Christianity in Albania was under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Bishop of Rome</a> until the 8th century. Then, dioceses in Albania were transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchate of Constantinople">patriarchate of Constantinople</a>. In 1054 after the schism, the north became identified with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ramet1989-333">[327]</a> Since that time all churches north of the Shkumbin river were Catholic and under the jurisdiction of the Pope.<a href="#cite_note-Murzaku-334">[328]</a> Various reasons have been put forward for the spread of Catholicism among northern Albanians. Traditional affiliation with the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> and Catholic missions in central Albania in the 12th century fortified the Catholic Church against Orthodoxy, while local leaders found an ally in Catholicism against Slavic Orthodox states.<a href="#cite_note-Lala-335">[329]</a> <a href="#cite_note-Murzaku-334">[328]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_the_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman conquest of the Balkans">Ottoman conquest of the Balkans</a>, Christianity began to be overtaken by Islam, and Catholicism and Orthodoxy continued to be practiced with less frequency. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Mother_Teresa_Cathedral_Prishtina8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Saint_Mother_Teresa_Cathedral_Prishtina8.jpg/200px-Saint_Mother_Teresa_Cathedral_Prishtina8.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Saint_Mother_Teresa_Cathedral_Prishtina8.jpg/300px-Saint_Mother_Teresa_Cathedral_Prishtina8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Saint_Mother_Teresa_Cathedral_Prishtina8.jpg/400px-Saint_Mother_Teresa_Cathedral_Prishtina8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3353" data-file-height="2865" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Mother_Teresa,_Pristina" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Saint Mother Teresa, Pristina">Catholic Cathedral of Saint Mother Teresa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a>, Kosovo</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern era</a>, the monarchy and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> in Albania as well as the <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> in Kosovo, historically part of <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, followed a systematic <a href="/wiki/Secularisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularisation">secularisation</a> of its people. This policy was chiefly applied within the borders of both territories and produced a secular majority of its population. All forms of Christianity, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and other religious practices were prohibited except for old non-institutional <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> practices in the rural areas, which were seen as identifying with the national culture. The current Albanian state has revived some pagan festivals, such as the <a href="/wiki/Spring_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring Day">Spring</a> festival (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: Dita e Verës) held yearly on 14 March in the city of <a href="/wiki/Elbasan" title="Elbasan">Elbasan</a>. It is a national holiday.<a href="#cite_note-336">[330]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabati_Baba_Tekke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Arabati_Baba_Tekke.jpg/220px-Arabati_Baba_Tekke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Arabati_Baba_Tekke.jpg/330px-Arabati_Baba_Tekke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Arabati_Baba_Tekke.jpg/440px-Arabati_Baba_Tekke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Bektashi <a href="/wiki/Arabati_Baba_Te%E1%B8%B1e" title="Arabati Baba Teḱe">Tekke</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tetovo" title="Tetovo">Tetovo</a>, North Macedonia</figcaption></figure> The communist regime which ruled Albania after World War II persecuted and suppressed religious observance and institutions, and entirely banned religion to the point where Albania was officially declared to be the world's first <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">atheist state</a>. Religious freedom returned to Albania following the regime's change in 1992. Albanian Sunni Muslims are found throughout the country, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Albanian Orthodox Church">Albanian Orthodox Christians</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Bektashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi">Bektashis</a> are concentrated in the south, while Roman Catholics are found primarily in the north of the country.<a href="#cite_note-International_Religious_Freedom_Report_2007-337">[331]</a> According to the 2011 Census, which has been recognised as unreliable by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>,<a href="#cite_note-338">[332]</a> in Albania, 58.79% of the population adheres to Islam, making it the largest religion in the country. Christianity is practiced by 16.99% of the population, making it the second largest religion in the country. The remaining population is either <a href="/wiki/Irreligious" class="mw-redirect" title="Irreligious">irreligious</a> or belongs to other religious groups.<a href="#cite_note-339">[333]</a> Before World War II, there was given a distribution of 70% Muslims, 20% Eastern Orthodox, and 10% Roman Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-cia-340">[334]</a> Today, Gallup Global Reports 2010 shows that religion plays a role in the lives of only 39% of Albanians, and ranks Albania the thirteenth least religious country in the world.<a href="#cite_note-341">[335]</a> For part of its history, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Albania" title="History of the Jews in Albania">Albania has also had a Jewish community</a>. Members of the Jewish community were saved by a group of Albanians during the Nazi occupation.<a href="#cite_note-Sarner1997-342">[336]</a> Many left for Israel <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1990–1992 when the borders were opened after the fall of the communist regime, but about 200 Jews still live in Albania. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Religion </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a> Albanians in Albania<a href="#cite_note-343">[g]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo"><img alt="Kosovo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></a> Albanians in Kosovo </th> <th><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> Albanians in North Macedonia </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro"><img alt="Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> Albanians in Montenegro </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a> Albanians in Serbia<a href="#cite_note-344">[337]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> Albanians in Croatia </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> Albanians in Italy<a href="#cite_note-ISTATreligion-345">[338]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> </td> <td> 21%<a href="#cite_note-AutreRegard-346">[339]</a> to 82%<a href="#cite_note-347">[340]</a> </td> <td>88.8 to 95.60<a href="#cite_note-SMRE-348">[341]</a> </td> <td>98.62<a href="#cite_note-SMRE-348">[341]</a> </td> <td>73.15 </td> <td>71.06 </td> <td>54.78 </td> <td>41.49 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> </td> <td>56.70 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bektashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi">Bektashi</a> </td> <td>2.09 to 7.5<a href="#cite_note-UNDP31-349">[342]</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>- </td> <td>— </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Christians </td> <td>9<a href="#cite_note-AutreRegard-346">[339]</a> to 28.64<a href="#cite_note-UNDP31-349">[342]</a> </td> <td>3.69 to 6.20<a href="#cite_note-SMRE-348">[341]</a> </td> <td>1.37 </td> <td>26.37 </td> <td>19.54 </td> <td>40.69 </td> <td>38.85 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> </td> <td>3%<a href="#cite_note-AutreRegard-346">[339]</a> to 13.82<a href="#cite_note-UNDP31-349">[342]</a> </td> <td>2.20 to 5.80<a href="#cite_note-SMRE-348">[341]</a> </td> <td>1.37 </td> <td>26.13 </td> <td>16.84 </td> <td>40.59 </td> <td>27.67 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Orthodox</a> </td> <td>6<a href="#cite_note-AutreRegard-346">[339]</a> to 13.08<a href="#cite_note-UNDP31-349">[342]</a> </td> <td>1.48 </td> <td>— </td> <td>0.12 </td> <td>2.60 </td> <td>0.01 </td> <td>11.02 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> </td> <td>0.14 to 1.74<a href="#cite_note-UNDP31-349">[342]</a> </td> <td>0.16 </td> <td>— </td> <td>- </td> <td>0.03 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other Christians </td> <td>0.07 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>0.12 </td> <td>0.07 </td> <td>0.09 </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unaffiliated or Irreligious </td> <td>24.21% to 62.7%<a href="#cite_note-UNDP32-350">[343]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">Atheist</a> </td> <td>2.50% to 9%<a href="#cite_note-351">[344]</a> </td> <td>0.07 to 2.9<a href="#cite_note-SMRE-348">[341]</a> </td> <td>— </td> <td>0.11 </td> <td>2.95 </td> <td>1.80 </td> <td>17.81 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prefer to not answer </td> <td>1%<a href="#cite_note-UNDP31-349">[342]</a> to 13.79% </td> <td>0.55 </td> <td>0.19 </td> <td>2.36 </td> <td>1.58 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Agnostic </td> <td>5.58<a href="#cite_note-UNDP32-350">[343]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>0.02 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Believers without denomination </td> <td>5.49 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Not relevant/not stated </td> <td>2.43 </td> <td>0.06 </td> <td>0.16 </td> <td>0.36 </td> <td>4.82 </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other religion </td> <td>1.19<a href="#cite_note-UNDP31-349">[342]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>0.03 </td> <td> </td> <td>1.85 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Albania" title="Culture of Albania">Culture of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Albania" title="Geography of Albania">Geography of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">History of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Albanians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Albanians">List of Albanians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> is the largest denomination of the Albanian people in Albania, Kosovo, Montenegro and North Macedonia. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> (both Latin and Greek-Byzantine rites) is the largest Christian denomination of the Albanian people in northern Albania, <a href="/wiki/Arbanasi_people" title="Arbanasi people">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">Italy</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> is the largest Christian denomination of the Albanian people in southern Albania, North Macedonia and Greece. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ælˈbeɪniənz, ɔːl-/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">a(w)l-BAY-nee-ənz</a>; <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: Shqiptarët, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Albanian" title="Help:IPA/Albanian">[ʃcipˈtaɾət]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> See:<a href="#cite_note-Riehl238-75">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nasse2426-76">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gogonas3-77">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hall2829-78">[74]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> See:<a href="#cite_note-Liotta198-91">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lloshi277-88">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-BardhylDemiraj534-89">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kamusella241-90">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Murati71-92">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Koukoudis34-93">[88]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> Widely fluctuating numbers for groups in Albania are due to various overlapping definitions based on how groups can be defined, as religion can be defined in Albania either by family background, belief or practice </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-seven_million-1"><a href="#cite_ref-seven_million_1-0">^</a> Carl Skutsch, Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, 2013 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1135193886" title="Special:BookSources/1135193886">1135193886</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-seven_million2-2"><a href="#cite_ref-seven_million2_2-0">^</a> Steven L. Danver, Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues:, Routledge, 2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1317463994" title="Special:BookSources/1317463994">1317463994</a>, p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-eight_million-3"><a href="#cite_ref-eight_million_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Rose_Bonk" class="citation book cs1">Mary Rose Bonk. Worldmark Yearbook, Band 1. Gale Group, 2000. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worldmark+Yearbook%2C+Band+1&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Gale+Group%2C+2000&rft.au=Mary+Rose+Bonk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eight_million_2-4"><a href="#cite_ref-eight_million_2_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ICBAAAAMAAJ&q=albanians+worldwide+8+million">National Geographic, Band 197</a> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> ed.). National Geographic Society, 2000. 2000. p. 59. Retrieved 27 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Geographic%2C+Band+197&rft.pages=59&rft.edition=University+of+Michigan&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society%2C+2000&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ICBAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dalbanians%2Bworldwide%2B8%2Bmillion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ten_million_albanian_speaker-5"><a href="#cite_ref-ten_million_albanian_speaker_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G9NEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4">Over 20 Peace Corps Language Training Publications–Country Pre-departure Materials</a>. Jeffrey Frank Jones. Retrieved 27 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Over+20+Peace+Corps+Language+Training+Publications%E2%80%93Country+Pre-departure+Materials&rft.pub=Jeffrey+Frank+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG9NEDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census_2023-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Census_2023_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shqiptarja.com/uploads/ckeditor/667eb96647c4bcens-2023.pdf">"Population and Housing Census 2023"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Statistics_(Albania)" title="Institute of Statistics (Albania)">Instituti i Statistikës</a> (INSTAT).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+and+Housing+Census+2023&rft.pub=Instituti+i+Statistik%C3%ABs+%28INSTAT%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshqiptarja.com%2Fuploads%2Fckeditor%2F667eb96647c4bcens-2023.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kosovo">"Kosovo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> (2024 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Retrieved 27 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Kosovo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fkosovo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2020.zip">(Archived 2020 edition.)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kosovari_in_Italia-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kosovari_in_Italia_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kosovari_in_Italia_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tuttitalia.it/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri/kosovo/">"Kosovari in Italia – statistiche e distribuzione per regione"</a>. Tuttitalia.it.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tuttitalia.it&rft.atitle=Kosovari+in+Italia+%E2%80%93+statistiche+e+distribuzione+per+regione&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tuttitalia.it%2Fstatistiche%2Fcittadini-stranieri%2Fkosovo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ethnologue1976-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue1976_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue1976_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/aae/%2A%2A%2AEDITION%2A%2A%2A">"Arbëreshiski language of Italy – Ethnic population: 260,000 (Stephens 1976)"</a>. Ethnologue.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Arb%C3%ABreshiski+language+of+Italy+%E2%80%93+Ethnic+population%3A+260%2C000+%28Stephens+1976%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Faae%2F%252A%252A%252AEDITION%252A%252A%252A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-istat-10"><a href="#cite_ref-istat_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141113203531/http://www.istat.it/it/archivio/129854">"Cittadini non-comunitari regolarmente presenti"</a>. istat.it. 4 August 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istat.it/it/archivio/129854">the original</a> on 13 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cittadini+non-comunitari+regolarmente+presenti&rft.pub=istat.it&rft.date=2014-08-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.istat.it%2Fit%2Farchivio%2F129854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-researchgate.net-11"><a href="#cite_ref-researchgate.net_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGemi2017" class="citation journal cs1">Gemi, Eda (February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313593101">"Albanian Migration in Greece: Understanding Irregularity in a Time of Crisis"</a>. European Journal of Migration and Law. 19 (1): 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15718166-12342113">10.1163/15718166-12342113</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Migration+and+Law&rft.atitle=Albanian+Migration+in+Greece%3A+Understanding+Irregularity+in+a+Time+of+Crisis&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2017-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15718166-12342113&rft.aulast=Gemi&rft.aufirst=Eda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F313593101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCela2018" class="citation book cs1">Cela; et al. (January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/albanien/14698.pdf">ALBANIA AND GREECE: UNDERSTANDING AND EXPLAINING</a> (PDF). Tirana: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. pp. 20–36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ALBANIA+AND+GREECE%3A+UNDERSTANDING+AND+EXPLAINING&rft.place=Tirana&rft.pages=20-36&rft.pub=Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung&rft.date=2018-01&rft.au=Cela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.fes.de%2Fpdf-files%2Fbueros%2Falbanien%2F14698.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ssoar.info-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ssoar.info_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ssoar.info_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamczyk2016" class="citation journal cs1">Adamczyk, Artur (15 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/47088/ssoar-jlibertyintaff-2016-1-adamczyk-Albanian_immigrants_in_Greece_from.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-jlibertyintaff-2016-1-adamczyk-Albanian_immigrants_in_Greece_from.pdf">"Albanian Immigrants in Greece From Unwanted to Tolerated?"</a> (PDF). Journal of Liberty and International Affairs. 2 (1): 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Liberty+and+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Albanian+Immigrants+in+Greece+From+Unwanted+to+Tolerated%3F&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53&rft.date=2016-06-15&rft.aulast=Adamczyk&rft.aufirst=Artur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssoar.info%2Fssoar%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2Fdocument%2F47088%2Fssoar-jlibertyintaff-2016-1-adamczyk-Albanian_immigrants_in_Greece_from.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy%26lnkname%3Dssoar-jlibertyintaff-2016-1-adamczyk-Albanian_immigrants_in_Greece_from.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Vathi, Zana. Migrating and settling in a mobile world: Albanian migrants and their children in Europe. Springer Nature, 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Managing Migration: The Promise of Cooperation. By Philip L. Martin, Susan Forbes Martin, Patrick Weil </li> <li id="cite_note-populationbycitizenship-16"><a href="#cite_ref-populationbycitizenship_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131225192921/http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/General/nws_SAM01_EN.PDF">"Announcement of the demographic and social characteristics of the Resident Population of Greece according to the 2011 Population – Housing Census"</a> [Graph 7 Resident population with foreign citizenship] (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Statistical_Authority" title="Hellenic Statistical Authority">Greek National Statistics Agency</a>. 23 August 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/General/nws_SAM01_EN.PDF">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Announcement+of+the+demographic+and+social+characteristics+of+the+Resident+Population+of+Greece+according+to+the+2011+Population+%E2%80%93+Housing+Census.&rft.pub=Greek+National+Statistics+Agency&rft.date=2013-08-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gr%2Fportal%2Fpage%2Fportal%2FESYE%2FBUCKET%2FGeneral%2Fnws_SAM01_EN.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulie_Vullnetari2012" class="citation book cs1">Julie Vullnetari (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.oapen.org/viewer/web/viewer.html?file=/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/34526/419372.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Albania on the Move: Links Between Internal and International Migration</a> (PDF). Amsterdam University Press, 2012. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789089643551" title="Special:BookSources/9789089643551"><bdi>9789089643551</bdi></a>. <q>To this, weneed to add an estimate of irregular migrants; some Greek researchers haveargued that Albanians have a rate of 30 per cent irregularity in Greece, butthis is contested as rather high by others (see Maroukis 2009: 62). If we accept a more conservative share than that–e.g. 20 per cent–we come toa total of around 670,000 for all Albanian migrants in Greece in 2010, which is rather lower than that supplied by NID (Table 3.2). In a countrywith a total population of around eleven million, this is nevertheless a con-siderable presence: around 6 per cent of the total population</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albania+on+the+Move%3A+Links+Between+Internal+and+International+Migration&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press%2C+2012&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789089643551&rft.au=Julie+Vullnetari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.oapen.org%2Fviewer%2Fweb%2Fviewer.html%3Ffile%3D%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12657%2F34526%2F419372.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MKDCensus-18"><a href="#cite_ref-MKDCensus_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stat.gov.mk/PrikaziSoopstenie.aspx?rbrtxt=146">"Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of North Macedonia, 2021"</a>. stat.gov.mk (in English and Macedonian). State Statistical Office of the Republic of North Macedonia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.gov.mk&rft.atitle=Census+of+Population%2C+Households+and+Dwellings+in+the+Republic+of+North+Macedonia%2C+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.gov.mk%2FPrikaziSoopstenie.aspx%3Frbrtxt%3D146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monstat-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Monstat_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monstat_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Monstat_19-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monstat.org/userfiles/file/popis2011/saopstenje/saopstenje(1).pdf">"Official Results of Monenegrin Census 2011"</a> (PDF). Statistical Office of Montenegro. n.d. Retrieved 24 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Results+of+Monenegrin+Census+2011&rft.pub=Statistical+Office+of+Montenegro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monstat.org%2Fuserfiles%2Ffile%2Fpopis2011%2Fsaopstenje%2Fsaopstenje%281%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Почетна_2023_l788-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Почетна_2023_l788_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFПочетна2023" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://popis2022.stat.gov.rs/en-US/5-vestisaopstenja/news-events/20230428-konacnirezpopisa">"Final results - Ethnicity"</a>. Почетна. 14 July 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.atitle=Final+results+-+Ethnicity&rft.date=2023-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopis2022.stat.gov.rs%2Fen-US%2F5-vestisaopstenja%2Fnews-events%2F20230428-konacnirezpopisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census_2011_Grad_02-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Census_2011_Grad_02_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/census2011/results/htm/E01_01_04/e01_01_04_RH.html">"Population by Ethnicity, by Towns/Municipalities, 2011 Census"</a>. Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011. Zagreb: <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Croatian Bureau of Statistics">Croatian Bureau of Statistics</a>. December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+of+Population%2C+Households+and+Dwellings+2011&rft.atitle=Population+by+Ethnicity%2C+by+Towns%2FMunicipalities%2C+2011+Census&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.dzs.hr%2FEng%2Fcensuses%2Fcensus2011%2Fresults%2Fhtm%2FE01_01_04%2Fe01_01_04_RH.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Slovenia-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Slovenia_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170426055815/http://www.stat.si/Popis2002/si/rezultati/rezultati_red.asp?ter=SLO&st=7">"7. Prebivalstvo po narodni pripadnosti, Slovenija, popisi 1953, 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991 in 2002"</a>. stat.si (in Slovenian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stat.si/popis2002/si/rezultati/rezultati_red.asp?ter=SLO&st=7">the original</a> on 26 April 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.si&rft.atitle=7.+Prebivalstvo+po+narodni+pripadnosti%2C+Slovenija%2C+popisi+1953%2C+1961%2C+1971%2C+1981%2C+1991+in+2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.si%2Fpopis2002%2Fsi%2Frezultati%2Frezultati_red.asp%3Fter%3DSLO%26st%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AlbSpa-23"><a href="#cite_ref-AlbSpa_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ine.es/jaxi/Datos.htm?path=/t20/e245/p04/provi/l0/&file=00000010.px">"Población y edad media por nacionalidad y sexo"</a> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Estad%C3%ADstica_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Instituto Nacional de Estadística (Spain)">Instituto Nacional de Estadística</a> (INE). Retrieved 11 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poblaci%C3%B3n+y+edad+media+por+nacionalidad+y+sexo&rft.pub=Instituto+Nacional+de+Estad%C3%ADstica+%28INE%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ine.es%2Fjaxi%2FDatos.htm%3Fpath%3D%2Ft20%2Fe245%2Fp04%2Fprovi%2Fl0%2F%26file%3D00000010.px&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sef.pt/pt/Documents/RIFA2022%20vF2a.pdf">"POPULAÇÃO ESTRANGEIRA RESIDENTE EM TERRITÓRIO NACIONAL – 2022"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=POPULA%C3%87%C3%83O+ESTRANGEIRA+RESIDENTE+EM+TERRIT%C3%93RIO+NACIONAL+%E2%80%93+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sef.pt%2Fpt%2FDocuments%2FRIFA2022%2520vF2a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sweden-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Sweden_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/SE">"Total Population of Albanians in the Sweden"</a>. Ethnologue.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Total+Population+of+Albanians+in+the+Sweden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2FSE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norway-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norway_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norway_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssb.no/en/innvbef">"05183: Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents, by sex and country background"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Norway" title="Statistics Norway">Statistisk Sentralbyrå</a> (SSB). Retrieved 11 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=05183%3A+Immigrants+and+Norwegian-born+to+immigrant+parents%2C+by+sex+and+country+background&rft.pub=Statistisk+Sentralbyr%C3%A5+%28SSB%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssb.no%2Fen%2Finnvbef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/quick-statistics-for-england-and-wales-on-national-identity--passports-held-and-country-of-birth/rft-qs213ew.xls">"2011 Census: Country of birth (expanded), regions in England and Wales"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>. 26 March 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+Census%3A+Country+of+birth+%28expanded%29%2C+regions+in+England+and+Wales&rft.pub=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.date=2013-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fons%2Frel%2Fcensus%2F2011-census%2Fquick-statistics-for-england-and-wales-on-national-identity--passports-held-and-country-of-birth%2Frft-qs213ew.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151014230457/http://unitedkingdom.iom.int/sites/default/files/doc/mapping/IOM_ALBANIA.pdf">"Albanians in the UK"</a> (PDF). unitedkingdom. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unitedkingdom.iom.int/sites/default/files/doc/mapping/IOM_ALBANIA.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 October 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unitedkingdom&rft.atitle=Albanians+in+the+UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funitedkingdom.iom.int%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdoc%2Fmapping%2FIOM_ALBANIA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finland-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Finland_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finland_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200611010801/https://www.stat.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_vaesto_en.html">"Population by language on 31 December"</a>. stat.fi. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Finland" title="Statistics Finland">Statistics Finland</a>. 29 December 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_vaesto_en.html">the original</a> on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 29 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.fi&rft.atitle=Population+by+language+on+31+December&rft.date=2018-12-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.fi%2Ftup%2Fsuoluk%2Fsuoluk_vaesto_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pxweb2.stat.fi/Dialog/Saveshow.asp">"Demographics of Finland"</a>. pxweb2.stat.fi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pxweb2.stat.fi&rft.atitle=Demographics+of+Finland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpxweb2.stat.fi%2FDialog%2FSaveshow.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Denmark-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Denmark_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denmark_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dst.dk">"National statistics of Denmark"</a>. Dst.dk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100926003207/http://www.dst.dk/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+statistics+of+Denmark&rft.pub=Dst.dk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dst.dk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-All_non-Irish-32"><a href="#cite_ref-All_non-Irish_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cp7md/p7md/p7anii/">"Census of Population 2016 – Profile 7 Migration and Diversity All non-Irish nationals in Ireland"</a>. cso.ie. <a href="/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(Ireland)" title="Central Statistics Office (Ireland)">Central Statistics Office</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cso.ie&rft.atitle=Census+of+Population+2016+%E2%80%93+Profile+7+Migration+and+Diversity+All+non-Irish+nationals+in+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fen%2Freleasesandpublications%2Fep%2Fp-cp7md%2Fp7md%2Fp7anii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mother_Tongue-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mother_Tongue_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mother_Tongue_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cso.ie/px/pxeirestat/Statire/SelectVarVal/Define.asp?maintable=EY025&PLanguage=0">"Population Usually Resident and Present in the State who Speak a Language other than English or Irish at Home 2011 to 2016 by Birthplace, Language Spoken, Age Group and Census Year"</a>. cso.ie. <a href="/wiki/Central_Statistics_Office_(Ireland)" title="Central Statistics Office (Ireland)">Central Statistics Office</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cso.ie&rft.atitle=Population+Usually+Resident+and+Present+in+the+State+who+Speak+a+Language+other+than+English+or+Irish+at+Home+2011+to+2016+by+Birthplace%2C+Language+Spoken%2C+Age+Group+and+Census+Year&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fpx%2Fpxeirestat%2FStatire%2FSelectVarVal%2FDefine.asp%3Fmaintable%3DEY025%26PLanguage%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100811212110/http://www.divers.ro/albanezi_date_demografice_ro">"Date demografice"</a> (in Romanian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.divers.ro/albanezi_date_demografice_ro">the original</a> on 11 August 2010. Retrieved 18 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Date+demografice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.divers.ro%2Falbanezi_date_demografice_ro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Olson, James S., An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires. (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1994) p. 28–29 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112214925/https://www.czso.cz/documents/11292/27914491/1612_c01t14.pdf/4bbedd77-c239-48cd-bf5a-7a43f6dbf71b?version=1.0">"T14 Cizinci podle kategorií pobytu, pohlaví a občanství k 31 December 2016"</a>. czso.cz (in Slovak and English). <a href="/wiki/Czech_Statistical_Office" title="Czech Statistical Office">Český statistický úřad</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.czso.cz/documents/11292/27914491/1612_c01t14.pdf/4bbedd77-c239-48cd-bf5a-7a43f6dbf71b?version=1.0">the original</a> on 12 January 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=czso.cz&rft.atitle=T14+Cizinci+podle+kategori%C3%AD+pobytu%2C+pohlav%C3%AD+a+ob%C4%8Danstv%C3%AD+k+31+December+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.czso.cz%2Fdocuments%2F11292%2F27914491%2F1612_c01t14.pdf%2F4bbedd77-c239-48cd-bf5a-7a43f6dbf71b%3Fversion%3D1.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/en/OSP_PUB/START__POP__IR__IRE/IRE010/table/tableViewLayout1/">"Population by ethnicity at the beginning of year – Time period and Ethnicity | National Statistical System of Latvia"</a>. data.stat.gov.lv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.stat.gov.lv&rft.atitle=Population+by+ethnicity+at+the+beginning+of+year+%E2%80%93+Time+period+and+Ethnicity+%26%23124%3B+National+Statistical+System+of+Latvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.stat.gov.lv%2Fpxweb%2Fen%2FOSP_PUB%2FSTART__POP__IR__IRE%2FIRE010%2Ftable%2FtableViewLayout1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pmlp.gov.lv/lv/media/9756/download?attachment">Latvijas iedzīvotāju sadalījums pēc nacionālā sastāva un valstiskās piederības, 01.01.2023. - PMLP</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-albde-39"><a href="#cite_ref-albde_39-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hans-Peter_Bartels" title="Hans-Peter Bartels">Hans-Peter Bartels</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hans-peter-bartels.de/pdf/267.pdf?title=BT-Plenarprotokoll_05.06.2008_-_Ausschnitt_Bartels_-_Kosovo">Deutscher Bundestag – 16. Wahlperiode – 166. Sitzung. Berlin, Donnerstag, den 5. Juni 2008</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130103000048/http://www.hans-peter-bartels.de/pdf/267.pdf?title=BT-Plenarprotokoll_05.06.2008_-_Ausschnitt_Bartels_-_Kosovo">Archived</a> 3 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-SB1-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SB1_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SB1_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStatistisches_Bundesamt2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Statistisches_Bundesamt" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistisches Bundesamt">Statistisches Bundesamt</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/Bevoelkerung/MigrationIntegration/AuslaendBevoelkerung2010200167004.pdf?__blob=publicationFile">"Ausländische Bevölkerung Ergebnisse des Ausländerzentralregisters"</a> (PDF). destatis.de (in German). pp. 47–50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=destatis.de&rft.atitle=Ausl%C3%A4ndische+Bev%C3%B6lkerung+Ergebnisse+des+Ausl%C3%A4nderzentralregisters&rft.pages=47-50&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Statistisches+Bundesamt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2FDE%2FPublikationen%2FThematisch%2FBevoelkerung%2FMigrationIntegration%2FAuslaendBevoelkerung2010200167004.pdf%3F__blob%3DpublicationFile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SB2-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SB2_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SB2_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStatistisches_Bundesamt" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Statistisches_Bundesamt" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistisches Bundesamt">Statistisches Bundesamt</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/StatistischesJahrbuch/Bevoelkerung.pdf?__blob=publicationFile">"Bevölkerung, Familien, Lebensformen"</a> (PDF). destatis.de (in German). p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=destatis.de&rft.atitle=Bev%C3%B6lkerung%2C+Familien%2C+Lebensformen&rft.pages=25&rft.au=Statistisches+Bundesamt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2FDE%2FPublikationen%2FStatistischesJahrbuch%2FBevoelkerung.pdf%3F__blob%3DpublicationFile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-albsuisse-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-albsuisse_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-albsuisse_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707002637/http://www.schweiz-albanien.ch/fileadmin/Dokumente/Informationen/090808_albsuissealbanerch.pdf">"Die Albaner in der Schweiz: Geschichtliches – Albaner in der Schweiz seit 1431"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schweiz-albanien.ch/fileadmin/Dokumente/Informationen/090808_albsuissealbanerch.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Die+Albaner+in+der+Schweiz%3A+Geschichtliches+%E2%80%93+Albaner+in+der+Schweiz+seit+1431&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schweiz-albanien.ch%2Ffileadmin%2FDokumente%2FInformationen%2F090808_albsuissealbanerch.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-albsuisse2-43"><a href="#cite_ref-albsuisse2_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706234401/http://www.infowilplus.ch/_iu_write/artikel/2007/KW_21/Region/Artikel_8116/">"Im Namen aller Albaner eine Moschee?"</a>. Infowilplus.ch. 25 May 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infowilplus.ch/_iu_write/artikel/2007/KW_21/Region/Artikel_8116/">the original</a> on 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Im+Namen+aller+Albaner+eine+Moschee%3F&rft.pub=Infowilplus.ch&rft.date=2007-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infowilplus.ch%2F_iu_write%2Fartikel%2F2007%2FKW_21%2FRegion%2FArtikel_8116%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20101113145800/http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/bevoelkerung/volkszaehlungen_registerzaehlungen/bevoelkerung_nach_demographischen_merkmalen/index.html">"Statistik Austria"</a>. Statistik.at. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/bevoelkerung/volkszaehlungen_registerzaehlungen/bevoelkerung_nach_demographischen_merkmalen/index.html">the original</a> on 13 November 2010. Retrieved 24 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistik+Austria&rft.pub=Statistik.at&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistik.at%2Fweb_de%2Fstatistiken%2Fbevoelkerung%2Fvolkszaehlungen_registerzaehlungen%2Fbevoelkerung_nach_demographischen_merkmalen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/6478089?sommaire=6478362">"Étrangers – Immigrés: Publications et statistiques pour la France ou les régions"</a> (in French). Insee.fr. n.d. Retrieved 4 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%89trangers+%E2%80%93+Immigr%C3%A9s%3A+Publications+et+statistiques+pour+la+France+ou+les+r%C3%A9gions&rft.pub=Insee.fr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fstatistiques%2F6478089%3Fsommaire%3D6478362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Netherlands-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Netherlands_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Netherlands_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLNL&PA=37325&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=a&D6=l&VW=T">"Bevolking; generatie, geslacht, leeftijd en migratieachtergrond, 1 januari"</a> (in Dutch). <a href="/wiki/Centraal_Bureau_voor_de_Statistiek" class="mw-redirect" title="Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek">Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek</a> (CBS).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bevolking%3B+generatie%2C+geslacht%2C+leeftijd+en+migratieachtergrond%2C+1+januari&rft.pub=Centraal+Bureau+voor+de+Statistiek+%28CBS%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatline.cbs.nl%2FStatWeb%2Fpublication%2F%3FDM%3DSLNL%26PA%3D37325%26D1%3D0%26D2%3D0%26D3%3D0%26D4%3D0%26D5%3Da%26D6%3Dl%26VW%3DT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111222192722/http://statbel.fgov.be/fr/modules/publications/statistiques/population/population_natio_sexe_groupe_classe_d_ges_au_1er_janvier_2010.jsp">"Population par nationalité, sexe, groupe et classe d'âges au 1er janvier 2010"</a> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://statbel.fgov.be/fr/modules/publications/statistiques/population/population_natio_sexe_groupe_classe_d_ges_au_1er_janvier_2010.jsp">the original</a> on 22 December 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+par+nationalit%C3%A9%2C+sexe%2C+groupe+et+classe+d%27%C3%A2ges+au+1er+janvier+2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstatbel.fgov.be%2Ffr%2Fmodules%2Fpublications%2Fstatistiques%2Fpopulation%2Fpopulation_natio_sexe_groupe_classe_d_ges_au_1er_janvier_2010.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111226102647/http://www.cafebabel.fr/article/32786/trans-anderlecht-molenbeek-schaarbeek-spot-the-cri.html">"Anderlecht, Molenbeek, Schaarbeek: repères du crime à Bruxelles"</a>. cafebabel.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cafebabel.fr/article/32786/trans-anderlecht-molenbeek-schaarbeek-spot-the-cri.html">the original</a> on 26 December 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=cafebabel.com&rft.atitle=Anderlecht%2C+Molenbeek%2C+Schaarbeek%3A+rep%C3%A8res+du+crime+%C3%A0+Bruxelles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cafebabel.fr%2Farticle%2F32786%2Ftrans-anderlecht-molenbeek-schaarbeek-spot-the-cri.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luxembourg-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Luxembourg_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luxembourg_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200425100607/https://statistiques.public.lu/stat/TableViewer/tableViewHTML.aspx?ReportId=12859&IF_Language=eng&MainTheme=2&FldrName=1">"Population by nationalities in detail 2011–2018"</a>. statistiques.public.lu. Statistiques du Luxembourg. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statistiques.public.lu/stat/TableViewer/tableViewHTML.aspx?ReportId=12859&IF_Language=eng&MainTheme=2&FldrName=1">the original</a> on 25 April 2020. Retrieved 13 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statistiques.public.lu&rft.atitle=Population+by+nationalities+in+detail+2011%E2%80%932018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatistiques.public.lu%2Fstat%2FTableViewer%2FtableViewHTML.aspx%3FReportId%3D12859%26IF_Language%3Deng%26MainTheme%3D2%26FldrName%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-United_States_Census_Bureau-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-United_States_Census_Bureau_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-United_States_Census_Bureau_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200212212204/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_1YR_B04003&prodType=table">"TOTAL ANCESTRY REPORTED Universe: Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2013 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates"</a>. factfinder.census.gov. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a> (USCB). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_1YR_B04003&prodType=table">the original</a> (Table) on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=factfinder.census.gov&rft.atitle=TOTAL+ANCESTRY+REPORTED+Universe%3A+Total+ancestry+categories+tallied+for+people+with+one+or+more+ancestry+categories+reported+2013+American+Community+Survey+1-Year+Estimates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Ffaces%2Ftableservices%2Fjsf%2Fpages%2Fproductview.xhtml%3Fpid%3DACS_13_1YR_B04003%26prodType%3Dtable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoinova2021103-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoinova2021103_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoinova2021">Koinova 2021</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-Statistics_Canada-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Statistics_Canada_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Statistics_Canada_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">"Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>. 25 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Origin+%28279%29%2C+Single+and+Multiple+Ethnic+Origin+Responses+%283%29%2C+Generation+Status+%284%29%2C+Age+%2812%29+and+Sex+%283%29+for+the+Population+in+Private+Households+of+Canada%2C+Provinces+and+Territories%2C+Census+Metropolitan+Areas+and+Census+Agglomerations%2C+2016+Census&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft.date=2017-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fdt-td%2FRp-eng.cfm%3FLANG%3DE%26APATH%3D3%26DETAIL%3D0%26DIM%3D0%26FL%3DA%26FREE%3D0%26GC%3D0%26GID%3D0%26GK%3D0%26GRP%3D1%26PID%3D110528%26PRID%3D10%26PTYPE%3D109445%26S%3D0%26SHOWALL%3D0%26SUB%3D0%26Temporal%3D2017%26THEME%3D120%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datosmacro.expansion.com/demografia/migracion/inmigracion/colombia">"Colombia – Inmigración 1990, 1995, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2017"</a>. Expansión (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Expansi%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=Colombia+%E2%80%93+Inmigraci%C3%B3n+1990%2C+1995%2C+2005%2C+2010%2C+2015%2C+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatosmacro.expansion.com%2Fdemografia%2Fmigracion%2Finmigracion%2Fcolombia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://countryeconomy.com/demography/migration/immigration/cuba?anio=2015#geo">"Cuba – International immigration"</a>. countryeconomy.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=countryeconomy.com&rft.atitle=Cuba+%E2%80%93+International+immigration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcountryeconomy.com%2Fdemography%2Fmigration%2Fimmigration%2Fcuba%3Fanio%3D2015%23geo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.contraloria.gob.pa/inec/archivos/P3591Cuadro7.xls">"Población nacida en el extranjero en la República, por grupos de edad, según sexo y país de nacimiento"</a>. contraloria.gob.pa (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_and_Census_of_Panama" title="National Institute of Statistics and Census of Panama">National Institute of Statistics and Census of Panama</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=contraloria.gob.pa&rft.atitle=Poblaci%C3%B3n+nacida+en+el+extranjero+en+la+Rep%C3%BAblica%2C+por+grupos+de+edad%2C+seg%C3%BAn+sexo+y+pa%C3%ADs+de+nacimiento&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.contraloria.gob.pa%2Finec%2Farchivos%2FP3591Cuadro7.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABS_Ancestry-56"><a href="#cite_ref-ABS_Ancestry_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080310121707/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?breadcrumb=POLTD&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&subaction=-1&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&documentproductno=0&textversion=false&documenttype=Details&collection=Census&javascript=true&topic=Ancestry&action=404&productlabel=Ancestry%20(full%20classification%20list)%20by%20Sex&order=1&period=2006&tabname=Details&areacode=0&navmapdisplayed=true&">"20680-Ancestry (full classification list) by Sex – Australia"</a>. 2006 Census. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?breadcrumb=POLTD&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&subaction=-1&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&documentproductno=0&textversion=false&documenttype=Details&collection=Census&javascript=true&topic=Ancestry&action=404&productlabel=Ancestry%20(full%20classification%20list)%20by%20Sex&order=1&period=2006&tabname=Details&areacode=0&navmapdisplayed=true&">the original</a> (Microsoft Excel download) on 10 March 2008. Retrieved 2 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2006+Census&rft.atitle=20680-Ancestry+%28full+classification+list%29+by+Sex+%E2%80%93+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusdata.abs.gov.au%2FABSNavigation%2Fprenav%2FViewData%3Fbreadcrumb%3DPOLTD%26method%3DPlace%2520of%2520Usual%2520Residence%26subaction%3D-1%26issue%3D2006%26producttype%3DCensus%2520Tables%26documentproductno%3D0%26textversion%3Dfalse%26documenttype%3DDetails%26collection%3DCensus%26javascript%3Dtrue%26topic%3DAncestry%26action%3D404%26productlabel%3DAncestry%2520%28full%2520classification%2520list%29%2520by%2520Sex%26order%3D1%26period%3D2006%26tabname%3DDetails%26areacode%3D0%26navmapdisplayed%3Dtrue%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> Total responses: 25,451,383 for total count of persons: 19,855,288. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/ethnic-profiles.aspx?request_value=24673&parent_id=24650&tabname=&p=y&printall=true&p=y&printall=true">"2013 Census ethnic group profiles: Albanian"</a>. m.stats.govt.nz. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_New_Zealand" title="Statistics New Zealand">Statistics New Zealand</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=m.stats.govt.nz&rft.atitle=2013+Census+ethnic+group+profiles%3A+Albanian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.stats.govt.nz%2FCensus%2F2013-census%2Fprofile-and-summary-reports%2Fethnic-profiles.aspx%3Frequest_value%3D24673%26parent_id%3D24650%26tabname%3D%26p%3Dy%26printall%3Dtrue%26p%3Dy%26printall%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151031102644/https://www.todayszaman.com/national_albanians-in-turkey-celebrate-their-cultural-heritage_254383.html">"Albanians in Turkey celebrate their cultural heritage"</a>. Today's Zaman. 21 August 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todayszaman.com/national_albanians-in-turkey-celebrate-their-cultural-heritage_254383.html">the original</a> on 31 October 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Today%27s+Zaman&rft.atitle=Albanians+in+Turkey+celebrate+their+cultural+heritage&rft.date=2011-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.todayszaman.com%2Fnational_albanians-in-turkey-celebrate-their-cultural-heritage_254383.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saunders98-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saunders98_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saunders98_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saunders98_59-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saunders98_59-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saunders98_59-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saunders98_59-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saunders98_59-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saunders98_59-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaunders2011">Saunders 2011</a>, p. 98. "In addition to the recent emigrants, there are older diasporic communities around the world. There are upwards of 5 million ethnic Albanians in the Turkish Republic; however, the vast majority of this population is assimilated and no longer possesses fluency in the language, though a vibrant Albanian community maintains its distinct identity in Istanbul to this day. Egypt also lays claim to some 18,000 Albanians, supposedly lingering remnants of Mohammad Ali's army." </li> <li id="cite_note-Yenigun184-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Yenigun184_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYenigun2009" class="citation journal cs1">Yenigun, Cuneyt (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150927134953/https://sablon.sdu.edu.tr/dergi/sosbilder/dosyalar/27/OS_16.pdf">"GCC Model: Conflict Management for the "Greater Albania""</a> (PDF). SDU Faculty of Arts and Sciences Journal of Social Sciences. 2: 175–185. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sablon.sdu.edu.tr/dergi/sosbilder/dosyalar/27/OS_16.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SDU+Faculty+of+Arts+and+Sciences+Journal+of+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=GCC+Model%3A+Conflict+Management+for+the+%22Greater+Albania%22&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=175-185&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Yenigun&rft.aufirst=Cuneyt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsablon.sdu.edu.tr%2Fdergi%2Fsosbilder%2Fdosyalar%2F27%2FOS_16.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988">. Page 184: "Turkey contains 5–6 million Albanians (more than in the Balkan area)" </li> <li id="cite_note-Qatar-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Qatar_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190106204352/http://gulfmigration.org/qatar-estimates-foreign-residents-qatar-country-citizenship-selected-countries-c-2015-2016/">"Qatar: Some estimates of foreign residents in Qatar by country of citizenship (selected countries, c. 2015–2016)"</a>. gulfmigration.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gulfmigration.org/qatar-estimates-foreign-residents-qatar-country-citizenship-selected-countries-c-2015-2016/">the original</a> on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gulfmigration.org&rft.atitle=Qatar%3A+Some+estimates+of+foreign+residents+in+Qatar+by+country+of+citizenship+%28selected+countries%2C+c.+2015%E2%80%932016%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgulfmigration.org%2Fqatar-estimates-foreign-residents-qatar-country-citizenship-selected-countries-c-2015-2016%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612211105/http://www.cystat.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/populationcondition_22main_en/populationcondition_22main_en?OpenForm&sub=2&sel=2">"Population – Country of Birth, Citizenship Category, Country of Citizenship, Language, Religion, Ethnic/Religious Group, 2011"</a>. cystat.gov.cy. Statistical Service of Cyprus. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cystat.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/populationcondition_22main_en/populationcondition_22main_en?OpenForm&sub=2&sel=2">the original</a> on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cystat.gov.cy&rft.atitle=Population+%E2%80%93+Country+of+Birth%2C+Citizenship+Category%2C+Country+of+Citizenship%2C+Language%2C+Religion%2C+Ethnic%2FReligious+Group%2C+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cystat.gov.cy%2Fmof%2Fcystat%2Fstatistics.nsf%2Fpopulationcondition_22main_en%2Fpopulationcondition_22main_en%3FOpenForm%26sub%3D2%26sel%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datosmacro.expansion.com/demografia/migracion/inmigracion/sudafrica">"Sube el número de inmigrantes que viven en Sudáfrica"</a>. Expansión (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Expansi%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=Sube+el+n%C3%BAmero+de+inmigrantes+que+viven+en+Sud%C3%A1frica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatosmacro.expansion.com%2Fdemografia%2Fmigracion%2Finmigracion%2Fsudafrica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UAE-64"><a href="#cite_ref-UAE_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150711160839/http://www.bqdoha.com/2015/04/uae-population-by-nationality">"UAE's population – by nationality"</a>. bqdoha.com. 6 January 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bqdoha.com/2015/04/uae-population-by-nationality">the original</a> on 11 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bqdoha.com&rft.atitle=UAE%27s+population+%E2%80%93+by+nationality&rft.date=2019-01-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bqdoha.com%2F2015%2F04%2Fuae-population-by-nationality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=31RhzMMTTdIC&pg=PA18">Ethnobotany in the New Europe: People, Health and Wild Plant Resources</a>, vol. 14, Manuel Pardo de Santayana, Andrea Pieroni, Rajindra K. Puri, Berghahn Books, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1845458141" title="Special:BookSources/1845458141">1845458141</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.truenumbers.it/cittadinanza-italiana-per-stranieri/">"Stranieri diventati italiani: prima i marocchini"</a>. Truenumbers (in Italian). 7 October 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Truenumbers&rft.atitle=Stranieri+diventati+italiani%3A+prima+i+marocchini&rft.date=2019-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.truenumbers.it%2Fcittadinanza-italiana-per-stranieri%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ed-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Ed_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGëzim_Krasniqi" class="citation web cs1">Gëzim Krasniqi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130602201035/http://www.law.ed.ac.uk/file_download/series/277_citizenshipinanemigrantnationstatethecaseofalbania.pdf">"Citizenship in an emigrant nation-state: the case of Albania"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>. pp. 9–14. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.ed.ac.uk/file_download/series/277_citizenshipinanemigrantnationstatethecaseofalbania.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Citizenship+in+an+emigrant+nation-state%3A+the+case+of+Albania&rft.pages=9-14&rft.pub=University+of+Edinburgh&rft.au=G%C3%ABzim+Krasniqi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.ed.ac.uk%2Ffile_download%2Fseries%2F277_citizenshipinanemigrantnationstatethecaseofalbania.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingMai2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_King_(geographer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russell King (geographer) (page does not exist)">King, Russell</a>; Mai, Nicola (15 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_PUaNmz4Uc4C&pg=PA28">Out Of Albania: From Crisis Migration to Social Inclusion in Italy</a>. Berghahn Books. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-390-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-390-7"><bdi>978-0-85745-390-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+Of+Albania%3A+From+Crisis+Migration+to+Social+Inclusion+in+Italy&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2013-01-15&rft.isbn=978-0-85745-390-7&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft.au=Mai%2C+Nicola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_PUaNmz4Uc4C%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiberaj1998" class="citation book cs1">Biberaj, Elez (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H7yZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT34">Albania in transition: the rocky road to democracy</a>. Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3502-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3502-5"><bdi>978-0-8133-3502-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albania+in+transition%3A+the+rocky+road+to+democracy&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3502-5&rft.aulast=Biberaj&rft.aufirst=Elez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH7yZDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBugajski2020" class="citation book cs1">Bugajski, Janusz (10 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LRb8DwAAQBAJ&pg=RA7-PT485">Political Parties of Eastern Europe: A Guide to Politics in the Post-communist Era</a>. Routledge. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-16135-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-16135-9"><bdi>978-1-000-16135-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Parties+of+Eastern+Europe%3A+A+Guide+to+Politics+in+the+Post-communist+Era&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020-09-10&rft.isbn=978-1-000-16135-9&rft.aulast=Bugajski&rft.aufirst=Janusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLRb8DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA7-PT485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaser2008" class="citation book cs1">Kaser, Karl (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_KEW6l-stCUC">Patriarchy After Patriarchy: Gender Relations in Turkey and in the Balkans, 1500-2000</a>. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-1119-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-1119-8"><bdi>978-3-8258-1119-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patriarchy+After+Patriarchy%3A+Gender+Relations+in+Turkey+and+in+the+Balkans%2C+1500-2000&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-8258-1119-8&rft.aulast=Kaser&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_KEW6l-stCUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2010" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Linda (2010). Michael Gagarin (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lNV6-HsUppsC">The Oxford encyclopedia of ancient Greece and Rome</a>. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195170726" title="Special:BookSources/9780195170726"><bdi>9780195170726</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+encyclopedia+of+ancient+Greece+and+Rome&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780195170726&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlNV6-HsUppsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaw1999" class="citation book cs1">Law, Gwillim (1999). Administrative Subdivisions of Countries. McFarland. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476604473" title="Special:BookSources/9781476604473"><bdi>9781476604473</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Administrative+Subdivisions+of+Countries&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781476604473&rft.aulast=Law&rft.aufirst=Gwillim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plasari10-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Plasari10_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlasari2020">Plasari 2020</a>, pp. 10–11 </li> <li id="cite_note-Riehl238-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Riehl238_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRiehl2010">Riehl 2010</a>, p. 238. "Other interesting groups in the context of European migration include the Albanians who from the thirteenth century immigrated to Greece (i.e., the so-called "Arvanites", see Sasse 1998) and to Southern Italy (Calabria, Sicily, cf Breu 2005)." </li> <li id="cite_note-Nasse2426-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nasse2426_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nasse2426_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nasse2426_76-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNasse1964">Nasse 1964</a>, pp. 24–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gogonas3-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gogonas3_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gogonas3_77-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGogonas2010">Gogonas 2010</a>, p. 3. "Arvanites originate from Albanian settlers who moved south at different times between the 14th and the 16th centuries from areas in what is today southern Albania The reasons for this migration are not entirely clear and may be manifold. In many instances the Arvanites were invited by the Byzantine and Latin rulers of the time. They were employed to resettle areas that had been largely depopulated through wars, epidemics and other reasons, and they were employed as soldiers. Some later movements are also believed to have been motivated to evade Islamisation after the Ottoman conquest. The main waves of the Arvanite migration into southern Greece started around 1300, reached a peak some time during the 14th century, and ended around 1600. Arvanites first reached Thessaly, then Attica and finally the Peloponnese (Clogg. 2002). Regarding the number of Arvanites in Greece, the 1951 census (the last census in Greece that included a question about language) gives a figure of 23,000 Arvaiithka speakers. Sociohinguistic research in the 1970s in the villages of Attica and Biotia alone indicated a figure of at least 30,000 speakers (Trudgill and Tzavaras 1977), while Lunden (1993) suggests 50,000 for Greece as a whole." </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall2829-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hall2829_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall2829_78-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall1997">Hall 1997</a>, pp. 28–29. "The permeability of ethnic boundaries is also demonstrated in many of the Greek villages of Attiki and Viotia (ancient Attika and Boiotia), where Arvanites often form a majority. These Arvanites are descended from Albanians who first entered Greece between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries (though there was a subsequent wave of immigration in the second half of the eighteenth century). Although still regarded as ethnically distinct in the nineteenth century, their participation in the Greek War of Independence and the Civil War has led to increasing assimilation: in a survey conducted in the 1970s, 97 per crnt of Arvanite informants despite regularly speaking in Arvanitika, considered themselves to be Greek. A similar concern with being identified as Greek is exhibited by the bilingual Arvanites of the Eastern Argolid." </li> <li id="cite_note-Barancic551-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barancic551_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barancic551_80-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarančić2008">Barančić 2008</a>, p. 551. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;"></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> "Možemo reći da svi na neki način pripadamo nekoj vrsti etničke kategorije, a često i više nego jednoj. Kao primjer navodim slučaj zadarskih Arbanasa. Da bismo shvatili Arbanase i problem njihova etnojezičnog (etničkog i jezičnog) identiteta, potrebno je ići u povijest njihova doseljenja koje seže u početak 18. st., tj. točnije: razdoblje od prve seobe 1726., razdoblje druge seobe od 1733., pa sve do 1754. godine koja se smatra završnom godinom njihova doseljenja. Svi su se doselili iz tri sela s područja Skadarskog jezera – Briske, Šestana i Livara. Bježeći od Turaka, kuge i ostalih nevolja, generalni providur Nicola Erizzo II dozvolio im je da se nasele u područje današnjih Arbanasa i Zemunika. Jedan dio stanovništva u Zemuniku se asimilirao s ondašnjim stanovništvom zaboravivši svoj jezik. To su npr. današnji Prenđe, Šestani, Ćurkovići, Paleke itd. Drugi dio stanovništva je nastojao zadržati svoj etnički i jezični identitet tijekom ovih 280 godina. Dana 10. svibnja 2006. godine obilježena je 280. obljetnica njihova dolaska u predgrađe grada Zadra. Nije bilo lako, osobito u samom početku, jer nisu imali svoju crkvu, škole itd., pa je jedini način održavanja njihova identiteta i jezika bio usmenim putem."</div></div> "We can say that all in some way belong to a kind of ethnic category, and often more than one. As an example, I cite the case of Zadar Arbanasi. To understand the problem of the Albanians and their ethnolinguistic (ethnic and linguistic) identity, it is necessary to go into the history of their immigration that goes back to the beginning of the 18th century., etc more precisely: the period from the first migration of 1726, the period of the second migration of 1733, and until 1754, which is considered to be the final year of their immigration. All they moved from three villages from the area of Lake Scutari – Briska, Šestan and Livara. Fleeing from the Ottomans, plague and other troubles, the general provider Nicola Erizzo II allowed them to settle in the area of today's Arbanasa and Zemunik. One part of the population in Zemunik became assimilated with the local population, forgetting their language. These are for example, today's Prenda, Šestani, Ćurkovići, Paleke etc. The second part of the population tried to maintain their ethnic and linguistic identity during these 280 years. On 10 May 2006 marked the 280th anniversary of their arrival in the suburb of Zadar. It was not easy, especially in the beginning, because they did not have their own church, school, etc., and is the only way to maintain their identity and language was verbally." </li> <li id="cite_note-Novik261262-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Novik261262_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Novik261262_81-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNovik2015">Novik 2015</a>, pp. 261–262. "Historical Facts. Four villages with Albanian population are located in the Ukraine: Karakurt (Zhovtnevoe) set up in 1811 (Odessa region), Tyushki (Georgievka), Dzhandran (Gammovka) and Taz (Devninskoe) set up in 1862 (Zaporizh’a region). Before migrating to the territory of the Russian empire, Albanians had moved from the south-east of the present day Albania into Bulgaria (Varna region) because of the Osmanli invasion (Державин, 1914, 1926, 1933, 1948, pp. 156–169). Three hundred years later they had moved from Bulgaria to the Russian empire on account of Turkish-Russian opposition in the Balkan Peninsula. Ethnic Albanians also live in Moldova, Odessa and St. Petersburg. Present Day Situation. Nowadays, in the Ukraine and Russia there are an estimated 5000 ethnic Albanians. They live mainly in villages situated in the Odessa and Zaporizh’a regions. The language and many elements of traditional culture are still preserved and maintained in four Albanian villages (Будина, 2000, pp. 239–255; Иванова, 2000, pp. 40–53). From the ethnolinguistic and linguistic point of view these Albanian villages are of particular interest and value since they are excellent examples of a "melting pot" (Иванова, 1995, 1999). Bulgarians and Gagauzes live side by side with Albanians in Karakurt; Russians and Ukrainians share the same space with Albanians in the Azov Sea region. It is worth mentioning that in these multi-lingual environments, the Albanian patois retains original Balkan features." </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVickers2011">Vickers 2011</a>, pp. 17–24; <a href="#CITEREFGiakoumis2010">Giakoumis 2010</a>, pp. 87–88; <a href="#CITEREFMyhill2006">Myhill 2006</a>, p. 232; <a href="#CITEREFKoti2010">Koti 2010</a>, pp. 16–17; <a href="#CITEREFRamet1998">Ramet 1998</a>, pp. 203–204; <a href="#CITEREFSkendi1956">Skendi 1956</a>, pp. 321–323. </li> <li id="cite_note-Clayer-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clayer_83-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayer2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Clayer, Nathalie (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/albania-COM_23054">"Albania"</a>. In Fleet, Kate; <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Gudrun</a>; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; <a href="/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson" title="Everett K. Rowson">Rowson, Everett</a> (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Albania&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=1873-9830&rft.aulast=Clayer&rft.aufirst=Nathalie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2Falbania-COM_23054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm2020" class="citation book cs1">Malcolm, Noel (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ti7wDwAAQBAJ">Rebels, Believers, Survivors: Studies in the History of the Albanians</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-259923-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-259923-0"><bdi>978-0-19-259923-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebels%2C+Believers%2C+Survivors%3A+Studies+in+the+History+of+the+Albanians&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-19-259923-0&rft.aulast=Malcolm&rft.aufirst=Noel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dti7wDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaroqhiMcGowanPamuk1997" class="citation book cs1">Faroqhi, Suraiya; McGowan, Bruce; Pamuk, Sevket (1997). Halil İnalcık; Donald Quataert (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c00jmTrjzAoC">An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire</a>. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 420. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57455-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57455-6"><bdi>978-0-521-57455-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Economic+and+Social+History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=420&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57455-6&rft.aulast=Faroqhi&rft.aufirst=Suraiya&rft.au=McGowan%2C+Bruce&rft.au=Pamuk%2C+Sevket&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc00jmTrjzAoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2002" class="citation book cs1">Bell, Imogen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4CrpzRJCbckC&pg=PA66">Central and South-Eastern Europe 2003</a>. Psychology Press. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-136-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-136-0"><bdi>978-1-85743-136-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+and+South-Eastern+Europe+2003&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85743-136-0&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Imogen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4CrpzRJCbckC%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elsie200534-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elsie200534_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elsie200534_87-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFElsie2005">Elsie 2005</a>, pp. 3–4. "Their traditional designation, based on a root *alban- and its rhotacized variants *arban-, *albar-, and *arbar-, appears from the eleventh century onwards in Byzantine chronicles (Albanoi, Arbanitai, Arbanites), and from the fourteenth century onwards in Latin and other Western documents (Albanenses, Arbanenses)." </li> <li id="cite_note-Lloshi277-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lloshi277_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lloshi277_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lloshi277_88-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lloshi277_88-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lloshi277_88-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lloshi277_88-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lloshi277_88-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lloshi277_88-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFLloshi1999">Lloshi 1999</a>, p. 277. "The Albanians of today call themselves shqiptarë, their country Shqipëri, and their language shqipe. These terms came into use between the end of the 17th and beginning of the 18th centuries. Foreigners call them albanesi (Italian), Albaner (German), Albanians (English), Alvanos (Greek), and Arbanasi (old Serbian), the country Albania, Albanie, Albanien, Alvania, and Albanija, and the language Albanese, Albanisch, Albanian, Alvaniki, and Arbanashki respectively. All these words are derived from the name Albanoi of an Illyrian tribe and their center Albanopolis, noted by the astronomer of Alexandria, Ptolemy, in the 2nd century AD. Alban could be a plural of alb- arb-, denoting the inhabitants of the plains (ÇABEJ 1976). The name passed over the boundaries of the Illyrian tribe in central Albania, and was generalised for all the Albanians. They called themselves arbënesh, arbëresh, the country Arbëni, Arbëri, and the language arbëneshe, arbëreshe. In the foreign languages, the Middle Ages denominations of these names survived, but for the Albanians they were substituted by shqiptarë, Shqipëri and shqipe. The primary root is the adverb shqip, meaning "clearly, intelligibly". There is a very close semantic parallel to this in the German noun Deutsche, "the Germans" and "the German language" (Lloshi 1984) Shqip spread out from the north to the south, and Shqipni/Shqipëri is probably a collective noun, following the common pattern of Arbëni, Arbëri. The change happened after the Ottoman conquest because of the conflict in the whole line of the political, social, economic, religious, and cultural spheres with a totally alien world of the Oriental type. A new and more generalised ethnic and linguistic consciousness of all these people responded to this." </li> <li id="cite_note-BardhylDemiraj534-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BardhylDemiraj534_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BardhylDemiraj534_89-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemiraj2010">Demiraj 2010</a>, p. 534. "The ethnic name shqiptar has always been discussed together with the ethnic complex: (tosk) arbëresh, arbëror, arbër — (gheg) arbënesh, arbënu(e)r, arbën; i.e. [arbën/r(—)]. p.536. Among the neighbouring peoples and elsewhere the denomination of the Albanians is based upon the root arb/alb, cp. Greek 'Αλβανός, Αρβανός "Albanian", Αρβανίτης "Arbëresh of Greece", Serbian Albanac, Arbanas, Bulg., Mac. албанец, Arom. arbinés (Papahagi 1963 135), Turk. arnaut, Ital. albanese, German Albaner etc. This basis is in use among the Arbëreshs of Italy and Greece as well; cp. arvanit, more rarely arbëror by the arbëreshs of Greece, as against arbëresh, arbëresh, bri(e)sh (beside gjegj — Altimari 1994 (1992) 53 s.). (Italy) (Kr. ?) árbanas, (Mandr.) allbanc, (Ukr.) allbanc(er) (Musliu – Dauti 1996) etj. For the various forms and uses of this or that variant see, inter alia, also Çabej SE II 6lss.; Demiraj 1999 175 ss. etj. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamusella241-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kamusella241_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamusella241_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamusella241_90-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamusella241_90-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamusella241_90-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamusella241_90-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFKamusella2009">Kamusella 2009</a>, p. 241. "Prior to the emergence of the modern self-ethnonym Shqiptarë in the mid-16th century (for the first time it was recorded in 1555 by the Catholic Gheg, Gjon Buzuku, in his missal), North Albanians (Ghegs) referred to themselves as Arbën, and South Albanians (Tosks) Arbër. Hence, the self-ethnonym Arbëreshë of the present-day Italo-Albanians (numbering about 100,000) in southern Italy and Sicily, whose ancestors, in the wake of the Ottoman wars, emigrated from their homeland in the 14th century. These self-ethnonyms perhaps influenced the Byzantine Greek Arvanites for 'Albanians,’ which was followed by similar ones in Bulgarian and Serbian (Arbanasi), Ottoman (Arnaut), Romanian (Arbănas), and Aromanian (Arbineş). It is clear that scholars and Albanians themselves agree that they do not agree on any single etymology of the ethnonym 'Albanian.' A similar predicament is faced by the self-ethnonym Shqiptarë. The most popular scholarly explanation is that it was formed by analogy to 'Slavs' (*Slovene), believed to be derived from slovo ('word'), and by extension, from *sluti ('to speak clearly.') The last explanation semantically contrasts with Slavic Niemiec ('mute,’'stammering,’'babbling'), and Greek 'barbarian' (from barbaros 'those who stammer, babble'). Hence, Shqiptarë could be derived from Albanian shqipoi (from Latin excipere) for 'to speak clearly, to understand.' The Albanian public favors the belief that their self-ethnonym stems from shqipe ('eagle') found on the Albanian national flag." </li> <li id="cite_note-Liotta198-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Liotta198_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLiotta2001">Liotta 2001</a>, p. 198. "Among Greeks, the term "Alvanitis"—or "Arvanitis"—means a Christian of Albanian ancestry, one who speaks both Greek and Albanian, but possesses Greek "consciousness." Numerous "Arvanites" live in Greece today, although the ability to speak both languages is shrinking as the differences (due to technology and information access and vastly different economic bases) between Greece and Albania increase. The Greek communities of Elefsis, Marousi, Koropi, Keratea, and Markopoulo (all in the Attikan peninsula) once held significant Arvanite communities. "Arvanitis" is not necessarily a pejorative term; a recent Pan Hellenic socialist foreign minister spoke both Albanian and Greek (but not English). A former Greek foreign minister, Theodoros Pangalos, was an "Arvanite" from Elefsis." </li> <li id="cite_note-Murati71-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Murati71_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurati1991">Murati 1991</a>, p. 71. "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;"></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> emri etnik a nacional e shqiptarëve, përkundër trajtës së drejtë sllave Albanci, tash del të shqiptohet si Šiptari e Šipci me një konotacion përbuzës negativ, ashtu siç është përdorur në krye të herës te serbët edhe në kohën e Jugosllavisë së Vjetër bashkë dhe me formën Šiftari e Arnauti me po të njëtat konotacione pejorative.</div></div> "ethnic name or the national one of Albanians, despite the right Slavic term Albanci, now appears to be pronounced as Šiptari of Šipci with a connotation that is contemptuously negative, as it is used in the very beginning of the Serbs era at the time of the old Yugoslavia together and the form Šiftari and Arnauti which have the same pejorative connotations." </li> <li id="cite_note-Koukoudis34-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Koukoudis34_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoukoudis2003">Koukoudis 2003</a>, p. 34. "The Vlachs call the Albanian-speaking Orthodox Christians Arbinéši, and it was under this name that the ancestors of the modern Albanians first appeared in the Middle Ages." </li> <li id="cite_note-MadgearuGordon25b-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MadgearuGordon25b_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MadgearuGordon25b_95-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadgearuGordon2008">Madgearu & Gordon 2008</a>, p. 25. "It is still disputed by scholars that those Albanoi from 1042 were Normans from Sicily, [Southern Italy], or if they are in fact the Albanoi [a large clan of that belongs to the many clans of Albanians] found in Albanian lands during this time frame." </li> <li id="cite_note-Pritsak5253-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Pritsak5253_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPritsak1991">Pritsak 1991</a>, pp. 52–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epublishing.ekt.gr/el/5374/%CE%92%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AC-%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B1/7455">Vranoussi Erasmia, "The terms Albanoi and Arvanitai and the first mention of the homonym people of the Balkans in the 11th century sources", Balkanika Symmikta, 1970, 2, p. 207 – 228.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181012014600/http://epublishing.ekt.gr/el/5374/%CE%92%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AC-%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B1/7455">Archived</a> 12 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> For the meanings of Albanus, Albani, Albains etc., see pp 226–228, with footnotes to the lexicons Du Gange, Glossarium mediae el infimae Latinitatis, edition 1883, vol. 1, pp. 162 – 163, J. Niermeyer, Mediae Latinitatis Lexicon minus, Leiden 1960, pp. 32 – 33 and others. In Greek language. </li> <li id="cite_note-MadgearuGordon25-98"><a href="#cite_ref-MadgearuGordon25_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadgearuGordon2008">Madgearu & Gordon 2008</a>, p. 25. "It was supposed that those Albanoi from 1042 were Normans from Sicily, called by an archaic name (the Albanoi were an independent tribe from Southern Italy). The following instance is indisputable. It comes from the same Attaliates, who wrote that the Albanians (Arbanitai) were involved in the 1078; rebellion of..." </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Mazaris 1975, pp. 76–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> N. Gregoras (ed. Bonn) V, 6; XI, 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-Finlay37-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Finlay37_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFinlay1851">Finlay 1851</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110207231306/http://www.scribd.com/doc/87039/Earlies-Reference-to-the-%7B%7BNot">"Robert Elsie, The earliest reference to the existence of the Albanian Language"</a>. 28 May 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/87039/Earlies-Reference-to-the-Existance-of-the-Albanian-Language">the original</a> on 7 February 2011 – via Scribd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Elsie%2C+The+earliest+reference+to+the+existence+of+the+Albanian+Language&rft.date=2007-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F87039%2FEarlies-Reference-to-the-Existance-of-the-Albanian-Language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalcolm1998">Malcolm 1998</a>, p. 29: "Nor is there any mystery about the origin of this name. In the second century Ptolemy referred to a tribe called the 'Albanoi', and located their town, 'Albanopolis', somewhere to the east of Durres." </li> <li id="cite_note-MënikuCampos2-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MënikuCampos2_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MënikuCampos2_104-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMënikuCampos2012">Mëniku & Campos 2012</a>, p. 2. "Albanian is an Indo-European language, but like modern Greek and Armenian, it does not have any other closely related living language. Within the Indo-European family, it forms a group of its own. In Albanian, the language is called shqip. Albania is called Shqipëri, and the Albanians call themselves shqiptarë. Until the fifteenth century the language was known as Arbërisht or Arbnisht, which is still the name used for the language in Italy and Greece. The Greeks refer to all the varieties of Albanian spoken in Greece as Arvanitika. In the second century AD, Ptolemy, the Alexandrian mathematician, astronomer and geographer, used the name Albanoi to refer to an Illyrian tribe that used to live in what is now central Albania. During the Middle Ages the population of that area was referred to as Arbanori or Albanon. It is clear that the words Arbëresh, Arvanitika, and even Albanian and Albania are all related to the older name of the language." </li> <li id="cite_note-Vasiliev613-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Vasiliev613_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1958">Vasiliev 1958</a>, p. 613. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jelavich25-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Jelavich25_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJelavich1983">Jelavich 1983</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-ShabanDemiraj481-107"><a href="#cite_ref-ShabanDemiraj481_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemiraj1998">Demiraj 1998</a>, p. 481. </li> <li id="cite_note-Malcolm29-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Malcolm29_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalcolm1998">Malcolm 1998</a>, p. 29. "Linguists believe that the 'Alb-’ element comes from the Indo-European word for a type of mountainous terrain, from which the word 'Alps' is also derived." </li> <li id="cite_note-ej2-s-109"><a href="#cite_ref-ej2-s_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">"ALBANCI". <a href="/wiki/Enciklopedija_Jugoslavije" class="mw-redirect" title="Enciklopedija Jugoslavije">Enciklopedija Jugoslavije</a> 2nd ed. Vol. Supplement. Zagreb: <a href="/wiki/JLZ" class="mw-redirect" title="JLZ">JLZ</a>. 1984. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ALBANCI&rft.btitle=Enciklopedija+Jugoslavije+2nd+ed.&rft.place=Zagreb&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=JLZ&rft.date=1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matasović-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matasović_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matasović_110-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatasović2019" class="citation book cs1">Matasović, Ranko (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mudrac.ffzg.unizg.hr/~rmatasov/Albanian.pdf">A Grammatical Sketch of Albanian for Students of Indo European</a> (PDF). Zagreb: Ranko Matasović. p. 39. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://mudrac.ffzg.unizg.hr/~rmatasov/Albanian.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammatical+Sketch+of+Albanian+for+Students+of+Indo+European&rft.place=Zagreb&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Ranko+Matasovi%C4%87&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Matasovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ranko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmudrac.ffzg.unizg.hr%2F~rmatasov%2FAlbanian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elsie3-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elsie3_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elsie3_111-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFElsie2003">Elsie 2003</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-Plasari41-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Plasari41_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plasari41_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plasari41_112-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plasari41_112-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlasari2020">Plasari 2020</a>, p. 41 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuanrud20211-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuanrud20211_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuanrud20211_113-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuanrud2021">Quanrud 2021</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlasari202043-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlasari202043_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlasari202043_114-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlasari2020">Plasari 2020</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-Friedman-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Friedman_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2022" class="citation book cs1">Friedman, Victor (2022). "The Balkans". In Salikoko Mufwene, Anna Maria Escobar (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jWB2EAAAQBAJ">The Cambridge Handbook of Language Contact: Volume 1: Population Movement and Language Change</a>. Cambridge Handbooks in Language and Linguistics. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781009115773" title="Special:BookSources/9781009115773"><bdi>9781009115773</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Balkans&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Handbook+of+Language+Contact%3A+Volume+1%3A+Population+Movement+and+Language+Change&rft.series=Cambridge+Handbooks+in+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781009115773&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjWB2EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lazaridis_et_al.-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Lazaridis_et_al._116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazaridisAlpaslan-Roodenberg2022" class="citation journal cs1">Lazaridis, Iosif; Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Songül; et al. (26 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10064553">"The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe"</a>. Science. 377 (6609): eabm4247. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abm4247">10.1126/science.abm4247</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10064553">10064553</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36007055">36007055</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251843620">251843620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+genetic+history+of+the+Southern+Arc%3A+A+bridge+between+West+Asia+and+Europe&rft.volume=377&rft.issue=6609&rft.pages=eabm4247&rft.date=2022-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10064553%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251843620%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36007055&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abm4247&rft.aulast=Lazaridis&rft.aufirst=Iosif&rft.au=Alpaslan-Roodenberg%2C+Song%C3%BCl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10064553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osce.org/albania/41888">"Constitution of the Republic of Albania"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Osce.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Osce.org">osce.org</a> (in Albanian and English). <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a>. <q>The official language in the Republic of Albania is Albanian.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=osce.org&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+Albania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osce.org%2Falbania%2F41888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191127002614/http://www.kryeministri-ks.net/repository/docs/Constitution1Kosovo.pdf">"Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo"</a> (PDF). kryeministri-ks.net. Kryeministria e Kosovës. p. 8. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kryeministri-ks.net/repository/docs/Constitution1Kosovo.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 November 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2018. <q>The official languages in the Republic of Kosovo are Albanian and Serbian.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kryeministri-ks.net&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+Kosovo&rft.pages=8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kryeministri-ks.net%2Frepository%2Fdocs%2FConstitution1Kosovo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/mk/mk014en.pdf">"CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA"</a> (PDF). wipo.int. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/mk/mk014en.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wipo.int&rft.atitle=CONSTITUTION+OF+THE+REPUBLIC+OF+MACEDONIA&rft.pages=2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fedocs%2Flexdocs%2Flaws%2Fen%2Fmk%2Fmk014en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europeanwesternbalkans.com/2019/01/15/albanian-becomes-second-official-language-macedonia/">"Albanian becomes the second official language in Macedonia"</a>. europeanwesternbalkans.com. 15 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=europeanwesternbalkans.com&rft.atitle=Albanian+becomes+the+second+official+language+in+Macedonia&rft.date=2019-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuropeanwesternbalkans.com%2F2019%2F01%2F15%2Falbanian-becomes-second-official-language-macedonia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minority_language_in_Croatia-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Minority_language_in_Croatia_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Minority_language_in_Croatia_121-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180628140805/http://www.sabor.hr/fgs.axd?id=17074">"CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA (consolidated text)"</a>. sabor.hr. p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sabor.hr/fgs.axd?id=17074">the original</a> on 28 June 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sabor.hr&rft.atitle=CONSTITUTION+OF+THE+REPUBLIC+OF+CROATIA+%28consolidated+text%29&rft.pages=2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sabor.hr%2Ffgs.axd%3Fid%3D17074&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/me/me004en.pdf">"THE CONSTITUTION OF MONTENEGRO"</a> (PDF). wipo.int. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wipo.int&rft.atitle=THE+CONSTITUTION+OF+MONTENEGRO&rft.pages=6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fedocs%2Flexdocs%2Flaws%2Fen%2Fme%2Fme004en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istat.it/en/archive/129304">"Linguistic diversity among foreign citizens in Italy"</a>. Statistics of Italy. 25 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linguistic+diversity+among+foreign+citizens+in+Italy&rft.pub=Statistics+of+Italy&rft.date=2014-07-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.istat.it%2Fen%2Farchive%2F129304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i2IpDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2">The Tribes of Albania,: History, Society and Culture</a> (Robert Elsie ed.). I.B.Tauris. 2015. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-932-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-932-2"><bdi>978-0-85773-932-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tribes+of+Albania%2C%3A+History%2C+Society+and+Culture&rft.pages=2&rft.edition=Robert+Elsie&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-85773-932-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di2IpDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Elsie" class="citation web cs1">Robert Elsie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanianlanguage.net/">"Geographical location"</a>. albanianlanguage. <q>The Albanian language is divided into two basic dialect groups: Gheg in the north of the country and Tosk in the south. The Shkumbin River in central Albania, flowing past Elbasan into the Adriatic, forms the approximate boundary between the two dialect regions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=albanianlanguage&rft.atitle=Geographical+location&rft.au=Robert+Elsie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albanianlanguage.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNESCO" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap.html">"UNESCO Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger"</a>. UNESCO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNESCO+Interactive+Atlas+of+the+World%27s+Languages+in+Danger&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.au=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Flanguages-atlas%2Fen%2Fatlasmap.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Handbook of ethnotherapies (Christine E. Gottschalk-Batschkus; Joy C. Green ed.). BoD – Books on Demand, 2002. 2002. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8311-4184-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8311-4184-5"><bdi>978-3-8311-4184-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+ethnotherapies&rft.pages=110&rft.edition=Christine+E.+Gottschalk-Batschkus%3B+Joy+C.+Green&rft.pub=BoD+%E2%80%93+Books+on+Demand%2C+2002&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-3-8311-4184-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarah_G._Thomason2015" class="citation book cs1">Sarah G. Thomason (23 April 2015). Endangered Languages Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics. Cambridge University Press, 2015. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86573-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86573-9"><bdi>978-0-521-86573-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endangered+Languages+Cambridge+Textbooks+in+Linguistics&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press%2C+2015&rft.date=2015-04-23&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86573-9&rft.au=Sarah+G.+Thomason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinnifrith1995" class="citation magazine cs1">Winnifrith, Tom J. (28 October 1995). "Southern Albania, Northern Epirus: Survey of a Disputed Ethnological Boundary". The Newsletter of the Society Farsharotu. Vol. IX, no. 2. Society Farsharotu. <q>I tried unsuccessfully in 1994 to find Albanian speakers in Filiates, Paramithia and Margariti. The coastal villages near Igoumenitsa have been turned into tourist resorts. There may be Albanian speakers in villages inland, but as in the case with the Albanian speakers in Attica and Boeotia the language is dying fast. It receives no kind of encouragement.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Newsletter+of+the+Society+Farsharotu&rft.atitle=Southern+Albania%2C+Northern+Epirus%3A+Survey+of+a+Disputed+Ethnological+Boundary&rft.volume=IX&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1995-10-28&rft.aulast=Winnifrith&rft.aufirst=Tom+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVickers2007" class="citation book cs1">Vickers, Miranda (2007). The Cham Issue – Where to Now?. Conflict Studies Research Centre. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905962-01-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905962-01-3"><bdi>978-1-905962-01-3</bdi></a>. <q>Whereas in Albania and the diaspora Cham communities have managed to preserve their dialect, traditions and folk songs, in Greece itself those Orthodox Chams, now numbering around 40,000, who were allowed to remain in Greece, have suffered from assimilation and the public suppression of their Albanian heritage and language. ... There are roughly 14,000 Chams or their descendants living in the southern Albanian town of Saranda and the villages north of the Albanian-Greek border.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cham+Issue+%E2%80%93+Where+to+Now%3F&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Conflict+Studies+Research+Centre&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-905962-01-3&rft.aulast=Vickers&rft.aufirst=Miranda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsieDestaniJasini2013" class="citation book cs1">Elsie, Robert; Destani, Bejtullah; Jasini, Rudina, eds. (2013). The Cham Albanians of Greece: A Documentary History. I.B. Tauris. p. XXIX. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-780760-00-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-780760-00-1"><bdi>978-1-780760-00-1</bdi></a>. <q>Chameria is a mountainous region of the southwestern Balkan Peninsula that now straddles the Greek-Albanian border. Most of Chameria is in the Greek Province of Epirus, corresponding largely to the prefectures of Thesprotia and Preveza, but it also includes the southernmost part of Albania, the area around Konispol. It is approximately 10,000 square kilometres in size and has a current, mostly Greek-speaking population of about 150,000. ... The core or central region of Chameria, known in Greek as Thesprotia, could be said to be the basins of the Kalamas and Acheron Rivers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cham+Albanians+of+Greece%3A+A+Documentary+History&rft.pages=XXIX&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-780760-00-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.instat.gov.al/media/4028/adult-education-survey-2017.pdf">"Press release of the Adult Education Survey"</a> (PDF). Albanian Institute of Statistics. 10 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.instat.gov.al/media/4028/adult-education-survey-2017.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Albanian+Institute+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=Press+release+of+the+Adult+Education+Survey&rft.date=2018-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.instat.gov.al%2Fmedia%2F4028%2Fadult-education-survey-2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hock54-133"><a href="#cite_ref-Hock54_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHockJoseph1996">Hock & Joseph 1996</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinnifrith202098–99-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinnifrith202098–99_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinnifrith2020">Winnifrith 2020</a>, pp. 98–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingMai2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russell_King_(geographer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russell King (geographer) (page does not exist)">King, Russell</a>; Mai, Nicola (15 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_PUaNmz4Uc4C&pg=PA28">Out Of Albania: From Crisis Migration to Social Inclusion in Italy</a>. Berghahn Books. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-390-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-390-7"><bdi>978-0-85745-390-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+Of+Albania%3A+From+Crisis+Migration+to+Social+Inclusion+in+Italy&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2013-01-15&rft.isbn=978-0-85745-390-7&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft.au=Mai%2C+Nicola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_PUaNmz4Uc4C%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiberaj1998" class="citation book cs1">Biberaj, Elez (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H7yZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT34">Albania in transition: the rocky road to democracy</a>. Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3502-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3502-5"><bdi>978-0-8133-3502-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albania+in+transition%3A+the+rocky+road+to+democracy&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3502-5&rft.aulast=Biberaj&rft.aufirst=Elez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH7yZDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBugajski2020" class="citation book cs1">Bugajski, Janusz (10 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LRb8DwAAQBAJ&pg=RA7-PT485">Political Parties of Eastern Europe: A Guide to Politics in the Post-communist Era</a>. Routledge. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-16135-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-16135-9"><bdi>978-1-000-16135-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Parties+of+Eastern+Europe%3A+A+Guide+to+Politics+in+the+Post-communist+Era&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020-09-10&rft.isbn=978-1-000-16135-9&rft.aulast=Bugajski&rft.aufirst=Janusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLRb8DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA7-PT485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaser2008" class="citation book cs1">Kaser, Karl (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_KEW6l-stCUC">Patriarchy After Patriarchy: Gender Relations in Turkey and in the Balkans, 1500-2000</a>. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-1119-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-1119-8"><bdi>978-3-8258-1119-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patriarchy+After+Patriarchy%3A+Gender+Relations+in+Turkey+and+in+the+Balkans%2C+1500-2000&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-8258-1119-8&rft.aulast=Kaser&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_KEW6l-stCUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2010" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Linda (2010). Michael Gagarin (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lNV6-HsUppsC">The Oxford encyclopedia of ancient Greece and Rome</a>. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195170726" title="Special:BookSources/9780195170726"><bdi>9780195170726</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+encyclopedia+of+ancient+Greece+and+Rome&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780195170726&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlNV6-HsUppsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2015481-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemiraj2015481_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemiraj2015">Demiraj 2015</a>, p. 481. </li> <li id="cite_note-Norris35-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Norris35_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorris1993">Norris 1993</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicol160-142"><a href="#cite_ref-Nicol160_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicol1986">Nicol 1986</a>, p. 160. "The geographical location of the mysterious 'Arbanon' has at last no doubt been settled by the researches of Alain Ducellier. In the 11th century at least it was the name given to the mountainous area to the west of Lake Ohrid and the upper valley of the river Shkumbin..." </li> <li id="cite_note-Ducellier780a-143"><a href="#cite_ref-Ducellier780a_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDucellier1999">Ducellier 1999</a>, p. 780. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKomatinaKomatina2018" class="citation journal cs1">Komatina, Ivana; Komatina, Predrag (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38237917">"Nastanak "Mletačke Albanije" i uspomena na vizantijsku vlast u srpskom Pomorju"</a> [The establishment of "Venetian Albania" and the memory of Byzantine rule in the Serbian Littoral]. Istorijski časopis. 67: 55–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Istorijski+%C4%8Dasopis&rft.atitle=Nastanak+%26quot%3BMleta%C4%8Dke+Albanije%26quot%3B+i+uspomena+na+vizantijsku+vlast+u+srpskom+Pomorju&rft.volume=67&rft.pages=55-28&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Komatina&rft.aufirst=Ivana&rft.au=Komatina%2C+Predrag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38237917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton197681-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESetton197681_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSetton1976">Setton (1976)</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDucellier1999793-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDucellier1999793_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDucellier1999">Ducellier (1999)</a>, p. 793. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol201012-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol201012_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicol2010">Nicol (2010)</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamaliPrifti2002207-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamaliPrifti2002207_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamaliPrifti2002207_148-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnamaliPrifti2002">Anamali & Prifti (2002)</a>, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamaliPrifti2002201-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamaliPrifti2002201_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnamaliPrifti2002">Anamali & Prifti (2002)</a>, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicol201067–68-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicol201067–68_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicol2010">Nicol (2010)</a>, pp. 67–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris199336-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris199336_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorris1993">Norris (1993)</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine1994290-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine1994290_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFine1994">Fine (1994)</a>, p. 290. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnamaliPrifti2002252-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamaliPrifti2002252_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnamaliPrifti2002252_153-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnamaliPrifti2002">Anamali & Prifti (2002)</a>, p. 252. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fine1994-290--154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fine1994-290-_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fine1994-290-_154-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1994" class="citation book cs1">Fine, John V. A. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC&pg=PA290">The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest</a>. University of Michigan Press. pp. 290–291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08260-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08260-5"><bdi>978-0-472-08260-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Late+Medieval+Balkans%3A+A+Critical+Survey+from+the+Late+Twelfth+Century+to+the+Ottoman+Conquest&rft.pages=290-291&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-472-08260-5&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+V.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLvVbRrH1QBgC%26pg%3DPA290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gloyer2010-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Gloyer2010_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillian_Gloyer2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gillian Gloyer (1 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ksDYlFPUNLwC&pg=PA103">Albania</a> (in Spanish). Alhena Media. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-92963-50-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-92963-50-8"><bdi>978-84-92963-50-8</bdi></a>. <q>Tras la muerte de Stefan Dušan en 1355, el área que se corresponde con el sureste de la actual Albania y hasta Kastoria (que hoy en día pertenece a Grecia) cayó en manos de la familia Muzaka de Berati, uno de los poderosos clanes</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albania&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Alhena+Media&rft.date=2010-06-01&rft.isbn=978-84-92963-50-8&rft.au=Gillian+Gloyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DksDYlFPUNLwC%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FineFine1994-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FineFine1994_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_V._A._FineJohn_Van_Antwerp_Fine1994" class="citation book cs1">John V. A. Fine; John Van Antwerp Fine (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC&pg=PA668">The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest</a>. University of Michigan Press. p. 380. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08260-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08260-5"><bdi>978-0-472-08260-5</bdi></a>. <q>... Andrew Musachi .... took Kastoria from Marko...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Late+Medieval+Balkans%3A+A+Critical+Survey+from+the+Late+Twelfth+Century+to+the+Ottoman+Conquest&rft.pages=380&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-472-08260-5&rft.au=John+V.+A.+Fine&rft.au=John+Van+Antwerp+Fine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLvVbRrH1QBgC%26pg%3DPA668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLala2008" class="citation book cs1">Lala, Eleva (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.etd.ceu.hu/2009/mphlae01.pdf">Lala, Etleva (2008), Regnum Albaniae, the Papal Curia, and the Western Visions of a Borderline Nobility (PDF), Central European University, Department of Medieval Studies</a> (PDF). Budapest, Hungary: Central European University, Department of Medieval Studies. p. 52. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etd.ceu.hu/2009/mphlae01.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lala%2C+Etleva+%282008%29%2C+Regnum+Albaniae%2C+the+Papal+Curia%2C+and+the+Western+Visions+of+a+Borderline+Nobility+%28PDF%29%2C+Central+European+University%2C+Department+of+Medieval+Studies&rft.place=Budapest%2C+Hungary&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Central+European+University%2C+Department+of+Medieval+Studies&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Lala&rft.aufirst=Eleva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etd.ceu.hu%2F2009%2Fmphlae01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLala2008" class="citation book cs1">Lala, Etleva (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.etd.ceu.hu/2009/mphlae01.pdf">Regnum Albaiae, the Papal Curia and the Western Visions of a Borderline Nobility</a> (PDF). Budapes, Hungary: Central European Department for Medieval Studies. p. 146. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etd.ceu.hu/2009/mphlae01.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regnum+Albaiae%2C+the+Papal+Curia+and+the+Western+Visions+of+a+Borderline+Nobility&rft.place=Budapes%2C+Hungary&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Central+European+Department+for+Medieval+Studies&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Lala&rft.aufirst=Etleva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etd.ceu.hu%2F2009%2Fmphlae01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ducellier780781-159"><a href="#cite_ref-Ducellier780781_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDucellier1999">Ducellier 1999</a>, pp. 780–781 "the Albanians dominated the central regions of what is now the Albanian republic, in the areas which are drained by the Devollit river" </li> <li id="cite_note-Ducellier780781b-160"><a href="#cite_ref-Ducellier780781b_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDucellier1999">Ducellier 1999</a>, pp. 780–781. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">East European Quarterly, Band 15. University of Colorado, 1981. p. 471.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+European+Quarterly%2C+Band+15&rft.pages=471&rft.pub=University+of+Colorado%2C+1981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sorgo_family-162"><a href="#cite_ref-Sorgo_family_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOleh_HavrylyshynNora_Srzentiæ2014" class="citation book cs1">Oleh Havrylyshyn; Nora Srzentiæ (10 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-WSpBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA59">Institutions Always 'Mattered': Explaining Prosperity in Mediaeval Ragusa (Dubrovnik)</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-33978-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-33978-2"><bdi>978-1-137-33978-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Institutions+Always+%27Mattered%27%3A+Explaining+Prosperity+in+Mediaeval+Ragusa+%28Dubrovnik%29&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014-12-10&rft.isbn=978-1-137-33978-2&rft.au=Oleh+Havrylyshyn&rft.au=Nora+Srzenti%C3%A6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-WSpBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaraçi2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Saraçi, Alvin (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=591211">"Tregtia e Durrësit Dhe e Raguzës me Venedikun pas Shpërthimit të Luftës së Parë të Moresë (1684–1699)"</a> [Trade of Durrës and Ragusa with Venice after the Outbreak of the First Morea War (1684–1699)]. Studime Historike (in Albanian) (1–2): 51–67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studime+Historike&rft.atitle=Tregtia+e+Durr%C3%ABsit+Dhe+e+Raguz%C3%ABs+me+Venedikun+pas+Shp%C3%ABrthimit+t%C3%AB+Luft%C3%ABs+s%C3%AB+Par%C3%AB+t%C3%AB+Mores%C3%AB+%281684%E2%80%931699%29&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=51-67&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Sara%C3%A7i&rft.aufirst=Alvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle-detail%3Fid%3D591211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell_King,_Nicola_Mai2013" class="citation book cs1">Russell King, Nicola Mai (15 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_PUaNmz4Uc4C&q=albanian+diaspora+dalmatia+middle+ages&pg=PA67">Out of Albania: From Crisis Migration to Social Inclusion in Italy</a>. Berghahn Books, 2013. pp. 66–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-390-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-390-7"><bdi>978-0-85745-390-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+Albania%3A+From+Crisis+Migration+to+Social+Inclusion+in+Italy&rft.pages=66-67&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books%2C+2013&rft.date=2013-01-15&rft.isbn=978-0-85745-390-7&rft.au=Russell+King%2C+Nicola+Mai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_PUaNmz4Uc4C%26q%3Dalbanian%2Bdiaspora%2Bdalmatia%2Bmiddle%2Bages%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Downing 1992, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-League_of_Lezhë-166"><a href="#cite_ref-League_of_Lezhë_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRob_Pickard2008" class="citation book cs1">Rob Pickard (2008). Analysis and Reform of Cultural Heritage Policies in South-East Europe (Europarat ed.). Council of Europe. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-871-6265-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-871-6265-6"><bdi>978-92-871-6265-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analysis+and+Reform+of+Cultural+Heritage+Policies+in+South-East+Europe&rft.pages=16&rft.edition=Europarat&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-92-871-6265-6&rft.au=Rob+Pickard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-167"><a href="#cite_ref-britannica_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/12472/Albania/42646/The-decline-of-Byzantium">"Albania :: The decline of Byzantium"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 3 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Albania+%3A%3A+The+decline+of+Byzantium&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F12472%2FAlbania%2F42646%2FThe-decline-of-Byzantium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Barletius, Marinus. De obsidione Scodrensi. Venice: Bernardino de Vitabilus, 1504. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Licursi, Emiddio Pietro (2011). Empire of Nations: The Consolidation of Albanian and Turkish National Identities in theLate Ottoman Empire, 1878–1913. New York: Columbia University. p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond_Zickel_and_Walter_R._Iwaskiw1994" class="citation web cs1">Raymond Zickel and Walter R. Iwaskiw (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/albania/18.htm">"Albania: A Country Study ("Albanians under Ottoman Rule")"</a>. Retrieved 9 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Albania%3A+A+Country+Study+%28%22Albanians+under+Ottoman+Rule%22%29&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Raymond+Zickel+and+Walter+R.+Iwaskiw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Falbania%2F18.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norris196-171"><a href="#cite_ref-Norris196_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorris1993">Norris 1993</a>, p. 196. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElsie2010">Elsie 2010</a>, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFindley2012" class="citation book cs1">Findley, Carter V. (2012). Modern Türkiye Tarihi İslam, Milliyetçilik ve Modernlik 1789–2007. İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-605-114-693-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-605-114-693-5"><bdi>978-605-114-693-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+T%C3%BCrkiye+Tarihi+%C4%B0slam%2C+Milliyet%C3%A7ilik+ve+Modernlik+1789%E2%80%932007&rft.place=%C4%B0stanbul&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Tima%C5%9F+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-605-114-693-5&rft.aulast=Findley&rft.aufirst=Carter+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Origin_of_Muhammad_Ali-174"><a href="#cite_ref-Origin_of_Muhammad_Ali_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibb1954" class="citation book cs1">Gibb, Sir Hamilton (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J5U3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA266">The Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>. Brill. p. 266.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Gibb&rft.aufirst=Sir+Hamilton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ5U3AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elsie_303-175"><a href="#cite_ref-Elsie_303_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Elsie2012" class="citation book cs1">Robert Elsie (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pgf6GWJxuZgC&pg=PA303">A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History</a>. I.B.Tauris. p. 303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-431-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-431-3"><bdi>978-1-78076-431-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Albanian+History&rft.pages=303&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78076-431-3&rft.au=Robert+Elsie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpgf6GWJxuZgC%26pg%3DPA303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Albania (in Italian) (Pirro Marconi, Sestilio Montanelli ed.). Milan: Touring Club Italiano. p. 86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albania&rft.place=Milan&rft.pages=86&rft.edition=Pirro+Marconi%2C+Sestilio+Montanelli&rft.pub=Touring+Club+Italiano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugust_Kovačec" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">August Kovačec. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151123183336/http://wwwg.uni-klu.ac.at/eeo/Arbanasi.pdf">"Arbanasi-Albanisch"</a> (PDF). uni-klu.ac.at (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwwg.uni-klu.ac.at/eeo/Arbanasi.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uni-klu.ac.at&rft.atitle=Arbanasi-Albanisch&rft.au=August+Kova%C4%8Dec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwwg.uni-klu.ac.at%2Feeo%2FArbanasi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManahasaKolay2015" class="citation journal cs1">Manahasa, Edmond; Kolay, Aktuğ (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journalagent.com/itujfa/pdfs/ITUJFA-37450-DOSSIER_ARTICLE-MANAHASA.pdf">"Observations on the existing Ottoman mosques in Albania"</a> (PDF). ITU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture. 12 (2): 70 & 78. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.journalagent.com/itujfa/pdfs/ITUJFA-37450-DOSSIER_ARTICLE-MANAHASA.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ITU+Journal+of+the+Faculty+of+Architecture&rft.atitle=Observations+on+the+existing+Ottoman+mosques+in+Albania&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=70+%26+78&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Manahasa&rft.aufirst=Edmond&rft.au=Kolay%2C+Aktu%C4%9F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journalagent.com%2Fitujfa%2Fpdfs%2FITUJFA-37450-DOSSIER_ARTICLE-MANAHASA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamet1998">Ramet 1998</a>, pp. 209–210. </li> <li id="cite_note-Giakoumis8687-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Giakoumis8687_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGiakoumis2010">Giakoumis 2010</a>, pp. 86–87. </li> <li id="cite_note-Koti1617-181"><a href="#cite_ref-Koti1617_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoti2010">Koti 2010</a>, pp. 16–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramet203204-182"><a href="#cite_ref-Ramet203204_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamet1998">Ramet 1998</a>, pp. 203–204. </li> <li id="cite_note-Skendi1956321323-183"><a href="#cite_ref-Skendi1956321323_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkendi1956">Skendi 1956</a>, pp. 321–323. </li> <li id="cite_note-Giakoumis8788-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Giakoumis8788_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGiakoumis2010">Giakoumis 2010</a>, pp. 87–88. </li> <li id="cite_note-Vickers2011-185"><a href="#cite_ref-Vickers2011_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVickers2011">Vickers 2011</a>, pp. 17–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMyhill2006">Myhill 2006</a>, p. 232 </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabinger1992" class="citation book cs1">Babinger, Franz (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PPxC6rO7vvsC&pg=PA175">Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-01078-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-01078-1"><bdi>0-691-01078-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mehmed+the+Conqueror+and+His+Time&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-691-01078-1&rft.aulast=Babinger&rft.aufirst=Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPPxC6rO7vvsC%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeirce1993" class="citation book cs1">Peirce, Leslie P. (1993). The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-507673-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-507673-7"><bdi>0-19-507673-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+Harem%3A+Women+and+Sovereignty+in+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-19-507673-7&rft.aulast=Peirce&rft.aufirst=Leslie+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anscombe200688-189"><a href="#cite_ref-Anscombe200688_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnscombe2006">Anscombe 2006</a>, pp. 88 </li> <li id="cite_note-Anscombe772-190"><a href="#cite_ref-Anscombe772_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnscombe2006b">Anscombe 2006b</a>, p. 772 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kolovos41-191"><a href="#cite_ref-Kolovos41_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKolovos2007">Kolovos 2007</a>, p. 41 </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Elsie2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Elsie" title="Robert Elsie">Robert Elsie</a> (19 March 2010). Historical Dictionary of Albania. Scarecrow Press, 2010. p. 469. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7380-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7380-3"><bdi>978-0-8108-7380-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Albania&rft.pages=469&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press%2C+2010&rft.date=2010-03-19&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7380-3&rft.au=Robert+Elsie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarah_Amsler2007" class="citation book cs1">Sarah Amsler (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MzXP_r6oAxwC&pg=PA96">Theorising Social Change in Post-Soviet Countries: Critical Approaches</a> (Balihar Sanghera, Sarah Amsler, Tatiana Yarkova ed.). Peter Lang, 2007. p. 96105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03910-329-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03910-329-4"><bdi>978-3-03910-329-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theorising+Social+Change+in+Post-Soviet+Countries%3A+Critical+Approaches&rft.pages=96105&rft.edition=Balihar+Sanghera%2C+Sarah+Amsler%2C+Tatiana+Yarkova&rft.pub=Peter+Lang%2C+2007&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-03910-329-4&rft.au=Sarah+Amsler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMzXP_r6oAxwC%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elsie6593-194"><a href="#cite_ref-Elsie6593_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElsie2005">Elsie 2005</a>, pp. 65–93. </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://motherearthtravel.com/albania/history-7.htm">"History of Albania, National Awakening and the Birth of Albania, 1876–1918"</a>. motherearthtravel.com. Retrieved 11 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=motherearthtravel.com&rft.atitle=History+of+Albania%2C+National+Awakening+and+the+Birth+of+Albania%2C+1876%E2%80%931918&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmotherearthtravel.com%2Falbania%2Fhistory-7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaser-196"><a href="#cite_ref-Kaser_196-0">^</a> Karl Kaser, Frank Kressing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philhist.uni-augsburg.de/lehrstuehle/volkskunde/veranstaltungen/ss07/Religion_als_Bestandteil_von_Ethnizit__tskonstruktionen/Downloads/Albtrania_A_Country_In_Transition.pdf">Albania – A country in transition Aspects of changing identities in a south-east European country</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613031928/http://www.philhist.uni-augsburg.de/lehrstuehle/volkskunde/veranstaltungen/ss07/Religion_als_Bestandteil_von_Ethnizit__tskonstruktionen/Downloads/Albtrania_A_Country_In_Transition.pdf">Archived</a> 13 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Baden-Baden: Nomos-Verlag Extracts, 2002, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Brien-197">^ <a href="#cite_ref-O'Brien_197-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Brien_197-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Brien_197-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Brien_197-3">d</a> Tara Ashley O' Brien. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etd.ceu.hu/2008/obrien_tara.pdf">Manufacturing Homogeneity in the Modern Albanian Nation-Building Project</a>. University of Budapest, 2008, p. 4-5 </li> <li id="cite_note-Albanian_Nationalism-198"><a href="#cite_ref-Albanian_Nationalism_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/pla…/Albania/Albanian-nationalism">"Albanian Nationalism"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 22 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Albanian+Nationalism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fpla%E2%80%A6%2FAlbania%2FAlbanian-nationalism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-186.html">"Albania – Hoxha's Antireligious Campaign"</a>. country-data.com. Retrieved 13 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=country-data.com&rft.atitle=Albania+%E2%80%93+Hoxha%27s+Antireligious+Campaign&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.country-data.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr-186.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="AO" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312044555/http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/bunkers-of-albania">"Bunkers of Albania"</a>. Atlas Obscura. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/bunkers-of-albania">the original</a> on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlas+Obscura&rft.atitle=Bunkers+of+Albania&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlasobscura.com%2Fplaces%2Fbunkers-of-albania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140103200754/http://www.ecmikosovo.org/wp-content/Publications/Policy_briefs/2012-12_ECMI_Kosovo_Policy_Brief_-_Minority_Communities_in_the_2011_Kosovo_Census_Results_Analysis_and_Recommendations/eng.pdf">"Policy Brief: Minority Communities in the 2011 Kosovo Census Results: Analysis and Recommendations"</a> (PDF). European Center for Minority Issues Kosovo. 18 December 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecmikosovo.org/wp-content/Publications/Policy_briefs/2012-12_ECMI_Kosovo_Policy_Brief_-_Minority_Communities_in_the_2011_Kosovo_Census_Results_Analysis_and_Recommendations/eng.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Policy+Brief%3A+Minority+Communities+in+the+2011+Kosovo+Census+Results%3A+Analysis+and+Recommendations&rft.pub=European+Center+for+Minority+Issues+Kosovo&rft.date=2012-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecmikosovo.org%2Fwp-content%2FPublications%2FPolicy_briefs%2F2012-12_ECMI_Kosovo_Policy_Brief_-_Minority_Communities_in_the_2011_Kosovo_Census_Results_Analysis_and_Recommendations%2Feng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anscombe767774785788-202"><a href="#cite_ref-Anscombe767774785788_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnscombe2006b">Anscombe 2006b</a>, pp. 767–774 </li> <li id="cite_note-Jagodic-203"><a href="#cite_ref-Jagodic_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJagodić1998">Jagodić 1998</a>. para. 1–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-Uka525354-204"><a href="#cite_ref-Uka525354_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUka2004d">Uka 2004d</a>, p. 52. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;"></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> "Pra, këtu në vazhdim, pas dëbimit të tyre me 1877–1878 do të shënohen vetëm disa patronime (mbiemra) të shqiptarëve të Toplicës dhe viseve tjera shqiptare të Sanxhakut të Nishit. Kjo do të thotë se, shqiptaret e dëbuar pas shpërnguljes, marrin atributin muhaxhirë (refugjatë), në vend që për mbiemër familjar të marrin emrin e gjyshit, fisit, ose ndonjë tjetër, ato për mbiemër familjar marrin emrin e fshatit të Sanxhakut të Nishit, nga janë dëbuar."</div></div> "So here next, after their expulsion 1877–1878 will be noted with only some patronymic (surnames) of the Albanians of Toplica and other Albanian areas of Sanjak of Nis. This means that the Albanians expelled after moving, attained the appellation muhaxhirë (refugees), which instead for the family surname to take the name of his grandfather, clan, or any other, they for their family surname take the name of the village of the Sanjak of Nis from where they were expelled from."; pp. 53–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJagodić1998">Jagodić 1998</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2000" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Howard (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OTW9XKUmrxsC&pg=PA12">Civil Resistance in Kosovo</a>. Pluto Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1569-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1569-0"><bdi>978-0-7453-1569-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+Resistance+in+Kosovo&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-1569-0&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOTW9XKUmrxsC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nato.int/kosovo/all-frce.htm">"Operation Allied Force"</a>. NATO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160912233627/http://www.nato.int/kosovo/all-frce.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Operation+Allied+Force&rft.pub=NATO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Fkosovo%2Fall-frce.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/me/me004en.pdf">"THE CONSTITUTION OF MONTENEGRO"</a> (PDF). wipo.int. p. 1. <q>The determination that we, as free and equal citizens, members of peoples and national minorities who live in Montenegro: Montenegrins, Serbs, Bosniacs, Albanians, Muslims, Croats and the others, are committed to democratic and civic Montenegro</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wipo.int&rft.atitle=THE+CONSTITUTION+OF+MONTENEGRO&rft.pages=1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fedocs%2Flexdocs%2Flaws%2Fen%2Fme%2Fme004en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMijo_Čurković1922" class="citation book cs1">Mijo Čurković (1922). Povijest Arbanasa kod Zadra. E. Vitaliani.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Povijest+Arbanasa+kod+Zadra&rft.pub=E.+Vitaliani&rft.date=1922&rft.au=Mijo+%C4%8Curkovi%C4%87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FYROMAlb1-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FYROMAlb1_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.gov.mk/Publikacii/knigaIX.pdf">"Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Macedonia, 2002 final data"</a> (PDF). stat.gov.mk (in English and Macedonian). State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia. p. 591. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.stat.gov.mk/Publikacii/knigaIX.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.gov.mk&rft.atitle=Census+of+Population%2C+Households+and+Dwellings+in+the+Republic+of+Macedonia%2C+2002+final+data&rft.pages=591&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.gov.mk%2FPublikacii%2FknigaIX.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FYROMAlb2-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FYROMAlb2_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.gov.mk/Publikacii/knigaX.pdf">"Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Macedonia, 2002 final data"</a> (PDF). stat.gov.mk (in English and Macedonian). State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia. p. 62. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.stat.gov.mk/Publikacii/knigaX.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.gov.mk&rft.atitle=Census+of+Population%2C+Households+and+Dwellings+in+the+Republic+of+Macedonia%2C+2002+final+data&rft.pages=62&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.gov.mk%2FPublikacii%2FknigaX.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/census2011/results/htm/E01_01_12/E01_01_12.html">"4. Population by ethnicity and religion"</a>. Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011. Zagreb: <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Croatian Bureau of Statistics">Croatian Bureau of Statistics</a>. December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+of+Population%2C+Households+and+Dwellings+2011&rft.atitle=4.+Population+by+ethnicity+and+religion&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.dzs.hr%2FEng%2Fcensuses%2Fcensus2011%2Fresults%2Fhtm%2FE01_01_12%2FE01_01_12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRepublic_Statistical_Office" class="citation web cs1">Republic Statistical Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090306111312/http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/axd/Zip/eSn31.pdf">"FINAL RESULTS OF THE CENSUS 2002"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/axd/Zip/eSn31.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FINAL+RESULTS+OF+THE+CENSUS+2002&rft.au=Republic+Statistical+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebrzs.stat.gov.rs%2Faxd%2FZip%2FeSn31.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208122308/http://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/148/declarations?p_auth=63PpH3zN">"Reservations and Declarations for Treaty No.148 – European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages"</a>. Council of Europe. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/148/declarations?p_auth=63PpH3zN">the original</a> on 8 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+of+Europe&rft.atitle=Reservations+and+Declarations+for+Treaty+No.148+%E2%80%93+European+Charter+for+Regional+or+Minority+Languages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2Fen%2Fweb%2Fconventions%2Ffull-list%2F-%2Fconventions%2Ftreaty%2F148%2Fdeclarations%3Fp_auth%3D63PpH3zN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/ro/ro021en.pdf">"Constitution of Romania"</a> (PDF). wipo.int/. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/ro/ro021en.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. <q>The State recognizes and guarantees the right of persons belonging to national minorities to the preservation, development and expression of their ethnic, cultural, linguistic and religious identity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wipo.int%2F&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+Romania&rft.pages=2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fedocs%2Flexdocs%2Flaws%2Fen%2Fro%2Fro021en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EtEAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA300">Giornale enciclopedico di Napoli</a> (in Italian). Orsiniana. 1807. p. 152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Giornale+enciclopedico+di+Napoli&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Orsiniana&rft.date=1807&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEtEAAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://distoriadistorie.blogspot.it/2013/03/gli-arbereshe-e-la-basilicata.html">"Gli arbëreshë e la Basilicata"</a>. distoriadistorie.blogspot.it (in Italian). 18 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=distoriadistorie.blogspot.it&rft.atitle=Gli+arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB+e+la+Basilicata&rft.date=2013-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdistoriadistorie.blogspot.it%2F2013%2F03%2Fgli-arbereshe-e-la-basilicata.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDetrez_Raymond,_Plas_Pieter2005" class="citation book cs1">Detrez Raymond, Plas Pieter (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TRttHdXjP14C">Developing Cultural Identity in the Balkans: Convergence vs Divergence</a> (Peter Lang ed.). Peter Lang. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5201-297-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5201-297-1"><bdi>978-90-5201-297-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Developing+Cultural+Identity+in+the+Balkans%3A+Convergence+vs+Divergence&rft.pages=134&rft.edition=Peter+Lang&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-5201-297-1&rft.au=Detrez+Raymond%2C+Plas+Pieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTRttHdXjP14C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arbitalia.it/storia/migrazioni.htm">"LE MIGRAZIONI DEGLI ARBERESHE"</a>. arbitalia.it. Retrieved 17 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arbitalia.it&rft.atitle=LE+MIGRAZIONI+DEGLI+ARBERESHE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arbitalia.it%2Fstoria%2Fmigrazioni.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EQAunwEACAAJ">Shkodra, arbëreshët dhe lidhjet italo-shqiptare</a> (in Albanian). Universiteti i Shkodrës "Luigj Gurakuqi". 1 January 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789928413536" title="Special:BookSources/9789928413536"><bdi>9789928413536</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shkodra%2C+arb%C3%ABresh%C3%ABt+dhe+lidhjet+italo-shqiptare&rft.pub=Universiteti+i+Shkodr%C3%ABs+%22Luigj+Gurakuqi%22&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft.isbn=9789928413536&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEQAunwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lang-221"><a href="#cite_ref-lang_221-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.camera.it/parlam/leggi/99482l.htm">"Legge 15 Dicembre 1999, n. 482 "Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche" pubblicata nella Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 297 del 20 dicembre 1999"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Italian Parliament</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150512051856/http://www.camera.it/parlam/leggi/99482l.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legge+15+Dicembre+1999%2C+n.+482+%22Norme+in+materia+di+tutela+delle+minoranze+linguistiche+storiche%22+pubblicata+nella+Gazzetta+Ufficiale+n.+297+del+20+dicembre+1999&rft.pub=Italian+Parliament&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.camera.it%2Fparlam%2Fleggi%2F99482l.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senato.it/application/xmanager/projects/leg18/file/lavori_preparat_n_8.pdf">"Norme in materia di tutela delle minoranze linguistiche storiche"</a> (PDF). senato.it (in Italian). 15 December 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.senato.it/application/xmanager/projects/leg18/file/lavori_preparat_n_8.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=senato.it&rft.atitle=Norme+in+materia+di+tutela+delle+minoranze+linguistiche+storiche&rft.date=2009-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senato.it%2Fapplication%2Fxmanager%2Fprojects%2Fleg18%2Ffile%2Flavori_preparat_n_8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AlbCominIta-223">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AlbCominIta_223-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AlbCominIta_223-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AlbCominIta_223-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181130202119/http://www.integrazionemigranti.gov.it/Areetematiche/PaesiComunitari-e-associazioniMigranti/Documents/ES_ALBANIA_en.pdf">"The Albanian Community"</a> (PDF). integrazionemigranti.gov.it. 2016. pp. 2–7. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.integrazionemigranti.gov.it/Areetematiche/PaesiComunitari-e-associazioniMigranti/Documents/ES_ALBANIA_en.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 30 November 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=integrazionemigranti.gov.it&rft.atitle=The+Albanian+Community&rft.pages=2-7&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.integrazionemigranti.gov.it%2FAreetematiche%2FPaesiComunitari-e-associazioniMigranti%2FDocuments%2FES_ALBANIA_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.istat.it/it/files//2015/10/CITTADINI-NON-COMUNITARI.pdf">"CITTADINI NON COMUNITARI: PRESENZA, NUOVI INGRESSI E ACQUISIZIONI DI CITTADINANZA Anni 2014–2015"</a> (PDF). istat.it (in Italian). <a href="/wiki/Istituto_Nazionale_di_Statistica" class="mw-redirect" title="Istituto Nazionale di Statistica">Istituto Nazionale di Statistica</a>. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.istat.it/it/files//2015/10/CITTADINI-NON-COMUNITARI.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=istat.it&rft.atitle=CITTADINI+NON+COMUNITARI%3A+PRESENZA%2C+NUOVI+INGRESSI+E+ACQUISIZIONI+DI+CITTADINANZA+Anni+2014%E2%80%932015&rft.pages=2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.istat.it%2Fit%2Ffiles%2F%2F2015%2F10%2FCITTADINI-NON-COMUNITARI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/migrant-integration/library-document/italy-2022-idos-statistical-dossier-immigration_en">"Italy: 2022 IDOS statistical dossier on immigration"</a>. European Website on Integration. 25 January 2024. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italy%3A+2022+IDOS+statistical+dossier+on+immigration&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=European+Website+on+Integration&rft.date=2024-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fmigrant-integration%2Flibrary-document%2Fitaly-2022-idos-statistical-dossier-immigration_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiçoku2018" class="citation news cs1">Biçoku, Keti (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.balcanicaucaso.org/aree/Albania/Cittadini-italo-albanesi-la-carica-dei-200-mila-185685">"Cittadini italo-albanesi: la carica dei 200 mila"</a>. Osservatorio balcani e caucaso transeuropa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cittadini+italo-albanesi%3A+la+carica+dei+200+mila&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Bi%C3%A7oku&rft.aufirst=Keti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.balcanicaucaso.org%2Faree%2FAlbania%2FCittadini-italo-albanesi-la-carica-dei-200-mila-185685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istat.it/it/archivio/169710">"Appartenenza e pratica religiosa tra i cittadini stranieri"</a>. istat.it (in Italian). <a href="/wiki/Istituto_Nazionale_di_Statistica" class="mw-redirect" title="Istituto Nazionale di Statistica">Istituto Nazionale di Statistica</a>. 30 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=istat.it&rft.atitle=Appartenenza+e+pratica+religiosa+tra+i+cittadini+stranieri&rft.date=2014-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.istat.it%2Fit%2Farchivio%2F169710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bintliff137138-228"><a href="#cite_ref-Bintliff137138_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBintliff2003">Bintliff 2003</a>, pp. 137–138. "First, we can explain the astonishing persistence of Albanian village culture from the fourteenth to the nineteenth centuries through the ethnic and religious tolerance characteristic of Islamic empires and so lacking in their Christian equivalents. Ottoman control rested upon allowing local communities to keep their religion, language, local laws, and representatives, provided that taxes were paid (the millet system). There was no pressure for Greeks and Albanians to conform to each other's language or other behavior. Clear signs of change are revealed in the travel diaries of the German scholar Ludwig Ross (1851), when he accompanied the Bavarian Otto, whom the Allies had foisted as king upon the newly freed Greek nation in the aftermath of the War of Independence in the 1830s. Ross praises the well-built Greek villages of central Greece with their healthy, happy, dancing inhabitants, and contrasts them specifically with the hovels and sickly inhabitants of Albanian villages. In fact, recent scholarship has underlined how far it was the West that built modem Greece in its own fanciful image as the land of a long-oppressed people who were the direct descendants of Pericles. Thus from the late nineteenth century onward the children of the inhabitants of the new "nation-state" were taught in Greek, history confined itself to the episodes of pure Greekness, and the tolerant Ottoman attitude to cultural diversity yielded to a deliberate policy of total Hellenization of the populace—effective enough to fool the casual observer. One is rather amazed at the persistence today of such dual-speaking populations in much of the Albanian colonization zone. However, apart from the provinciality of this essentially agricultural province, a high rate of illiteracy until well into this century has also helped to preserve Arvanitika in the Boeotian villagers (Meijs 1993)."; p. 140. "In contrast therefore to the more openly problematic issue of Slav speakers in northern Greece, Arvanitic speakers in central Greece lack any signs of an assertive ethnicity. I would like to suggest that they possess what we might term a passive ethnicity. As a result of a number of historical factors, much of the rural population in central Greece was Albanian-speaking by the time of the creation of the modern Greek state in the 1830s. Until this century, most of these people were illiterate and unschooled, yet there existed sufficient knowledge of Greek to communicate with officials and townspeople, itinerant traders, and so on, to limit the need to transform rural language usage. Life was extremely provincial, with just one major carriage-road passing through the center of the large province of Boeotia even in the 1930s (beyond which horseback and cart took over; van Effenterre 1989). Even in the 1960s, Arvanitic village children could be figures of fun for their Greek peers in the schools of Thebes (One of the two regional towns) (K. Sarri, personal communication, 2000). It was not a matter of cultural resistance but simple conservatism and provinciality, the extreme narrowness of rural life, that allowed Arvanitic language and local historic memories to survive so effectively to the very recent period." </li> <li id="cite_note-VeremisKolipoulos2425-229"><a href="#cite_ref-VeremisKolipoulos2425_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVeremisKolipoulos2003">Veremis & Kolipoulos 2003</a>, pp. 24–25. "For the time being, the Greeks of free Greece could indulge in defining their brethren of unredeemed Greece, primarily the Slav Macedonians and secondarily the Orthodox Albanians and the Vlachs. Primary school students were taught, in the 1880s, that 'Greeks [are] our kinsmen, of common descent, speaking the language we speak and professing the religion we profess'." But this definition, it seems, was reserved for small children who could not possibly understand the intricate arguments of their parents on the question of Greek identity. What was essential to understand at that tender age was that modern Greeks descended from the ancient Greeks. Grown up children, however, must have been no less confused than adults on the criteria for defining modern Greek identity. Did the Greeks constitute a 'race' apart from the Albanians, the Slavs and the Vlachs? Yes and no. High school students were told that the 'other races', i.e. the Slavs, the Albanians and the Vlachs, 'having been Hellenized with the years in terms of mores and customs, are now being assimilated into the Greeks'. On the Slavs of Macedonia there seems to have been no consensus. Were they Bulgars, Slavicized Greeks or early Slavs? They 'were' Bulgars until the 1870s and Slavicized Greeks, or Hellenized Slavs subsequently, according to the needs of the dominant theory. There was no consensus, either, on the Vlachs. Were they Latinized Greek mountaineers of late immigrants from Vlachia? As in the case of the Slavs of Macedonia, Vlach descent shifted from the southern Balkans to the Danube, until the Romanians claimed the Vlachs for their brethren; which made the latter irrevocably indigenous to the southern Balkan mountains. The Albanians or 'Arvanites', were readily 'adopted' as brethren of common descent for at least three reasons. Firstly, the Albanians had been living in southern Greece, as far south as the Peloponnese, in considerable numbers. Secondly, Christian Albanians had fought with distinction and in considerable numbers in the War of Independence. Thirdly, credible Albanian claims for the establishment of an Albanian nation state materialized too Late for Greek national theorists to abandon well-entrenched positions. Commenting on a geography textbook for primary schools in 1901, a state committee found it inadequate and misleading. One of its principal shortcomings concerned the Albanians, who were described as 'close kinsmen of the Greeks'. 'These are unacceptable from the point of view of our national claims and as far as historical truth is concerned', commented the committee. 'it must have been maintained that they are of common descent with the Greeks (Pelasgians), that they speak a language akin to that of the Greeks and that they participated in all struggles for national liberation of the common fatherland.'" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaltsiotis2011Paragraph_56,_Note_95-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaltsiotis2011Paragraph_56,_Note_95_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaltsiotis2011">Baltsiotis 2011</a>, Paragraph 56, Note 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsoutsoumpis2015119–120-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsoutsoumpis2015119–120_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTsoutsoumpis2015">Tsoutsoumpis 2015</a>, pp. 119–120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsitselikis2012311-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsitselikis2012311_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTsitselikis2012">Tsitselikis 2012</a>, p. 311. </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> M. Mazower (ed.), After The War Was Over: Reconstructing the Family, Nation and State in Greece, 1943–1960, Princeton University Press, 1960, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691058412" title="Special:BookSources/9780691058412">9780691058412</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-Victor_Roudometof_p._158-234"><a href="#cite_ref-Victor_Roudometof_p._158_234-0">^</a> Victor Roudometof, Collective Memory, National Identity, and Ethnic Conflict. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-97648-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-97648-3">0-275-97648-3</a>. p. 158 </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClose1995" class="citation book cs1">Close, David H. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HfocAAAAYAAJ&q=%22300+of+the+Cham+population%22">The Origins of the Greek Civil War</a>. Longman. p. 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-06471-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-06471-3"><bdi>978-0-582-06471-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 March 2008. <q>p. 161 "EDES gangs massacred 200–300 of the Cham population, who during the occupation totalled about 19,000 and forced all the rest to flee to Albania"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+Greek+Civil+War&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-582-06471-3&rft.aulast=Close&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHfocAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522300%2Bof%2Bthe%2BCham%2Bpopulation%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGizem_Bilgin2020" class="citation book cs1">Gizem Bilgin, Aytaç (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W_v_DwAAQBAJ">Conflict areas in the Balkans</a>. Lanham: Lexington Books. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-9920-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-9920-7"><bdi>978-1-4985-9920-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+areas+in+the+Balkans&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-4985-9920-7&rft.aulast=Gizem+Bilgin&rft.aufirst=Ayta%C3%A7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW_v_DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vickers,_Miranda_2002-237"><a href="#cite_ref-Vickers,_Miranda_2002_237-0">^</a> Vickers, Miranda. The Cham Issue – Albanian National & Property Claims in Greece. Paper prepared for the British MoD, Defence Academy, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903584-76-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-903584-76-0">1-903584-76-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVathi2015" class="citation book cs1">Vathi, Zana (18 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-3-319-13024-8">Migrating and Settling in a Mobile World: Albanian Migrants and Their Children in Europe</a>. Springer. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/springer_10.1007-978-3-319-13024-8/page/n32">22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-13024-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-13024-8"><bdi>978-3-319-13024-8</bdi></a>. <q>Albanians in Greece constitute the largest Albanian migrant community in Europe (600,000; Government of Albania 2005). They are also by far the largest immigrant group in Greece.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migrating+and+Settling+in+a+Mobile+World%3A+Albanian+Migrants+and+Their+Children+in+Europe&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015-05-18&rft.isbn=978-3-319-13024-8&rft.aulast=Vathi&rft.aufirst=Zana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspringer_10.1007-978-3-319-13024-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-albanianresidents-239">^ <a href="#cite_ref-albanianresidents_239-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-albanianresidents_239-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://greekreporter.com/2022/09/29/albanian-residents-leaving-greece-wealthier-countries/">"Albanian Residents Leaving Greece for Wealthier Countries"</a>. <q>In total, there could potentially be more than half a million Albanian-born individuals in Greece who along with their children have been granted Greek citizenship over the years.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Albanian+Residents+Leaving+Greece+for+Wealthier+Countries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgreekreporter.com%2F2022%2F09%2F29%2Falbanian-residents-leaving-greece-wealthier-countries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://politiko.al/e-tjera/ulet-numri-i-emigranteve-shqiptare-ne-punet-sezonale-te-greqise-pronaret-i469730">"Ulet numri i emigrantëve shqiptarë në punët sezonale të Greqisë, pronarët rrisin pagat"</a> [The number of Albanian immigrants in seasonal jobs in Greece decreases, the owners increase wages]. politiko.al (in Albanian). Retrieved 25 April 2023. [The official data published by the Greek government for September of this year [2022] show that there are 291 thousand 868 Albanian emigrants with valid residence permits in Greece, which make up about 61.4 per cent of the legal migrants. The data on the number of Albanians with legal residence permits for this year's September, show a significantly lower number compared to last year's [2021] September, where 425 thousand and 740 Albanians were in Greece with valid legal residences, which constituted about 63 per cent of foreigners in this country.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=politiko.al&rft.atitle=Ulet+numri+i+emigrant%C3%ABve+shqiptar%C3%AB+n%C3%AB+pun%C3%ABt+sezonale+t%C3%AB+Greqis%C3%AB%2C+pronar%C3%ABt+rrisin+pagat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolitiko.al%2Fe-tjera%2Fulet-numri-i-emigranteve-shqiptare-ne-punet-sezonale-te-greqise-pronaret-i469730&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> Gogonas, Nikos. "Language shift in second generation Albanian immigrants in Greece." Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 30, no. 2 (2009): 95-110. </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> Lazaridis, Gabriella, and Iordanis Psimmenos. "Migrant flows from Albania to Greece: economic, social and spatial exclusion." In Eldorado or Fortress? Migration in Southern Europe, pp. 170-185. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> Labrianidis, Lois, and Antigone Lyberaki. "Back and forth and in between: returning Albanian migrants from Greece and Italy." Journal of International Migration and Integration/Revue de l'integration et de la migration internationale 5, no. 1 (2004): 77-106. </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> Mai, Nicola, and Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers. "Albanian migration and new transnationalisms." Journal of ethnic and migration studies 29, no. 6 (2003): 939-948. </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Zd4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA307">Migration Waves in Eastern Europe [1990–2015]: A Selection from 16 Years of SEER</a> (European Trade Union Institute (ETUI) ed.). Nomos Verlag, 2017. 5 April 2017. p. 307. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8452-7939-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8452-7939-8"><bdi>978-3-8452-7939-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migration+Waves+in+Eastern+Europe+%5B1990%E2%80%932015%5D%3A+A+Selection+from+16+Years+of+SEER&rft.pages=307&rft.edition=European+Trade+Union+Institute+%28ETUI%29&rft.pub=Nomos+Verlag%2C+2017&rft.date=2017-04-05&rft.isbn=978-3-8452-7939-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Zd4DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-foc-246"><a href="#cite_ref-foc_246-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarissa_De_Waal2005" class="citation book cs1">Clarissa De Waal (24 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aGoAAwAAQBAJ&q=albanian+mass+exodus&pg=PA6">Albania: Portrait of a Country in Transition</a>. I.B.Tauris, 2005. pp. 5–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-023-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-023-9"><bdi>978-0-85771-023-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albania%3A+Portrait+of+a+Country+in+Transition&rft.pages=5-7&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris%2C+2005&rft.date=2005-06-24&rft.isbn=978-0-85771-023-9&rft.au=Clarissa+De+Waal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaGoAAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dalbanian%2Bmass%2Bexodus%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bari-247"><a href="#cite_ref-Bari_247-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiovama_Campani" class="citation web cs1">Giovama Campani. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://refuge.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/refuge/article/viewFile/21669/20342">"Albanian Refugees in Italy"</a>. refuge.journals.yorku.ca. pp. 1–4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=refuge.journals.yorku.ca&rft.atitle=Albanian+Refugees+in+Italy&rft.pages=1-4&rft.au=Giovama+Campani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frefuge.journals.yorku.ca%2Findex.php%2Frefuge%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F21669%2F20342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90s_Greece_and_Italy-248"><a href="#cite_ref-90s_Greece_and_Italy_248-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181110200201/http://digitalarchive.maastrichtuniversity.nl/fedora/get/guid:f8acd55b-7a25-4a48-b8b2-566ea7db10ed/ASSET1">"The Integration of Albanian Immigrants in Greece. A comparative approach in three specific regions: Thessaloniki, Chalkidiki and Crete"</a>. digitalarchive.maastrichtuniversity.nl. pp. 7–12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalarchive.maastrichtuniversity.nl/fedora/get/guid:f8acd55b-7a25-4a48-b8b2-566ea7db10ed/ASSET1">the original</a> on 10 November 2018. Retrieved 10 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digitalarchive.maastrichtuniversity.nl&rft.atitle=The+Integration+of+Albanian+Immigrants+in+Greece.+A+comparative+approach+in+three+specific+regions%3A+Thessaloniki%2C+Chalkidiki+and+Crete&rft.pages=7-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalarchive.maastrichtuniversity.nl%2Ffedora%2Fget%2Fguid%3Af8acd55b-7a25-4a48-b8b2-566ea7db10ed%2FASSET1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cantons-249"><a href="#cite_ref-cantons_249-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/data/sem/publiservice/publikationen/diaspora/diasporastudie-kosovo-d.pdf">"Die kosovarische Bevölkerung in der Schweiz"</a> (PDF). sem.admin.ch (in German). p. 25. <q>Der grösste Teil der kosovarischen Bevölkerung lebt in der Deutschschweiz, vor allem in den städtischen Agglomerationen Zürich, Basel und Luzern, aber auch in den Kantonen Aargau, St. Gallen, Bern und Waadt.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sem.admin.ch&rft.atitle=Die+kosovarische+Bev%C3%B6lkerung+in+der+Schweiz&rft.pages=25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sem.admin.ch%2Fdam%2Fdata%2Fsem%2Fpubliservice%2Fpublikationen%2Fdiaspora%2Fdiasporastudie-kosovo-d.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504203711/http://medienservicestelle.at/migration_bewegt/2012/11/26/albanische-community-in-osterreich/">"Albanische Community in Österreich"</a>. medienservicestelle.at (in German). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medienservicestelle.at/migration_bewegt/2012/11/26/albanische-community-in-osterreich/">the original</a> on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 8 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=medienservicestelle.at&rft.atitle=Albanische+Community+in+%C3%96sterreich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedienservicestelle.at%2Fmigration_bewegt%2F2012%2F11%2F26%2Falbanische-community-in-osterreich%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStatistik_Austria" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Statistik_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistik Austria">Statistik Austria</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistik.at/wcm/idc/idcplg?IdcService=GET_PDF_FILE&RevisionSelectionMethod=LatestReleased&dDocName=023841">"Bevölkerung am 1 January 2018 nach detailliertem Geburtsland und Bundesland"</a>. statistik.at (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statistik.at&rft.atitle=Bev%C3%B6lkerung+am+1+January+2018+nach+detailliertem+Geburtsland+und+Bundesland&rft.au=Statistik+Austria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistik.at%2Fwcm%2Fidc%2Fidcplg%3FIdcService%3DGET_PDF_FILE%26RevisionSelectionMethod%3DLatestReleased%26dDocName%3D023841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npdata.be/BuG/159-Verkiezingen-2012/Verkiezingen-2012.htm">"Stemplicht vreemdelingen 187 nationaliteiten in België"</a>. npdata.be (in Dutch).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=npdata.be&rft.atitle=Stemplicht+vreemdelingen+187+nationaliteiten+in+Belgi%C3%AB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npdata.be%2FBuG%2F159-Verkiezingen-2012%2FVerkiezingen-2012.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-United_Kingdom_2017-2018-253"><a href="#cite_ref-United_Kingdom_2017-2018_253-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/datasets/populationoftheunitedkingdombycountryofbirthandnationality">"July 2017 to June 2018"</a>. Government of the United Kingdom.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=July+2017+to+June+2018&rft.pub=Government+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fpopulationandmigration%2Finternationalmigration%2Fdatasets%2Fpopulationoftheunitedkingdombycountryofbirthandnationality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GenisMaynard553555-254"><a href="#cite_ref-GenisMaynard553555_254-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGenişMaynard2009">Geniş & Maynard 2009</a>, pp. 553–555 </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> Milliyet, Türkiyedeki Kürtlerin Sayısı. 6 June 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-Zamanheritage-256">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zamanheritage_256-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zamanheritage_256-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zamanheritage_256-2">c</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todayszaman.com/national_albanians-in-turkey-celebrate-their-cultural-heritage_254383.html">Albanians in Turkey celebrate their cultural heritage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151031102644/http://www.todayszaman.com/national_albanians-in-turkey-celebrate-their-cultural-heritage_254383.html">Archived</a> 31 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Today's Zaman. 21 August 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-Deliso38-257"><a href="#cite_ref-Deliso38_257-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeliso2007">Deliso 2007</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tabak-258"><a href="#cite_ref-Tabak_258-0">^</a> Tabak, Hüsrev (3 March 2013). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todayszaman.com/op-ed_albanian-awakening-the-worm-has-turnedby-husrev-tabak-_308705.html">Albanian awakening: The worm has turned!</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150717210057/http://www.todayszaman.com/op-ed_albanian-awakening-the-worm-has-turnedby-husrev-tabak-_308705.html">Archived</a> 17 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Today's Zaman. Retrieved 17 July 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-Norris209210-259">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norris209210_259-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norris209210_259-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorris1993">Norris 1993</a>, pp. 209–210; 244–245. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elsie125126-260"><a href="#cite_ref-Elsie125126_260-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElsie2010">Elsie 2010</a>, pp. 125–126. "With the advent of Gamal Abdel Nasser and the Arab nationalization of Egypt, not only the royal family but also the entire Albanian community- some 4,000 families- were forced to leave the country, thus bringing the chapter of Albanians on the Nile to a swift close". </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vatrarberesh.it/bibliot…/ebooks/italoalbanian.pdf">"Towns of Our Italian Ancestors Our ancestors Italo-Albanian history"</a> (PDF). vatrarberesh.it. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.vatrarberesh.it/bibliot…/ebooks/italoalbanian.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vatrarberesh.it&rft.atitle=Towns+of+Our+Italian+Ancestors+Our+ancestors+Italo-Albanian+history&rft.pages=1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatrarberesh.it%2Fbibliot%E2%80%A6%2Febooks%2Fitaloalbanian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefano_FioriniGiuseppe_TagarelliAlessio_BoattiniDonata_Luiselli2007" class="citation web cs1">Stefano Fiorini; Giuseppe Tagarelli; Alessio Boattini; Donata Luiselli; Anna Piro; Antonio Tagarelli; Davide Pettener (December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249423568">"Ethnicity and Evolution of the Biodemographic Structure of Arbëreshe and Italian Populations of the Pollino Area, southern Italy (1820–1984)"</a>. researchgate.net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=researchgate.net&rft.atitle=Ethnicity+and+Evolution+of+the+Biodemographic+Structure+of+Arb%C3%ABreshe+and+Italian+Populations+of+the+Pollino+Area%2C+southern+Italy+%281820%E2%80%931984%29&rft.date=2007-12&rft.au=Stefano+Fiorini&rft.au=Giuseppe+Tagarelli&rft.au=Alessio+Boattini&rft.au=Donata+Luiselli&rft.au=Anna+Piro&rft.au=Antonio+Tagarelli&rft.au=Davide+Pettener&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F249423568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canadian_Encyclopedia-263"><a href="#cite_ref-Canadian_Encyclopedia_263-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/albanians/">"Albanians"</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Published by Vladislav A. Tomovic. Retrieved 29 November 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-th24-264"><a href="#cite_ref-th24_264-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThernstrom1980" class="citation book cs1">Thernstrom, Stephan (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harvardencyclope00ther">Harvard encyclopedia of American ethnic groups</a>. Belknap Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harvardencyclope00ther/page/24">24</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-37512-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-37512-3"><bdi>978-0-674-37512-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harvard+encyclopedia+of+American+ethnic+groups&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-674-37512-3&rft.aulast=Thernstrom&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fharvardencyclope00ther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhs.gov/files/statistics/publications/LPR11.shtm">"Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2011 Supplemental Table 2"</a>. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved 11 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yearbook+of+Immigration+Statistics%3A+2011+Supplemental+Table+2&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Homeland+Security&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhs.gov%2Ffiles%2Fstatistics%2Fpublications%2FLPR11.shtm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov">"Table S0201 – SELECTED POPULATION PROFILE IN THE UNITED STATES 2017 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. Retrieved 17 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=Table+S0201+%E2%80%93+SELECTED+POPULATION+PROFILE+IN+THE+UNITED+STATES+2017+American+Community+Survey+1-Year+Estimates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180412001119/https://www.name-statistics.org/it/prenumecomune.php">"Name Statistics"</a>. Name Statistics Italia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.name-statistics.org/it/prenumecomune.php">the original</a> on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2018. <q>This archived page of Name Statistics Italia shows the common name of most Italians. So, it is supposed to be reliable source.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Name+Statistics&rft.pub=Name+Statistics+Italia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.name-statistics.org%2Fit%2Fprenumecomune.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toronto-268"><a href="#cite_ref-Toronto_268-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=2&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=">"Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Canada" title="Statistics Canada">Statistics Canada</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Origin+%28279%29%2C+Single+and+Multiple+Ethnic+Origin+Responses+%283%29%2C+Generation+Status+%284%29%2C+Age+%2812%29+and+Sex+%283%29+for+the+Population+in+Private+Households+of+Canada%2C+Provinces+and+Territories%2C+Census+Metropolitan+Areas+and+Census+Agglomerations%2C+2016+Census&rft.pub=Statistics+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fdt-td%2FRp-eng.cfm%3FTABID%3D2%26LANG%3DE%26APATH%3D3%26DETAIL%3D0%26DIM%3D0%26FL%3DA%26FREE%3D0%26GC%3D0%26GK%3D0%26GRP%3D1%26PID%3D110528%26PRID%3D10%26PTYPE%3D109445%26S%3D0%26SHOWALL%3D0%26SUB%3D0%26Temporal%3D2017%26THEME%3D120%26VID%3D0%26VNAMEE%3D%26VNAMEF%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jupp166167-269">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jupp166167_269-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jupp166167_269-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jupp166167_269-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jupp166167_269-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jupp166167_269-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJupp2001" class="citation book cs1">Jupp, James (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wgoFxfSTfYAC&q=Albanians">The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, its People and their Origins</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 166–167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80789-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80789-0"><bdi>978-0-521-80789-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Australian+People%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Nation%2C+its+People+and+their+Origins&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=166-167&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80789-0&rft.aulast=Jupp&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwgoFxfSTfYAC%26q%3DAlbanians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmeti44233-270"><a href="#cite_ref-Ahmeti44233_270-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmeti2017">Ahmeti 2017</a>, pp. 44, 233. </li> <li id="cite_note-Amath99100-271"><a href="#cite_ref-Amath99100_271-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmath2017" class="citation book cs1">Amath, Nora (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FgynDgAAQBAJ&dq=Albanian+Australians&pg=PA99">"'We're serving the community, in whichever form it may be': Muslim Community Building in Australia"</a>. In Peucker, Mario; Ceylan, Rauf (eds.). Muslim Community Organizations in the West: History, Developments and Future Perspectives. Springer. pp. 99–100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-658-13889-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-658-13889-9"><bdi>978-3-658-13889-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27We%27re+serving+the+community%2C+in+whichever+form+it+may+be%27%3A+Muslim+Community+Building+in+Australia&rft.btitle=Muslim+Community+Organizations+in+the+West%3A+History%2C+Developments+and+Future+Perspectives&rft.pages=99-100&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-658-13889-9&rft.aulast=Amath&rft.aufirst=Nora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFgynDgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DAlbanian%2BAustralians%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmeti36-272"><a href="#cite_ref-Ahmeti36_272-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmeti2017">Ahmeti 2017</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-ImmMuswii-273"><a href="#cite_ref-ImmMuswii_273-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museumsvictoria.com.au/immigrationmuseum/whatson/past-exhibitions/kurbet/after-world-war-ii/">"After World War II"</a>. Immigration Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304135044/http://museumvictoria.com.au/immigrationmuseum/whatson/past-exhibitions/kurbet/after-world-war-ii/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=After+World+War+II&rft.pub=Immigration+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuseumsvictoria.com.au%2Fimmigrationmuseum%2Fwhatson%2Fpast-exhibitions%2Fkurbet%2Fafter-world-war-ii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmeti38-274"><a href="#cite_ref-Ahmeti38_274-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmeti2017">Ahmeti 2017</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmeti39-275"><a href="#cite_ref-Ahmeti39_275-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAhmeti2017">Ahmeti 2017</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmeti4142445556202213232233260263267-276"><a href="#cite_ref-Ahmeti4142445556202213232233260263267_276-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmeti2017" class="citation thesis cs1">Ahmeti, Sharon (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123170344/https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.723248">Albanian Muslims in Secular, Multicultural Australia</a> (Ph.D.). University of Aberdeen. pp. 41–42, 44, 55–56, 202, 213, 232–233, 260, 263, 267. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.723248">the original</a> on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Albanian+Muslims+in+Secular%2C+Multicultural+Australia&rft.inst=University+of+Aberdeen&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Ahmeti&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fethos.bl.uk%2FOrderDetails.do%3Fuin%3Duk.bl.ethos.723248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haveric27126139144153154159160199-277"><a href="#cite_ref-Haveric27126139144153154159160199_277-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaveric2019" class="citation book cs1">Haveric, Dzavid (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QBemDwAAQBAJ&dq=Albanian+Australians&pg=PT133">Muslims making Australia home: Immigration and Community Building</a>. Melbourne University Publishing. pp. 27, 126, 139, 144, 153–154, 159–160, 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-87582-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-87582-9"><bdi>978-0-522-87582-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+making+Australia+home%3A+Immigration+and+Community+Building&rft.pages=27%2C+126%2C+139%2C+144%2C+153-154%2C+159-160%2C+199&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-522-87582-9&rft.aulast=Haveric&rft.aufirst=Dzavid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQBemDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DAlbanian%2BAustralians%26pg%3DPT133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080310121707/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?breadcrumb=POLTD&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&subaction=-1&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&documentproductno=0&textversion=false&documenttype=Details&collection=Census&javascript=true&topic=Ancestry&action=404&productlabel=Ancestry%20(full%20classification%20list)%20by%20Sex&order=1&period=2006&tabname=Details&areacode=0&navmapdisplayed=true&">"20680-Ancestry (full classification list) by Sex – Australia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/2006_Australian_census" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Australian census">2006 census</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?breadcrumb=POLTD&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&subaction=-1&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&documentproductno=0&textversion=false&documenttype=Details&collection=Census&javascript=true&topic=Ancestry&action=404&productlabel=Ancestry%20(full%20classification%20list)%20by%20Sex&order=1&period=2006&tabname=Details&areacode=0&navmapdisplayed=true&">the original</a> (Microsoft Excel download) on 10 March 2008. Retrieved 2 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2006+census&rft.atitle=20680-Ancestry+%28full+classification+list%29+by+Sex+%E2%80%93+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusdata.abs.gov.au%2FABSNavigation%2Fprenav%2FViewData%3Fbreadcrumb%3DPOLTD%26method%3DPlace%2520of%2520Usual%2520Residence%26subaction%3D-1%26issue%3D2006%26producttype%3DCensus%2520Tables%26documentproductno%3D0%26textversion%3Dfalse%26documenttype%3DDetails%26collection%3DCensus%26javascript%3Dtrue%26topic%3DAncestry%26action%3D404%26productlabel%3DAncestry%2520%28full%2520classification%2520list%29%2520by%2520Sex%26order%3D1%26period%3D2006%26tabname%3DDetails%26areacode%3D0%26navmapdisplayed%3Dtrue%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> Total responses: 25,451,383 for total count of persons: 19,855,288. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pratt744-279"><a href="#cite_ref-Pratt744_279-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratt2011" class="citation journal cs1">Pratt, Douglas (2011). "Antipodean Ummah: Islam and Muslims in Australia and New Zealand". Religion Compass. 5 (12): 744. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-8171.2011.00322.x">10.1111/j.1749-8171.2011.00322.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion+Compass&rft.atitle=Antipodean+Ummah%3A+Islam+and+Muslims+in+Australia+and+New+Zealand&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=744&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-8171.2011.00322.x&rft.aulast=Pratt&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kolig23-280"><a href="#cite_ref-Kolig23_280-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolig2010" class="citation book cs1">Kolig, Erich (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yu15DwAAQBAJ&dq=Albanians+New+Zealand&pg=PA23">New Zealand's Muslims and multiculturalism</a>. Brill. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789047440703" title="Special:BookSources/9789047440703"><bdi>9789047440703</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Zealand%27s+Muslims+and+multiculturalism&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9789047440703&rft.aulast=Kolig&rft.aufirst=Erich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYu15DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DAlbanians%2BNew%2BZealand%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dru7-281">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dru7_281-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dru7_281-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrury2020">Drury 2020</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dru89-282"><a href="#cite_ref-Dru89_282-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDrury2020">Drury 2020</a>, pp. 8–9 </li> <li id="cite_note-AbdSa-283">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AbdSa_283-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AbdSa_283-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdyli2021" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Abdyli, Sabit (20 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://diasporashqiptare.al/2021/07/20/historia-si-u-vendosen-shqiptaret-ne-zelanden-e-re/">"Si u vendosën shqiptarët në Zelandën e Re"</a> [How Albanians settled in New Zealand] (in Albanian). Diaspora Shqiptare. Retrieved 12 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Si+u+vendos%C3%ABn+shqiptar%C3%ABt+n%C3%AB+Zeland%C3%ABn+e+Re&rft.date=2021-07-20&rft.aulast=Abdyli&rft.aufirst=Sabit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiasporashqiptare.al%2F2021%2F07%2F20%2Fhistoria-si-u-vendosen-shqiptaret-ne-zelanden-e-re%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller653-284"><a href="#cite_ref-Miller653_284-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2006" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Raymond (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K6oHAQAAMAAJ&q=New+Zealand+responded+by+accepting+for+resettlement+over+four+hundred+Kosovars+who+had+family+in+New+Zealand">New Zealand Government & Politics</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 653. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-558492-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-558492-9"><bdi>978-0-19-558492-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Zealand+Government+%26+Politics&rft.pages=653&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-558492-9&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK6oHAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DNew%2BZealand%2Bresponded%2Bby%2Baccepting%2Bfor%2Bresettlement%2Bover%2Bfour%2Bhundred%2BKosovars%2Bwho%2Bhad%2Bfamily%2Bin%2BNew%2BZealand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DruAbd165-285"><a href="#cite_ref-DruAbd165_285-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDruryPratt2021" class="citation journal cs1">Drury, Abdullah; Pratt, Douglas (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.qu.edu.qa/index.php/sharia/article/download/1851/1346">"Islam in New Zealand – A Mixed Reception: Historical Overview and Contemporary Challenges"</a>. Journal of College of Sharia and Islamic Studies. 39 (1): 165. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.29117%2Fjcsis.2021.0290">10.29117/jcsis.2021.0290</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10576%2F22316">10576/22316</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237845218">237845218</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+College+of+Sharia+and+Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=Islam+in+New+Zealand+%E2%80%93+A+Mixed+Reception%3A+Historical+Overview+and+Contemporary+Challenges&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=165&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10576%2F22316&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A237845218%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.29117%2Fjcsis.2021.0290&rft.aulast=Drury&rft.aufirst=Abdullah&rft.au=Pratt%2C+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.qu.edu.qa%2Findex.php%2Fsharia%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F1851%2F1346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeMcVe343353-286"><a href="#cite_ref-DeMcVe343353_286-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDevereMcDermottVerbitsky2006">Devere, McDermott & Verbitsky 2006</a>, pp. 343, 353. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dru718-287"><a href="#cite_ref-Dru718_287-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrury2020" class="citation journal cs1">Drury, Abdullah (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.waikato.ac.nz/fass/UWISG/review/Waikato-Islamic-Studies-Review-Vol-6-No-1.pdf#page=4">"Mazharbeg: An Albanian in Exile"</a> (PDF). Waikato Islamic Studies Review. 6 (1): 7, 18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.waikato.ac.nz/fass/UWISG/review/Waikato-Islamic-Studies-Review-Vol-6-No-1.pdf#page=4">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Waikato+Islamic+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Mazharbeg%3A+An+Albanian+in+Exile&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7%2C+18&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Drury&rft.aufirst=Abdullah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.waikato.ac.nz%2Ffass%2FUWISG%2Freview%2FWaikato-Islamic-Studies-Review-Vol-6-No-1.pdf%23page%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalaty2002109–121-288">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalaty2002109–121_288-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalaty2002109–121_288-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGalaty2002">Galaty 2002</a>, pp. 109–121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVillar1996316-289"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVillar1996316_289-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVillar1996">Villar 1996</a>, p. 316. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie20151-290">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie20151_290-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie20151_290-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie20151_290-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFElsie2015">Elsie 2015</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Rapper20121-291"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Rapper20121_291-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDe_Rapper2012">De Rapper 2012</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalaty2011118-292"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalaty2011118_292-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGalaty2011">Galaty 2011</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGalaty2011">Galaty 2011</a>, pp. 119–120:... northern Albanians' belief about their own history, based on notions of isolationism and resistance </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGalaty2011">Galaty 2011</a>, pp. 119–120:... "negotiated peripherality"... the idea that people living in peripheral regions exploit their... position in important, often profitable ways... The implications and challenges of their national program.... in the Albanian Alps .. are very different from those that obtain in the south </li> <li id="cite_note-Co22-295"><a href="#cite_ref-Co22_295-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook2001">Cook 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ox_gXq2jpdYC&pg=PA22">22</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalaty2002113–114-296"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalaty2002113–114_296-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGalaty2002">Galaty 2002</a>, pp. 113–114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalaty2018101–102-297"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalaty2018101–102_297-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGalaty2018">Galaty 2018</a>, pp. 101–102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrnavci2010205-298"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrnavci2010205_298-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrnavci2010">Trnavci 2010</a>, p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elezi-299"><a href="#cite_ref-Elezi_299-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElezi" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Elezi, Ismet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kanunilaberise.tripod.com/id12.html">"Zhvillimi historik i Kanunit të Labërisë, in Mbledhja e Normave të Kanunit të Labërisë"</a>. kanunilaberise.tripod.com (in Albanian). Retrieved 12 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kanunilaberise.tripod.com&rft.atitle=Zhvillimi+historik+i+Kanunit+t%C3%AB+Lab%C3%ABris%C3%AB%2C+in+Mbledhja+e+Normave+t%C3%AB+Kanunit+t%C3%AB+Lab%C3%ABris%C3%AB&rft.aulast=Elezi&rft.aufirst=Ismet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkanunilaberise.tripod.com%2Fid12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006115-300"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych2006115_300-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gawrych132-301"><a href="#cite_ref-Gawrych132_301-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gawrych19-302"><a href="#cite_ref-Gawrych19_302-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, pp. 1, 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-wordorigin-303"><a href="#cite_ref-wordorigin_303-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKushova2004" class="citation web cs1">Kushova, Alma (21 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opendemocracy.net/arts/article_2114.jsp">"Besa"</a>. Open Democracy. Retrieved 8 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Besa&rft.pub=Open+Democracy&rft.date=2004-07-21&rft.aulast=Kushova&rft.aufirst=Alma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opendemocracy.net%2Farts%2Farticle_2114.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiLellioSchwandersSievers519520-304">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DiLellioSchwandersSievers519520_304-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiLellioSchwandersSievers519520_304-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiLellioSchwandersSievers519520_304-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiLellioSchwandersSievers519520_304-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_LellioSchwanders-Sievers2006" class="citation journal cs1">Di Lellio, Anna; Schwanders-Sievers, Stephanie (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.annadilellio.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Adem-Jashari-NN.pdf">"The Legendary Commander: The construction of an Albanian master-narrative in post-war Kosovo"</a> (PDF). Nations and Nationalism. 12 (3): 519–520. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8129.2006.00252.x">10.1111/j.1469-8129.2006.00252.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nations+and+Nationalism&rft.atitle=The+Legendary+Commander%3A+The+construction+of+an+Albanian+master-narrative+in+post-war+Kosovo&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=519-520&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-8129.2006.00252.x&rft.aulast=Di+Lellio&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft.au=Schwanders-Sievers%2C+Stephanie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.annadilellio.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F10%2FAdem-Jashari-NN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200636-305">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200636_305-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200636_305-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGawrych200636,_128-306"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGawrych200636,_128_306-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGawrych2006">Gawrych 2006</a>, pp. 36, 128. </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bukinist.al/kapitullipare/tek9e7.6Cj3Aw.pdf">"Rapsodë dhe rapsodi të alpeve shqiptare"</a> (PDF) (in Albanian). bukinist.al. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://bukinist.al/kapitullipare/tek9e7.6Cj3Aw.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. <q>Miku nderohet duke i nxjerrë përpara bukë, kripë e zemër</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rapsod%C3%AB+dhe+rapsodi+t%C3%AB+alpeve+shqiptare&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=bukinist.al&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbukinist.al%2Fkapitullipare%2Ftek9e7.6Cj3Aw.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirjona_SADIKU" class="citation web cs1">Mirjona SADIKU. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://js.ugd.edu.mk/index.php/BSSR/article/download/861/833/">"Page 1 A Tradition of Honor, Hospitality and Blood Feuds: Exploring the Kanun Customary Law inContemporary Albania"</a>. js.ugd.edu.mk. pp. 11–14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170705074108/http://js.ugd.edu.mk/index.php/BSSR/article/download/861/833/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=js.ugd.edu.mk&rft.atitle=Page+1+A+Tradition+of+Honor%2C+Hospitality+and+Blood+Feuds%3A+Exploring+the+Kanun+Customary+Law+inContemporary+Albania.&rft.pages=11-14&rft.au=Mirjona+SADIKU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjs.ugd.edu.mk%2Findex.php%2FBSSR%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F861%2F833%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kanun-309"><a href="#cite_ref-Kanun_309-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirjona_SADIKU2014" class="citation journal cs1">Mirjona SADIKU (10 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://js.ugd.edu.mk/index.php/BSSR/article/view/861/833">"Page 1 A Tradition of Honor, Hospitality and Blood Feuds:Exploring the Kanun Customary Law in Contemporary Albania"</a>. Balkan Social Science Review. 3: 11–14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Balkan+Social+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Page+1+A+Tradition+of+Honor%2C+Hospitality+and+Blood+Feuds%3AExploring+the+Kanun+Customary+Law+in+Contemporary+Albania&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=11-14&rft.date=2014-07-10&rft.au=Mirjona+SADIKU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjs.ugd.edu.mk%2Findex.php%2FBSSR%2Farticle%2Fview%2F861%2F833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-medieval-310"><a href="#cite_ref-medieval_310-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerid_Hudhri" class="citation web cs1">Ferid Hudhri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043355/http://www.seda.org.al/download/i/mark_dl/u/4012653116/4611166610/2.10-VisualArts.pdf">"Page 1 95 VISUAL ARTS 2.10. FINE /VISUAL ARTS"</a> (PDF). seda.org.al. pp. 3–4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seda.org.al/download/i/mark_dl/u/4012653116/4611166610/2.10-VisualArts.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=seda.org.al&rft.atitle=Page+1+95+VISUAL+ARTS+2.10.+FINE+%2FVISUAL+ARTS&rft.pages=3-4&rft.au=Ferid+Hudhri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seda.org.al%2Fdownload%2Fi%2Fmark_dl%2Fu%2F4012653116%2F4611166610%2F2.10-VisualArts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.albanianart.net_index_al-311"><a href="#cite_ref-www.albanianart.net_index_al_311-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanianart.net/index_al.html">"Robert Elsie: Arti Shqiptar"</a>. albanianart.net. Retrieved 22 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=albanianart.net&rft.atitle=Robert+Elsie%3A+Arti+Shqiptar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albanianart.net%2Findex_al.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaryLee_Knowlton2005" class="citation book cs1">MaryLee Knowlton (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=alNsb0fpX9IC&q=impressionism+in+albania&pg=PA102">Albania – Band 23 von Cultures of the world</a>. Marshall Cavendish, 2004. pp. 102–103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-1852-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-1852-8"><bdi>978-0-7614-1852-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albania+%E2%80%93+Band+23+von+Cultures+of+the+world&rft.pages=102-103&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish%2C+2004&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-1852-8&rft.au=MaryLee+Knowlton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DalNsb0fpX9IC%26q%3Dimpressionism%2Bin%2Balbania%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19th_century-313"><a href="#cite_ref-19th_century_313-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerid_Hudhri" class="citation web cs1">Ferid Hudhri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043355/http://www.seda.org.al/download/i/mark_dl/u/4012653116/4611166610/2.10-VisualArts.pdf">"Page 1 95 VISUAL ARTS 2.10. FINE /VISUAL ARTS"</a> (PDF). seda.org.al. pp. 5–9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seda.org.al/download/i/mark_dl/u/4012653116/4611166610/2.10-VisualArts.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=seda.org.al&rft.atitle=Page+1+95+VISUAL+ARTS+2.10.+FINE+%2FVISUAL+ARTS&rft.pages=5-9&rft.au=Ferid+Hudhri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seda.org.al%2Fdownload%2Fi%2Fmark_dl%2Fu%2F4012653116%2F4611166610%2F2.10-VisualArts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elsie332-314"><a href="#cite_ref-Elsie332_314-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Elsie2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Elsie" title="Robert Elsie">Robert Elsie</a> (29 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ox3Wx1Nl_2MC&q=Theodor+of+Shkodra&pg=PA5">Albanian Literature: A Short History</a>. I.B.Tauris, 2005. pp. 3–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-031-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-031-4"><bdi>978-1-84511-031-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albanian+Literature%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pages=3-32&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris%2C+2005&rft.date=2005-07-29&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-031-4&rft.au=Robert+Elsie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dox3Wx1Nl_2MC%26q%3DTheodor%2Bof%2BShkodra%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elsie5-315"><a href="#cite_ref-Elsie5_315-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElsie2005">Elsie 2005</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elsie914-316"><a href="#cite_ref-Elsie914_316-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElsie2005">Elsie 2005</a>, pp. 9–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elsie1417212430-317"><a href="#cite_ref-Elsie1417212430_317-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElsie2005">Elsie 2005</a>, pp. 14–21, 24–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elsie4464-318"><a href="#cite_ref-Elsie4464_318-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElsie2005">Elsie 2005</a>, pp. 44–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elsie3643-319">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elsie3643_319-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elsie3643_319-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFElsie2005">Elsie 2005</a>, pp. 36–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elsie94161-320">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elsie94161_320-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elsie94161_320-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFElsie2005">Elsie 2005</a>, pp. 94–161. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elsie162196-321">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elsie162196_321-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elsie162196_321-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFElsie2005">Elsie 2005</a>, pp. 162–196. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elsie185186199205-322"><a href="#cite_ref-Elsie185186199205_322-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElsie2005">Elsie 2005</a>, pp. 185–186, 199–205. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elsie19208211-323"><a href="#cite_ref-Elsie19208211_323-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElsie2005">Elsie 2005</a>, pp. 196, 208–211. </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lazWAQAAQBAJ&q=brez+clothing&pg=PA15">"Albania"</a>, Encyclopedia of National Dress: Traditional Clothing Around the World, ABC-CLIO, 2013, p. 16, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37636-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37636-8"><bdi>978-0-313-37636-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Albania&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+National+Dress%3A+Traditional+Clothing+Around+the+World&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-313-37636-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlazWAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbrez%2Bclothing%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dtk.rks-gov.net-325"><a href="#cite_ref-dtk.rks-gov.net_325-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190921144438/https://dtk.rks-gov.net/tkk_objekti_en.aspx?id=9827">"Database of Cultural Heritage of Kosovo"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dtk.rks-gov.net/tkk_objekti_en.aspx?id=9827">the original</a> on 21 September 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Database+of+Cultural+Heritage+of+Kosovo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdtk.rks-gov.net%2Ftkk_objekti_en.aspx%3Fid%3D9827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PulahaMansaku1982-326"><a href="#cite_ref-PulahaMansaku1982_326-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelami_PulahaSeit_MansakuAndromaqi_Gjergji1982" class="citation book cs1">Selami Pulaha; Seit Mansaku; <a href="/wiki/Andromaqi_Gjergji" title="Andromaqi Gjergji">Andromaqi Gjergji</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WZ9IAQAAIAAJ">Shqiptarët dhe trojet e tyre</a>. 8 Nëntori. pp. 136–138.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shqiptar%C3%ABt+dhe+trojet+e+tyre&rft.pages=136-138&rft.pub=8+N%C3%ABntori&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Selami+Pulaha&rft.au=Seit+Mansaku&rft.au=Andromaqi+Gjergji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWZ9IAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201007085639/https://www.rtsh.al/lajme/shqiptarja-nga-kosova-dua-lipa-fiton-per-here-te-pare-ne-grammy-awards/">"Shqiptarja nga Kosova Dua Lipa, fiton për herë të parë në "Grammy Awards""</a> (in Albanian). <a href="/wiki/Radio_Televizioni_Shqiptar" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Televizioni Shqiptar">Radio Televizioni Shqiptar</a> (RTSH). 11 February 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rtsh.al/lajme/shqiptarja-nga-kosova-dua-lipa-fiton-per-here-te-pare-ne-grammy-awards/">the original</a> on 7 October 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shqiptarja+nga+Kosova+Dua+Lipa%2C+fiton+p%C3%ABr+her%C3%AB+t%C3%AB+par%C3%AB+n%C3%AB+%22Grammy+Awards%22&rft.pub=Radio+Televizioni+Shqiptar+%28RTSH%29&rft.date=2019-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtsh.al%2Flajme%2Fshqiptarja-nga-kosova-dua-lipa-fiton-per-here-te-pare-ne-grammy-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201007085845/https://telegrafi.com/dua-lipa-shkruan-historine-behet-shqiptarja-e-pare-qe-fiton-nje-cmim-grammy/">"Dua Lipa shkruan historinë, bëhet shqiptarja e parë që fiton dy çmime 'Grammy'"</a> (in Albanian). Telegrafi. 10 February 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://telegrafi.com/dua-lipa-shkruan-historine-behet-shqiptarja-e-pare-qe-fiton-nje-cmim-grammy/">the original</a> on 7 October 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dua+Lipa+shkruan+historin%C3%AB%2C+b%C3%ABhet+shqiptarja+e+par%C3%AB+q%C3%AB+fiton+dy+%C3%A7mime+%27Grammy%27&rft.pub=Telegrafi&rft.date=2019-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftelegrafi.com%2Fdua-lipa-shkruan-historine-behet-shqiptarja-e-pare-qe-fiton-nje-cmim-grammy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSPIRO_J._SHETUNI" class="citation web cs1">SPIRO J. SHETUNI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171226021850/https://www.galabri.com/foto/vallekeng/pdf/musicshetuni.pdf">"Albanian Traditional Music – An Introduction, with Sheet Music and Lyrics for 48 Songs"</a> (PDF). galabri.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.galabri.com/foto/vallekeng/pdf/musicshetuni.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=galabri.com&rft.atitle=Albanian+Traditional+Music+%E2%80%93+An+Introduction%2C+with+Sheet+Music+and+Lyrics+for+48+Songs&rft.au=SPIRO+J.+SHETUNI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.galabri.com%2Ffoto%2Fvallekeng%2Fpdf%2Fmusicshetuni.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShetuni2018" class="citation web cs1">Shetuni, Spiro J. (21 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191006190302/http://www.gazetadita.al/muzika-tradicionale-shqiptare-origjina/">"Muzika tradicionale shqiptare"</a>. gazeradita.al. Gazeta Dita. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gazetadita.al/muzika-tradicionale-shqiptare-origjina/">the original</a> on 6 October 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gazeradita.al&rft.atitle=Muzika+tradicionale+shqiptare&rft.date=2018-01-21&rft.aulast=Shetuni&rft.aufirst=Spiro+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazetadita.al%2Fmuzika-tradicionale-shqiptare-origjina%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNESCO_Intangible_cultural_heritage" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">Intangible cultural heritage</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/albanian-folk-iso-polyphony-00155">"Albanian folk iso-polyphony"</a>. UNESCO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Albanian+folk+iso-polyphony&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.au=UNESCO+Intangible+cultural+heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fen%2FRL%2Falbanian-folk-iso-polyphony-00155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BogdaniLoughlin2007-332"><a href="#cite_ref-BogdaniLoughlin2007_332-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogdaniLoughlin2007" class="citation book cs1">Bogdani, Mirela; <a href="/wiki/John_Loughlin_(political_scientist)" title="John Loughlin (political scientist)">Loughlin, John</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=32Wu8H7t8MwC&pg=PA34">Albania and the European Union: The Tumultuous Journey Towards Integration and Accession</a>. I.B.Tauris. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-308-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-308-7"><bdi>978-1-84511-308-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albania+and+the+European+Union%3A+The+Tumultuous+Journey+Towards+Integration+and+Accession&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-308-7&rft.aulast=Bogdani&rft.aufirst=Mirela&rft.au=Loughlin%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D32Wu8H7t8MwC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramet1989-333"><a href="#cite_ref-Ramet1989_333-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet1989" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina P. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionnational01rame">Religion and Nationalism in Soviet and East European Politics</a>. Duke University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionnational01rame/page/381">381</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-0891-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-0891-6"><bdi>0-8223-0891-6</bdi></a>. <q>Albanian Christianity lay within the orbit of the bishop of Rome from the first century to the eighth. But in the eighth century Albanian Christians were transferred to the jurisdiction of the patriarch of Constantinople. With the schism of 1054, however, Albania was divided between a Catholic north and an Orthodox south. [..] Prior to the Turkish conquest, the ghegs (the chief tribal group in northern Albania) had found in Roman Catholicism a means of resisting the Slavs, and though Albanian Orthodoxy remained important among the tosks (the chief tribal group in southern Albania)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Nationalism+in+Soviet+and+East+European+Politics&rft.pages=381&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-8223-0891-6&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligionnational01rame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murzaku-334">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murzaku_334-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murzaku_334-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Murzaku" class="citation book cs1">Murzaku, Ines (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jNdzCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT352">Monasticism in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Republics</a>. Routledge. p. 352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-39104-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-39104-3"><bdi>978-1-317-39104-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 March 2020. <q>The Albanian church north of Shkumbin River was entirely Latin and under the pope's jurisdiction. During the twelfth century, the Catholic church in Albania intensified efforts to strengthen its position in middle and southern Albania. The Catholic Church was organized in 20 dioceses.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monasticism+in+Eastern+Europe+and+the+Former+Soviet+Republics&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-39104-3&rft.aulast=Murzaku&rft.aufirst=Ines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjNdzCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lala-335"><a href="#cite_ref-Lala_335-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLala2008" class="citation cs2">Lala, Etleva (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.etd.ceu.hu/2009/mphlae01.pdf">Regnum Albaniae, the Papal Curia, and the Western Visions of a Borderline Nobility</a> (PDF), Central European University, Department of Medieval Studies, p. 1, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etd.ceu.hu/2009/mphlae01.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 October 2022, retrieved 20 February 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regnum+Albaniae%2C+the+Papal+Curia%2C+and+the+Western+Visions+of+a+Borderline+Nobility&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Central+European+University%2C+Department+of+Medieval+Studies&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Lala&rft.aufirst=Etleva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etd.ceu.hu%2F2009%2Fmphlae01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasotti2018" class="citation web cs1">Masotti, Francesca (9 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theculturetrip.com/europe/albania/articles/how-to-celebrate-dita-e-veres-in-albania-like-a-local/">"How to Celebrate Dita e Verës in Albania Like a Local"</a>. Culture Trip. Retrieved 29 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Culture+Trip&rft.atitle=How+to+Celebrate+Dita+e+Ver%C3%ABs+in+Albania+Like+a+Local&rft.date=2018-03-09&rft.aulast=Masotti&rft.aufirst=Francesca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheculturetrip.com%2Feurope%2Falbania%2Farticles%2Fhow-to-celebrate-dita-e-veres-in-albania-like-a-local%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-International_Religious_Freedom_Report_2007-337"><a href="#cite_ref-International_Religious_Freedom_Report_2007_337-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90160.htm">"Albania: International Religious Freedom Report 2007"</a>. State.gov. 14 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Albania%3A+International+Religious+Freedom+Report+2007&rft.pub=State.gov&rft.date=2007-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2007%2F90160.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rm.coe.int/09000016805cb496">"CM(2012)36, 16 February 2012: Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities: Third opinion of the Advisory Committee on Albania, adopted on 23 November 2011, For initial consideration by the Rapporteur Group on Human Rights (GR-H)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+of+Europe&rft.atitle=CM%282012%2936%2C+16+February+2012%3A+Framework+Convention+for+the+Protection+of+National+Minorities%3A+Third+opinion+of+the+Advisory+Committee+on+Albania%2C+adopted+on+23+November+2011%2C+For+initial+consideration+by+the+Rapporteur+Group+on+Human+Rights+%28GR-H%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frm.coe.int%2F09000016805cb496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170326091156/http://www.instat.gov.al/media/177358/njoftim_per_media_-_fjala_e_drejtorit_te_instat_ines_nurja_per_rezultatet_finale_te_census_2011.pdf">"2011 Albanian Census"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.instat.gov.al/media/177358/njoftim_per_media_-_fjala_e_drejtorit_te_instat_ines_nurja_per_rezultatet_finale_te_census_2011.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+Albanian+Census&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.instat.gov.al%2Fmedia%2F177358%2Fnjoftim_per_media_-_fjala_e_drejtorit_te_instat_ines_nurja_per_rezultatet_finale_te_census_2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-340"><a href="#cite_ref-cia_340-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/albania">"Albania"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> (2024 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Retrieved 21 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Albania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Falbania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2013.zip">(Archived 2013 edition.)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014034457/http://www.gallup.com/poll/128210/Gallup-Global-Reports.aspx">"Gallup Global Reports"</a>. Gallup.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gallup.com/poll/128210/Gallup-Global-Reports.aspx">the original</a> on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gallup+Global+Reports&rft.pub=Gallup.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gallup.com%2Fpoll%2F128210%2FGallup-Global-Reports.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarner1997-342"><a href="#cite_ref-Sarner1997_342-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSarner1997">Sarner 1997</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308091439/https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CERD/Shared%20Documents/SRB/INT_CERD_ADR_SRB_24619_E.doc">"Population by national affiliation and religion, Census 2011"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/Treaties/CERD/Shared%20Documents/SRB/INT_CERD_ADR_SRB_24619_E.doc">the original</a> on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+by+national+affiliation+and+religion%2C+Census+2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftbinternet.ohchr.org%2FTreaties%2FCERD%2FShared%2520Documents%2FSRB%2FINT_CERD_ADR_SRB_24619_E.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISTATreligion-345"><a href="#cite_ref-ISTATreligion_345-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istat.it/it/archivio/169710">"Appartenenza e pratica religiosa tra i cittadini stranieri"</a>. istat.it (in Italian). 30 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=istat.it&rft.atitle=Appartenenza+e+pratica+religiosa+tra+i+cittadini+stranieri&rft.date=2014-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.istat.it%2Fit%2Farchivio%2F169710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AutreRegard-346">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AutreRegard_346-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AutreRegard_346-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AutreRegard_346-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AutreRegard_346-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614121944/http://www.membres.lycos.fr/instantanesdalbanie/image/dossierdepresse.pdf">"Instantanés d'Albaníe, un autre regard sur les Balkans"</a> (PDF). 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.membres.lycos.fr/instantanesdalbanie/image/dossierdepresse.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 June 2007. Retrieved 20 July 2017. <q>Etudiants en Tourisme et Actions Patrimoniales. (plus de 72% irréligieux ou non-pratiquants. 28% se répartissent en 21% musulmans, 6% orthodoxes, 3% catholiques. )</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Instantan%C3%A9s+d%27Alban%C3%ADe%2C+un+autre+regard+sur+les+Balkans&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.membres.lycos.fr%2Finstantanesdalbanie%2Fimage%2Fdossierdepresse.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/table-muslim-population-by-country/">"Table: Muslim Population by Country"</a>. Pew Research Center. 27 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Table%3A+Muslim+Population+by+Country&rft.date=2011-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2011%2F01%2F27%2Ftable-muslim-population-by-country%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SMRE-348">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SMRE_348-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMRE_348-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMRE_348-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMRE_348-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SMRE_348-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smre-data.ch/en/data_exploring/region_cockpit#/mode/dataset_comparison/region/-99/period/2010/presentation/bar">"SMRE"</a>. smre-data.ch. Retrieved 7 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=smre-data.ch&rft.atitle=SMRE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smre-data.ch%2Fen%2Fdata_exploring%2Fregion_cockpit%23%2Fmode%2Fdataset_comparison%2Fregion%2F-99%2Fperiod%2F2010%2Fpresentation%2Fbar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNDP31-349">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNDP31_349-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNDP31_349-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNDP31_349-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNDP31_349-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNDP31_349-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNDP31_349-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNDP31_349-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstitute_of_Democracy_and_Mediation2018" class="citation news cs1">Institute of Democracy and Mediation (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619164358/http://www.al.undp.org/content/dam/albania/docs/religious%20tolerance%20albanian.pdf">"TOLERANCA FETARE NË SHQIPËRI"</a> (PDF). UNDP. p. 31. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al.undp.org/content/dam/albania/docs/religious%20tolerance%20albanian.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=TOLERANCA+FETARE+N%C3%8B+SHQIP%C3%8BRI&rft.pages=31&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Institute+of+Democracy+and+Mediation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al.undp.org%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Falbania%2Fdocs%2Freligious%2520tolerance%2520albanian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNDP32-350">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNDP32_350-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNDP32_350-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstitute_of_Democracy_and_Mediation2018" class="citation news cs1">Institute of Democracy and Mediation (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619164358/http://www.al.undp.org/content/dam/albania/docs/religious%20tolerance%20albanian.pdf">"TOLERANCA FETARE NË SHQIPËRI"</a> (PDF). UNDP. p. 32. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al.undp.org/content/dam/albania/docs/religious%20tolerance%20albanian.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 June 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=TOLERANCA+FETARE+N%C3%8B+SHQIP%C3%8BRI&rft.pages=32&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Institute+of+Democracy+and+Mediation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al.undp.org%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Falbania%2Fdocs%2Freligious%2520tolerance%2520albanian.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diken.com.tr/arastirma-turkiyenin-yuzde-95i-tanriya-inaniyor-yuzde-74u-dindar/">"Araştırma: Türkiye'nin yüzde 95'i tanrıya inanıyor, yüzde 74'ü 'dindar'"</a>. Diken. 19 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diken&rft.atitle=Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rma%3A+T%C3%BCrkiye%27nin+y%C3%BCzde+95%27i+tanr%C4%B1ya+inan%C4%B1yor%2C+y%C3%BCzde+74%27%C3%BC+%27dindar%27&rft.date=2017-04-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diken.com.tr%2Farastirma-turkiyenin-yuzde-95i-tanriya-inaniyor-yuzde-74u-dindar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnamaliPrifti2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anamali, Skënder; Prifti, Kristaq (2002). Historia e popullit shqiptar në katër vëllime (in Albanian). Botimet Toena. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99927-1-622-3" title="Special:BookSources/99927-1-622-3"><bdi>99927-1-622-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52411919">52411919</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+e+popullit+shqiptar+n%C3%AB+kat%C3%ABr+v%C3%ABllime&rft.pub=Botimet+Toena&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52411919&rft.isbn=99927-1-622-3&rft.aulast=Anamali&rft.aufirst=Sk%C3%ABnder&rft.au=Prifti%2C+Kristaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnscombe2006" class="citation book cs1">Anscombe, Frederick (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160125223702/http://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/578/1/578">"Albanians and "mountain bandits""</a>. In Anscombe, Frederick (ed.). The Ottoman Balkans, 1750–1830. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers. pp. 87–113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55876-383-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55876-383-8"><bdi>978-1-55876-383-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/578/1/578">the original</a> on 25 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Albanians+and+%22mountain+bandits%22&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Balkans%2C+1750%E2%80%931830&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=87-113&rft.pub=Markus+Wiener+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55876-383-8&rft.aulast=Anscombe&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.bbk.ac.uk%2F578%2F1%2F578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnscombe2006b" class="citation journal cs1">Anscombe, Frederick (2006b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/577/">"The Ottoman Empire in Recent International Politics – II: The Case of Kosovo"</a>. The International History Review. 28 (4): 758–793. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.2006.9641103">10.1080/07075332.2006.9641103</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40109813">40109813</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154724667">154724667</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Ottoman+Empire+in+Recent+International+Politics+%E2%80%93+II%3A+The+Case+of+Kosovo&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=758-793&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154724667%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40109813%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07075332.2006.9641103&rft.aulast=Anscombe&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.bbk.ac.uk%2F577%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaltsiotis2011" class="citation journal cs1">Baltsiotis, Lambros (13 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fejts.4444">"The Muslim Chams of Northwestern Greece: The grounds for the expulsion of a "non-existent" minority community"</a>. European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey. 12: 1–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fejts.4444">10.4000/ejts.4444</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142733144">142733144</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Turkish+Studies.+Social+Sciences+on+Contemporary+Turkey&rft.atitle=The+Muslim+Chams+of+Northwestern+Greece%3A+The+grounds+for+the+expulsion+of+a+%22non-existent%22+minority+community&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=1-31&rft.date=2011-11-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fejts.4444&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142733144%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Baltsiotis&rft.aufirst=Lambros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%252Fejts.4444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/ejts/4444#ftn95">Note 95</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellediPoloniCasalottiConterio2000" class="citation journal cs1">Belledi, Michele; Poloni, Estella S.; Casalotti, Rosa; Conterio, Franco; Mikerezi, Ilia; Tagliavini, James; Excoffier, Laurent (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5200443">"Maternal and paternal lineages in Albania and the genetic structure of Indo-European populations"</a>. European Journal of Human Genetics. 8 (7): 480–486. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5200443">10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200443</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10909846">10909846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Maternal+and+paternal+lineages+in+Albania+and+the+genetic+structure+of+Indo-European+populations&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=480-486&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5200443&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10909846&rft.aulast=Belledi&rft.aufirst=Michele&rft.au=Poloni%2C+Estella+S.&rft.au=Casalotti%2C+Rosa&rft.au=Conterio%2C+Franco&rft.au=Mikerezi%2C+Ilia&rft.au=Tagliavini%2C+James&rft.au=Excoffier%2C+Laurent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fsj.ejhg.5200443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarančić2008" class="citation journal cs1">Barančić, Maximilijana (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hrcak.srce.hr/file/52093">"Arbanasi i etnojezični identitet Arbanasi and ethnolinguistic identity"</a>. Croatica et Slavica Iadertina. 4 (4): 551–568. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15291%2Fcsi.627">10.15291/csi.627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Croatica+et+Slavica+Iadertina&rft.atitle=Arbanasi+i+etnojezi%C4%8Dni+identitet+Arbanasi+and+ethnolinguistic+identity&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=551-568&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15291%2Fcsi.627&rft.aulast=Baran%C4%8Di%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Maximilijana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Ffile%2F52093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBintliff2003" class="citation book cs1">Bintliff, John (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/8444/1_036_127.pdf?sequence=1.">"The Ethnoarchaeology of a "Passive" Ethnicity: The Arvanites of Central Greece"</a> (PDF). In Brown, K.S.; Hamilakis, Yannis (eds.). The Usable Past: Greek Metahistories. Lanham: Lexington Books. pp. 129–144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0384-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0384-5"><bdi>978-0-7391-0384-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ethnoarchaeology+of+a+%22Passive%22+Ethnicity%3A+The+Arvanites+of+Central+Greece&rft.btitle=The+Usable+Past%3A+Greek+Metahistories&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pages=129-144&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-0384-5&rft.aulast=Bintliff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopenaccess.leidenuniv.nl%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1887%2F8444%2F1_036_127.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonnefoy1993" class="citation book cs1">Bonnefoy, Yves (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanafricano00bonn">American, African, and old European mythologies</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06457-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06457-4"><bdi>978-0-226-06457-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American%2C+African%2C+and+old+European+mythologies&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-226-06457-4&rft.aulast=Bonnefoy&rft.aufirst=Yves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanafricano00bonn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2001" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Bernard (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ox_gXq2jpdYC">Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 1. Garland Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-4057-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-4057-5"><bdi>0-8153-4057-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+Since+1945%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8153-4057-5&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dox_gXq2jpdYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Rapper2012" class="citation book cs1">De Rapper, Gilles (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00400413/document">"Blood and Seed, Trunk and Hearth: Kinship and Common Origin in southern Albania"</a>. In Hemming, Andreas; Kera, Gentiana; Pandelejmoni, Enriketa (eds.). Albania: Family, Society and Culture in the 20th century. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 79–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-50144-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-50144-8"><bdi>978-3-643-50144-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Blood+and+Seed%2C+Trunk+and+Hearth%3A+Kinship+and+Common+Origin+in+southern+Albania&rft.btitle=Albania%3A+Family%2C+Society+and+Culture+in+the+20th+century&rft.pages=79-95&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-643-50144-8&rft.aulast=De+Rapper&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-00400413%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeliso2007" class="citation book cs1">Deliso, Christopher (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-7dq8mi0DWkC">The Coming Balkan Caliphate: The Threat of Radical Islam to Europe and the West</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99525-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99525-6"><bdi>978-0-275-99525-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coming+Balkan+Caliphate%3A+The+Threat+of+Radical+Islam+to+Europe+and+the+West&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-275-99525-6&rft.aulast=Deliso&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-7dq8mi0DWkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemiraj1998" class="citation book cs1">Demiraj, Shaban (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vwUMNCYbLL0C&q=Albanoi">"Albanian"</a>. In Ramat, Anna Giacalone; Ramat, Paolo (eds.). The Indo-European languages. London: Routledge. pp. 480–501. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-06449-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-06449-1"><bdi>978-0-415-06449-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Albanian&rft.btitle=The+Indo-European+languages&rft.place=London&rft.pages=480-501&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-06449-1&rft.aulast=Demiraj&rft.aufirst=Shaban&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvwUMNCYbLL0C%26q%3DAlbanoi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemiraj2010" class="citation book cs1">Demiraj, Bardhyl (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bmIVOGu0WWEC">"Shqiptar–The generalization of this ethnic name in the XVIII century"</a>. In Demiraj, Bardhyl (ed.). Wir sind die Deinen: Studien zur albanischen Sprache, Literatur und Kulturgeschichte, dem Gedenken an Martin Camaj (1925–1992) gewidmet [We are his people: Studies on the Albanian language, literature and cultural history, dedicated to the memory of Martin Camaj (1925–1992)]. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 533–565. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06221-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-06221-3"><bdi>978-3-447-06221-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shqiptar%E2%80%93The+generalization+of+this+ethnic+name+in+the+XVIII+century&rft.btitle=Wir+sind+die+Deinen%3A+Studien+zur+albanischen+Sprache%2C+Literatur+und+Kulturgeschichte%2C+dem+Gedenken+an+Martin+Camaj+%281925%E2%80%931992%29+gewidmet+%5BWe+are+his+people%3A+Studies+on+the+Albanian+language%2C+literature+and+cultural+history%2C+dedicated+to+the+memory+of+Martin+Camaj+%281925%E2%80%931992%29%5D&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=533-565&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-447-06221-3&rft.aulast=Demiraj&rft.aufirst=Bardhyl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbmIVOGu0WWEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemiraj2015" class="citation book cs1">Demiraj, Shaban (2015). "Albanian". In Giacalone Ramat, Anna (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PLa5CAAAQBAJ">The Indo-European Languages</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-92187-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-92187-4"><bdi>978-1-134-92187-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Albanian&rft.btitle=The+Indo-European+Languages&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-134-92187-4&rft.aulast=Demiraj&rft.aufirst=Shaban&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPLa5CAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevereMcDermottVerbitsky2006" class="citation book cs1">Devere, Heather; McDermott, Keryn; Verbitsky, Jane (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OTI2AAAAQBAJ&dq=Kosovars+New+Zealand&pg=PA365">""Just a refugee": Rights and Status of Refugees in New Zealand"</a>. In Crépeau, François; Nakache, Delphine; Collyer, Michael; Goetz, Nathaniel H.; Hansen, Art (eds.). Forced Migration and Global Processes: A View from Forced Migration Studies. Lexington Books. pp. 357, 359–360. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-5505-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-5505-9"><bdi>978-0-7391-5505-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Just+a+refugee%22%3A+Rights+and+Status+of+Refugees+in+New+Zealand&rft.btitle=Forced+Migration+and+Global+Processes%3A+A+View+from+Forced+Migration+Studies&rft.pages=357%2C+359-360&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-5505-9&rft.aulast=Devere&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft.au=McDermott%2C+Keryn&rft.au=Verbitsky%2C+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOTI2AAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DKosovars%2BNew%2BZealand%26pg%3DPA365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDucellier1999" class="citation book cs1">Ducellier, Alain (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bclfdU_2lesC">"Albania, Serbia and Bulgaria"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/David_Abulafia" title="David Abulafia">Abulafia, David</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521362894">The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 5, c.1198–c.1300</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 779–795. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13905573-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13905573-4"><bdi>978-1-13905573-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Albania%2C+Serbia+and+Bulgaria&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History%2C+Volume+5%2C+c.1198%E2%80%93c.1300&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=779-795&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-13905573-4&rft.aulast=Ducellier&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbclfdU_2lesC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliadeAdams1987" class="citation book cs1">Eliade, Mircea; Adams, Charles J. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1rXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22A+number+of+Albanian+mythological+figures+can+be+traced+back+to+Greece%3B+some+even+have+names+derived+from+their+Greek+originals.+%22">The Encyclopedia of religion, Volume 1</a>. New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-909480-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-909480-8"><bdi>978-0-02-909480-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+religion%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-02-909480-8&rft.aulast=Eliade&rft.aufirst=Mircea&rft.au=Adams%2C+Charles+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY1rXAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522A%2Bnumber%2Bof%2BAlbanian%2Bmythological%2Bfigures%2Bcan%2Bbe%2Btraced%2Bback%2Bto%2BGreece%253B%2Bsome%2Beven%2Bhave%2Bnames%2Bderived%2Bfrom%2Btheir%2BGreek%2Boriginals.%2B%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsie2003" class="citation book cs1">Elsie, Robert (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_sHmTRCEe7kC&q=Early+Albania:+A+reader+of+Historical+texts,+11th-17th+centuries">Early Albania: A reader of Historical texts, 11th–17th centuries</a>. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-04783-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-04783-8"><bdi>978-3-447-04783-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Albania%3A+A+reader+of+Historical+texts%2C+11th%E2%80%9317th+centuries&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-447-04783-8&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_sHmTRCEe7kC%26q%3DEarly%2BAlbania%3A%2BA%2Breader%2Bof%2BHistorical%2Btexts%2C%2B11th-17th%2Bcenturies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsie2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Elsie" title="Robert Elsie">Elsie, Robert</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i2IpDAAAQBAJ">The Tribes of Albania: History, Society and Culture</a>. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-932-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-932-2"><bdi>978-0-85773-932-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tribes+of+Albania%3A+History%2C+Society+and+Culture&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-85773-932-2&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di2IpDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsie2005" class="citation book cs1">Elsie, Robert (2005). Albanian literature: A short history. London: I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-031-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-031-4"><bdi>978-1-84511-031-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albanian+literature%3A+A+short+history&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-031-4&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsie2010" class="citation book cs1">Elsie, Robert (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=haFlGXIg8uoC">Historical Dictionary of Albania</a>. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7380-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7380-3"><bdi>978-0-8108-7380-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Albania&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7380-3&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhaFlGXIg8uoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinlay1851" class="citation book cs1">Finlay, George (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historygreecefr02finlgoog">The History of Greece: From Its Conquest by the Crusaders to Its Conquest by the Turks, and of the Empire of Trebizond: 1204–1461</a>. London: Blackwood.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Greece%3A+From+Its+Conquest+by+the+Crusaders+to+Its+Conquest+by+the+Turks%2C+and+of+the+Empire+of+Trebizond%3A+1204%E2%80%931461&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Blackwood&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Finlay&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorygreecefr02finlgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazee2006" class="citation book cs1">Frazee, Charles (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X6DM4szwUpEC&q=Vincenzo+Zmajevic+Albani&pg=PA168">Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453–1923</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02700-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-02700-7"><bdi>978-0-521-02700-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholics+and+Sultans%3A+The+Church+and+the+Ottoman+Empire+1453%E2%80%931923&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-02700-7&rft.aulast=Frazee&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX6DM4szwUpEC%26q%3DVincenzo%2BZmajevic%2BAlbani%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalaty2002" class="citation book cs1">Galaty, Michael L. (2002). "Modeling the Formation and Evolution of an Illyrian Tribal System: Ethnographic and Archaeological Analogs". In William A. Parkinson (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8TR8DwAAQBAJ">The Archaeology of Tribal Societies</a>. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-78920-171-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-78920-171-3"><bdi>1-78920-171-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Modeling+the+Formation+and+Evolution+of+an+Illyrian+Tribal+System%3A+Ethnographic+and+Archaeological+Analogs&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Tribal+Societies&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-78920-171-3&rft.aulast=Galaty&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8TR8DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalaty2011" class="citation book cs1">Galaty, Michael L. (2011). "Blood of Our Ancestors". In Helaine Silverman (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HCM93pyDhMEC">Contested Cultural Heritage: Religion, Nationalism, Erasure, and Exclusion in a Global World</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-7305-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-7305-4"><bdi>978-1-4419-7305-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 31 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Blood+of+Our+Ancestors&rft.btitle=Contested+Cultural+Heritage%3A+Religion%2C+Nationalism%2C+Erasure%2C+and+Exclusion+in+a+Global+World&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-7305-4&rft.aulast=Galaty&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHCM93pyDhMEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalaty2018" class="citation book cs1">Galaty, Michael L. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SEBiDwAAQBAJ">Memory and Nation Building: From Ancient Times to the Islamic State</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-2262-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-2262-8"><bdi>978-0-7591-2262-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memory+and+Nation+Building%3A+From+Ancient+Times+to+the+Islamic+State&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-2262-8&rft.aulast=Galaty&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSEBiDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGawrych2006" class="citation book cs1">Gawrych, George (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wPOtzk-unJgC">The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913</a>. London: IB Tauris. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-287-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-287-5"><bdi>978-1-84511-287-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crescent+and+the+Eagle%3A+Ottoman+rule%2C+Islam+and+the+Albanians%2C+1874%E2%80%931913&rft.place=London&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=IB+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-287-5&rft.aulast=Gawrych&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwPOtzk-unJgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenişMaynard2009" class="citation journal cs1">Geniş, Şerife; Maynard, Kelly Lynne (2009). "Formation of a Diasporic Community: The history of migration and resettlement of Muslim Albanians in the Black Sea Region of Turkey". Middle Eastern Studies. 45 (4): 553–569. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263200903009619">10.1080/00263200903009619</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143742189">143742189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Formation+of+a+Diasporic+Community%3A+The+history+of+migration+and+resettlement+of+Muslim+Albanians+in+the+Black+Sea+Region+of+Turkey&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=553-569&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263200903009619&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143742189%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Geni%C5%9F&rft.aufirst=%C5%9Eerife&rft.au=Maynard%2C+Kelly+Lynne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiakoumis2010" class="citation book cs1">Giakoumis, Konstantinos (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aCdYHU9PtiIC&q=Gjirokast%C3%ABr+Muslims&pg=PA86">"The Orthodox Church in Albania Under the Ottoman Rule 15th–19th Century"</a>. In Schmitt, Oliver Jens (ed.). Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa [Religion and culture in Albanian-speaking southeastern Europe]. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 69–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-60295-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-60295-9"><bdi>978-3-631-60295-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Orthodox+Church+in+Albania+Under+the+Ottoman+Rule+15th%E2%80%9319th+Century&rft.btitle=Religion+und+Kultur+im+albanischsprachigen+S%C3%BCdosteuropa+%26%2391%3BReligion+and+culture+in+Albanian-speaking+southeastern+Europe%26%2393%3B&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.pages=69-110&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-631-60295-9&rft.aulast=Giakoumis&rft.aufirst=Konstantinos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaCdYHU9PtiIC%26q%3DGjirokast%25C3%25ABr%2BMuslims%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGogonas2010" class="citation book cs1">Gogonas, Nikos (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rlUaBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">Bilingualism and multiculturalism in Greek education: Investigating ethnic language maintenance among pupils of Albanian and Egyptian origin in Athens</a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-2214-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-2214-5"><bdi>978-1-4438-2214-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bilingualism+and+multiculturalism+in+Greek+education%3A+Investigating+ethnic+language+maintenance+among+pupils+of+Albanian+and+Egyptian+origin+in+Athens&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-2214-5&rft.aulast=Gogonas&rft.aufirst=Nikos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrlUaBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroenendijk2006" class="citation book cs1">Groenendijk, Kees (2006). Bauböck, Rainer; Ersbøll, Eva; Groenendijk, Kees; Waldrauch, Harald (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TW1ZAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA416">Acquisition and Loss of Nationality: Comparative Analyses – Policies and Trends in 15 European Countries</a>. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. pp. 411–430. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789053569207" title="Special:BookSources/9789053569207"><bdi>9789053569207</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Acquisition+and+Loss+of+Nationality%3A+Comparative+Analyses+%E2%80%93+Policies+and+Trends+in+15+European+Countries&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=411-430&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789053569207&rft.aulast=Groenendijk&rft.aufirst=Kees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTW1ZAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1997" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Jonathan (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F4Am6gcP0GsC&pg=PA29">Ethnic Identity in Greek antiquity</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78999-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78999-8"><bdi>978-0-521-78999-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Identity+in+Greek+antiquity&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-78999-8&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF4Am6gcP0GsC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHockJoseph1996" class="citation book cs1">Hock, Hans Henrich; Joseph, Brian D. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oGH-RCW1fzsC&pg=PA54">Language history, language change, and language relationship: An introduction to historical and comparative linguistics</a>. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014784-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-014784-1"><bdi>978-3-11-014784-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+history%2C+language+change%2C+and+language+relationship%3A+An+introduction+to+historical+and+comparative+linguistics&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-3-11-014784-1&rft.aulast=Hock&rft.aufirst=Hans+Henrich&rft.au=Joseph%2C+Brian+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoGH-RCW1fzsC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJagodić1998" class="citation journal cs1">Jagodić, Miloš (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://balkanologie.revues.org/265">"The Emigration of Muslims from the New Serbian Regions 1877/1878"</a>. Balkanologie. 2 (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fbalkanologie.265">10.4000/balkanologie.265</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140637086">140637086</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Balkanologie&rft.atitle=The+Emigration+of+Muslims+from+the+New+Serbian+Regions+1877%2F1878&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fbalkanologie.265&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140637086%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jagodi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Milo%C5%A1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbalkanologie.revues.org%2F265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJelavich1983" class="citation book cs1">Jelavich, Barbara (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbalkans0000jela">History of the Balkans</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27459-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27459-3"><bdi>978-0-521-27459-3</bdi></a>. <q>Albanoi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Balkans&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-521-27459-3&rft.aulast=Jelavich&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofbalkans0000jela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamusella2009" class="citation book cs1">Kamusella, Tomasz (2009). The politics of language and nationalism in modern Central Europe. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-55070-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-55070-4"><bdi>978-0-230-55070-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+politics+of+language+and+nationalism+in+modern+Central+Europe&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-230-55070-4&rft.aulast=Kamusella&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolovos2007" class="citation book cs1">Kolovos, Elias (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QT8MAQAAMAAJ&q=Arnavudluk+">The Ottoman Empire, the Balkans, the Greek lands: Toward a social and economic history: Studies in honor of John C. Alexander</a>. Istanbul: Isis Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789754283464" title="Special:BookSources/9789754283464"><bdi>9789754283464</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Empire%2C+the+Balkans%2C+the+Greek+lands%3A+Toward+a+social+and+economic+history%3A+Studies+in+honor+of+John+C.+Alexander&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pub=Isis+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789754283464&rft.aulast=Kolovos&rft.aufirst=Elias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQT8MAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DArnavudluk%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoinova2021" class="citation book cs1">Koinova, Maria (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PIskEAAAQBAJ">Diaspora Entrepreneurs and Contested States</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-884862-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-884862-2"><bdi>978-0-19-884862-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diaspora+Entrepreneurs+and+Contested+States&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-19-884862-2&rft.aulast=Koinova&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPIskEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoti2010" class="citation book cs1">Koti, Dhori (2010). Monografi për Vithkuqin dhe Naum Veqilharxhin [A monograph of Vithkuq and Naum Veqilharxhi]. Pogradec: DIJA Poradeci. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99956-826-8-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-99956-826-8-2"><bdi>978-99956-826-8-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monografi+p%C3%ABr+Vithkuqin+dhe+Naum+Veqilharxhin+%26%2391%3BA+monograph+of+Vithkuq+and+Naum+Veqilharxhi%26%2393%3B&rft.place=Pogradec&rft.pub=DIJA+Poradeci&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-99956-826-8-2&rft.aulast=Koti&rft.aufirst=Dhori&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoukoudis2003" class="citation book cs1">Koukoudis, Asterios (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=01JoAAAAMAAJ&q=first+appeared">The Vlachs: Metropolis and Diaspora</a>. Thessaloniki: Zitros Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789607760869" title="Special:BookSources/9789607760869"><bdi>9789607760869</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vlachs%3A+Metropolis+and+Diaspora&rft.place=Thessaloniki&rft.pub=Zitros+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9789607760869&rft.aulast=Koukoudis&rft.aufirst=Asterios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D01JoAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dfirst%2Bappeared&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiakos2012" class="citation book cs1">Liakos, Antonis (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H1fGJRxUG6wC&q=Hellenism+and+the+making+of+Modern+Greece%22+Time,+Language,+Space&pg=PA201">"Hellenism and the making of Modern Greece: Time, Language, Space"</a>. In Zacharia, Katerina (ed.). Hellenisms: culture, identity, and ethnicity from antiquity to modernity. Aldershot: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 201–236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004221529" title="Special:BookSources/9789004221529"><bdi>9789004221529</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hellenism+and+the+making+of+Modern+Greece%3A+Time%2C+Language%2C+Space&rft.btitle=Hellenisms%3A+culture%2C+identity%2C+and+ethnicity+from+antiquity+to+modernity&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pages=201-236&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789004221529&rft.aulast=Liakos&rft.aufirst=Antonis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH1fGJRxUG6wC%26q%3DHellenism%2Band%2Bthe%2Bmaking%2Bof%2BModern%2BGreece%2522%2BTime%2C%2BLanguage%2C%2BSpace%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiotta2001" class="citation book cs1">Liotta, Peter H. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h_LBmnBl99QC&pg=PA198">Dismembering the state: The death of Yugoslavia and why it matters</a>. Lanham: Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0212-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0212-1"><bdi>978-0-7391-0212-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dismembering+the+state%3A+The+death+of+Yugoslavia+and+why+it+matters&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-0212-1&rft.aulast=Liotta&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh_LBmnBl99QC%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloshi1999" class="citation book cs1">Lloshi, Xhevat (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Phyvk2tPaYQC">"Albanian"</a>. In Hinrichs, Uwe; Büttner, Uwe (eds.). Handbuch der Südosteuropa-Linguistik. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 272–299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03939-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03939-0"><bdi>978-3-447-03939-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Albanian&rft.btitle=Handbuch+der+S%C3%BCdosteuropa-Linguistik&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=272-299&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-3-447-03939-0&rft.aulast=Lloshi&rft.aufirst=Xhevat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPhyvk2tPaYQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadgearuGordon2008" class="citation book cs1">Madgearu, Alexandru; Gordon, Martin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warsofbalkanpeni0000madg">The wars of the Balkan Peninsula: Their medieval origins</a>. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warsofbalkanpeni0000madg/page/43">43</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5846-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5846-6"><bdi>978-0-8108-5846-6</bdi></a>. <q>Albanoi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+wars+of+the+Balkan+Peninsula%3A+Their+medieval+origins&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5846-6&rft.aulast=Madgearu&rft.aufirst=Alexandru&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarsofbalkanpeni0000madg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm1998" class="citation book cs1">Malcolm, Noel (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GGQ_AQAAIAAJ&q=Albanian+word+alps">Kosovo: A short history</a>. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-66612-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-66612-8"><bdi>978-0-333-66612-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo%3A+A+short+history&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-333-66612-8&rft.aulast=Malcolm&rft.aufirst=Noel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGGQ_AQAAIAAJ%26q%3DAlbanian%2Bword%2Balps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatzinger2013" class="citation journal cs1">Matzinger, Joachim (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeitschrift-fuer-balkanologie.de/index.php/zfb/article/download/337/334">"Shqip bei den altalbanischen Autoren vom 16. bis zum frühen 18. Jahrhundert [Shqip within Old Albanian authors from the 16th to the early 18th century]"</a>. Zeitschrift für Balkanologie. Retrieved 31 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Balkanologie&rft.atitle=Shqip+bei+den+altalbanischen+Autoren+vom+16.+bis+zum+fr%C3%BChen+18.+Jahrhundert+%5BShqip+within+Old+Albanian+authors+from+the+16th+to+the+early+18th+century%5D&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Matzinger&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeitschrift-fuer-balkanologie.de%2Findex.php%2Fzfb%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F337%2F334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMënikuCampos2012" class="citation book cs1">Mëniku, Linda; Campos, Héctor (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qMBgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT9">Colloquial Albanian: The complete course for beginners</a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-30681-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-30681-8"><bdi>978-1-317-30681-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colloquial+Albanian%3A+The+complete+course+for+beginners&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-317-30681-8&rft.aulast=M%C3%ABniku&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.au=Campos%2C+H%C3%A9ctor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqMBgCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurati1991" class="citation book cs1">Murati, Qemal (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rbFiAAAAMAAJ&q=Arnaut+pejorative">Konservacione dhe inovacione gjuhësore në fushë të shqipes [Conservation and innovations in the field of Albanian language]</a>. Flaka e Vëllazërimit.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Konservacione+dhe+inovacione+gjuh%C3%ABsore+n%C3%AB+fush%C3%AB+t%C3%AB+shqipes+%5BConservation+and+innovations+in+the+field+of+Albanian+language%5D&rft.pub=Flaka+e+V%C3%ABllaz%C3%ABrimit&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Murati&rft.aufirst=Qemal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrbFiAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DArnaut%2Bpejorative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyhill2006" class="citation book cs1">Myhill, John (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dJK3YxI1NM8C&q=Albanian+national+identity&pg=PT241">Language, religion and national identity in Europe and the Middle East: A historical study</a>. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027227119" title="Special:BookSources/9789027227119"><bdi>9789027227119</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language%2C+religion+and+national+identity+in+Europe+and+the+Middle+East%3A+A+historical+study&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789027227119&rft.aulast=Myhill&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdJK3YxI1NM8C%26q%3DAlbanian%2Bnational%2Bidentity%26pg%3DPT241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNallbani2017" class="citation book cs1">Nallbani, Etleva (2017). "Early Medieval North Albania: New Discoveries, Remodeling Connections: The Case of Medieval Komani". In Gelichi, Sauro; Negrelli, Claudio (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edizionicafoscari.unive.it/media/pdf/books/978-88-6969-114-0/978-88-6969-114-0_dhz0XaB.pdf">Adriatico altomedievale (VI-XI secolo) Scambi, porti, produzioni</a> (PDF). Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-6969-115-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-6969-115-7"><bdi>978-88-6969-115-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://edizionicafoscari.unive.it/media/pdf/books/978-88-6969-114-0/978-88-6969-114-0_dhz0XaB.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+Medieval+North+Albania%3A+New+Discoveries%2C+Remodeling+Connections%3A+The+Case+of+Medieval+Komani&rft.btitle=Adriatico+altomedievale+%28VI-XI+secolo%29+Scambi%2C+porti%2C+produzioni&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A0+Ca%E2%80%99+Foscari+Venezia&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-88-6969-115-7&rft.aulast=Nallbani&rft.aufirst=Etleva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedizionicafoscari.unive.it%2Fmedia%2Fpdf%2Fbooks%2F978-88-6969-114-0%2F978-88-6969-114-0_dhz0XaB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasse1964" class="citation book cs1">Nasse, George Nicholas (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VjArAAAAYAAJ&q=The+Italo-Albanian+Villages+of+Southern+Italy">The Italo-Albanian Villages of Southern Italy</a>. Washington, District of Columbia: National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-598-20400-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-598-20400-4"><bdi>978-0-598-20400-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italo-Albanian+Villages+of+Southern+Italy&rft.place=Washington%2C+District+of+Columbia&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences-National+Research+Council&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0-598-20400-4&rft.aulast=Nasse&rft.aufirst=George+Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVjArAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DThe%2BItalo-Albanian%2BVillages%2Bof%2BSouthern%2BItaly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicol1986" class="citation book cs1">Nicol, Donald MacGillivray (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XnKgAAAAMAAJ&q=Alain+Ducellier">Studies in late Byzantine history and prosopography</a>. Variorum Reprints. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86078-190-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86078-190-5"><bdi>978-0-86078-190-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+late+Byzantine+history+and+prosopography&rft.pub=Variorum+Reprints&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-86078-190-5&rft.aulast=Nicol&rft.aufirst=Donald+MacGillivray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXnKgAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DAlain%2BDucellier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicol2010" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Nicol" title="Donald Nicol">Nicol, Donald MacGillivray</a> (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XIj0FfKto9AC">The Despotate of Epiros 1267–1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages</a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13089-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-13089-9"><bdi>978-0-521-13089-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Despotate+of+Epiros+1267%E2%80%931479%3A+A+Contribution+to+the+History+of+Greece+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-13089-9&rft.aulast=Nicol&rft.aufirst=Donald+MacGillivray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXIj0FfKto9AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris1993" class="citation book cs1">Norris, Harry Thirlwall (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islaminbalkansre00norr">Islam in the Balkans: religion and society between Europe and the Arab world</a>. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islaminbalkansre00norr/page/249">249</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87249-977-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87249-977-5"><bdi>978-0-87249-977-5</bdi></a>. <q>Albanians Arnaout Syria.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+the+Balkans%3A+religion+and+society+between+Europe+and+the+Arab+world&rft.place=Columbia&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-87249-977-5&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Harry+Thirlwall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislaminbalkansre00norr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovik2015" class="citation journal cs1">Novik, Alexander Alexandrovich (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ispan.waw.pl/journals/index.php/sm/article/view/184">"Lexicon of Albanian mythology: Areal studies in the polylingual region of Azov Sea"</a>. Slavia Meridionalis. 15: 261–273. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11649%2Fsm.2015.022">10.11649/sm.2015.022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavia+Meridionalis&rft.atitle=Lexicon+of+Albanian+mythology%3A+Areal+studies+in+the+polylingual+region+of+Azov+Sea&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=261-273&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11649%2Fsm.2015.022&rft.aulast=Novik&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Alexandrovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fispan.waw.pl%2Fjournals%2Findex.php%2Fsm%2Farticle%2Fview%2F184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPappas2008" class="citation web cs1">Pappas, Nicholas CJ. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924101628/http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Stradioti.html">"Stradioti: Balkan Mercenaries in Fifteenth and Sixteenth Century Italy"</a>. Sam Houston State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Stradioti.html">the original</a> on 24 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stradioti%3A+Balkan+Mercenaries+in+Fifteenth+and+Sixteenth+Century+Italy&rft.pub=Sam+Houston+State+University&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Pappas&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+CJ.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shsu.edu%2F~his_ncp%2FStradioti.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlasari2020" class="citation journal cs1">Plasari, Aurel (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1og8eP21jogwHXRdvgphXo-DyqpDWSz2E/view">"The Albanians in attestations from late antiquity until the early Middle Ages"</a>. Albanian Studies. 2. Academy of Sciences of Albania.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Albanian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Albanians+in+attestations+from+late+antiquity+until+the+early+Middle+Ages&rft.volume=2&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Plasari&rft.aufirst=Aurel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrive.google.com%2Ffile%2Fd%2F1og8eP21jogwHXRdvgphXo-DyqpDWSz2E%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritsak1991" class="citation book cs1">Pritsak, Omeljan (1991). "Albanians". In Kazhdan, Alexander P. (ed.). Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6"><bdi>978-0-19-504652-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/311413460">311413460</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Albanians&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F311413460&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504652-6&rft.aulast=Pritsak&rft.aufirst=Omeljan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuanrud2021" class="citation journal cs1">Quanrud, John (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/byzantine-and-modern-greek-studies/article/abs/albanoi-in-michael-attaleiates-history-revisiting-the-vranoussiducellier-debate/E134AA6C7CB77580151F6CFB6BB1C5E7#">"The Albanoi in Michael Attaleiates' History: revisiting the Vranoussi-Ducellier debate"</a>. Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies. 45 (2): 149–165. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fbyz.2021.11">10.1017/byz.2021.11</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237424879">237424879</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Byzantine+and+Modern+Greek+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Albanoi+in+Michael+Attaleiates%27+History%3A+revisiting+the+Vranoussi-Ducellier+debate&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=149-165&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fbyz.2021.11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A237424879%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Quanrud&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fbyzantine-and-modern-greek-studies%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Falbanoi-in-michael-attaleiates-history-revisiting-the-vranoussiducellier-debate%2FE134AA6C7CB77580151F6CFB6BB1C5E7%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRagionieri2008" class="citation book cs1">Ragionieri, Rodolfo (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Lfwutn-soQC&pg=PA46">"Mediterranean Geopolitics"</a>. In Petricioli, Marta (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leuropemediterra0000unse/page/37">L'Europe Méditerranéenne [Mediterranean Europe]</a>. Berlin: Peter Lang. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leuropemediterra0000unse/page/37">37–48</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789052013541" title="Special:BookSources/9789052013541"><bdi>9789052013541</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mediterranean+Geopolitics&rft.btitle=L%27Europe+M%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9enne+%5BMediterranean+Europe%5D&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=37-48&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789052013541&rft.aulast=Ragionieri&rft.aufirst=Rodolfo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Lfwutn-soQC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet1989" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina P. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=50GTIhntKvYC&q=Religion+and+Nationalism+in+Soviet+and+East+European+Politics">Religion and nationalism in Soviet and East European politics</a>. Durham: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-0891-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-0891-1"><bdi>978-0-8223-0891-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+nationalism+in+Soviet+and+East+European+politics&rft.place=Durham&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-0891-1&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D50GTIhntKvYC%26q%3DReligion%2Band%2BNationalism%2Bin%2BSoviet%2Band%2BEast%2BEuropean%2BPolitics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet1998" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TrcnAAAAYAAJ">Nihil obstat: religion, politics, and social change in East-Central Europe and Russia</a>. Durham: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2070-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2070-8"><bdi>978-0-8223-2070-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nihil+obstat%3A+religion%2C+politics%2C+and+social+change+in+East-Central+Europe+and+Russia&rft.place=Durham&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-2070-8&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTrcnAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiehl2010" class="citation book cs1">Riehl, Claudia Maria (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zuL5fCldNS4C&q=Arvanites+feudal">"Discontinious language spaces (Sprachinseln)"</a>. In Auer, Peter; Schmidt, Jürgen Erich (eds.). Language and Space: An International Handbook of Linguistic Variation. Theories and Methods. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 332–354. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022027-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-022027-8"><bdi>978-3-11-022027-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Discontinious+language+spaces+%28Sprachinseln%29&rft.btitle=Language+and+Space%3A+An+International+Handbook+of+Linguistic+Variation.+Theories+and+Methods&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=332-354&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-11-022027-8&rft.aulast=Riehl&rft.aufirst=Claudia+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzuL5fCldNS4C%26q%3DArvanites%2Bfeudal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarner1997" class="citation book cs1">Sarner, Harvey (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080510075852/http://www.juedisches-archiv-chfrank.de/kehilot/albania/alban-resc.htm">Rescue in Albania: One Hundred Percent of Jews in Albania Rescued from Holocaust</a>. Cathedral City: Brunswick Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-888521-11-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-888521-11-5"><bdi>978-1-888521-11-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.juedisches-archiv-chfrank.de/kehilot/albania/alban-resc.htm">the original</a> on 10 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rescue+in+Albania%3A+One+Hundred+Percent+of+Jews+in+Albania+Rescued+from+Holocaust&rft.place=Cathedral+City&rft.pub=Brunswick+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-888521-11-5&rft.aulast=Sarner&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.juedisches-archiv-chfrank.de%2Fkehilot%2Falbania%2Falban-resc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders2011" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, Robert A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vM5hZEsdz94C&pg=PA98">Ethnopolitics in Cyberspace: The Internet, Minority Nationalism, and the Web of Identity</a>. Lanham: Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-4194-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-4194-6"><bdi>978-0-7391-4194-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnopolitics+in+Cyberspace%3A+The+Internet%2C+Minority+Nationalism%2C+and+the+Web+of+Identity&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-4194-6&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvM5hZEsdz94C%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetton1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Setton" title="Kenneth Setton">Setton, Kenneth M.</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i4OPORrVeXQC">The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries</a>. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87169-114-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87169-114-0"><bdi>0-87169-114-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Papacy+and+the+Levant+%281204%E2%80%931571%29%2C+Volume+I%3A+The+Thirteenth+and+Fourteenth+Centuries&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=The+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-87169-114-0&rft.aulast=Setton&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di4OPORrVeXQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkendi1956" class="citation journal cs1">Skendi, Stavro (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/69374b2aeb4f4380ae1364da4d940882/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1817218">"Religion in Albania during the Ottoman rule"</a>. Südost Forschungen. 15: 311–327.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=S%C3%BCdost+Forschungen&rft.atitle=Religion+in+Albania+during+the+Ottoman+rule&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=311-327&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Skendi&rft.aufirst=Stavro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2F69374b2aeb4f4380ae1364da4d940882%2F1%3Fpq-origsite%3Dgscholar%26cbl%3D1817218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988">←</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrnavci2010" class="citation book cs1">Trnavci, Genc (2010). "The Interaction of Customary Law with the Modern Rule of Law in Albania and Kosova". In Sellers, Mortimer; Tomaszewski, Tadeusz (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Rx7_KyUp7cC">The Rule of Law in Comparative Perspective</a>. Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice. Vol. 3. Springer Verlag. pp. 201–215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-3748-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-3748-0"><bdi>978-90-481-3748-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Interaction+of+Customary+Law+with+the+Modern+Rule+of+Law+in+Albania+and+Kosova&rft.btitle=The+Rule+of+Law+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.series=Ius+Gentium%3A+Comparative+Perspectives+on+Law+and+Justice&rft.pages=201-215&rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-481-3748-0&rft.aulast=Trnavci&rft.aufirst=Genc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Rx7_KyUp7cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsitselikis2012" class="citation book cs1">Tsitselikis, Konstantinos (2012). Old and New Islam in Greece: From historical minorities to immigrant newcomers. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 311. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004221529" title="Special:BookSources/9789004221529"><bdi>9789004221529</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+and+New+Islam+in+Greece%3A+From+historical+minorities+to+immigrant+newcomers&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789004221529&rft.aulast=Tsitselikis&rft.aufirst=Konstantinos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsoutsoumpis2015" class="citation journal cs1">Tsoutsoumpis, Spyros (December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/24269752">"Violence, resistance and collaboration in a Greek borderland: the case of the Muslim Chams of Epirus"</a>. Qualestoria (2): 119–138. Retrieved 14 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Qualestoria&rft.atitle=Violence%2C+resistance+and+collaboration+in+a+Greek+borderland%3A+the+case+of+the+Muslim+Chams+of+Epirus&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=119-138&rft.date=2015-12&rft.aulast=Tsoutsoumpis&rft.aufirst=Spyros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F24269752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUka2004d" class="citation book cs1">Uka, Sabit (2004d). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R8tSGQAACAAJ&q=E+drejta+mbi+vatrat+dhe+pasurit%C3%AB+reale+dhe+autoktone+nuk+vjet%C3%ABrohet">E drejta mbi vatrat dhe pasuritë reale dhe autoktone nuk vjetërohet: Të dhëna në formë rezimeje [The rights of homes and assets, real and autochthonous that does not disappear with time: Data given in the form of estate portions regarding inheritance]</a>. Prishtina: Shoqata e Muhaxhirëvë të Kosovës. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789951408097" title="Special:BookSources/9789951408097"><bdi>9789951408097</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=E+drejta+mbi+vatrat+dhe+pasurit%C3%AB+reale+dhe+autoktone+nuk+vjet%C3%ABrohet%3A+T%C3%AB+dh%C3%ABna+n%C3%AB+form%C3%AB+rezimeje+%5BThe+rights+of+homes+and+assets%2C+real+and+autochthonous+that+does+not+disappear+with+time%3A+Data+given+in+the+form+of+estate+portions+regarding+inheritance%5D&rft.place=Prishtina&rft.pub=Shoqata+e+Muhaxhir%C3%ABv%C3%AB+t%C3%AB+Kosov%C3%ABs&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9789951408097&rft.aulast=Uka&rft.aufirst=Sabit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR8tSGQAACAAJ%26q%3DE%2Bdrejta%2Bmbi%2Bvatrat%2Bdhe%2Bpasurit%25C3%25AB%2Breale%2Bdhe%2Bautoktone%2Bnuk%2Bvjet%25C3%25ABrohet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasiliev1958" class="citation book cs1">Vasiliev, Alexander A. (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U6PnAwAAQBAJ&q=History+of+the+Byzantine+Empire+Albanians+Greece+Advance+of+the+Albanians+to+the+south&pg=PA613">History of the Byzantine Empire, 324–1453</a>. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-80926-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-80926-3"><bdi>978-0-299-80926-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Byzantine+Empire%2C+324%E2%80%931453&rft.place=Madison&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=978-0-299-80926-3&rft.aulast=Vasiliev&rft.aufirst=Alexander+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU6PnAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DHistory%2Bof%2Bthe%2BByzantine%2BEmpire%2BAlbanians%2BGreece%2BAdvance%2Bof%2Bthe%2BAlbanians%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bsouth%26pg%3DPA613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeremisKolipoulos2003" class="citation book cs1">Veremis, Thanos; Kolipoulos, John (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xYMsBgAAQBAJ&q=Assimilation+Arvanites&pg=PA24">"The evolving Content of the Greek Nation"</a>. In Couloumbis, Theodore A.; Kariotis, Theodore C.; Bello, Fotini (eds.). Greece in the twentieth century. Portland: Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-34652-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-34652-1"><bdi>978-1-136-34652-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+evolving+Content+of+the+Greek+Nation&rft.btitle=Greece+in+the+twentieth+century&rft.place=Portland&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-136-34652-1&rft.aulast=Veremis&rft.aufirst=Thanos&rft.au=Kolipoulos%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxYMsBgAAQBAJ%26q%3DAssimilation%2BArvanites%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVickers2011" class="citation book cs1">Vickers, Miranda (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vtQABAAAQBAJ&q=The+Albanians:+A+Modern+History+hapless&pg=PA83">The Albanians: a modern history</a>. London: IB Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-655-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-655-0"><bdi>978-0-85773-655-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Albanians%3A+a+modern+history&rft.place=London&rft.pub=IB+Tauris&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-85773-655-0&rft.aulast=Vickers&rft.aufirst=Miranda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvtQABAAAQBAJ%26q%3DThe%2BAlbanians%3A%2BA%2BModern%2BHistory%2Bhapless%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillar1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Villar, Francisco (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d5NbPAAACAAJ">Los indoeuropeos y los orígenes de Europa</a> (in Spanish). Madrid: Gredos. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-249-1787-1" title="Special:BookSources/84-249-1787-1"><bdi>84-249-1787-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+indoeuropeos+y+los+or%C3%ADgenes+de+Europa&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Gredos&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=84-249-1787-1&rft.aulast=Villar&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd5NbPAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinnifrith2020" class="citation book cs1">Winnifrith, Tom (2020). Nobody's Kingdom: A History of Northern Albania. Signal Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nobody%27s+Kingdom%3A+A+History+of+Northern+Albania&rft.pub=Signal+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Winnifrith&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbanians" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Albanians" class="extiw" title="commons:Albanians">Albanians</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/11444724/Books-about-Albania-and-the-Albanian-people">Books about Albania and the Albanian people</a> (scribd.com)—Reference of books (and some journal articles) about Albania and the Albanian people; their history, language, origin, culture, literature, and so on public domain books, fully accessible online.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060706152233/https://www.usip.org/pubs/specialreports/sr77.html">Albanians in the Balkans</a>—<a href="/wiki/U.S._Institute_of_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Institute of Peace">U.S. Institute of Peace</a> Report, November 2001</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheAlbaniansAndTheirTerritories">The Albanians and Their Territories</a> by The Academy of Sciences of the PSR of Albania]</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Albania_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Albania_topics" title="Template:Albania topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Albania_topics" title="Template talk:Albania topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Albania_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Albania topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Albania_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Albania" title="Outline of Albania">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardiaei" title="Ardiaei">Ardiaei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanoi" title="Albanoi">Albanoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantes_(tribe)" title="Amantes (tribe)">Amantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantini" title="Amantini">Amantini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaites" title="Balaites">Balaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bylliones" title="Bylliones">Bylliones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dassaretii" title="Dassaretii">Dassaretii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchele" title="Enchele">Enchele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labeatae" title="Labeatae">Labeatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthini" title="Parthini">Parthini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taulantii" title="Taulantii">Taulantii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_principalities" title="Albanian principalities">Middle Ages</a> (1190–1385) </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Arbanon" title="Principality of Arbanon">Principality of Arbanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Albania_(medieval)" title="Kingdom of Albania (medieval)">Kingdom of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotate_of_Arta" title="Despotate of Arta">Despotate of Arta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kastrioti" title="House of Kastrioti">House of Kastrioti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albania_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman period</a> (1385–1912) </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_rebellion" title="Skanderbeg's rebellion">Skanderbeg's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB" title="League of Lezhë">League of Lezhë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABni_Council" title="Arbëni Council">Arbëni Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Albania" title="Islamization of Albania">Islamization of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Pashaliks" title="Albanian Pashaliks">Albanian Pashaliks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Albanian_Beys" title="Massacre of the Albanian Beys">Massacre of the Albanian Beys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolts_of_1833%E2%80%931839" title="Albanian revolts of 1833–1839">Revolts of 1833–1839</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Dervish_Cara" title="Uprising of Dervish Cara">Uprising of Dervish Cara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_National_Awakening" title="Albanian National Awakening">Albanian National Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Prizren" title="League of Prizren">League of Prizren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Manastir" title="Congress of Manastir">Congress of Manastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1910" title="Albanian revolt of 1910">Revolt of 1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malissori_uprising" title="Malissori uprising">Malissori uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taksim_meeting" title="Taksim meeting">Taksim meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Revolt of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimza_Government" title="Kimza Government">Kimza Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Albania" title="Independent Albania">Independence</a> (1912–present) </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Albanian Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himni_i_Flamurit" title="Himni i Flamurit">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Albania" title="Provisional Government of Albania">Provisional Government of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania_during_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Albania during the Balkan Wars">Albania during the Balkan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Central_Albania" title="Republic of Central Albania">Republic of Central Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Albania" title="Principality of Albania">Principality of Albania (1914–25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_Albania" title="World War I in Albania">World War I in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB" title="Autonomous Province of Korçë">Autonomous Province of Korçë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_over_Albania" title="Italian protectorate over Albania">Italian protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Vlora War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mirdita" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Mirdita">Republic of Mirdita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Republic_(1925%E2%80%931928)" title="Albanian Republic (1925–1928)">Albanian Republic (1925–1928)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Union with Italian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania" title="German occupation of Albania">German Nazi occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Albania" title="The Holocaust in Albania">The Holocaust in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albanian resistance during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Communist Albania (1946–91)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Orthography_Congress" title="Albanian Orthography Congress">Orthography Congress (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Post-Communist_Albania" title="History of Post-Communist Albania">Post-Communist Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Albanian_civil_unrest" title="1997 Albanian civil unrest">1997 Civil Unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Albania–NATO relations">NATO membership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Albania_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Albania to the European Union">EU Accession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Albanians" title="Origin of the Albanians">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Albanian_history" title="Timeline of Albanian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archives_in_Albania" title="List of archives in Albania">Archives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="383" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Albania" title="Geography of Albania">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Landscape</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Albania" title="List of mountains in Albania">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Albania" title="List of rivers of Albania">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Albania" title="List of lakes of Albania">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Albania" title="List of islands of Albania">Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Albania" title="Environment of Albania">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Albania" title="Climate of Albania">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Albania" title="Biodiversity of Albania">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Albania" title="Category:Fauna of Albania">Habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Albania" title="Protected areas of Albania">Protected areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Albania" title="Politics of Albania">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Albania)" title="Council of Ministers (Albania)">Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Government_agencies_of_Albania" title="Category:Government agencies of Albania">agencies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Albania" title="President of Albania">Head of state</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Albania" title="List of heads of state of Albania">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania" title="Prime Minister of Albania">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Albania" title="Foreign relations of Albania">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Albania" title="List of political parties in Albania">Political parties</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Treaties_of_Albania" title="Category:Treaties of Albania">Treaties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Albania" title="Visa policy of Albania">Visa policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Albania" title="Judiciary of Albania">Judiciary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vetting_Institutions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Vetting Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Appellate_College_(Albania)" title="Special Appellate College (Albania)">KPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Public_Commissioners_(Albania)" title="Institution of Public Commissioners (Albania)">IKP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monitoring_Operation_(Albania)" title="International Monitoring Operation (Albania)">ONM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Qualification_Commission_(Albania)" title="Independent Qualification Commission (Albania)">KPK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Albania" title="Constitution of Albania">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Albania" title="Corruption in Albania">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EURALIUS" title="EURALIUS">EURALIUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPAK" class="mw-redirect" title="SPAK">SPAK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosecutor_General_(Albania)" title="Prosecutor General (Albania)">Prosecutor General</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Albania" title="Administrative divisions of Albania">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/NUTS_statistical_regions_of_Albania" title="NUTS statistical regions of Albania">NUTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Albania" title="Counties of Albania">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Albania" title="Municipalities of Albania">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Albania" title="List of cities and towns in Albania">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Albania" title="Communes of Albania">Communes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villages_of_Albania" title="Villages of Albania">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Maps_of_Albania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Maps of Albania">Maps</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Legislature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Albania" title="Elections in Albania">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Albania" title="Parliament of Albania">Assembly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Parliament_of_Albania" title="Speaker of the Parliament of Albania">speakers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_members_of_the_Parliament_of_Albania" title="Category:Lists of members of the Parliament of Albania">Members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Albania)" title="Leader of the Opposition (Albania)">Opposition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Albania" title="Human rights in Albania">Human rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Albania" title="Abortion in Albania">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Albania" title="Capital punishment in Albania">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assassinations_in_Albania" title="List of assassinations in Albania">Assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Albania">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avokati_i_Popullit" title="Avokati i Popullit">Ombudsman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Armed_Forces" title="Albanian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Police_(Albania)" title="State Police (Albania)">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_mafia" title="Albanian mafia">Organized crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisons_in_Albania" title="Prisons in Albania">Prisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_crossings_of_Albania" title="Border crossings of Albania">Border crossings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Albania" title="Economy of Albania">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Albania" title="Banking in Albania">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_lek" title="Albanian lek">Lek (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Albania" title="Taxation in Albania">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Albania" title="Trade unions in Albania">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Supreme_Audit_(Albania)" title="State Supreme Audit (Albania)">State Supreme Audit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Retail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Albania" title="List of shopping malls in Albania">Shopping centers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supermarket_chains_in_Albania" title="List of supermarket chains in Albania">Supermarkets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Albania" title="Agriculture in Albania">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Albania" title="Healthcare in Albania">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Albania" title="List of companies of Albania">Companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Albania" title="Renewable energy in Albania">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Operators" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Operators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Power_Corporation" title="Albanian Power Corporation">KESH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_System_Operator_(Albania)" title="Transmission System Operator (Albania)">OST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operatori_i_Shp%C3%ABrndarjes_s%C3%AB_Energjis%C3%AB_Elektrike" title="Operatori i Shpërndarjes së Energjisë Elektrike">OSHEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Regulatory_Authority_(Albania)" title="Energy Regulatory Authority (Albania)">ERE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Albania" title="List of power stations in Albania">Hydropower plants</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Natural resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_and_gas_fields_in_Albania" title="List of oil and gas fields in Albania">Oil and gas</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mining_in_Albania" title="Category:Mining in Albania">Mining</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highways_in_Albania" title="Highways in Albania">Highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Albania" title="List of airports in Albania">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Albania" title="List of ports in Albania">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Albania" title="Rail transport in Albania">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Albania" title="List of bridges in Albania">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tunnels_in_Albania" title="List of tunnels in Albania">Tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Albania" title="List of tallest buildings in Albania">Highrises</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Albania" title="List of tallest structures in Albania">structures</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Albania" title="Telecommunications in Albania">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posta_Shqiptare" title="Posta Shqiptare">Posta Shqiptare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Albania" title="Squatting in Albania">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Albania" title="Tourism in Albania">Tourism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Monuments" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Albania" title="List of archaeological sites in Albania">Archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Albania" title="List of castles in Albania">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Albania" title="List of mosques in Albania">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tekkes_in_Albania" title="List of tekkes in Albania">Tekkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_churches_in_Albania" title="List of churches in Albania">Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Albania" title="List of lighthouses in Albania">Lighthouses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Adriatic_Sea_Coast" title="Albanian Adriatic Sea Coast">Adriatic Sea Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Ionian_Sea_Coast" title="Albanian Ionian Sea Coast">Ionian Sea Coast</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_Riviera" title="Albanian Riviera">riviera</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Albania" title="List of beaches in Albania">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:High-contrast-camera-photo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/High-contrast-camera-photo.svg/17px-High-contrast-camera-photo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/High-contrast-camera-photo.svg/26px-High-contrast-camera-photo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/High-contrast-camera-photo.svg/34px-High-contrast-camera-photo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Photographs_of_Albania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Photographs of Albania">Images of Albania</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Albania" title="Category:Society of Albania">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Albania" title="Demographics of Albania">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_Albania" title="Census in Albania">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_tribes" title="Albanian tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nobility" title="Albanian nobility">Noble families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_diaspora" title="Albanian diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Albania" title="Women in Albania">Women</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_art" title="Albanian art">Art</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_art_galleries_in_Albania" title="List of art galleries in Albania">(galleries)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Albania" title="Architecture of Albania">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Albania" title="List of museums in Albania">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Albania" title="List of theatres in Albania">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Albania" title="Education in Albania">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_alphabet" title="Albanian alphabet">Alphabet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Albanian_scripts" title="Category:Albanian scripts">scripts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abetare" title="Abetare">Abetare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_literature" title="Albanian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Research_institutes_in_Albania" title="Category:Research institutes in Albania">Research institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Albania" title="List of libraries in Albania">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Albania" title="List of universities in Albania">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_publishing_companies_of_Albania" title="List of publishing companies of Albania">Publishers</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Albanian_proverbs" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Albanian proverbs">Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanology" title="Albanology">Albanology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Tradition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Folk beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besa_(Albanian_culture)" title="Besa (Albanian culture)">Besa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oda_(Albania)" title="Oda (Albania)">Oda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Albania" title="Secularism in Albania">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevruz_in_Albania" title="Nevruz in Albania">Nevruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sworn_virgins" title="Balkan sworn virgins">Sworn virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Albanian_clothing" title="Traditional Albanian clothing">Costumes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qeleshe" title="Qeleshe">Qeleshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fustanella" title="Fustanella">Fustanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhubleta" title="Xhubleta">Xhubleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brez_(clothing)" title="Brez (clothing)">Brez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinga" title="Opinga">Opinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhamadan" title="Xhamadan">Xhamadan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gjell%C3%AB" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:gjellë">Gjellë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tav%C3%AB_kosi" title="Tavë kosi">Tavë kosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabuni" title="Kabuni">Kabuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakia" title="Rakia">Raki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Beer in Albania">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_wine" title="Albanian wine">Wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognac_Sk%C3%ABnderbeu" title="Cognac Skënderbeu">Cognac Skënderbeu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Football</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania_national_football_team" title="Albania national football team">National team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Albania" title="List of football clubs in Albania">Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Albania_international_footballers" title="List of Albania international footballers">Players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stadiums_in_Albania" title="List of stadiums in Albania">Stadiums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Other sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Weightlifting_Federation" title="Albanian Weightlifting Federation">Weightlifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Athletics_Federation" title="Albanian Athletics Federation">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Cycling_Federation" title="Albanian Cycling Federation">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Basketball_Federation" title="Albanian Basketball Federation">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Volleyball_Federation" title="Albanian Volleyball Federation">Volleyball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Swimming_Federation" title="Albanian Swimming Federation">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania_at_the_Olympics" title="Albania at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indoor_arenas_in_Albania" title="List of indoor arenas in Albania">Indoor arenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Albania" title="Television in Albania">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Albania" title="List of radio stations in Albania">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Albania" title="Cinema of Albania">Cinema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Symbols_of_Albania" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Symbols of Albania">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_heraldry" title="Albanian heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Albania" title="Flag of Albania">Flag</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Albanian_flags" title="List of Albanian flags">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania" title="Coat of arms of Albania">Coat of arms</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Albania" title="Armorial of Albania">armorial</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitaph_of_Gllavenica" title="Epitaph of Gllavenica">Epitaph of Gllavenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Sign_Language" title="Albanian Sign Language">Sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations_and_medals_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders, decorations and medals of Albania">Orders, decorations and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_passport" title="Albanian passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.al" title=".al">.al</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Albania" title="Public holidays in Albania">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Albania" title="Smoking in Albania">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Albania" title="Copyright law of Albania">Copyright law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Albania" title="Outline of Albania">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Albania" title="Outline of Albania">Index</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Albania" title="Bibliography of Albania">Bibliography</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Albania" title="Category:Albania">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kosovo_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kosovo_topics" title="Template:Kosovo topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kosovo_topics" title="Template talk:Kosovo topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kosovo_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kosovo topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kosovo_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kosovo" title="History of Kosovo">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Kosovo" title="Archaeology of Kosovo">Archaeology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_sites_in_Kosovo" title="Neolithic sites in Kosovo">Neolithic sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper,_Bronze_and_Iron_Age_sites_in_Kosovo" title="Copper, Bronze and Iron Age sites in Kosovo">Copper, Bronze and Iron Age sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardani" title="Dardani">Dardani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dardania" title="Kingdom of Dardania">Kingdom of Dardania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_heritage_in_Kosovo" title="Roman heritage in Kosovo">Roman period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Dardania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praevalitana" title="Praevalitana">Praevalitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity_and_Medieval_sites_in_Kosovo" title="Late Antiquity and Medieval sites in Kosovo">Late Antiquity and Medieval sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Medieval_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Medieval Kosovo">Medieval period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)">Kingdom of Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Despotate" title="Serbian Despotate">Serbian Despotate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo" title="Battle of Kosovo">Battle of Kosovo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bal%C5%A1i%C4%87_noble_family" title="Balšić noble family">Balšić noble family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brankovi%C4%87_dynasty" title="Branković dynasty">Branković dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukagjini_family" title="Dukagjini family">Dukagjini family</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Kosovo" title="Ottoman Kosovo">Ottoman period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rumelia_Eyalet" title="Rumelia Eyalet">Rumelia Eyalet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Prizren" title="Sanjak of Prizren">Sanjak of Prizren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Dukagjin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjak of Dukagjin">Sanjak of Dukagjin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Vi%C3%A7itrina" title="Sanjak of Viçitrina">Sanjak of Viçitrina</a>),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo Vilayet">Vilayet of Kosovo</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Kingdom (1939–1943)">Albanian Kingdom (1939–1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1943%E2%80%931944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Kingdom (1943–1944)">1943–1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo">Socialist Autonomous Province (1946–90)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo_and_Metohija" title="Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija">Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija (1990–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kosova" title="Republic of Kosova">Republic of Kosova (1990–1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Kosovo_(1995%E2%80%931998)" title="Insurgency in Kosovo (1995–1998)">Insurgency in Kosovo (1995–98)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War (1998–99)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Administered_Kosovo" title="United Nations Administered Kosovo">UN administration</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo">UNMIK</a>) (1999–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo (2008–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kosovo" title="Geography of Kosovo">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Kosovo">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Kosovo" title="Biodiversity of Kosovo">Biodiversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="List of protected areas of Kosovo">Protected areas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Kosovo" title="Climate of Kosovo">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Kosovo" title="Forests of Kosovo">Forests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Landscapes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Kosovo" title="List of lakes of Kosovo">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Kosovo" title="List of mountains in Kosovo">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Kosovo" title="List of rivers of Kosovo">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Regions of Kosovo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghegs" title="Ghegs">Gegëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drenica" title="Drenica">Drenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Has_(region)" title="Has (region)">Has</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llap_(region)" title="Llap (region)">Llap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llapusha" title="Llapusha">Llapusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luma_(region)" title="Luma (region)">Luma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugova_(region)" title="Rugova (region)">Rugova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metohija" title="Metohija">Dukagjini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Pomoravlje" title="Kosovo Pomoravlje">Anamorava</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kosovo" title="Politics of Kosovo">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Kosovo_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Kosovo to the European Union">Accession to the EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo" title="Assembly of the Republic of Kosovo">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kosovo" title="Constitution of Kosovo">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Kosovo" title="Administrative divisions of Kosovo">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kosovo" title="Elections in Kosovo">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Rule_of_Law_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo">EU Rule of Law Mission (EULEX)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kosovo" title="Foreign relations of Kosovo">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kosovo" title="Government of Kosovo">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kosovo" title="Prime Minister of Kosovo">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li>Human rights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Kosovo">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Steering_Group_for_Kosovo" title="International Steering Group for Kosovo">International Steering Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Kosovo" title="Judiciary of Kosovo">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Force" title="Kosovo Force">Kosovo Force (KFOR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Protection_Corps" title="Kosovo Protection Corps">Kosovo Protection Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Kosovo" title="Law of Kosovo">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Security_Force" title="Kosovo Security Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Kosovo" title="Municipalities of Kosovo">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Police" title="Kosovo Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Kosovo" title="List of political parties in Kosovo">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Kosovo" title="President of Kosovo">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Institutions_of_Self-Government" title="Provisional Institutions of Self-Government">Provisional institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo">UN Interim Administration Mission (UNMIK)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Status</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence" title="2008 Kosovo declaration of independence">2008 declaration of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standards_for_Kosovo" title="Standards for Kosovo">Standards for Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_status_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo status process">Status process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Kosovo" title="Partition of Kosovo">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Albania_and_Kosovo" title="Unification of Albania and Kosovo">Unification with Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1244" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244">UN Security Council Resolution 1244</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice_advisory_opinion_on_Kosovo%27s_declaration_of_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="International Court of Justice advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence">ICJ opinion on Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade%E2%80%93Pristina_negotiations" title="Belgrade–Pristina negotiations">Belgrade–Pristina negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Agreement_(2013)" title="Brussels Agreement (2013)">Brussels Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kosovo" title="Economy of Kosovo">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Kosovo" title="List of banks in Kosovo">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Kosovo" title="Central Bank of Kosovo">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_and_the_euro" title="Kosovo and the euro">Euro (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_energy_in_Kosovo" title="Electrical energy in Kosovo">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_Kosovo" title="Natural resources of Kosovo">Natural resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology_in_Kosovo" title="Information and communications technology in Kosovo">Telecoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kosovo" title="Transport in Kosovo">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Kosovo" title="Tourism in Kosovo">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Kosovo" title="Category:Society of Kosovo">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Kosovo" title="List of cities and towns in Kosovo">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Kosovo" title="Crime in Kosovo">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kosovo" title="Demographics of Kosovo">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kosovo" title="Education in Kosovo">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Kosovo" title="Emigration from Kosovo">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Kosovo">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Kosovo" title="Healthcare in Kosovo">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_Kosovo" title="Monuments of Kosovo">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kosovo" title="Women in Kosovo">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kosovo" title="Culture of Kosovo">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo" title="Anthem of the Republic of Kosovo">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kosovo" title="Architecture of Kosovo">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kosovo" title="Cinema of Kosovo">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Kosovo">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_clothing_of_Kosovo" title="Traditional clothing of Kosovo">Costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kosovo" title="Flag of Kosovo">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Kosovo">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Kosovo" title="Literature of Kosovo">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Kosovo" title="Mass media in Kosovo">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kosovo" title="Music of Kosovo">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Kosovo" title="Names of Kosovo">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_at_the_Olympics" title="Kosovo at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Kosovo" title="Public holidays in Kosovo">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Kosovo" title="List of radio stations in Kosovo">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Kosovo" title="Sport in Kosovo">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basketball_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Basketball in Kosovo">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Kosovo" title="Football in Kosovo">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Judo in Kosovo">Judo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Kosovo" title="Television in Kosovo">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Kosovo" title="Outline of Kosovo">Outline</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kosovo" title="Category:Kosovo">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Albania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Albania" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Albania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Albania" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Albania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Albania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Albania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Albania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Albania">Ethnic groups in Albania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albanians</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanians_in_Albania" title="Aromanians in Albania">Aromanians</a> (Vlachs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkali_and_Egyptians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkali and Egyptians">Ashkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_in_Albania" title="Bosniaks in Albania">Bosniaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Albania" title="Bulgarians in Albania">Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Albania" title="Greeks in Albania">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_colonists_in_Albania" title="Italian colonists in Albania">Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Albania#Present_Jews_in_Albania" title="History of the Jews in Albania">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_in_Albania" title="Macedonians in Albania">Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Albania" title="Romani people in Albania">Roma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_and_Montenegrins_in_Albania" title="Serbs and Montenegrins in Albania">Serbs and Montenegrins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Muslims_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Muslims" title="Template:European Muslims"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Muslims" title="Template talk:European Muslims"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Muslims" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Muslims"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muslims_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Muslims in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Majority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albanians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanians" title="Cham Albanians">Cham Albanians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorani_people" title="Gorani people">Gorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Germany" title="Kurds in Germany">in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_France" title="Kurds in France">in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_the_Netherlands" title="Kurds in the Netherlands">in the Netherlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims_(ethnic_group)" title="Muslims (ethnic group)">Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomaks" title="Pomaks">Pomaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_people" title="Talysh people">Talysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Roma" title="Crimean Roma">Crimean Roma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars_of_Romania" title="Tatars of Romania">Dobrujan Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Tatars" title="Finnish Tatars">Finnish Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_the_Dodecanese" title="Turks of the Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Germany" title="Turks in Germany">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Western_Thrace" title="Turks of Western Thrace">Western Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Europe" title="Turks in Europe">Other</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga Tatars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatars" title="Mishar Tatars">Mishar Tatars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCks" title="Yörüks">Yörüks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abazins" title="Abazins">Abazins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazians" title="Abkhazians">Abkhazians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_people" title="Aghul people">Aghuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andi_people" title="Andi people">Andis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhvakh_people" title="Akhvakh people">Akhvakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archi_people" title="Archi people">Archis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avars_(Caucasus)" title="Avars (Caucasus)">Avars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagvalal_people" title="Bagvalal people">Bagvalals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezhta_people" title="Bezhta people">Bezhta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botlikh_people" title="Botlikh people">Botlikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budukh_people" title="Budukh people">Budukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamalal_people" title="Chamalal people">Chamalals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kist_people" title="Kist people">Kists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargins" title="Dargins">Dargins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinukh_people" title="Hinukh people">Hinukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunzib_people" title="Hunzib people">Hunzib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_people" title="Ingush people">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jek_people" title="Jek people">Jeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karata_people" title="Karata people">Karata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khinalug_people" title="Khinalug people">Khinalugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarshi_people" title="Khwarshi people">Khwarshis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryts_people" title="Kryts people">Kryts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laks_(Caucasus)" title="Laks (Caucasus)">Laks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgins" title="Lezgins">Lezgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_people" title="Rutul people">Rutuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_people" title="Tabasaran people">Tabasarans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_people" title="Tsakhur people">Tsakhurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindi_people" title="Tindi people">Tindis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsez_people" title="Tsez people">Tsez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartvelian peoples">Kartvelian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laz_people" title="Laz people">Laz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Uralic peoples">Uralic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Besermyan" title="Besermyan">Besermyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabs_in_Europe" title="Arabs in Europe">in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccans_in_Spain" title="Moroccans in Spain">in Spain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_in_France" title="Berbers in France">in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_in_Belgium" title="Berbers in Belgium">in Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_in_the_Netherlands" title="Berbers in the Netherlands">in the Netherlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghans" title="Afghans">Afghans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Muslims" title="Bulgarian Muslims">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croat_Muslims" title="Croat Muslims">Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Islam in Georgia (country)">Georgians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjarians" title="Adjarians">Adjarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingiloy_people" title="Ingiloy people">Ingiloys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Muslims" title="Greek Muslims">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vallahades" title="Vallahades">Vallahades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Muslims" title="Cretan Muslims">Cretan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemshin_people" title="Hemshin people">Hemshenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Muslims">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghrebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis" title="Pakistanis">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanians" title="Megleno-Romanians">Megleno-Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_Muslims" title="Ossetian Muslims">Ossetians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Romani_people" title="Muslim Romani people">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arlije" title="Arlije">Arlije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkali_and_Balkan_Egyptians" title="Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians">Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Roma" title="Crimean Roma">Crimean Roma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serb_Muslims" title="Serb Muslims">Serbs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179248#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179248#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179248#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/804157/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85003209">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11960038s">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11960038s">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00577454">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117322&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007293062105171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=43589">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albanians&oldid=1258182455">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albanians&oldid=1258182455</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Albanian_people" title="Category:Albanian people">Albanian people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_divided_by_international_borders" title="Category:Ethnic groups divided by international borders">Ethnic groups divided by international borders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Albania" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Albania">Ethnic groups in Albania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Croatia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Croatia">Ethnic groups in Croatia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Greece" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Greece">Ethnic groups in Greece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Italy" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Italy">Ethnic groups in Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Kosovo" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Kosovo">Ethnic groups in Kosovo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Montenegro" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Montenegro">Ethnic groups in Montenegro</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_North_Macedonia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in North Macedonia">Ethnic groups in North Macedonia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Serbia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Serbia">Ethnic groups in Serbia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Balkans" title="Category:Ethnic groups in the Balkans">Ethnic groups in the Balkans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Turkey" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Turkey">Ethnic groups in Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Albanians" title="Category:History of the Albanians">History of the Albanians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indo-European_peoples" title="Category:Indo-European peoples">Indo-European peoples</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Muslim_communities_in_Europe" title="Category:Muslim communities in Europe">Muslim communities in Europe</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Albanian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Albanian-language text">Articles containing Albanian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Albanian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Albanian IPA">Pages with Albanian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Macedonian-language_sources_(mk)" title="Category:CS1 Macedonian-language sources (mk)">CS1 Macedonian-language sources (mk)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Slovenian-language_sources_(sl)" title="Category:CS1 Slovenian-language sources (sl)">CS1 Slovenian-language sources (sl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_June_2017" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from June 2017">Articles with dead external links from June 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Romanian-language_sources_(ro)" title="Category:CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro)">CS1 Romanian-language sources (ro)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Slovak-language_sources_(sk)" title="Category:CS1 Slovak-language sources (sk)">CS1 Slovak-language sources (sk)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Dutch-language_sources_(nl)" title="Category:CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)">CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_January_2021" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from January 2021">Articles with dead external links from January 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Albanian-language_sources_(sq)" title="Category:CS1 Albanian-language sources (sq)">CS1 Albanian-language sources (sq)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_January_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from January 2023">Articles with dead external links from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_September_2019" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2019">Articles with dead external links from September 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2020">Use dmy dates from July 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_using_infobox_ethnic_group_with_image_parameters" title="Category:Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters">Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_November_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2021">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2022" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2019" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons link from Wikidata">Commons link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 November 2024, at 15:54 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albanians&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-2kd4h","wgBackendResponseTime":242,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.481","walltime":"5.032","ppvisitednodes":{"value":32800,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1003261,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":111129,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":131,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1142486,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4057.766 1 -total"," 40.61% 1647.855 2 Template:Reflist"," 19.87% 806.424 127 Template:Cite_book"," 14.59% 591.845 1 Template:Infobox_ethnic_group"," 13.61% 552.166 119 Template:Cite_web"," 6.04% 245.028 25 Template:Sfn"," 5.63% 228.327 2 Template:Country_topics"," 3.96% 160.870 24 Template:Cite_journal"," 3.96% 160.495 1 Template:Albania_topics"," 3.77% 152.871 2 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.566","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20005274,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"AO\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbdyli2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdamczyk2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmeti2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmath2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnamaliPrifti2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnscombe2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnscombe2006b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAugust_Kovačec\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBabinger1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaltsiotis2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarančić2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBell2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBellediPoloniCasalottiConterio2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiberaj1998\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBintliff2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiçoku2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBogdaniLoughlin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonnefoy1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBugajski2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCela2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarissa_De_Waal2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClayer2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClose1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCook2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Rapper2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeliso2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemiraj1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemiraj2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemiraj2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDetrez_Raymond,_Plas_Pieter2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDevereMcDermottVerbitsky2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDi_LellioSchwanders-Sievers2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrury2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDruryPratt2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDucellier1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElezi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEliadeAdams1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllis2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFElsie2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElsie2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElsie2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElsie2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElsieDestaniJasini2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaroqhiMcGowanPamuk1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerid_Hudhri\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFindley2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFine1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinlay1851\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrazee2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalaty2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalaty2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalaty2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGawrych2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGemi2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGenişMaynard2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiakoumis2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibb1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillian_Gloyer2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiovama_Campani\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGizem_Bilgin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGogonas2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGroenendijk2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGëzim_Krasniqi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaveric2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHockJoseph1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInstitute_of_Democracy_and_Mediation2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJagodić1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJelavich1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_V._A._FineJohn_Van_Antwerp_Fine1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJulie_Vullnetari2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJupp2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamusella2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaser2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKingMai2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKoinova2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKolig2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKolovos2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKomatinaKomatina2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoti2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoukoudis2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKushova2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLala2008\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFLaw1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLazaridisAlpaslan-Roodenberg2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiakos2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiotta2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLloshi1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadgearuGordon2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalcolm1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalcolm2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManahasaKolay2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaryLee_Knowlton2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMary_Rose_Bonk\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasotti2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatasović2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatzinger2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMijo_Čurković1922\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMirjona_SADIKU\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMirjona_SADIKU2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurati1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyhill2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMënikuCampos2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNallbani2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNasse1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicol1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicol2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorris1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNovik2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOleh_HavrylyshynNora_Srzentiæ2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPappas2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeirce1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlasari2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPratt2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPritsak1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuanrud2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRagionieri2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamet1989\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRamet1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaymond_Zickel_and_Walter_R._Iwaskiw1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRepublic_Statistical_Office\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiehl2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRob_Pickard2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Elsie\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Elsie2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Elsie2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Elsie2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell_King,_Nicola_Mai2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSPIRO_J._SHETUNI\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarah_Amsler2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarah_G._Thomason2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaraçi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarner1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaunders2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSelami_PulahaSeit_MansakuAndromaqi_Gjergji1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShetuni2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkendi1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStatistik_Austria\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStatistisches_Bundesamt\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStatistisches_Bundesamt2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStefano_FioriniGiuseppe_TagarelliAlessio_BoattiniDonata_Luiselli2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThernstrom1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrnavci2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsitselikis2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsoutsoumpis2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNESCO\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNESCO_Intangible_cultural_heritage\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUka2004d\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVasiliev1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVathi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeremisKolipoulos2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVickers2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVickers2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVillar1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinnifrith1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinnifrith2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYenigun2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFПочетна2023\"] = 1,\n [\"Murzaku\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"2011CensusEngWalCoB\"] = 1,\n [\"Albania topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Albanians\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"CensusAU\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite CIA World Factbook\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 125,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 24,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 116,\n [\"Clear\"] = 11,\n [\"Collapsed infobox section begin\"] = 7,\n [\"Collapsed infobox section end\"] = 7,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Croatian Census 2011\"] = 2,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 4,\n [\"EI3\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 6,\n [\"Ethnic groups in Albania\"] = 1,\n [\"European Muslims\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 42,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 7,\n [\"Further\"] = 8,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 85,\n [\"Hidden\"] = 3,\n [\"IPA-sq\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 6,\n [\"Indo-European topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox ethnic group\"] = 1,\n [\"Kosovo topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Lang-sq-definite\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 9,\n [\"Main\"] = 16,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 4,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 2,\n [\"New Cambridge Medieval History\"] = 1,\n [\"Not a typo\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Pull quote\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Request quotation\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 12,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 25,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 11,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 9,\n [\"Smallsup\"] = 9,\n [\"The Papacy and the Levant\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 5,\n [\"·\"] = 8,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","560","19.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","9.9"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","180","6.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","180","6.4"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","180","6.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","140","5.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","140","5.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","100","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","80","2.8"],["[others]","880","31.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-h8htn","timestamp":"20241124161415","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Albanians","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Albanians","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q179248","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q179248","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-12-16T05:43:43Z","dateModified":"2024-11-18T15:54:27Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/60\/Map_of_the_Albanian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg","headline":"citizens or residents of Albania and ethnic group"}</script> </body> </html>