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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Book by Abbott Handerson Thayer</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;"><i>Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom</i> <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27%27Concealing-Coloration+in+the+Animal+Kingdom%27%27&rft.author=Gerald+H.+Thayer&rft.date=1909%3Cspan+style%3D%22display%3Anone%22%3E%26%23160%3B%28%3Cspan+class%3D%22bday+dtstart+published+updated+itvstart%22%3E1909%3C%2Fspan%3E%29%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pub=%5B%5BMacmillan+Publishers%7CMacmillan%5D%5D&rft.place=US"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cover_of_Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom_by_Thayer.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Cover_of_Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom_by_Thayer.JPG/220px-Cover_of_Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom_by_Thayer.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Cover_of_Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom_by_Thayer.JPG/330px-Cover_of_Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom_by_Thayer.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Cover_of_Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom_by_Thayer.JPG/440px-Cover_of_Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom_by_Thayer.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1018" data-file-height="1260" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cover of first edition</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data">Gerald H. Thayer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Illustrator</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Handerson_Thayer" title="Abbott Handerson Thayer">Abbott Handerson Thayer</a></li> <li>Richard S. Meryman</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1909<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1909</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">US</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom</b>: An Exposition of the Laws of Disguise Through Color and Pattern; Being a Summary of Abbott H. Thayer's Discoveries</i> is a book published ostensibly by Gerald H. Thayer in 1909, and revised in 1918, but in fact a collaboration with and completion of his father <a href="/wiki/Abbott_Handerson_Thayer" title="Abbott Handerson Thayer">Abbott Handerson Thayer</a>'s major work. </p><p>The book, illustrated artistically by Abbott Thayer, sets out the controversial thesis that all <a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">animal coloration</a> has the <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolutionary</a> purpose of <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a>. Thayer rejected <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s theory of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a>, arguing in words and paintings that even such conspicuous animal features as the <a href="/wiki/Peacock" class="mw-redirect" title="Peacock">peacock</a>'s tail or the brilliant pink of <a href="/wiki/Flamingo" title="Flamingo">flamingoes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Roseate_spoonbill" title="Roseate spoonbill">roseate spoonbills</a> were effective as camouflage in the right light. </p><p>The book introduced the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Disruptive_coloration" title="Disruptive coloration">disruptive coloration</a> to break up an object's outlines, of <a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">masquerade</a>, as when a butterfly mimics a leaf, and especially of <a href="/wiki/Countershading" title="Countershading">countershading</a>, where an animal's tones make it appear flat by concealing its self-shadowing. </p><p>The book was criticised by <a href="/wiki/Big-game_hunting" title="Big-game hunting">big game hunter</a> and politician <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> for its central assertion that every aspect of animal coloration is effective as camouflage. Roosevelt's detailed reply attacked the biased choice of examples to suit Abbott Thayer's thesis and the book's reliance on unsubstantiated claims in place of evidence. The book was more evenly criticised by zoologist and camouflage researcher <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Cott" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Cott">Hugh Cott</a>, who valued Thayer's work on countershading but regretted his overenthusiastic attempts to explain all <a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">animal coloration</a> as camouflage. Thayer was mocked to a greater or lesser extent by other scientific reviewers. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbott_Handerson_Thayer_-_Angel_-_Smithsonian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Abbott_Handerson_Thayer_-_Angel_-_Smithsonian.jpg/170px-Abbott_Handerson_Thayer_-_Angel_-_Smithsonian.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Abbott_Handerson_Thayer_-_Angel_-_Smithsonian.jpg/255px-Abbott_Handerson_Thayer_-_Angel_-_Smithsonian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Abbott_Handerson_Thayer_-_Angel_-_Smithsonian.jpg/340px-Abbott_Handerson_Thayer_-_Angel_-_Smithsonian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3101" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><i>Angel</i>, oil painting by <a href="/wiki/Abbott_Thayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbott Thayer">Abbott Thayer</a>, 1887</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Thayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbott Thayer">Abbott Thayer</a> (1849–1921) was an American artist, known for his figure paintings, often of "virginal, spiritual beauty", which were sometimes, as in his most famous painting, <i>Angel</i>, modeled on his children.<sup id="cite_ref-Meryman1999_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meryman1999-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had studied at an art school in Paris, but unlike <a href="/wiki/James_McNeill_Whistler" title="James McNeill Whistler">James McNeill Whistler</a> he returned to the United States. Along with seeking timeless beauty, Thayer also became obsessed with <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a>, which he felt contained the pure beauty that he was seeking to capture in his paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-Meryman1999_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meryman1999-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thayer's close observation led him to notice what scientists such as <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bagnall_Poulton" title="Edward Bagnall Poulton">Edward Bagnall Poulton</a> were just beginning to describe.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was that many animals were "painted" the opposite way to how painters create the appearance of solidity in figures. A canvas is flat, and areas of uniform color painted on a canvas also appear flat. To make a body appear to have depth and solidity, the artist paints in shadows on the body itself. The top of an animal's back, facing the sky, remains bright, while it must become darker towards its underside. Thayer was excited to realize that by reversing such shading, nature could and did make animals appear flat. He was so passionate about this "concealing coloration" theory that he called it his "second child".<sup id="cite_ref-Meryman1999_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meryman1999-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Poulton had noticed <a href="/wiki/Countershading" title="Countershading">countershading</a> in certain caterpillars, but he had not realized that the phenomenon was widespread, and he championed Thayer's theory in a 1902 article in <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature (magazine)">Nature</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes74_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes74-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Thayer was not a scientist, and he lacked a scientist's inclination to attempt to test and disprove every aspect of a new theory.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes74_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes74-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Thayer came to believe that the theory belonged to artists, with their trained perception: "The whole basis of picture making consists in contrasting against its background every object in the picture", he argued.<sup id="cite_ref-Meryman1999_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meryman1999-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The obsession led him to deny that animals could be colored for other reasons: for protection by <a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">mimicry</a>, as the naturalist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Walter_Bates" title="Henry Walter Bates">Henry Walter Bates</a> had proposed, supported by many examples of butterflies from South America; through <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> had argued, again supported by many observations. The unbalanced treatment of animal coloration in <i>Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom</i> encapsulates Thayer's partial understanding and his rejection of other theories.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LRB_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LRB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The same obsession led him, later, to attempt to persuade the military to adopt <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a> based on his ideas, traveling to London in 1915, and writing "passionate letters" to the Assistant Secretary to the US Navy, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a>, in 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-Meryman1999_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meryman1999-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Approach">Approach</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbott_thayer_countershading.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Abbott_thayer_countershading.jpg/237px-Abbott_thayer_countershading.jpg" decoding="async" width="237" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Abbott_thayer_countershading.jpg/356px-Abbott_thayer_countershading.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Abbott_thayer_countershading.jpg/474px-Abbott_thayer_countershading.jpg 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption>Abbott Thayer introduced the concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Countershading" title="Countershading">Countershading</a></i> in the book</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Text">Text</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gerald Thayer describes the book as having two main purposes: to present Abbott Thayer's research to naturalists; and to make the subject available to a wider readership.<sup id="cite_ref-Thayerviii_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thayerviii-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>P 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book's list of contents reveals Thayer's heavy reliance on <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">bird</a> examples, filling 16 of the 27 chapters. Other vertebrates occupy 5 chapters. Insects receive 3 chapters, of which two are dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">lepidoptera</a> - one to caterpillars, one to adult butterflies and moths; the remaining one devotes 14 pages to all other insects, starting with <a href="/wiki/Orthoptera" title="Orthoptera">orthoptera</a> including the leaf-mimic grasshoppers.<sup id="cite_ref-Thayerviii_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thayerviii-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>P 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illustrations">Illustrations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Illustrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The book has 16 colored plates of paintings by Abbott Thayer and Richard S. Meryman, including the well known frontispiece "Peacock amid foliage", and the heavily criticised images of wood ducks, blue jays against snow, roseate spoonbills and flamingoes "at dawn or sunset, and the skies they picture". The last 4 colored plates are of caterpillars. Gerald Thayer claims that "The illustrations are of particular importance, inasmuch as they include what we believe to be the first scientific paintings ever published of animals lighted as they actually are in nature".<sup id="cite_ref-Thayerviii_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thayerviii-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>P 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are 140 black and white figures, mainly photographs with a few diagrams and drawings. Half the photographs are of birds. The photographs are from various sources, "gleaned from periodicals, or secured by special advertising."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>P 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom_by_Gerald_H_Thayer_title_page_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom_by_Gerald_H_Thayer_title_page_1909.jpg/220px-Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom_by_Gerald_H_Thayer_title_page_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom_by_Gerald_H_Thayer_title_page_1909.jpg/330px-Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom_by_Gerald_H_Thayer_title_page_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom_by_Gerald_H_Thayer_title_page_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption>Title page of first edition</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Introduction by Abbott H. Thayer. An essay on the psychological and other basic principles of the subject.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ol><li>Outline of the book's scope. "The Law which underlies Protective Coloration"</li> <li>Definition of terms. Obliterative Shading</li> <li>First principles of the use of markings with obliterative shading</li> <li>Picture-patterns, with obliterative shading, on birds. American Woodcock, and Snipe</li> <li>Picture-patterns on obliteratively-shaded birds, continued. Terrestrial Goatsuckers</li> <li>Picture-patterns on counter-shaded birds. Forest Grouse, Owls, European Woodcock</li> <li>Picture-patterns on counter-shaded birds, continued. Grass-patterns, heather-patterns</li> <li>Picture-patterns on counter-shaded birds, continued. Scansorial (climbing) birds</li> <li>Picture-patterns on counter-shaded birds, continued. Shore-birds</li> <li>Picture-patterns on counter-shaded birds, continued. Reed-patterns, etc., of Bitterns</li> <li>Background-picturing on counter-shaded birds, continued. Marsh-birds. Wood Duck</li> <li>Background-picturing on counter-shaded birds, continued. Birds of the ocean</li> <li>Birds, etc. The inherent 'obliterative' power of markings. 'Ruptive' and 'Secant' patterns</li> <li>Birds, etc. Special functions of markings</li> <li>Birds. Masking of bill and feet for offensive purposes</li> <li>Birds, etc. The manifold obliterative power of iridescence</li> <li>Birds, etc. Appendages, and their part in 'obliteration'</li> <li>Birds: miscellany. "Mimicry" (vs 'obliteration')</li> <li>Birds, concluded</li> <li>Mammals</li> <li>Mammals, continued</li> <li>Mammals, concluded</li> <li>Fishes</li> <li>Reptiles and Amphibians</li> <li>Caterpillars</li> <li>A glance at Insects other than Lepidoptera</li> <li>Butterflies and Moths</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outline">Outline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Outline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White_fowl_lacking_counter-shading_from_Thayer_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/White_fowl_lacking_counter-shading_from_Thayer_1909.jpg/220px-White_fowl_lacking_counter-shading_from_Thayer_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/White_fowl_lacking_counter-shading_from_Thayer_1909.jpg/330px-White_fowl_lacking_counter-shading_from_Thayer_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/White_fowl_lacking_counter-shading_from_Thayer_1909.jpg/440px-White_fowl_lacking_counter-shading_from_Thayer_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1426" data-file-height="1303" /></a><figcaption>Fig. 7. "White fowl, lacking counter-shading, against a flat white cloth. To show that a monochrome object can not be 'obliterated', no matter what its background."</figcaption></figure> <p>Chapter 1 sets out the "long-ignored laws" of "protective coloration", an act which "has waited for an artist" to perceive. Thayer explains the principle of <a href="/wiki/Countershading" title="Countershading">countershading</a> with a diagram, arguing that a naive view of being "colored like their surroundings" does not explain how animal camouflage works. He acknowledges the prior work of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bagnall_Poulton" title="Edward Bagnall Poulton">Edward Bagnall Poulton</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Colours_of_Animals" title="The Colours of Animals">The Colours of Animals</a></i>, 1890) in identifying countershading in caterpillars, quoting some passages where Poulton describes how larvae and pupae can appear flat. Countershading is named as "the law which underlies protective coloration", rather than as one of several principles. </p><p>Chapter 2 defines the book's terms, equating "mimicry" with "protective resemblance", so that it becomes a form of "protective or disguising coloration". Thayer distinguishes "concealing-colors" (mainly countershading for "invisibility") from the "other" branch of protective coloration, which includes most kinds of mimicry, for "deceptive visibility". The two branches are then named "obliterative coloration" and "mimicry". Mimicry is dismissed as playing "a very insignificant part" in the "higher orders", i.e. it is limited mainly to invertebrates. A fine photograph of a "white fowl, lacking counter-shading, against a flat white cloth" demonstrates that camouflage is more than color matching. Thayer then gives several examples of what he considers countershaded animals. </p><p>Chapter 3 describes the combination of markings with countershading, with photographs of a model bird and of a <a href="/wiki/Woodcock" title="Woodcock">woodcock</a>, showing how in the correct position these are well camouflaged with "wonderful obliterative picture-patterns", but wrongly positioned or upside down (with a photograph of a dead woodcock) they are easily visible. </p><p>Chapters 4 and 5 illustrate more "picture-patterns" in well camouflaged birds including <a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_snipe" title="Wilson's snipe">Wilson's snipe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whip-poor-will" class="mw-redirect" title="Whip-poor-will">whip-poor-will</a> (nighthawks and goatsuckers, <a href="/wiki/Caprimulgidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Caprimulgidae">Caprimulgidae</a>). Thayer describes these as showing "obliteration, or <i>merging with the background</i>" but that their patterning is close to mimicry as they "perfectly" resemble objects such as "a stone or mossy log". </p><p>Chapter 6 argues that some birds such as the <a href="/wiki/Ruffed_grouse" title="Ruffed grouse">ruffed grouse</a> have patterns designed as camouflage against distant backgrounds, with a painting of a bird against a forest background as evidence. "The bird is in plain sight, but invisible". For the <a href="/wiki/Great_horned_owl" title="Great horned owl">great horned owl</a>, a piece of the wing is "super-imposed" on a photograph of a wood, "to show how closely the owl's patterns reproduce such a forest interior." The text describes the owl as having "a highly developed forest-vista pattern". Chapter 7 similarly argues for grass and heather patterns on "terrestrial" (as opposed to arboreal) birds. The disruptively patterned <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_ptarmigan" title="White-tailed ptarmigan">white-tailed ptarmigan</a> is shown in "a very remarkable photograph" by Evan Lewis. Thayer attempts to classify the camouflage types, for example writing </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The principal feature of the pattern made by grasses over ground is a more or less intricate lace-work of crisscrossing, light-colored, linear forms, some straight, some curled and twisted, relieving with varying intensity against dark.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Thayer<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>P 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Chapter 8 continues the theme with "scansorial" or tree climbing birds. Chapter 9 claims that "obliterative shading, pure and simple, is the rule among the Shore Birds" such as <a href="/wiki/Sandpipers" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandpipers">sandpipers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Curlew" title="Curlew">curlew</a>. Chapter 10 describes the "background-picturing" of <a href="/wiki/Bitterns" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitterns">bitterns</a>, birds which live in reedbeds, where </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The light stripes on the bill were repeated and continued by the light stripes on the sides of the head and neck, and together they imitated very closely the look of separate, bright reed-stems; while the <i>dark</i> stripes pictured reeds in shadow, or the shadowed interstices between the stems.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Thayer<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>P 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Chapter 11 argues (in a way that was heavily criticised when the book appeared, see below) that water birds, some of them highly conspicuous like the <a href="/wiki/Jacanidae" title="Jacanidae">jacana</a> and notoriously the male <a href="/wiki/Wood_duck" title="Wood duck">wood duck</a>, are colored for camouflage: "The beautifully contrasted black-and-white bars on the flanks of the Wood Duck (<i>Aix sponsa</i>) are <i>ripple pictures</i>, and as potent [as camouflage], in their place, as the most elaborate markings of land birds".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>P 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chapter 12 argues that the "pure white" of ocean birds such as <a href="/wiki/Gulls" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulls">gulls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terns" class="mw-redirect" title="Terns">terns</a> equally functions as camouflage. Thayer admits that these often appear conspicuous, but argues that against varied backgrounds, white offers "the <i>greatest average inconspicuousness</i> against the ocean" (his italics) or against the bright sky when seen from below. </p><p>Chapter 13 analyses "markings and patterns in detail, starting with a color plate that shows the effect of <a href="/wiki/Disruptive_pattern" class="mw-redirect" title="Disruptive pattern">disruptive patterning</a>, which Thayer calls "strong 'secant' and 'ruptive' patterns". Using a photograph of an <a href="/wiki/Oystercatcher" title="Oystercatcher">oystercatcher</a> at its nest by <a href="/wiki/Cherry_Kearton" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherry Kearton">Cherry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kearton" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Kearton">Richard Kearton</a>, Thayer argues that the boldly marked bird (mainly black above, white below, with red beak) is both countershaded and "ruptively" patterned. Chapter 14 discusses the barred markings of hawks and owls, with further fine plates of photographs by the Keartons of disruptively patterned waders and their cryptic chicks. The <a href="/wiki/Ringed_plover" class="mw-redirect" title="Ringed plover">ringed plover</a> is described as having "eye-masking and 'obliterative' shadow-and-hole-picturing pattern". </p><p>Chapter 15 describes the leg feather patterns of hawks, asserting that these "pantaloons" mask these "dangerous talons" to facilitate attack, just as their beaks, like the beaks of wading birds, are masked paradoxically with "gaudy colors". Chapter 16 controversially claims that the <a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">iridescent</a> colours of, for example, the speculum wing patch of the <a href="/wiki/Mallard" title="Mallard">mallard</a> and other ducks is "obliterative", the "brightly changeable plumage" serving to camouflage the wearer in varying conditions. Thayer asserts that such brightly colored species as the <a href="/wiki/European_kingfisher" class="mw-redirect" title="European kingfisher">European kingfisher</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Purple_swamphen" title="Purple swamphen">purple gallinule</a> are camouflaged: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Iridescence should perhaps be considered second only to obliterative [counter]shading as a factor in the disguisement of birds; its universality attests its value.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Thayer<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>P 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Chapter 17 argues that bird plumage has "many devices" to conceal the animals' outlines. Even the "enormously developed feather-appendages" of the <a href="/wiki/Birds_of_paradise" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds of paradise">birds of paradise</a> are argued to provide camouflage in this way. <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">Sexual display</a> is mentioned but dismissed as not being the sole reason for the colours, outlines and patterns of the male birds. Chapter 18 briefly discusses mimicry, before returning to "the evident paramount importance of the <i>obliterative</i> function", this time of the "brilliant, flowerlike" heads of <a href="/wiki/Hummingbirds" class="mw-redirect" title="Hummingbirds">hummingbirds</a>. The one case that Thayer admits is mimetic is the <a href="/wiki/Goatsucker" class="mw-redirect" title="Goatsucker">goatsucker</a> of <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a>, a plant mimic that perches "by day and night" on a tree stump or branch, where the purpose of the mimicry is crypsis. Chapter 19 concludes the description of bird plumage, claiming that birds from the tropical forests to the "snowy north", including <a href="/wiki/Woodpeckers" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodpeckers">woodpeckers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Blue_jay" title="Blue jay">blue jay</a> are all "colored for inconspicuousness". </p><p>Chapters 20, 21, and 22 discuss the "disguising-coloration" of <a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Whales" class="mw-redirect" title="Whales">whales</a> which "are equipped with a full obliterative shading of surface-colors". The <a href="/wiki/Bats" class="mw-redirect" title="Bats">bats</a> are admitted to have very little in the way of countershading, unlike all other families in the order. Thayer notes that a few species with <a href="/wiki/Antipredator_adaptation" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipredator adaptation">strong defences</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Erinaceinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Erinaceinae">hedgehogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porcupine" title="Porcupine">porcupines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Echidna" title="Echidna">echidnas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pangolin" title="Pangolin">pangolins</a> and "some <a href="/wiki/Armadillo" title="Armadillo">armadillos</a>" are exceptions, along with some beasts which "enjoy a like security by virtue of their gigantic bigness", including the <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinoceroses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">hippopotamuses</a>. The domestic hare is shown to be strongly countershaded with a pair of photographs "from life", one sitting and one "laid on its back, outdoors, so that the obliterative shading is reversed". Chapter 21 asserts that <a href="/wiki/Zebras" class="mw-redirect" title="Zebras">zebras</a> "must be extraordinarily inconspicuous" against vegetation, a claim derided by Theodore Roosevelt (see below). Chapter 22 addresses the problem of the "few [beasts] whose bold, clear patterns seem to defy that foremost obliterative law." These include the <a href="/wiki/Skunks" class="mw-redirect" title="Skunks">skunks</a>, the African <a href="/wiki/Zoril" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoril">zoril</a> (striped polecat) and the <a href="/wiki/Teledu" class="mw-redirect" title="Teledu">teledu</a> (stink badger) of Java, which all have dark underparts and white upperparts. Thayer dismisses the <a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">aposematism</a> of these species, instead asserting the effectiveness of their camouflage: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Skunks, teledus, and the rest, long believed by naturalists to be colored for warning conspicuousness (proclaimant of their foul defensive equipment), have, in fact, the universal obliterative coloration.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Thayer<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>P 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copperhead_Snake_-_full-page_card_cutout_in_Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Copperhead_Snake_-_full-page_card_cutout_in_Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom.JPG/220px-Copperhead_Snake_-_full-page_card_cutout_in_Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Copperhead_Snake_-_full-page_card_cutout_in_Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom.JPG/330px-Copperhead_Snake_-_full-page_card_cutout_in_Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Copperhead_Snake_-_full-page_card_cutout_in_Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom.JPG/440px-Copperhead_Snake_-_full-page_card_cutout_in_Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3079" data-file-height="2510" /></a><figcaption>Copperhead Snake - full-page card cutout, to fit over the painting of the same snake among leaves</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copperhead_Snake_among_Leaves_-_painting_in_Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Copperhead_Snake_among_Leaves_-_painting_in_Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom.JPG/220px-Copperhead_Snake_among_Leaves_-_painting_in_Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Copperhead_Snake_among_Leaves_-_painting_in_Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom.JPG/330px-Copperhead_Snake_among_Leaves_-_painting_in_Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Copperhead_Snake_among_Leaves_-_painting_in_Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom.JPG/440px-Copperhead_Snake_among_Leaves_-_painting_in_Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2950" data-file-height="2553" /></a><figcaption>Copperhead Snake among Leaves - painting, showing effective disruptive pattern</figcaption></figure> <p>Several photographs using stuffed skins of skunks attempt to prove the point. The chapter goes on to claim that roseate spoonbills, flamingoes, and prongbuck are all obliteratively colored. The <a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">raccoon</a>'s head resembles "the end of a hollow stump or log", while its tail is said to be "distractive", the strong banding serving like an eyespot to divert the attention of a predator to the tail rather than the head while the animal dives down a hole. But Thayer is unable to resist arguing that when "quiet, their tail-bands act <i>obliteratively</i>". </p><p>Chapter 23 looks at fish, admitting frankly that the authors "know next to nothing about fishes from the standpoint of systematic science", but saying that they have gathered a "trustworthy general estimate" of their "disguising coloration" from market stalls, museums and books. Many fish are countershaded. The <a href="/wiki/Bioluminescence" title="Bioluminescence">bioluminescence</a> of some deep sea fish and other animals is seen as a problem as it is not "obliterative"; the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Counterillumination" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterillumination">counterillumination</a> camouflage is not considered. </p><p>Chapter 24 considers the reptiles and amphibians. These are noted to be predominantly green, often with "ruptive" patterns. Plate 11 treats a "<a href="/wiki/Agkistrodon_contortrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Agkistrodon contortrix">Copperhead</a> snake on dead leaves", the caption explaining that "This is a bona-fide study of a Copperhead Snake among dead leaves—its normal situation." There is a full-page sheet of card, cut out in the shape of the snake lying on a bed of leaves. When this is folded back, a painting by Rockwell Kent and Abbott Thayer "(Also G.H. Thayer and E.B. Thayer)" is revealed, showing the snake's outline powerfully disrupted by its zigzag pattern among the light and shade of the leaf litter. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Larger-spotted_beech-leaf-edge_caterpillar_-_painting_in_Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Larger-spotted_beech-leaf-edge_caterpillar_-_painting_in_Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom.JPG/220px-Larger-spotted_beech-leaf-edge_caterpillar_-_painting_in_Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Larger-spotted_beech-leaf-edge_caterpillar_-_painting_in_Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom.JPG/330px-Larger-spotted_beech-leaf-edge_caterpillar_-_painting_in_Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Larger-spotted_beech-leaf-edge_caterpillar_-_painting_in_Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom.JPG/440px-Larger-spotted_beech-leaf-edge_caterpillar_-_painting_in_Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="909" /></a><figcaption>Larger-spotted beech-leaf-edge caterpillar, both on leaf and detached, the other way up, revealing strong <a href="/wiki/Countershading" title="Countershading">countershading</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Chapter 24 mentions that some terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Salamanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Salamanders">salamanders</a> "are rather brightly pied with black and whitish, or yellow", while other amphibians "are extremely gaudy—wearing much bright blue, green, purple and sometimes red." It suggests that some of these markings are "baits or targets", again to distract predators from striking at the head, while the salamander markings are left as a problem as the authors "know too little about the habits" of these species. It is admitted that "the disguising coloration of many of them is very obscure." </p><p>The final chapters 25, 26 and 27 turn to the insects. Chapter 25 looks at caterpillars, with, as Poulton had earlier noted, convincing examples of countershading. Plate 13 shows caterpillars including the "larger-spotted beech-leaf-edge caterpillar" both in position "passing for a part of the leaf on which it is feeding", strongly cryptic and flattened like a slightly browning leaf, and inverted, when its countershading makes it appear conspicuously solid. Chapter 26 looks at other insects and spiders, noting the "famous leaf-mimicking <i><a href="/wiki/Kallima_inachus" title="Kallima inachus">Kallima inachus</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>" butterfly of India, but again claiming that even conspicuous butterflies are in fact "obliterative". <a href="/wiki/Eye-spot_(mimicry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eye-spot (mimicry)">Eye-spots</a> are mentioned, but instead of noting that these might be distractive, they are asserted to be "dazzling", appearing as holes, and thus functioning as disruptive camouflage. </p><p>The text ends with a paragraph that asks if it is "any wonder that artists should feel keen delight in looking at the disguising-patterns worn by animals?" These are "triumphs of art", where the student can find "in epitome, painted and perfected by Nature herself", the typical color and pattern scheme of each kind of landscape. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Color and pattern, line and shading,—all are <i>true</i> beyond the power of man to imitate, or even fully to discern.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Thayer<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>P 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>An appendix provides extracts from a "very remarkable addition to our subject", Poulton's 1907 observations of color change in <a href="/wiki/Chameleons" class="mw-redirect" title="Chameleons">chameleons</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_reviews">Contemporary reviews</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Contemporary reviews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theodore_Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Theodore Roosevelt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Thayers' views were vigorously criticised in 1911 by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, an experienced big game hunter<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and naturalist familiar with animal camouflage as well as a politician, in a lengthy article in the <i>Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-LRB_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LRB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roosevelt_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roosevelt-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roosevelt begins by writing that the Thayers expounded the "doctrine" of concealing coloration "in its extreme form", which he thought had been "pushed to such a fantastic extreme and to include such wild absurdities as to call for the application of common sense thereto." Then, "to show the sweeping claims made", Roosevelt quotes verbatim eight passages from the book, one after the other, 500 words in all, the last one being "'All patterns and colors whatsoever of all animals that ever prey or are preyed upon are under certain normal circumstances obliterative.'"<sup id="cite_ref-Roosevelt121_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roosevelt121-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PeacockInTheWoods.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/PeacockInTheWoods.jpg/220px-PeacockInTheWoods.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/PeacockInTheWoods.jpg/330px-PeacockInTheWoods.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/PeacockInTheWoods.jpg/440px-PeacockInTheWoods.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1314" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Thayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbott Thayer">Abbott Thayer</a> and Richard Meryman painted <i>Peacock in the Woods</i> for Thayer's 1909 book. The image wrongly suggests that even the male bird's brilliant plumage functions as <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>He then observes that the Thayers' claims, both in "pictures" and in writing, are not so much arguments as plain "misstatements of facts, or wild guesses put forward as facts." He puts these down to enthusiasm rather than dishonesty, and as an example critiques the picture (the book's frontispiece) of the peacock in a tree<sup id="cite_ref-Roosevelt123_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roosevelt123-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>with the blue sky showing through the leaves in just sufficient quantity here and there to warrant the author-artists explaining that the wonderful blue hues of the peacock's neck are obliterative because they make it fade into the sky.<sup id="cite_ref-Roosevelt123_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roosevelt123-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This, Roosevelt writes, would be an extremely rare sight in nature. Worse, the female (the peahen) would, he argues, be conspicuous in those conditions. The Thayers have chosen a blue sky to argue that the peacock is camouflaged; but then they choose a <i>white</i> sky to allow the <a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">prongbuck</a>'s white rump to fade into that background. This, Roosevelt argues, is so dishonest that an engineer who constructed a report in that way would at once be dismissed, and the directors of a corporation who "tried to float shares on the strength of such a report" would be liable to "prosecution for fraud".<sup id="cite_ref-Roosevelt123_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roosevelt123-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roosevelt had recently returned from his African <a href="/wiki/Safari" title="Safari">safari</a>, having seen, admired and shot large numbers of animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Rothenburg134_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothenburg134-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was scornful of Thayer's theories, which he described as "phantasmagoria", and the writer as "a well meaning and ill-balanced enthusiast". Thayer's suggestion that the white markings on the body of the harnessed <a href="/wiki/Bush_buck" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush buck">bush buck</a> are meant to resemble "flecks of water shine" is dismissed as wild, with the observation from personal experience that bush buck spend little time in watery places, while the "situtunga or <a href="/wiki/Lechwe" title="Lechwe">lechwe</a>, which lack the spots" spend more.<sup id="cite_ref-Roosevelt194_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roosevelt194-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt does not refrain from harshness: he describes the camouflaged flamingo theory as "probably the wildest" of "all the wild absurdities to which Mr. Thayer has committed himself".<sup id="cite_ref-Roosevelt228_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roosevelt228-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Auk"><i>The Auk</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Auk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roseate_Spoonbills_1905-1909_Abbott_H_Thayer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roseate_Spoonbills_1905-1909_Abbott_H_Thayer.jpg/220px-Roseate_Spoonbills_1905-1909_Abbott_H_Thayer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roseate_Spoonbills_1905-1909_Abbott_H_Thayer.jpg/330px-Roseate_Spoonbills_1905-1909_Abbott_H_Thayer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Roseate_Spoonbills_1905-1909_Abbott_H_Thayer.jpg/440px-Roseate_Spoonbills_1905-1909_Abbott_H_Thayer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>In <i>Roseate Spoonbills</i> 1905–1909, Thayer tried to show that even the bright pink of these conspicuous birds had a cryptic function.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Male_Wood_Duck_in_a_Forest_Pool_by_Abbott_Handerson_Thayer_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Male_Wood_Duck_in_a_Forest_Pool_by_Abbott_Handerson_Thayer_1909.jpg/220px-Male_Wood_Duck_in_a_Forest_Pool_by_Abbott_Handerson_Thayer_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Male_Wood_Duck_in_a_Forest_Pool_by_Abbott_Handerson_Thayer_1909.jpg/330px-Male_Wood_Duck_in_a_Forest_Pool_by_Abbott_Handerson_Thayer_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Male_Wood_Duck_in_a_Forest_Pool_by_Abbott_Handerson_Thayer_1909.jpg/440px-Male_Wood_Duck_in_a_Forest_Pool_by_Abbott_Handerson_Thayer_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1195" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption><i>Male Wood Duck in a Forest Pool</i> painted by Thayer for the book, to argue that the male duck's conspicuous plumage was <a href="/wiki/Disruptively_patterned" class="mw-redirect" title="Disruptively patterned">disruptively patterned</a>, rather than <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Thayer was also roundly criticised in 1911 by <a href="/wiki/Herpetologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpetologist">herpetologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Barbour" title="Thomas Barbour">Thomas Barbour</a> and conservation pioneer John C. Phillips<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Auk" class="mw-redirect" title="The Auk">The Auk</a></i>, where they wrote that<sup id="cite_ref-Auk_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auk-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Mr. Thayer, however, along with most other enthusiasts in a field with which they can be but partially familiar, has gone too far and claimed too much.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Barbour and Phillips<sup id="cite_ref-Auk_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auk-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Barbour and Phillips warmly welcome Thayer's work on countershading "which he has so excellently demonstrated"; they "protest gently" against his "slightly patronizing" treatment of the camouflage of birds like <a href="/wiki/Woodcock" title="Woodcock">woodcock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grouse" title="Grouse">grouse</a> "which has been known and recognized since ornithology began"; and go on to the attack on his claims for the <a href="/wiki/Flamingo" title="Flamingo">flamingo</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Auk_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auk-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Flamingoes hardly need this carefully arranged protection that is of value but a few minutes each day, and to be sure we see the curious cloud arrangement depicted on but very few days of the year – if ever.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Barbour and Phillips<sup id="cite_ref-Auk_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auk-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>They are equally critical of his <a href="/wiki/Roseate_spoonbill" title="Roseate spoonbill">roseate spoonbill</a>, observing that the painting looks nothing like "actual skins of the species". As for the <a href="/wiki/Wood_duck" title="Wood duck">wood duck</a>, they point out its [sexual] "<a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">dimorphism of plumage</a>", and that the male spends the summer in <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_plumage" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipse plumage">eclipse plumage</a>, while he is<sup id="cite_ref-Auk_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auk-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>most brilliant during the late autumn, winter, and early spring, when their surroundings are of a dead and monotonous color. Hence, if we attributed any protective importance to such color patterns, we should be inclined to consider this of distinct disadvantage."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Barbour and Phillips<sup id="cite_ref-Auk_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auk-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Barbour and Phillips note that Thayer "in his enthusiasm, has ignored or glossed over [sexual dimorphism] with an artistic haze." They also question whether every animal needs protection. "By skilful jugglings we are shown how anything and everything may be rendered inconspicuous," citing the <a href="/wiki/Skunk" title="Skunk">skunk</a> among other boldly black and white animals with both the skunk coloration and the "well-known skunk smell". They conclude by writing that they have "purposely omitted calling special attention to the strong features of the book" and that they have no axe to grind.<sup id="cite_ref-Auk_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Auk-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Making_of_Species"><i>The Making of Species</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Making of Species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English ornithologists <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Dewar" title="Douglas Dewar">Douglas Dewar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Finn" title="Frank Finn">Frank Finn</a> write in their 1909 book <i>The Making of Species</i> that Thayer "seems to be of opinion that <i>all</i> animals are cryptically or, as he calls it, concealingly or obliteratively coloured". They note that <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bagnall_Poulton" title="Edward Bagnall Poulton">Edward Bagnall Poulton</a> had written approvingly of Thayer, and that Thayer had asserted that almost all animals were countershaded. They agree that countershading exists, but to his suggestion that it is universal "we feel sorely tempted to poke fun at him", and promptly ask any reader who agrees with Thayer that every animal is countershaded to look at a flock of <a href="/wiki/Rook_(bird)" title="Rook (bird)">rooks</a> at sunset.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They admit that camouflage is in general advantageous, but point out that the different plumages of seasonally and sexually dimorphic birds cannot all be explained as camouflage, considering the conspicuous colours of the male birds: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Now, if it be a matter of life-and-death importance to a bird to be protectively coloured, we should expect the showily coloured cock birds to be far less numerous than the dull-plumaged hens... [but] cock birds ... appear to be as least as numerous as the hens. Nor can it be said that this is due to their more secretive habits.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Dewar and Finn<sup id="cite_ref-Dewar201_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dewar201-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>They counter the further argument that hens may be in more danger than cocks, through sitting on nests, by observing that in many dimorphic species, the showy cock shares the work of incubating the eggs.<sup id="cite_ref-Dewar201_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dewar201-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_assessment">Modern assessment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Modern assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hugh_Cott">Hugh Cott</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hugh Cott"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plate_X_White_and_Red_Flamingoes_and_The_Skies_They_Simulate_by_Thayer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Plate_X_White_and_Red_Flamingoes_and_The_Skies_They_Simulate_by_Thayer.jpg/220px-Plate_X_White_and_Red_Flamingoes_and_The_Skies_They_Simulate_by_Thayer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Plate_X_White_and_Red_Flamingoes_and_The_Skies_They_Simulate_by_Thayer.jpg/330px-Plate_X_White_and_Red_Flamingoes_and_The_Skies_They_Simulate_by_Thayer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Plate_X_White_and_Red_Flamingoes_and_The_Skies_They_Simulate_by_Thayer.jpg/440px-Plate_X_White_and_Red_Flamingoes_and_The_Skies_They_Simulate_by_Thayer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="2011" /></a><figcaption>"Thayer straining the theory to a fantastic extreme":<sup id="cite_ref-Cott172_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cott172-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>White <a href="/wiki/Flamingoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Flamingoes">Flamingoes</a></i>, <i>Red Flamingoes</i> and <i>The Skies They Simulate</i> (dawn or dusk), painted for the book by Abbott Thayer</figcaption></figure> <p>The zoologist and <a href="/wiki/List_of_camoufleurs" title="List of camoufleurs">camouflage expert</a> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Cott" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Cott">Hugh Cott</a>, in his 1940 book <i><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Coloration_in_Animals" title="Adaptive Coloration in Animals">Adaptive Coloration in Animals</a></i>, writes that </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The theory of concealing coloration has been brought to some discredit through the tendency of certain writers to be carried away from the facts by their own enthusiasm, and they have brought down storms of criticism which are sometimes misdirected against the theory itself... Thus we find Thayer straining the theory to a fantastic extreme in an endeavour to make it cover almost every type of coloration in the animal kingdom.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Hugh Cott<sup id="cite_ref-Cott172_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cott172-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Cott attacks Thayer's comprehensive assertion that "all patterns and colors whatsoever...are obliterative",<sup id="cite_ref-Cott172_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cott172-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and continues more specifically with a detailed rebuttal of both the text and Thayer's contrived paintings: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Unfortunately certain of Thayer's explanations and illustrations misrepresent nature and are deceptive because they depend upon observations made under abnormal circumstances.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Hugh Cott<sup id="cite_ref-Cott172_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cott172-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Cott then gives the examples of the peacock in the woods with the blue sky behind the neck; the "flock of red Flamingoes matching a red sunset sky",<sup id="cite_ref-Cott173_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cott173-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the roseate spoonbill "whose pink plumage matches a pink cloud scheme".<sup id="cite_ref-Cott173_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cott173-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then lists the cases of the white flamingo, the skunk and the white rump of the prongbuck, quoting Roosevelt ("The raven's coloration is of course concealing if it is put into a coal scuttle"<sup id="cite_ref-Cott173_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cott173-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), notes "How unreasonable are extreme views like that adopted by Thayer",<sup id="cite_ref-Cott173_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cott173-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and admits that criticisms of "certain of Thayer's conclusions"<sup id="cite_ref-Cott173_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cott173-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are justified, before returning to the attack on those critics, robustly defending the "theory of protective and aggressive resemblance".<sup id="cite_ref-Cott173_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cott173-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More favourably, Cott explicitly recognises Thayer's work on countershading, though granting <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bagnall_Poulton" title="Edward Bagnall Poulton">Edward Bagnall Poulton</a>'s partial anticipation with his work on the <a href="/wiki/Chrysalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysalis">chrysalis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Purple_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Purple emperor">purple emperor</a> butterfly. Further, Cott quotes Thayer's description of countershading, and Cott's Figure 1, of countershaded fish, is captioned "Diagrams illustrating Thayer's principle of obliterative shading".<sup id="cite_ref-Cott36_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cott36-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Implicitly, also, Cott follows Thayer in his Figure 3 "Larva of Eyed Hawk-moth"<sup id="cite_ref-Cott36_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cott36-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in both "natural (e.g. 'up-side-down')"<sup id="cite_ref-Cott36_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cott36-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "unnatural"<sup id="cite_ref-Cott36_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cott36-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> positions; in his Figure 5 drawing of the disruptive effect of the stripes and bold markings of woodcock chicks (like Thayer's Figure 81); in his Plate 7, with (just like Thayer's Figure 7) a photograph of a white cock against a white background; in his Figure 18 and front cover drawings of a copperhead snake lying on a bed of leaves, with and without its disruptive pattern (like Thayer's Plate 11) and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-Cott36_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cott36-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="John_Endler_and_Peter_Forbes">John Endler and Peter Forbes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: John Endler and Peter Forbes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The evolutionary biologist <a href="/wiki/John_Endler" title="John Endler">John Endler</a>, reviewing the topic of camouflage in <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B</i> in 2006, cites Thayer's 1909 book three times: for <a href="/wiki/Disruptive_pattern" class="mw-redirect" title="Disruptive pattern">disruption</a>, with "conspicuous elements [which] distract the predator's attention and break up the body outline, making detection of the prey difficult";<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for "<a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">masquerade</a>, [where] the prey is detected as distinct from the visual background but not recognized as edible.., for example by resembling a leaf";<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for <a href="/wiki/Countershading" title="Countershading">countershading</a>, where "False gradients are common in animal colour patterns, leading to misleading appearance of shape, even when they do not disrupt the body outline".<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thayer is by far the earliest source used by Endler; the only other early source he cites (for disruption) is Hugh Cott's 1940 <i>Adaptive Coloration in Animals</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Endler_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Endler-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The art and science writer Peter Forbes notes that Thayer became obsessed by the "flattening effect" of countershading, and that far from being a scientist, he was "an artist whose idealist fervour, edged by deep insecurity, led him to regard his findings less as discovery than as revelation."<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Describing <i>Concealing-Coloration</i> as a "magnum opus",<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forbes writes that by 1909 "Thayer's prophetic intolerance was in full flood",<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that he was overcompensating for his need for approval of his artwork, and that he failed to see that acceptance of ideas in science does not depend on "the vehemence with which they are expressed".<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_30-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Forbes's view, Thayer was battling for the rights of artists over scientists, citing Thayer ("it properly belongs to the realm of pictorial art"<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_30-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) in evidence. Apart from Thayer's "bizarre"<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_30-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> flamingos, Forbes calls Thayer's opposition to Batesian mimicry "extreme".<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_30-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Forbes, "Reading Thayer's book today is a strange experience. He sets out with the idea that <i>every single creature</i> is perfectly camouflaged",<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_30-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then "tries to bludgeon his readers"<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_30-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into agreeing. Forbes is critical of Thayer's rejection of warning coloration, quoting Thayer's daughter Gladys as writing "My father's special mission was <i>tasting</i> butterflies";<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_30-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thayer apparently wanted to prove that mimicry was the wrong explanation as both model and mimic tasted the same. Forbes observes that natural selection did not have to contend with human reactions to the taste of butterflies.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_30-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="David_Rothenberg">David Rothenberg</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: David Rothenberg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The philosopher and jazz musician <a href="/wiki/David_Rothenberg" title="David Rothenberg">David Rothenberg</a>, in his 2012 book <i>Survival of the Beautiful</i> on the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic">aesthetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argues that while the Thayers' book set out the principles of camouflage: "From observation of nature ... art contributed to the military needs of society", Thayer, following <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, was "swept up in the idea that every animal had evolved to perfectly live in its surroundings", but was emotionally unable to accept the other "half" of Darwin's view of <a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">animal coloration</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Rothenberg132_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothenberg132-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Thayer was quite troubled by Darwin's whole notion of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a> to explain the evolution of taste and beauty... On the contrary, <i>all</i> animal patterning can be explained by the need to remain .. hidden.. Even what appears garish, including the tail of the <a href="/wiki/Peacock" class="mw-redirect" title="Peacock">peacock</a>, is in fact a sophisticated form of camouflage that can dupe even such a great scientist as Charles Darwin.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>David Rothenberg<sup id="cite_ref-Rothenberg132_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothenberg132-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Rothenberg then discusses the Thayers' account of the <a href="/wiki/Wood_duck" title="Wood duck">wood duck</a>, which Rothenberg calls "our most garishly colored duck". He explains that the Thayers believed they, "trained as artists", had seen what earlier observers had missed:<sup id="cite_ref-Rothenberg134_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothenberg134-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The black and white patches and stripes are 'ripple pictures depicting motion and reflections in the water', all ingeniously evolved to hide the bird not by inconspicuousness but by 'disruptive conspicuousness'.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>David Rothenberg<sup id="cite_ref-Rothenberg134_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothenberg134-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum">Smithsonian American Art Museum</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Smithsonian American Art Museum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian">Smithsonian</a> American Art Museum's website, describing the Thayers' book as "controversial", writes sceptically that<sup id="cite_ref-Smithsonian_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Even bright pink flamingoes would vanish against a similar colored sky at sunset or sunrise. No matter that at times their brilliant feathers were highly visible, their coloration would protect them from predators at crucial moments so that "the spectator seems to see right through the space occupied by an opaque animal." Not all readers were convinced.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Smithsonian Art Museum<sup id="cite_ref-Smithsonian_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary">Primary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Primary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Thayerviii-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thayerviii_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thayerviii_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thayerviii_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thayer, 1909. p viii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thayer, 1909. p ix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thayer, 1909. p 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thayer, 1909. p 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thayer, 1909. p 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thayer, 1909. p 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thayer, 1909. p 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thayer, 1909. p 240.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary">Secondary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Secondary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Meryman1999-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meryman1999_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meryman1999_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meryman1999_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meryman1999_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meryman1999_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Meryman, 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Poulton, 1890.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forbes74-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes74_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes74_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Forbes, 2009. p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forbes, 2009. pp. 73-84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LRB-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LRB_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LRB_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWright2005" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, Patrick (23 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v27/n12/patrick-wright/cubist-slugs">"Cubist Slugs. Review of DPM: Disruptive Pattern Material; An Encyclopedia of Camouflage: Nature – Military – Culture by Roy Behrens"</a>. <i>London Review of Books</i>. <b>27</b> (12): 16–20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Cubist+Slugs.+Review+of+DPM%3A+Disruptive+Pattern+Material%3B+An+Encyclopedia+of+Camouflage%3A+Nature+%E2%80%93+Military+%E2%80%93+Culture+by+Roy+Behrens&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=16-20&rft.date=2005-06-23&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fv27%2Fn12%2Fpatrick-wright%2Fcubist-slugs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcealing-Coloration+in+the+Animal+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Many of these species also have <a href="/wiki/Deimatic_displays" class="mw-redirect" title="Deimatic displays">deimatic displays</a>, deliberately making themselves conspicuous.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is spelled "<i>inachis</i>" in the text.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/37122">Hunting in Many Lands: The Book of the Boone and Crockett Club (1895)</a>, Roosevelt, Theodore (Editor).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roosevelt-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roosevelt_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt,_Theodore1911" class="citation journal cs1">Roosevelt, Theodore (1911). "Revealing and concealing coloration in birds and mammals". <i>Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History</i>. <b>30</b> (Article 8): 119–231. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2246%2F470">2246/470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft.atitle=Revealing+and+concealing+coloration+in+birds+and+mammals&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=Article+8&rft.pages=119-231&rft.date=1911&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2246%2F470&rft.au=Roosevelt%2C+Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcealing-Coloration+in+the+Animal+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roosevelt121-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roosevelt121_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roosevelt, 1911. pp 121-122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roosevelt123-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roosevelt123_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roosevelt123_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roosevelt123_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roosevelt, 1911. pp 123-124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rothenburg134-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rothenburg134_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rothenburg, 2011. p 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roosevelt194-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roosevelt194_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roosevelt, 1911. p 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roosevelt228-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roosevelt228_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roosevelt, 1911. p 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoolidge,_Harold1963" class="citation web cs1">Coolidge, Harold (September 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121005062436/https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/john_c_phillips_biography.pdf">"Notes on Dr John C. Phillips"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IUCN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/john_c_phillips_biography.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 5, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notes+on+Dr+John+C.+Phillips&rft.pub=IUCN&rft.date=1963-09&rft.au=Coolidge%2C+Harold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcmsdata.iucn.org%2Fdownloads%2Fjohn_c_phillips_biography.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcealing-Coloration+in+the+Animal+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Auk-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Auk_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auk_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auk_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auk_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auk_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auk_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Auk_24-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbour,_ThomasPhillips,_John_C1911" class="citation journal cs1">Barbour, Thomas; Phillips, John C (April 1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/87562">"Concealing Coloration Again"</a>. <i>The Auk</i>. <b>28</b> (2): 179–188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4071434">10.2307/4071434</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4071434">4071434</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Auk&rft.atitle=Concealing+Coloration+Again&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=179-188&rft.date=1911-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4071434&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4071434%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Barbour%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Phillips%2C+John+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpart%2F87562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcealing-Coloration+in+the+Animal+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dewar & Finn, 1909. pp 184, 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dewar201-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dewar201_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dewar201_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dewar & Finn, 1909. pp 201-202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cott172-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cott172_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott172_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott172_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott172_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cott, 1940. p 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cott173-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cott173_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott173_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott173_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott173_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott173_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott173_28-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cott, 1940. p 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cott36-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cott36_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott36_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott36_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott36_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cott36_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cott, 1940. pp36-37, facing p48, and pp66-67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forbes-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_30-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_30-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_30-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_30-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_30-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_30-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_30-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_30-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Forbes, 2009. pp. 76–79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Endler-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Endler_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndler,_John_A2006" class="citation journal cs1">Endler, John A (October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1634903">"Disruptive and cryptic coloration"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B</i>. <b>273</b> (1600): 2425–2426. <a 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.atitle=Disruptive+and+cryptic+coloration&rft.volume=273&rft.issue=1600&rft.pages=2425-2426&rft.date=2006-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1634903%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16959630&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2006.3650&rft.au=Endler%2C+John+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1634903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcealing-Coloration+in+the+Animal+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes,_Peter2012" class="citation news cs1">Forbes, Peter (February 10, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Survival+of+the+Beautiful+by+David+Rothenberg+-+review&rft.atitle=The+Guardian&rft.date=2012-02-10&rft.au=Forbes%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2012%2Ffeb%2F10%2Fsurvival-of-the-beautiful-rothenberg-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcealing-Coloration+in+the+Animal+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rothenberg132-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rothenberg132_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothenberg132_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rothenberg, 2011. pp 132-133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rothenberg134-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rothenberg134_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothenberg134_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rothenberg, 2011. p 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smithsonian-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smithsonian_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smithsonian_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanart.si.edu/collections/search/artwork/?id=23963">"Search Collections"</a>. <i>Male Wood Duck in a Forest Pool, study for book Concealing Coloration in the Animal Kingdom</i>. Smithsonian American Art Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Male+Wood+Duck+in+a+Forest+Pool%2C+study+for+book+Concealing+Coloration+in+the+Animal+Kingdom&rft.atitle=Search+Collections&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanart.si.edu%2Fcollections%2Fsearch%2Fartwork%2F%3Fid%3D23963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcealing-Coloration+in+the+Animal+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Cott" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Cott">Cott, Hugh</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Coloration_in_Animals" title="Adaptive Coloration in Animals">Adaptive Coloration in Animals</a></i>. Oxford, London and New York, 1940.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Dewar" title="Douglas Dewar">Dewar, Douglas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Frank_Finn" title="Frank Finn">Finn, Frank</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofspecies00dewarich">The making of species</a></i>. John Lane The Bodley Head, London and New York, 1909.</li> <li>Forbes, Peter. <i><a href="/wiki/Dazzled_and_Deceived:_Mimicry_and_Camouflage" class="mw-redirect" title="Dazzled and Deceived: Mimicry and Camouflage">Dazzled and Deceived: Mimicry and Camouflage</a></i>. Yale, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-12539-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-12539-9">0-300-12539-9</a></li> <li>Gephart, Emily. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cabinetmagazine.org/issues/4/hiddentalents.php">Hidden Talents: The Camouflage Paintings of Abbot Handerson Thayer</a></i>. Cabinet Magazine. Issue 4, Animals, Fall 2001.</li> <li>Meryman, Richard. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/A-Painter-of-Angels-Became-the-Father-of-Camouflage.html">A Painter of Angels Became the Father of Camouflage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030081618/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/A-Painter-of-Angels-Became-the-Father-of-Camouflage.html">Archived</a> 2013-10-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Smithsonian Magazine, April 1999.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bagnall_Poulton" title="Edward Bagnall Poulton">Poulton, Edward B.</a><i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Colours_of_Animals" title="The Colours of Animals">The Colours of Animals</a></i>. Kegan Paul, Trench & Trübner, London, 1890.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Rothenberg" title="David Rothenberg">Rothenberg, David</a>. <i>Survival of the Beautiful: Art, Science and Evolution</i>. Bloomsbury, London, 2011.</li> <li>Thayer, Gerald H.; <a href="/wiki/Abbott_Handerson_Thayer" title="Abbott Handerson Thayer">Thayer, Abbott H</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924022546406">Concealing Coloration in the Animal Kingdom: An Exposition of the Laws of Disguise Through Color and Pattern; Being a Summary of Abbott H. Thayer’s Disclosures</a></i>. Macmillan, New York, 1909.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanart.si.edu/collections/search/artwork/?id=23924">Smithsonian American Art Museum: Blue Jays in Winter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120731055445/http://camouflage.osu.edu/thayer.html">Ohio State University: The Camouflage Project: Abbott H. 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title="List of camouflage methods">Methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countershading" title="Countershading">Countershading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_camouflage" title="Active camouflage">Active camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-illumination" title="Counter-illumination">Counter-illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_coloration" title="Disruptive coloration">Disruptive coloration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coincident_disruptive_coloration" title="Coincident disruptive coloration">Coincident disruptive coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_eye_mask" title="Disruptive eye mask">Disruptive eye mask</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distractive_markings" title="Distractive markings">Distractive markings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_camouflage" title="Motion camouflage">Motion camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-scale_camouflage" title="Multi-scale camouflage">Multi-scale camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-spectral_camouflage" title="Multi-spectral camouflage">Multi-spectral camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-decoration_camouflage" title="Self-decoration camouflage">Self-decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_camouflage" title="Snow camouflage">Snow camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_camouflage" title="Urban camouflage">Urban camouflage</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peacock_Flounder_Bothus_mancus_in_Kona_(vertical).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Peacock_Flounder_Bothus_mancus_in_Kona_%28vertical%29.jpg/100px-Peacock_Flounder_Bothus_mancus_in_Kona_%28vertical%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Peacock_Flounder_Bothus_mancus_in_Kona_%28vertical%29.jpg/150px-Peacock_Flounder_Bothus_mancus_in_Kona_%28vertical%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Peacock_Flounder_Bothus_mancus_in_Kona_%28vertical%29.jpg/200px-Peacock_Flounder_Bothus_mancus_in_Kona_%28vertical%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="6438" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In nature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coloration_evidence_for_natural_selection" title="Coloration evidence for natural selection">As evidence for natural selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypsis" title="Crypsis">Crypsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorator_crab" title="Decorator crab">Decorator crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_mantis" title="Flower mantis">Flower mantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">Mimicry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batesian_mimicry" title="Batesian mimicry">Batesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCllerian_mimicry" title="Müllerian mimicry">Müllerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggressive_mimicry" title="Aggressive mimicry">Aggressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_camouflage" title="Underwater camouflage">Underwater camouflage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bagnall_Poulton" title="Edward Bagnall Poulton">Edward Bagnall Poulton</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Colours_of_Animals" title="The Colours of Animals">The Colours of Animals</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Handerson_Thayer" title="Abbott Handerson Thayer">Abbott Handerson Thayer</a> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Camoufleurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Camoufleurs">Camoufleurs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Taylor_Brush" title="Mary Taylor Brush">Mary Taylor Brush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien-Victor_Guirand_de_Sc%C3%A9vola" title="Lucien-Victor Guirand de Scévola">Lucien-Victor Guirand de Scévola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Graham_Kerr" title="John Graham Kerr">John Graham Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Wilkinson_(artist)" title="Norman Wilkinson (artist)">Norman Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Warner" title="Everett Warner">Everett Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Underwood" title="Leon Underwood">Leon Underwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Otto_Schick" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Georg Otto Schick">Johann Georg Otto Schick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_B._Cott" title="Hugh B. Cott">Hugh Cott</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Coloration_in_Animals" title="Adaptive Coloration in Animals">Adaptive Coloration in Animals</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Barkas" title="Geoffrey Barkas">Geoffrey Barkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_O%27Neill_(camoufleur)" title="Timothy O'Neill (camoufleur)">Timothy O'Neill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Researchers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Behrens" title="Roy Behrens">Roy Behrens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Caro" title="Tim Caro">Tim Caro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innes_Cuthill" title="Innes Cuthill">Innes Cuthill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_N._Sherratt" title="Thomas N. Sherratt">Thomas N. Sherratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Stevens_(biologist)" title="Martin Stevens (biologist)">Martin Stevens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Military camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_camouflage" title="Aircraft camouflage">Aircraft camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage_clothing_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Camouflage clothing in Trinidad and Tobago">Camouflage clothing in Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazzle_camouflage" title="Dazzle camouflage">Dazzle camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_that_prohibit_camouflage_clothing" title="List of countries that prohibit camouflage clothing">List of countries that prohibit camouflage clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Command_Camouflage_Directorate" title="Middle East Command Camouflage Directorate">Middle East Command Camouflage Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_camouflage" title="Ship camouflage">Ship camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_ship_camouflage_measures_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="World War II ship camouflage measures of the United States Navy">USN WWII camouflage measures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_clothing_camouflage_patterns" title="List of military clothing camouflage patterns">Patterns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Up to WWII</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_World_War_II_camouflage_patterns" title="German World War II camouflage patterns">German<br />WWII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Splittertarnmuster" title="Splittertarnmuster">Splittertarnmuster</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platanenmuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Platanenmuster">Platanenmuster</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauchtarnmuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Rauchtarnmuster">Rauchtarnmuster</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmenmuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmenmuster">Palmenmuster</a> (c 1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumpfmuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumpfmuster">Sumpfmuster</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbsenmuster" title="Erbsenmuster">Erbsenmuster</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leibermuster" title="Leibermuster">Leibermuster</a> (1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage_tree" title="Camouflage tree">Camouflage tree</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozenge_camouflage" title="Lozenge camouflage">Lozenge</a> (1917 aircraft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telo_mimetico" title="Telo mimetico">Telo mimetico</a> (1929 tent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denison_smock" title="Denison smock">Denison smock</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_Skin" title="Frog Skin">Frog Skin</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghillie_suit" title="Ghillie suit">Ghillie suit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lizard_(camouflage)" title="Lizard (camouflage)">Lizard</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strichtarn" title="Strichtarn">Strichtarn</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamuflirovannyi_Letnyi_Maskirovochnyi_Kombinezon" title="Kamuflirovannyi Letnyi Maskirovochnyi Kombinezon">KLMK</a> (1968)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late 20th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jigsaw_camouflage" title="Jigsaw camouflage">Jigsaw</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_stripe_camouflage" title="Tiger stripe camouflage">Tiger stripe</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Brushstroke" title="Rhodesian Brushstroke">Rhodesian Brushstroke</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERDL_pattern" title="ERDL pattern">ERDL</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_Pattern_Material" title="Disruptive Pattern Material">Disruptive Pattern Material</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wz._68_Moro" title="Wz. 68 Moro">wz. 68 Moro</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Battle_Dress_Uniform" title="Desert Battle Dress Uniform">Six-Color Desert Pattern (Chocolate Chip)</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Woodland" title="U.S. Woodland">U.S. "M81" Woodland</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_Pattern_Camouflage_Uniform" title="Disruptive Pattern Camouflage Uniform">Australian Disruptive Pattern</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAZ_83" title="TAZ 83">TAZ 83</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubok_(camouflage)" title="Dubok (camouflage)">Dubok</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M84_camouflage_pattern" title="M84 camouflage pattern">M84</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_87_(camouflage)" title="Type 87 (camouflage)">Type 87 (China)</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wz._89_Puma" title="Wz. 89 Puma">wz. 89 Puma</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage_Daguet" title="Camouflage Daguet">Camouflage Daguet</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M90_(camouflage)" title="M90 (camouflage)">M90</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Night_Camouflage" title="Desert Night Camouflage">Desert Night Camouflage</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flecktarn" title="Flecktarn">Flecktarn</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropentarn" title="Tropentarn">Tropentarn</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Camouflage_Uniform" title="Desert Camouflage Uniform">Desert Camouflage Pattern</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage_Central-Europe" title="Camouflage Central-Europe">Camouflage Central-Europe</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier_2000" title="Soldier 2000">Soldier 2000</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAZ_90" title="TAZ 90">TAZ 90</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wz._93_Pantera" title="Wz. 93 Pantera">wz. 93 Pantera</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CADPAT" title="CADPAT">CADPAT</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M98_camouflage_pattern" title="M98 camouflage pattern">M98</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_camouflage" title="Flora camouflage">Flora</a> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MARPAT" title="MARPAT">MARPAT</a> (2001) (<a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Combat_Utility_Uniform" title="Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform">Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform</a> (2002))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MultiCam" title="MultiCam">MultiCam</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_Assault_Camouflage" title="Tactical Assault Camouflage">Tactical Assault Camouflage</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Camouflage_Pattern" title="Universal Camouflage Pattern">Universal Camouflage Pattern</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESTDCU" title="ESTDCU">ESTDCU</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M05" title="M05">M05</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airman_Battle_Uniform" title="Airman Battle Uniform">Airman Battle Uniform</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_07" title="Type 07">Type 07</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMR_camouflage" title="EMR camouflage">EMR</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-Terrain_Pattern" title="Multi-Terrain Pattern">Multi-Terrain Pattern</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Multicam_Camouflage_Uniform" title="Australian Multicam Camouflage Uniform">Australian Multicam</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_camouflage_pattern_2015M" title="Hungarian camouflage pattern 2015M">HunCam</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Camouflage_Pattern" title="Operational Camouflage Pattern">Operational Camouflage Pattern</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Fractal_Pattern" title="Netherlands Fractal Pattern">Netherlands Fractal Pattern</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xingkong_(camouflage)" title="Xingkong (camouflage)">Xingkong</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deployed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berberys-R" title="Berberys-R">Berberys-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakidka" title="Nakidka">Nakidka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prototypes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diffused_lighting_camouflage" title="Diffused lighting camouflage">Diffused lighting camouflage</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehudi_lights" title="Yehudi lights">Yehudi lights</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptiv" title="Adaptiv">Adaptiv</a> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dazzled_and_Deceived" title="Dazzled and Deceived">Dazzled and Deceived</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stealth_technology" title="Stealth technology">Stealth technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloaking_device" title="Cloaking device">Cloaking device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisibility" title="Invisibility">Invisibility</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Natural_history" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Natural_history" title="Template:Natural history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Natural_history" title="Template talk:Natural history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Natural_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Natural history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Natural_history" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneering<br />naturalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical<br />antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Animals" title="History of Animals">History of Animals</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Theophrastus_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus book)">Historia Plantarum</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Aelianus" title="Claudius Aelianus">Aelian</a> (<i>De Natura Animalium</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/De_Materia_Medica" class="mw-redirect" title="De Materia Medica">De Materia Medica</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulisse_Aldrovandi" title="Ulisse Aldrovandi">Ulisse Aldrovandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Bauhin" title="Gaspard Bauhin">Gaspard Bauhin</a> (<i>Pinax theatri botanici</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Brunfels" title="Otto Brunfels">Otto Brunfels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Bock" title="Hieronymus Bock">Hieronymus Bock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Cesalpino" title="Andrea Cesalpino">Andrea Cesalpino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Cordus" title="Valerius Cordus">Valerius Cordus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonhart_Fuchs" title="Leonhart Fuchs">Leonhart Fuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Gessner" title="Conrad Gessner">Conrad Gessner</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Historia_animalium_(Gessner_book)" title="Historia animalium (Gessner book)">Historia animalium</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederik_Ruysch" title="Frederik Ruysch">Frederik Ruysch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Turner_(naturalist)" title="William Turner (naturalist)">William Turner</a> (<i>Avium Praecipuarum</i>, <i>New Herball</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gerard" title="John Gerard">John Gerard</a> (<i>Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Micrographia" title="Micrographia">Micrographia</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi">Marcello Malpighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antonie van Leeuwenhoek">Antonie van Leeuwenhoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Derham" title="William Derham">William Derham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Sloane" title="Hans Sloane">Hans Sloane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Jan Swammerdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnier_de_Graaf" title="Regnier de Graaf">Regnier de Graaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Steller" title="Georg Wilhelm Steller">Georg Steller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Fabricius" title="Johan Christian Fabricius">Johan Christian Fabricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">James Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ray" title="John Ray">John Ray</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Ray_book)" title="Historia Plantarum (Ray book)">Historia Plantarum</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Leclerc,_Comte_de_Buffon" title="Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon">Comte de Buffon</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Histoire_Naturelle" title="Histoire Naturelle">Histoire Naturelle</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Germain_de_Lac%C3%A9p%C3%A8de" title="Bernard Germain de Lacépède">Bernard Germain de Lacépède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_White" title="Gilbert White">Gilbert White</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Natural_History_and_Antiquities_of_Selborne" title="The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne">The Natural History of Selborne</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bewick" title="Thomas Bewick">Thomas Bewick</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_British_Birds" title="A History of British Birds">A History of British Birds</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste Lamarck</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Philosophie_zoologique" title="Philosophie zoologique">Philosophie zoologique</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Montagu_(naturalist)" title="George Montagu (naturalist)">George Montagu</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ornithological_Dictionary" title="Ornithological Dictionary">Ornithological Dictionary</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Le_R%C3%A8gne_Animal" title="Le Règne Animal">Le Règne Animal</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(geologist)" title="William Smith (geologist)">William Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Malay_Archipelago" title="The Malay Archipelago">The Malay Archipelago</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Walter_Bates" title="Henry Walter Bates">Henry Walter Bates</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons" title="The Naturalist on the River Amazons">The Naturalist on the River Amazons</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Birds_of_America" title="The Birds of America">The Birds of America</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Buckland" title="William Buckland">William Buckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anning" title="Mary Anning">Mary Anning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Fabre" title="Jean-Henri Fabre">Jean-Henri Fabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Henry_Gosse" title="Philip Henry Gosse">Philip Henry Gosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jackson_Hooker" title="William Jackson Hooker">William Jackson Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Jardine,_7th_Baronet" title="Sir William Jardine, 7th Baronet">William Jardine</a> (<i>The Naturalist's Library</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Kunstformen_der_Natur" title="Kunstformen der Natur">Kunstformen der Natur</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lydekker" title="Richard Lydekker">Richard Lydekker</a> (<i>The Royal Natural History</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martinus_Beijerinck" title="Martinus Beijerinck">Martinus Beijerinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Handerson_Thayer" title="Abbott Handerson Thayer">Abbott Thayer</a> (<i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_B._Cott" title="Hugh B. Cott">Hugh B. Cott</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Coloration_in_Animals" title="Adaptive Coloration in Animals">Adaptive Coloration in Animals</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Niko Tinbergen</a> (<i>The Study of Instinct</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/On_Aggression" title="On Aggression">On Aggression</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a> (<i>The Dancing Bees</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Lockley" title="Ronald Lockley">Ronald Lockley</a> (<i>Shearwaters</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sceliphron wasp building nest"><img alt="Sceliphron wasp building nest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png/85px-Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png/128px-Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png/170px-Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons_figure_17.png 2x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history_museum" title="Natural history museum">Natural history museums</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_history_museums" title="List of natural history museums">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parson-naturalist" title="Parson-naturalist">Parson-naturalists</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_parson-naturalists" title="List of parson-naturalists">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_history_societies" title="Category:Natural history societies">Natural History Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_history_dealers" title="List of natural history dealers">List of natural history dealers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom&oldid=1248792885">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom&oldid=1248792885</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Zoology_books" title="Category:Zoology books">Zoology books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Camouflage_books" title="Category:Camouflage books">Camouflage books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1909_non-fiction_books" title="Category:1909 non-fiction books">1909 non-fiction books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_history_books" title="Category:Natural history books">Natural history books</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 October 2024, at 14:16<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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