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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Energy plan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Energy consumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_imports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_imports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Energy imports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_imports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electricity_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electricity_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Electricity production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electricity_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_of_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_of_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources of power</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources_of_power-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources of power subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources_of_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fossil_fuels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_fuels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Fossil fuels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_fuels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coal_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coal_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Coal power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coal_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Natural gas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renewable_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renewable_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Renewable energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renewable_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Solar_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Solar power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wind_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wind_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Wind power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wind_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bioenergy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bioenergy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>Bioenergy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bioenergy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_power" 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aria-controls="toc-Government_energy_policy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government energy policy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_energy_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sustainable_energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainable_energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Sustainable energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sustainable_energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Taxes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fossil_fuel_taxes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_fuel_taxes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Fossil fuel taxes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_fuel_taxes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbon_tax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon_tax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2</span> <span>Carbon tax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon_tax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96" title="Энергетыка Германіі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Энергетыка Германіі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Energiewirtschaft" title="Deutsche Energiewirtschaft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deutsche Energiewirtschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انرژی در آلمان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انرژی در آلمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergie_en_Allemagne" title="Énergie en Allemagne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Énergie en Allemagne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="독일의 에너지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독일의 에너지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energi_di_Jerman" title="Energi di Jerman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Energi di Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Энергетика Германии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Энергетика Германии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energia_Saksassa" title="Energia Saksassa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Energia Saksassa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanya%27da_enerji" title="Almanya'da enerji – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Almanya'da enerji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="德國能源 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="德國能源" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3588966#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may need to be rewritten</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Germany&action=edit">improve the lead</a> and read the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead layout guide</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lisberg_Burg_Windr%C3%A4der_Solar_power_PC313027.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lisberg_Burg_Windr%C3%A4der_Solar_power_PC313027.jpg/220px-Lisberg_Burg_Windr%C3%A4der_Solar_power_PC313027.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lisberg_Burg_Windr%C3%A4der_Solar_power_PC313027.jpg/330px-Lisberg_Burg_Windr%C3%A4der_Solar_power_PC313027.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Lisberg_Burg_Windr%C3%A4der_Solar_power_PC313027.jpg/440px-Lisberg_Burg_Windr%C3%A4der_Solar_power_PC313027.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Wind turbines and solar panels at Lisberg Castle in Germany</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Energy_mix_in_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Energy_mix_in_Germany.svg/220px-Energy_mix_in_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Energy_mix_in_Germany.svg/330px-Energy_mix_in_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Energy_mix_in_Germany.svg/440px-Energy_mix_in_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Energy mix of Germany</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Energy in Germany</b> is obtained for the vast majority from <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil sources</a>, accounting for 77.6% of total energy consumption in 2023, followed by <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewables</a> at 19.6%, and 0.7% <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bdew2023_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bdew2023-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cew_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cew-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 April 2023, the three remaining German nuclear reactors were taken offline, completing its nuclear phase-out plan.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2023, German primary energy consumption amounted to 10,791 <a href="/wiki/Petajoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Petajoule">Petajoule</a>, making it the ninth largest global primary energy consumer. The total consumption has been steadily declining from its peak of 14,845 <a href="/wiki/Petajoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Petajoule">Petajoule</a> in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cew_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cew-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023 Germany's gross electricity production reached 508.1 TWh,<sup id="cite_ref-bdew2023_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bdew2023-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> down from 569.2 TWh in 2022, and 631.4 TWh in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-energ_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-energ-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Key to Germany's energy policies and politics is the "<a href="/wiki/Energiewende" title="Energiewende">Energiewende</a>", meaning "energy turnaround" or "energy transformation". The policy includes <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_phaseout" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear phaseout">nuclear phaseout</a> (completed in 2023) and progressive replacement of fossil fuels by renewables. The nuclear electricity production lost in Germany's phase-out was primarily replaced with coal electricity production and electricity importing. One study found that the nuclear phase-out caused $12 billion in social costs per year, primarily due to increases in mortality due to exposure to pollution from fossil fuels.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany has been called "the world's first major <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> economy".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German governments support the <a href="/wiki/European_Green_Deal" title="European Green Deal">European Green Deal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany made a commitment to <a href="/wiki/Coal_phase-out" title="Coal phase-out">phasing out coal power</a> by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, Germany was highly dependent on Russian energy, accounting for half of its natural gas, a third of heating oil, and half of its coal imports from Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to this reliance, Germany blocked, delayed or watered down EU proposals to cut Russian energy imports amid the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Russian invasion resulted in a radical shift in Germany's energy policy, with the goal of being almost completely independent of Russian energy imports by mid-2024.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_statistics">Energy statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Germany&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Energy statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Electricity in 2020<sup id="cite_ref-wor20_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wor20-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br />(TWh) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Category</th> <th>Amount </th></tr> <tr> <td>Consumption</td> <td>500.35 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Production</td> <td>545.20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Import</td> <td>48.05 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Export</td> <td>66.93 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Natural gas in 2020<sup id="cite_ref-wor20_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wor20-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br />(billion m<sup>3</sup>) </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>Consumption</td> <td>87.55 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Production</td> <td>5.13 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Import</td> <td>83.12 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Crude Oil in 2020<sup id="cite_ref-wor20_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wor20-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br />(barrels) </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>Consumption</td> <td>856,470,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Production</td> <td>49,280,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Import</td> <td>628,020,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in 2020: 603.35 million tons </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_plan">Energy plan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Germany&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Energy plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The plan for 2030 aims for 80% of electricity from renewables.<sup id="cite_ref-clea125_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clea125-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_consumption">Energy consumption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Germany&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Energy consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fossil_fuel_consumption_in_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Fossil_fuel_consumption_in_Germany.svg/220px-Fossil_fuel_consumption_in_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Fossil_fuel_consumption_in_Germany.svg/330px-Fossil_fuel_consumption_in_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Fossil_fuel_consumption_in_Germany.svg/440px-Fossil_fuel_consumption_in_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption>Fossil fuel consumption in Germany, including combined former East and West from 1980 to 2011 from EIA data. Use of coal declined significantly after reunification.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2019, Germany was the sixth largest consumer of energy in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-iea22_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iea22-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country also had the largest national market of electricity in Europe. Germany is the fifth-largest consumer of oil in the world, with oil accounting for 34.3% of all energy use in 2018, with another 23.7% coming from <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-clean_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clean-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_imports">Energy imports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Germany&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Energy imports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2021, Germany imported 63.7% of its energy.<sup id="cite_ref-factsheet_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsheet-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 98% of oil consumed in Germany is imported.<sup id="cite_ref-factsheet_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsheet-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, Russia supplied 34.1% of crude oil imports, the US 12.5%, Kazakhstan 9.8% and Norway 9.6%.<sup id="cite_ref-factsheet_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsheet-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, Germany was the world's largest importer of natural gas, which covered more than a quarter of primary energy consumption in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-factsheet_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsheet-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 95% of Germany's natural gas was imported, of which around half is re-exported.<sup id="cite_ref-factsheet_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsheet-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 55% of gas imports came from Russia, 30% from Norway and 13% from the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-factsheet_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsheet-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2022, Germany does not have LNG terminals, so all gas imports use pipelines.<sup id="cite_ref-factsheet_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsheet-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, Germany announced that it wanted to build an LNG terminal at the North Sea port of <a href="/wiki/Brunsb%C3%BCttel" title="Brunsbüttel">Brunsbüttel</a> to improve energy security.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to its rich coal deposits, Germany has a long tradition of using coal. It was the fourth-largest consumer of coal in the world as of 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Domestic hard coal mining has been completely phased out in 2018, as it could not compete with cheaper sources elsewhere and had survived only through subsidies. As of 2022, only lignite is still mined in Germany. After ending domestic production in 2018, Germany imported all 31.8 million tonnes of the hard coal it consumed in 2020. The biggest suppliers were Russia (45.4%), the United States (18.3%) and Australia (12.3%).<sup id="cite_ref-factsheet_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsheet-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, Germany's natural gas imports declined by 32.6%, to 968 terawatt hours (TWh).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was attributed to greater energy saving and a decrease in gas exports.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The top sources for the import natural gas were Norway (43%), the Netherlands (26%), and Belgium (22%).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electricity_production">Electricity production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Germany&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Electricity production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Germany" title="Electricity sector in Germany">Electricity sector in Germany</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_electricity_production.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Germany_electricity_production.svg/350px-Germany_electricity_production.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Germany_electricity_production.svg/525px-Germany_electricity_production.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Germany_electricity_production.svg/700px-Germany_electricity_production.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption>Germany electricity production by source</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_renewable_electricity_production.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Germany_renewable_electricity_production.svg/350px-Germany_renewable_electricity_production.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Germany_renewable_electricity_production.svg/525px-Germany_renewable_electricity_production.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Germany_renewable_electricity_production.svg/700px-Germany_renewable_electricity_production.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption>Germany renewable electricity production by source</figcaption></figure> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:227px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:225px;"> <div style="background-color: #F9F9F9; padding-left: 8px; margin: 0;"> <div style="padding: 8px 0; text-align: center; font-weight: bold;">German electricity by source in 2023</div> <div style="font-size: .8em; text-align: left;"> <div style="margin-top:0.5em;max-width:210px;" class="chart noresize"> <div style="position:relative;min-width:210px;min-height:210px;max-width:210px;overflow:hidden;"> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:105px;left:105px;width:105px;height:105px;border:0;background-color:#9c7d63"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:105px;left:105px;width:105px;height:105px;border-width:0px 0px 94.27398235652px 46.232199284076px;border-left-color:#313c42"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:105px;right:105px;width:105px;height:105px;border:0;background-color:#313c42"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:105px;right:105px;width:105px;height:105px;border-width:0px 6.5737088265728px 104.79401868553px 0px;border-bottom-color:#ef8e39"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;bottom:105px;right:105px;width:105px;height:105px;border-width:0px 69.341728778679px 78.846208849786px 0px;border-bottom-color:#66CCFF"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:105px;right:105px;width:105px;height:105px;border:0;background-color:#66CCFF"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:105px;right:105px;width:105px;height:105px;border-width:96.313595633049px 41.81735639939px 0px 0px;border-right-color:#FFFF57"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:105px;left:105px;width:105px;height:105px;border:0;background-color:#FFFF57"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:105px;left:105px;width:105px;height:105px;border-width:98.280150170677px 0px 0px 36.959600680055px;border-top-color:#009a39"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:105px;left:105px;width:105px;height:105px;border-width:59.574583559398px 0px 0px 86.463107703369px;border-top-color:#de2821"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:105px;left:105px;width:105px;height:105px;border-width:50.951167733768px 0px 0px 91.809468501704px;border-top-color:#211873"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:105px;left:105px;width:105px;height:105px;border-width:23.571863113643px 0px 0px 102.31992606209px;border-top-color:#808080"></div> <div style="border:solid transparent;position:absolute;top:105px;left:105px;width:105px;height:105px;border-width:18.912778847105px 0px 0px 103.28265486654px;border-top-color:#C8A2C8"></div> <div style="position:absolute;min-width:210px;min-height:210px;overflow:hidden;"> <figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/210px-Circle_frame.svg.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/315px-Circle_frame.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Circle_frame.svg/420px-Circle_frame.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" usemap="#ImageMap_9818d419bf6a16ec" /></span><map name="ImageMap_9818d419bf6a16ec"><area href="/wiki/Lignite" shape="poly" coords="105,105,210,105,209,104,209,102,209,100,209,98,209,96,209,93,209,91,208,89,208,87,208,85,207,83,207,81,206,79,206,77,205,75,204,72,204,70,203,68,202,66,202,65,201,63,200,61,198,59,197,57,196,56,195,54,194,51,193,49,192,48,191,46,190,44,189,43,187,41,186,40,185,38,184,37,182,35,181,34,180,32,177,30,176,28,174,27,173,26,171,24,170,23,168,22,166,21,165,20,163,18,162,17,160,16,158,15,155,14,154,13,152,12,151,12,105,105" alt="Brown coal" title="Brown coal" /><area href="/wiki/Anthracite" shape="poly" coords="105,105,151,12,149,11,147,9,145,8,143,7,141,7,139,6,138,5,135,5,133,4,131,4,129,3,127,3,125,2,123,2,121,2,119,1,117,1,114,1,112,1,110,1,108,1,106,1,104,1,102,1,100,1,98,1,105,105" alt="Hard coal" title="Hard coal" /><area href="/wiki/Natural_gas" shape="poly" coords="105,105,98,1,96,1,93,1,91,1,89,2,87,2,85,2,83,3,81,3,79,3,78,4,76,4,74,5,71,6,69,6,67,7,65,8,63,8,61,9,60,11,58,12,56,13,54,14,53,15,50,16,48,17,46,18,45,19,43,20,42,21,40,23,38,24,37,25,35,26,105,105" alt="Natural gas" title="Natural gas" /><area href="/wiki/Wind_power" shape="poly" coords="105,105,35,26,34,28,33,29,30,32,29,33,27,34,26,36,25,37,23,39,22,40,21,42,20,44,19,45,17,47,16,49,15,50,14,53,13,55,12,56,11,58,9,60,9,62,8,64,7,66,6,67,6,69,5,71,4,74,4,76,3,78,3,80,2,82,2,84,1,86,1,88,1,90,0,92,0,95,0,97,0,99,0,101,0,103,0,105,0,107,0,109,0,111,0,113,0,116,0,118,0,120,1,121,1,123,1,125,2,127,2,129,3,131,3,133,4,135,4,138,5,140,6,142,6,144,7,146,8,147,9,149,9,151,11,153,12,155,13,156,14,159,15,161,16,163,17,164,19,166,20,167,21,169,22,171,23,172,25,174,26,175,27,177,29,179,30,181,33,182,34,183,36,185,37,186,39,187,40,188,42,190,43,191,45,192,47,193,48,194,50,195,53,196,55,197,56,198,58,200,60,201,62,202,63,202,105,105" alt="Wind" title="Wind" /><area href="/wiki/Solar_power" shape="poly" coords="105,105,63,202,65,203,66,204,68,204,70,205,72,206,75,206,77,207,79,207,81,208,83,208,85,209,87,209,89,209,91,210,93,210,96,210,98,210,100,210,102,210,104,210,106,210,108,210,110,210,112,210,114,210,117,210,119,210,120,209,122,209,124,209,126,208,128,208,130,207,132,207,134,206,137,206,139,205,141,204,142,204,105,105" alt="Solar" title="Solar" /><area href="/wiki/Biomass" shape="poly" coords="105,105,142,204,144,203,145,203,147,202,149,201,151,200,153,198,154,197,156,196,159,195,161,194,162,193,164,192,166,191,167,190,169,189,170,187,172,186,173,185,175,183,176,182,179,181,180,179,182,177,183,175,184,174,186,172,187,171,188,169,189,168,190,166,191,165,105,105" alt="Biomass" title="Biomass" /><area href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" shape="poly" coords="105,105,191,165,192,164,193,162,194,160,195,158,196,156,105,105" alt="Nuclear" title="Nuclear" /><area href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" shape="poly" coords="105,105,196,156,197,154,198,152,200,151,201,149,201,147,202,145,203,143,204,141,204,140,205,138,205,135,206,133,206,131,207,129,207,129,105,105" alt="Hydro" title="Hydro" /><area href="/wiki/Oil" shape="poly" coords="105,105,207,129,207,127,208,125,208,125,105,105" alt="Oil" title="Oil" /><area href="/wiki/List_of_energy_resources" shape="poly" coords="105,105,208,125,208,123,209,121,209,119,209,117,209,114,209,112,209,110,209,108,209,106,210,106,105,105" alt="Other" title="Other" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> </div> <div> <ul style="list-style:none;column-width:12em;"><li><span style="padding:0 1em;background-color:#9c7d63;border:1px solid #9c7d63;margin-right:1em;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;"> </span> Brown coal: 77.5 TW⋅h (17.7%)</li> <li><span style="padding:0 1em;background-color:#313c42;border:1px solid #313c42;margin-right:1em;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;"> </span> Hard coal: 36.05 TW⋅h (8.3%)</li> <li><span style="padding:0 1em;background-color:#ef8e39;border:1px solid #ef8e39;margin-right:1em;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;"> </span> Natural gas: 45.79 TW⋅h (10.5%)</li> <li><span style="padding:0 1em;background-color:#66CCFF;border:1px solid #66CCFF;margin-right:1em;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;"> </span> Wind: 139.77 TW⋅h (32.0%)</li> <li><span style="padding:0 1em;background-color:#FFFF57;border:1px solid #FFFF57;margin-right:1em;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;"> </span> Solar: 53.48 TW⋅h (12.2%)</li> <li><span style="padding:0 1em;background-color:#009a39;border:1px solid #009a39;margin-right:1em;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;"> </span> Biomass: 42.25 TW⋅h (9.7%)</li> <li><span style="padding:0 1em;background-color:#de2821;border:1px solid #de2821;margin-right:1em;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;"> </span> Nuclear: 6.72 TW⋅h (1.5%)</li> <li><span style="padding:0 1em;background-color:#211873;border:1px solid #211873;margin-right:1em;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;"> </span> Hydro: 19.48 TW⋅h (4.5%)</li> <li><span style="padding:0 1em;background-color:#808080;border:1px solid #808080;margin-right:1em;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;"> </span> Oil: 3.15 TW⋅h (0.7%)</li> <li><span style="padding:0 1em;background-color:#C8A2C8;border:1px solid #C8A2C8;margin-right:1em;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;"> </span> Other: 12.59 TW⋅h (2.9%)</li></ul> </div> </div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Net_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Net generation">Net generated</a> electricity in 2023<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_of_power">Sources of power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Germany&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources of power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil_fuels">Fossil fuels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Germany&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fossil fuels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coal_power">Coal power</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Germany&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Coal power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuclear_plant_at_Grafenrheinfeld.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Nuclear_plant_at_Grafenrheinfeld.jpg/220px-Nuclear_plant_at_Grafenrheinfeld.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Nuclear_plant_at_Grafenrheinfeld.jpg/330px-Nuclear_plant_at_Grafenrheinfeld.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Nuclear_plant_at_Grafenrheinfeld.jpg/440px-Nuclear_plant_at_Grafenrheinfeld.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grafenrheinfeld_Nuclear_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Grafenrheinfeld Nuclear Power Plant">Grafenrheinfeld Power Plant</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Coal is the second-largest source of electricity in Germany. As of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Germany&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, around 24% of the electricity in the country is generated from coal.<sup id="cite_ref-strom9_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strom9-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was down from 2013, when coal made up about 45% of Germany's electricity production (19% from hard coal and 26% from lignite).<sup id="cite_ref-Schiffer,_2014_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schiffer,_2014-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, in the first half of 2021, coal was the largest source of electricity in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Germany is also a major producer of coal. <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">Lignite</a> is extracted in the extreme western and eastern parts of the country, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Nordrhein-Westfalen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordrhein-Westfalen">Nordrhein-Westfalen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sachsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Sachsen">Sachsen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>. Considerable amounts are burned in <a href="/wiki/Coal_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal plants">coal plants</a> near the mining areas to produce electricity and transporting lignite over far distances is not economically feasible; therefore, the plants are located near the extraction sites.<sup id="cite_ref-Gürtler,_Detlef_2010_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gürtler,_Detlef_2010-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bituminous_coal" title="Bituminous coal">Bituminous coal</a> is mined in Nordrhein-Westfalen and Saarland. Most power plants burning bituminous coal operate on imported material, therefore, the plants are located not only near to the mining sites, but throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Gürtler,_Detlef_2010_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gürtler,_Detlef_2010-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>German coal-fired power plants are being designed and modified so they can be increasingly flexible to support the fluctuations resulting from increased renewable energy. Existing power plants in Germany are designed to operate flexibly. Load following is achieved by German natural gas combined cycle plants and coal-fired power plants. New coal-fired power plants have a minimum load capability of approximately 40%, with further potential to reduce this to 20–25%. The reason is that the output of the coal boiler is controlled via direct fuel combustion and not, as is the case with a gas combined-cycle power plant, via a heat recovery steam generator with an upstream gas turbine.<sup id="cite_ref-Schiffer,_2014_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schiffer,_2014-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Germany has been opening new coal power plants until recently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>, following a 2007 plan to build 26 new coal plants.<sup id="cite_ref-bloom_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloom-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been controversial in light of Germany's commitment to curbing carbon emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-indep_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indep-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2015, the growing share of renewable energy in the national electricity market (26% in 2014, up from 4% in 1990) and the government's mandated CO<sub>2</sub> emission reduction targets (40% below 1990 levels by 2020; 80% below 1990 levels by 2050) have increasingly curtailed previous plans for new, expanded coal power capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-guard_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guard-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-green_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-green-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 January 2019, a group of federal and state leaders as well as industry representatives, environmentalists, and scientists made an agreement to close all 84 coal plants in the country by 2038. The move is projected to cost <span class="nowrap">€</span>40 billion in compensation alone to closed businesses. Coal was used to generate almost 40% of the country's electricity in 2018 and is expected to be replaced by <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> and natural gas.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 24 coal plants are planned to be closed by 2022 with all but 8 closed by 2030. The final date is expected to be assessed every 3 years.<sup id="cite_ref-ars2038_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars2038-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019 the import of coal rose 1.4% compared with 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-coalraise2019_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coalraise2019-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The phasing out of black coal (<a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">anthracite</a>) was brought forward in 2023 by 8 years to 2030, there is no agreement yet on phasing out brown coal (<a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a>) <sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the EU gave approval in late 2023 for a €2.6 billion compensation payment to <a href="/wiki/RWE" title="RWE">RWE</a> to phase out lignite in the Rhine region.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Natural_gas">Natural gas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Germany&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Natural gas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>National energy policy has shifted towards utilizing natural gas to replace coal and serve as a complementary fuel source as green energy projects are developed. The seaports of <a href="/wiki/Lubmin" title="Lubmin">Lubmin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunsbuettel" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunsbuettel">Brunsbuettel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stade" title="Stade">Stade</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmshaven" title="Wilhelmshaven">Wilhelmshaven</a> utilize floating liquefied natural gas floating storage and regasification units to import gas.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renewable_energy">Renewable energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Germany&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Renewable energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Germany" title="Renewable energy in Germany">Renewable energy in Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schneebergerhof_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Schneebergerhof_01.jpg/220px-Schneebergerhof_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Schneebergerhof_01.jpg/330px-Schneebergerhof_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Schneebergerhof_01.jpg/440px-Schneebergerhof_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Photovoltaic_array" class="mw-redirect" title="Photovoltaic array">Photovoltaic array</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbines</a> at the Schneebergerhof wind farm in the German state of <a href="/wiki/Rheinland-Pfalz" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheinland-Pfalz">Rheinland-Pfalz</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Years in which the last three renewable power levels achieved </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Achievement</th> <th>Year</th> <th>Achievement</th> <th>Year</th> <th>Achievement</th> <th>Year </th></tr> <tr> <td>5%</td> <td>2003</td> <td>10%</td> <td>2007</td> <td>15%</td> <td>2017<sup id="cite_ref-wor20_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wor20-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Renewable energy includes wind, solar, biomass and geothermal energy sources. </p><p>The share of electricity produced from renewable energy in Germany has increased from 6.3 per cent of the national total in 2000 to 46.2 per cent in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany renewable power market grew from 0.8 million residential customers in 2006 to 4.9 million in 2012, or 12.5% of all private households in the country. </p><p>In end of 2011, the cumulative installed total of renewable power was 65.7GW.<sup id="cite_ref-erneu7_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erneu7-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Germany does not have a very sunny climate, solar photovoltaic power made up 4% of annual electricity consumption. On 25 May 2012, a Saturday, solar power reached a new record, injecting 22 GW of power into the German power grid. This met 50% of the nation's mid-day electricity demand on that day.<sup id="cite_ref-reute_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reute-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, renewable energy based electricity generation reached 29.5%, but coal remained a factor at 40.1% of total generation. Wind was the leading renewable source at 12.3%, followed by biomass at 7.9% and solar PV at 5.9%.<sup id="cite_ref-strom0_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strom0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, renewable energy reached a share of 50.9% on the German public grid. Wind power made up 27% of total generation, and solar made up 10.5%. Biomass made up 9.7%, and hydro power made up 3.8%. The largest single non-renewable source was brown coal, with 16.8% of generation, followed by nuclear with 12.5%, then hard coal at 7.3%. Gas mainly provides peaking services, allowing for a generation share of 11.6%.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:502px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:500px;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="thumbcaption">Renewables as a percentage of gross electricity consumption<sup id="cite_ref-erneu3_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erneu3-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:502px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:500px;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="thumbcaption">Renewables as a percentage of primary energy consumption<sup id="cite_ref-erneu3_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erneu3-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Solar_power">Solar power</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Germany&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Solar power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Germany" title="Solar power in Germany">Solar power in Germany</a></div> <p>In 2022 Germany had 66.5 GW of solar power capacity, which generated 62 terawatt hours of power from 2.65 million individual installations.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wind_power">Wind power</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Germany&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Wind power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Germany" title="Wind power in Germany">Wind power in Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windpark_Pillenbruch_in_Bad_Salzuflen_(W%C3%BCsten)_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Windpark_Pillenbruch_in_Bad_Salzuflen_%28W%C3%BCsten%29_02.jpg/220px-Windpark_Pillenbruch_in_Bad_Salzuflen_%28W%C3%BCsten%29_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Windpark_Pillenbruch_in_Bad_Salzuflen_%28W%C3%BCsten%29_02.jpg/330px-Windpark_Pillenbruch_in_Bad_Salzuflen_%28W%C3%BCsten%29_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Windpark_Pillenbruch_in_Bad_Salzuflen_%28W%C3%BCsten%29_02.jpg/440px-Windpark_Pillenbruch_in_Bad_Salzuflen_%28W%C3%BCsten%29_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4134" data-file-height="3002" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wind_farm" title="Wind farm">Wind farms</a> in North Rhine-Westphalia</figcaption></figure> <p>In March 2023 there were around 28,500 turbines in operation in Germany with a combined capacity of 58.5 GW.<sup id="cite_ref-clea125_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clea125-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Offshore wind in Germany is expected to reach 115 GW by 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-clea125_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clea125-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bioenergy">Bioenergy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Germany&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bioenergy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 2016 the German Biomass Research Center (<i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Biomasseforschungszentrum" class="extiw" title="de:Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum">Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum</a></i>) (DBFZ) launched an online biomass atlas for researchers, investors and the interested public.<sup id="cite_ref-clew-2016_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clew-2016-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dbfz-bioenergy-portal_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dbfz-bioenergy-portal-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_power">Nuclear power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Germany&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nuclear power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Germany" title="Nuclear power in Germany">Nuclear power in Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kernkraftwerk_Isar_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Kernkraftwerk_Isar_01.jpg/220px-Kernkraftwerk_Isar_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Kernkraftwerk_Isar_01.jpg/330px-Kernkraftwerk_Isar_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Kernkraftwerk_Isar_01.jpg/440px-Kernkraftwerk_Isar_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5796" data-file-height="3260" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Isar_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Isar Nuclear Power Plant">Isar Nuclear Power Plant</a> was taken out of service on 15 April 2023</figcaption></figure> <p>Nuclear power has been a topical political issue in recent decades, with continuing debates about when the technology should be phased out. A coalition government of <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Gerhard Schröder">Gerhard Schröder</a> took the decision in 2002 to phase out all nuclear power by 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-clean2_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clean2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc22_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc22-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The topic received renewed attention at the start of 2007 due to the political impact of the <a href="/wiki/2007_Russia%E2%80%93Belarus_energy_dispute" title="2007 Russia–Belarus energy dispute">Russia-Belarus energy dispute</a> and in 2011 after the <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_I_nuclear_accidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima I nuclear accidents">Fukushima I nuclear accidents</a> in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-Germany:_Nuclear_power_plants_to_close_by_2022_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Germany:_Nuclear_power_plants_to_close_by_2022-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within days of the March 2011 <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster">Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster</a>, large <a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_protests" title="Anti-nuclear protests">anti-nuclear protests</a> occurred in Germany. Protests continued and, on 29 May 2011, Merkel's government announced that it would close all of its nuclear power plants by 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-sagep_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sagep-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dw31511_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dw31511-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eight of the seventeen operating reactors in Germany were permanently shut down following Fukushima in 2011. </p><p>The last operational German reactors <a href="/wiki/Isar_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Isar Nuclear Power Plant">Isar 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emsland_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Emsland Nuclear Power Plant">Emsland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neckarwestheim_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Neckarwestheim Nuclear Power Plant">Neckarwestheim</a> closed down in April 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_efficiency">Energy efficiency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Germany&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Energy efficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GET_en_Germany%E2%80%99s_plan-_drive_down_energy_demand-.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/GET_en_Germany%E2%80%99s_plan-_drive_down_energy_demand-.png/220px-GET_en_Germany%E2%80%99s_plan-_drive_down_energy_demand-.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/GET_en_Germany%E2%80%99s_plan-_drive_down_energy_demand-.png/330px-GET_en_Germany%E2%80%99s_plan-_drive_down_energy_demand-.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/GET_en_Germany%E2%80%99s_plan-_drive_down_energy_demand-.png/440px-GET_en_Germany%E2%80%99s_plan-_drive_down_energy_demand-.png 2x" data-file-width="4167" data-file-height="3201" /></a><figcaption>German Energy Efficiency Targets</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a> bottom-up index for the whole economy (ODEX) in Germany decreased by 18% between 1991 and 2006, which is equivalent to an energy efficiency improvement by 1.2% per annum on average based on the ODEX, which calculates technical efficiency improvements. Since the beginning of the new century, however, the efficiency improvement measured by the ODEX has slowed down. While a continuous decrease by 1.5%/y could be observed between 1991 and 2001, the decrease in the period from 2001 to 2006 only amounted to 0.5%, which is below the EU-27 level.<sup id="cite_ref-odyss_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odyss-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2030 the German Federal Ministry of the Economy projects an increase in <a href="/wiki/Electricity_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity consumption">electricity consumption</a> to 658 TWh. The expected increase is due to an expected uptick in <a href="/wiki/Electric_mobility" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric mobility">electric mobility</a>, more heating through electric <a href="/wiki/Heat-pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat-pump">heat-pumps</a>, and production of batteries and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_energy_policy">Government energy policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Germany&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Government energy policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Germany was the fourth-largest producer of nuclear power in the world, but in 2000, the government and the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Germany" title="Nuclear power in Germany">German nuclear power industry</a> agreed to phase out all <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">nuclear power plants</a> by 2021,<sup id="cite_ref-bbc44_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc44-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a result of an initiative with a vote result of 513 Yes, 79 No and 8 Empty. The seven oldest reactors were permanently closed after the <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster">Fukushima accident</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-zeitd_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zeitd-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, being an integral part of the EU's internal electricity market, Germany will continue to consume foreign nuclear electricity even after 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-swpbe_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swpbe-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2010, Merkel's government reached a late-night deal which would see the country's 17 nuclear plants run, on average, 12 years longer than planned, with some remaining in production until well into the 2030s.<sup id="cite_ref-germa_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-germa-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, following <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster">Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster</a>, the government changed its mind again, deciding to proceed with the plan to close all nuclear plants in the country by 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc54_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc54-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After becoming Chancellor of Germany, <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> expressed concern for <a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_European_energy_sector" title="Russia in the European energy sector">overreliance on Russian energy</a>, but the policy of energy imports did not change significantly afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-csmon_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csmon-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Government policy emphasises conservation and the development of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable sources">renewable sources</a>, such as solar, <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a>, water, and <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">geothermal</a> power. As a result of energy saving measures, <a href="/wiki/Energy_conversion_efficiency" title="Energy conversion efficiency">energy efficiency</a> (the amount of energy required to produce a unit of gross domestic product) has been improving since the beginning of the 1970s. </p><p>Speaking at the <a href="/wiki/2023_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference">COP28 climate summit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> in December 2023, German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Olaf_Scholz" title="Olaf Scholz">Olaf Scholz</a> called for a <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">phase-out of fossil fuels</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, and reiterated Germany's commitment to be <a href="/wiki/Net_zero_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Net zero emissions">climate neutral</a> by 2045, saying, "The technologies are there: wind power, photovoltaics, electric motors, green hydrogen."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainable_energy">Sustainable energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Germany&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sustainable energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 2010, the German government announced a new aggressive <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy" title="Energy policy">energy policy</a> with the following targets:<sup id="cite_ref-bmude_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bmude-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Reducing <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub></a> emissions 40% below 1990 levels by 2020 and 80% below 1990 levels by 2050</li> <li>Increasing the relative share of renewable energy in gross energy consumption to 18% by 2020, 30% by 2030 and 60% by 2050</li> <li>Increasing the relative share of renewable energy in gross electrical consumption to 35% by 2020 and 80% by 2050</li> <li>Increasing the national energy efficiency by cutting electrical consumption 50% below 2008 levels by 2050</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> ranked German <a href="/wiki/Aloys_Wobben" title="Aloys Wobben">Aloys Wobben</a> ($3B), founder of <a href="/wiki/Enercon" title="Enercon">Enercon</a>, as the richest person in the energy business (<a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a>) in Germany in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-forbe_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbe-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxes">Taxes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Germany&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Taxes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fossil_fuel_taxes">Fossil fuel taxes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Germany&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Fossil fuel taxes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b> 2019 fossil fuel taxes<sup id="cite_ref-EnergieStG_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EnergieStG-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Gas oil (>50 mg/kg sulfur)</th> <th>Gas oil(≤50 mg/kg sulfur)</th> <th>Heavy oil</th> <th>Other oils</th> <th>Natural Gas</th> <th>Liquefied petroleum gas </th></tr> <tr> <td>unit</td> <td>€/liter</td> <td>€/liter</td> <td>€/<a href="/wiki/Kg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kg">kg</a></td> <td>€/liter</td> <td>€/<a href="/wiki/Kilowatt_hour#Multiples" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilowatt hour">MWh</a></td> <td>€/<a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Taxation</td> <td>0.7635</td> <td>0.6135</td> <td>0.25</td> <td>0.6135</td> <td>5.50</td> <td>60.60 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Carbon_tax">Carbon tax</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Germany&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Carbon tax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The German ecological tax reform was adopted in 1999. After that, the law was amended in 2000 and in 2003. The law grew taxes on fuel and fossil fuels and laid the foundation for the tax for energy. In December 2019, the <a href="/wiki/German_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="German Government">German Government</a> agreed on a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">carbon tax</a> of 25 Euros per tonne of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> on oil and gas companies. The law came into effect in January 2021. The tax will increase to 55 Euros per tonne by 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2026 onwards, the price will be decided at auction.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CO2_emissions_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/CO2_emissions_Germany.svg/220px-CO2_emissions_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/CO2_emissions_Germany.svg/330px-CO2_emissions_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/CO2_emissions_Germany.svg/440px-CO2_emissions_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Development of carbon dioxide emissions</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Germany&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunkelflaute" title="Dunkelflaute">Dunkelflaute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Germany" title="Electricity sector in Germany">Electricity sector in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ende_Gel%C3%A4nde" title="Ende Gelände">Ende Gelände</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_transition_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy transition in Germany">Energy transition in Germany</a>, also known as the <i>Energiewende</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Renewable_Energy_Sources_Act" title="German Renewable Energy Sources Act">German Renewable Energy Sources Act</a>, also known as the <i>Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Germany" title="Renewable energy in Germany">Renewable energy in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">Economy of Germany</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Germany&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bdew2023-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bdew2023_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bdew2023_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bdew.de/media/documents/Jahresbericht_2023_final_18Dez2023_V2.pdf">"Die Energieversorgung 2023 – Jahresbericht"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>bdew.de</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bundesverband_der_Energie-_und_Wasserwirtschaft" title="Bundesverband der Energie- und Wasserwirtschaft">Bundesverband der Energie- und Wasserwirtschaft</a>. 18 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Germany+Plans+Boom+in+Coal+Power+Plants&rft.date=2007-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2007-03-21%2Fgermany-plans-boom-in-coal-power-plantsbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indep-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-indep_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080906141432/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/german-greens-fight-coalfired-power-station-plan-441477.html">"US"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Germany+to+invest+in+gas-fired+plants+in+coming+decades&rft.pub=Anadolu+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Fen%2Feurope%2Fgermany-to-invest-in-gas-fired-plants-in-coming-decades%2F1468267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ars2038-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ars2038_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTechnica2019" class="citation news cs1">Technica, Ars (28 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2019/01/itll-cost-45-billion-but-germany-proposes-to-eliminate-coal-in-19-years/?comments=1&post=36745919">"It'll cost $45 billion, but Germany proposes to eliminate coal in 19 years"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Germany%27s+2019+hard+coal+imports+seen+rising+after+mining+ends&rft.date=2019-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-germany-coal-vdki%2Fgermanys-2019-hard-coal-imports-seen-rising-after-mining-ends-idUSKCN1PC16Z%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europeannewsroom.com/europe-in-brief-germany-plans-to-build-hydrogen-and-gas-fired-power-plants/">"Europe in brief: Germany plans to build hydrogen and gas-fired power plants"</a>. 4 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Europe+in+brief%3A+Germany+plans+to+build+hydrogen+and+gas-fired+power+plants&rft.date=2023-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuropeannewsroom.com%2Feurope-in-brief-germany-plans-to-build-hydrogen-and-gas-fired-power-plants%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/eu-approves-germanys-payments-for-early-coal-exit/a-67688161">"EU approves Germany's payments for early coal exit"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a></i>. 11 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=EU+approves+Germany%27s+payments+for+early+coal+exit&rft.date=2023-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Feu-approves-germanys-payments-for-early-coal-exit%2Fa-67688161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vera Eckert, Barbara Lewis and Jan Harvey. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Merkel+shuts+down+seven+nuclear+reactors&rft.date=2011-03-15&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw-world.de%2Fdw%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C14912184%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/nuclear-reactors-germany-invest-gas-power-plants-energy/">"Germany has shut down its last three nuclear power plants, and some climate scientists are aghast"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. 18 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Germany+has+shut+down+its+last+three+nuclear+power+plants%2C+and+some+climate+scientists+are+aghast&rft.date=2023-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fnuclear-reactors-germany-invest-gas-power-plants-energy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/nuclear-reactors-germany-invest-gas-power-plants-energy/">"After scrapping nuclear reactors, Germany to spend billions on new gas power plants"</a>. <i>Politico</i>. 5 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=After+scrapping+nuclear+reactors%2C+Germany+to+spend+billions+on+new+gas+power+plants&rft.date=2024-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.eu%2Farticle%2Fnuclear-reactors-germany-invest-gas-power-plants-energy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-odyss-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-odyss_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odyssee-indicators.org/">"Energy Efficiency Trends & Policies - ODYSSEE-MURE"</a>. <i>Odyssee-indicators.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140113010230/http://www.odyssee-indicators.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Odyssee-indicators.org&rft.atitle=Energy+Efficiency+Trends+%26+Policies+-+ODYSSEE-MURE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.odyssee-indicators.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeft_02-20222021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Heft 02-2022 (17 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erneuerbareenergien.de/politik/energiepolitik/wirtschaftsministerium-rechnet-mit-658-twh-stromverbrauch-2030#:~:text=Das%20Bundeswirtschaftsministerium%20legt%20sich%20fest,Bundeswirtschaftsminister%20Peter%20Altmaier%20gestern%20vorlegte">"Wirtschaftsministerium rechnet mit 658 TWh Stromverbrauch 2030 - ERNEUERBARE ENERGIEN"</a> (in German). Erneuerbareenergien.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211117075122/https://www.erneuerbareenergien.de/politik/energiepolitik/wirtschaftsministerium-rechnet-mit-658-twh-stromverbrauch-2030#:~:text=Das%20Bundeswirtschaftsministerium%20legt%20sich%20fest,Bundeswirtschaftsminister%20Peter%20Altmaier%20gestern%20vorlegte">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wirtschaftsministerium+rechnet+mit+658+TWh+Stromverbrauch+2030+-+ERNEUERBARE+ENERGIEN&rft.pub=Erneuerbareenergien.de&rft.date=2021-11-17&rft.au=Heft+02-2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.erneuerbareenergien.de%2Fpolitik%2Fenergiepolitik%2Fwirtschaftsministerium-rechnet-mit-658-twh-stromverbrauch-2030%23%3A~%3Atext%3DDas%2520Bundeswirtschaftsministerium%2520legt%2520sich%2520fest%2CBundeswirtschaftsminister%2520Peter%2520Altmaier%2520gestern%2520vorlegte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc44-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc44_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4295389.stm">"Germany split over green energy"</a>. BBC. 25 February 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110319122219/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4295389.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Germany+split+over+green+energy&rft.date=2005-02-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F4295389.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zeitd-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zeitd_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2011-06/beschluss-atomausstieg-bundestag">"Energiewende: Bundestag besiegelt den Atomausstieg"</a>. <i>Die Zeit</i>. 30 June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171230004840/http://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2011-06/beschluss-atomausstieg-bundestag">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Zeit&rft.atitle=Energiewende%3A+Bundestag+besiegelt+den+Atomausstieg&rft.date=2011-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2Fpolitik%2Fdeutschland%2F2011-06%2Fbeschluss-atomausstieg-bundestag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-swpbe-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-swpbe_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Severin Fischer/Oliver Geden (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/comments/2011C33_fis_gdn_ks.pdf">Europeanising the German energy transition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171230114449/https://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/comments/2011C33_fis_gdn_ks.pdf">Archived</a> 30 December 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, SWP Comments 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-germa-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-germa_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">German Energy Blog <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.germanenergyblog.de/?p=4102">Government Adopts Energy Concept</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150426225915/http://www.germanenergyblog.de/?p=4102">Archived</a> 26 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc54-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc54_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13592208">"Germany: Nuclear power plants to close by 2022"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 30 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200331153543/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13592208">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Germany%3A+Nuclear+power+plants+to+close+by+2022&rft.date=2011-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-13592208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-csmon-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-csmon_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/World/2008/0306/p06s01-wogn.html">Dependence on Russian gas worries some – but not all – European countries</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111108015002/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/2008/0306/p06s01-wogn.html">Archived</a> 8 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> David Francis, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a></i>, 6 March 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/cop28-germanys-scholz-calls-to-phase-out-coal-oil-and-gas/a-67614763">"COP28: Germany's Scholz calls to phase out coal, oil and gas"</a>. <i>Deutsche Welle</i>. 2 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=COP28%3A+Germany%27s+Scholz+calls+to+phase+out+coal%2C+oil+and+gas&rft.date=2023-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fcop28-germanys-scholz-calls-to-phase-out-coal-oil-and-gas%2Fa-67614763&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bmude-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bmude_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.bmu.de/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/energiekonzept_bundesregierung.pdf">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101214094757/http://www.bmu.de/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/energiekonzept_bundesregierung.pdf">Archived</a> 14 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-forbe-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-forbe_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/profile/aloys-wobben/">"Aloys Wobben"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190416204852/https://www.forbes.com/profile/aloys-wobben/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Aloys+Wobben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fprofile%2Faloys-wobben%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EnergieStG-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EnergieStG_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Ministry_of_Justice_and_Consumer_Protection" class="citation web cs1">Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/energiestg/__2.html">"§2 of the "Energy-Taxation-Law" (EnergieStrG)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412095510/https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/energiestg/__2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C2%A72+of+the+%22Energy-Taxation-Law%22+%28EnergieStrG%29&rft.au=Federal+Ministry+of+Justice+and+Consumer+Protection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gesetze-im-internet.de%2Fenergiestg%2F__2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTraufetter2019" class="citation news cs1">Traufetter, Gerald (16 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/soziales/klimapaket-bund-und-laender-erzielen-einigung-a-1301430.html">"Bund und Länder einigen sich im Streit über Klimapaket"</a>. <i>Der Spiegel</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216120930/https://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/soziales/klimapaket-bund-und-laender-erzielen-einigung-a-1301430.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Bund+und+L%C3%A4nder+einigen+sich+im+Streit+%C3%BCber+Klimapaket&rft.date=2019-12-16&rft.aulast=Traufetter&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fwirtschaft%2Fsoziales%2Fklimapaket-bund-und-laender-erzielen-einigung-a-1301430.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20201231-germany-rings-in-2021-with-co2-tax-coal-phase-out">"Germany rings in 2021 with CO2 tax, coal phase-out"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/France_24" title="France 24">France 24</a></i>. 31 December 2020. <q>The price will increase to 55 euros by 2025, and will be decided at auction from 2026.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Germany+rings+in+2021+with+CO2+tax%2C+coal+phase-out&rft.date=2020-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20201231-germany-rings-in-2021-with-co2-tax-coal-phase-out&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnergy+in+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Germany&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Energy_in_Germany" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Energy in Germany">Energy in Germany</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iea.org/textbase/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=DE">Electricity/Heat in Germany in 2005</a> from the International Energy Agency</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yearbook.enerdata.net/">Statistical Energy Yearbook, 2012</a> from Enerdata</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_topics" title="Template:Germany topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germany_topics" title="Template talk:Germany topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germany_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germany topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germany_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General <br /> History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_German_history" title="Timeline of German history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Germany" title="Historiography of Germany">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Germany" title="Military history of Germany">Military history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">List of early Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">History of the Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_warfare_between_the_Romans_and_Germanic_peoples" title="Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples">Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_War" title="Cimbrian War">Cimbrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_campaigns_in_Germania_(12_BC_%E2%80%93_AD_16)" title="Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)">Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcomannic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Wars">Gothic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" title="Sack of Rome (410)">Sack of Rome (410)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Germany in the early modern period">Early modern period, 1500–1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th-century_history_of_Germany" title="18th-century history of Germany">18th-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">German revolutions of 1848–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Constitution" title="Frankfurt Constitution">Frankfurt Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_during_World_War_I" title="History of Germany during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_guilt_question" title="War guilt question">War guilt question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">Revolution of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany#World_War_II" title="Nazi Germany">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Flight and expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Germany (1945–1990)">Divided Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">Reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_since_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Germany since 1990">History of Germany since 1990</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Prussia">History of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brandenburg">History of Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_War" title="Cologne War">Cologne War</a>, 1583–1588</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baden_Revolution" title="Baden Revolution">Baden Revolution</a>, 1848</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Germany" title="Geography of Germany">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Germany">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Districts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Germany" title="List of cities and towns in Germany">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Germany" title="List of earthquakes in Germany">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Germany" title="Geology of Germany">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Germany" title="List of islands of Germany">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Germany" title="List of lakes of Germany">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Germany" title="Category:Mountains of Germany">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Germany" title="Category:Rivers of Germany">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Bundesrat" title="German Bundesrat">Bundesrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr"><i>Bundeswehr</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(military)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Germany" title="Cabinet of Germany">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Germany" title="Judiciary of Germany">Court system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Germany" title="Elections in Germany">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Germany">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Germany" title="Human rights in Germany">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Germany" title="Intersex rights in Germany">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Germany">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Germany" title="Transgender rights in Germany">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Germany" title="Law of Germany">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Germany" title="Law enforcement in Germany">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobbying_in_Germany" title="Lobbying in Germany">Lobbying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Germany" title="List of political parties in Germany">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Germany" title="Agriculture in Germany">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Germany" title="Automotive industry in Germany">Automobile industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Germany" title="Banking in Germany">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_German_Chemical_Triangle" title="Middle German Chemical Triangle">Chemical Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Germany" title="Economic history of Germany">Economic history</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Germany" title="List of exports of Germany">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_model" title="German model">German model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German states by GDP">German states by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelstand" title="Mittelstand"><i>Mittelstand</i> companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Germany" title="Science and technology in Germany">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Stock_Exchange" title="Frankfurt Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Germany" title="Taxation in Germany">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Germany" title="Telecommunications in Germany">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Germany" title="Tourism in Germany">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Germany" title="Trade unions in Germany">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Germany" title="Transport in Germany">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare in Germany">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Germany" title="Women in Germany">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Germany" title="Category:Society of Germany">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Germany" title="Crime in Germany">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Germany" title="Corruption in Germany">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Germany" title="Demographics of Germany">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Germany" title="Drug policy of Germany">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Germany" title="Education in Germany">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Germany" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Germany">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Germany" title="Women in Germany">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Germany" title="Healthcare in Germany">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Germany" title="Homelessness in Germany">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Germany" title="Immigration to Germany">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Germany" title="Irreligion in Germany">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of German states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism_in_Germany" title="Naturism in Germany">Naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Germany" title="Pensions in Germany">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Germany" title="Pornography in Germany">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Germany" title="Poverty in Germany">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Germany" title="Prostitution in Germany">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Germany" title="Racism in Germany">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues in Germany">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Germany" title="Trade unions in Germany">Trade unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutschlandlied" title="Deutschlandlied">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Germany" title="Architecture of Germany">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_art" title="German art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arts_in_Germany" title="Category:Arts in Germany">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany" title="Cinema of Germany">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany" title="Coat of arms of Germany">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance_in_Germany" title="Category:Dance in Germany">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_fashion" title="German fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Germany" title="Category:Festivals in Germany">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_folklore" title="German folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Germany" title="Flag of Germany">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Germany" title="List of libraries in Germany">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Germany" title="Internet in Germany">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Germany">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Germany" title="Names of Germany">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Germany" title="Sport in Germany">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Germany" title="Television in Germany">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Germany" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Germany">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Germany" title="Bibliography of Germany">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Germany" title="Category:Germany">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Energy_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Energy_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Europe" title="Energy in Europe">Energy in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Armenia" title="Energy in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Austria" title="Energy in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Azerbaijan" title="Energy in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Belarus" title="Energy in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Belgium" title="Energy in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Bulgaria" title="Energy in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Croatia" title="Energy in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Cyprus" title="Energy in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Energy in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Denmark" title="Energy in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Estonia" title="Energy in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Finland" title="Energy in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_France" title="Energy in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Energy in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Greece" title="Energy in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Hungary" title="Energy in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iceland" title="Energy in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Kazakhstan" title="Energy in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Latvia" title="Energy in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Liechtenstein" title="Energy in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Lithuania" title="Energy in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Luxembourg" title="Energy in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Malta" title="Energy in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Moldova" title="Energy in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Monaco" title="Energy in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Netherlands" title="Energy in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Norway" title="Energy in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Poland" title="Energy in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Portugal" title="Energy in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Romania" title="Energy in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Russia" title="Energy in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Serbia" title="Energy in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Slovakia" title="Energy in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Slovenia" title="Energy in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Spain" title="Energy in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Sweden" title="Energy in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Switzerland" title="Energy in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Turkey" title="Energy in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Ukraine" title="Energy in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Energy in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy in the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/20px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/30px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/40px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind-turbine-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/19px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Wind-turbine-icon.svg/29px-Wind-turbine-icon.svg.png 1.5x, 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