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<span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geographical_variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Geographical variation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habitat_and_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habitat_and_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Habitat and distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Survival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Survival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Survival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Feeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Common kingfisher</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 95 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-95" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">95 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8A" title="Псыкъуаргъ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Псыкъуаргъ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisvogel" title="Eisvogel – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Eisvogel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kun%C3%A2g%C3%A2sku%C3%A1l%C3%A1steijee" title="Kunâgâskuálásteijee – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kunâgâskuálásteijee" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%89_%D9%85%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%81" title="قرلى مألوف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قرلى مألوف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcedo_atthis" title="Alcedo atthis – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alcedo atthis" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcedo_atthis" title="Alcedo atthis – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alcedo atthis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi_bal%C4%B1q%C3%A7%C4%B1l" title="Adi balıqçıl – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Adi balıqçıl" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A6%BE" title="পাতি মাছরাঙা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাতি মাছরাঙা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1%D1%81%D1%8B_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Балыҡсы турғай – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Балыҡсы турғай" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Звычайны зімародак – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Звычайны зімародак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE" title="मछरेंगा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मछरेंगा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Земеродно рибарче – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Земеродно рибарче" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodomar" title="Vodomar – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vodomar" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diredig_boutin" title="Diredig boutin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Diredig boutin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blauet_com%C3%BA" title="Blauet comú – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Blauet comú" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%C4%83%C3%A7_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9%C4%83%D0%BA" title="Сенкер пулăç кайăк – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сенкер пулăç кайăк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcedo_atthis" title="Alcedo atthis – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Alcedo atthis" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led%C5%88%C3%A1%C4%8Dek_%C5%99%C3%AD%C4%8Dn%C3%AD" title="Ledňáček říční – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ledňáček říční" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcedo_atthis" title="Alcedo atthis – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Alcedo atthis" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glas_y_dorlan" title="Glas y dorlan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Glas y dorlan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfugl" title="Isfugl – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Isfugl" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisvogel" title="Eisvogel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eisvogel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3_w%C3%B3naan%C3%ADd%C4%99%CC%81%C4%99%CC%81%CA%BC_t%C3%A1b%C4%85%C4%85h_naalzheehii_doot%C5%82%CA%BCizh%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Tó wónaanídę́ę́ʼ tábąąh naalzheehii dootłʼizhígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tó wónaanídę́ę́ʼ tábąąh naalzheehii dootłʼizhígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4%C3%A4lind" title="Jäälind – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jäälind" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%BA%CF%85%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B7_(%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD%CF%8C)" title="Αλκυόνη (πτηνό) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλκυόνη (πτηνό)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcedo_atthis" title="Alcedo atthis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alcedo atthis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alciono" title="Alciono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alciono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcedo_atthis" title="Alcedo atthis – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Alcedo atthis" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_arrantzale" title="Martin arrantzale – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Martin arrantzale" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ماهی‌خورک معمولی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماهی‌خورک معمولی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrrfuglur" title="Kyrrfuglur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kyrrfuglur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin-p%C3%AAcheur_d%27Europe" title="Martin-pêcheur d'Europe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Martin-pêcheur d'Europe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iisf%C3%BBgel" title="Iisfûgel – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Iisfûgel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murlach_mara" title="Murlach mara – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Murlach mara" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biorra-cr%C3%B9idein" title="Biorra-crùidein – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Biorra-crùidein" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picapeixe_com%C3%BAn" title="Picapeixe común – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Picapeixe común" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B3" title="Хинкъайг – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Хинкъайг" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EC%B4%9D%EC%83%88" title="물총새 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="물총새" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="छोटा किलकिला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="छोटा किलकिला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodomar" title="Vodomar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vodomar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin-peskero" title="Martin-peskero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Martin-peskero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja-udang_eurasia" title="Raja-udang eurasia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Raja-udang eurasia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcedo_atthis" title="Alcedo atthis – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Alcedo atthis" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%86%D1%8A%D0%B8%D1%83" title="Митцъиу – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Митцъиу" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcedo_atthis" title="Alcedo atthis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alcedo atthis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%92_%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99" title="שלדג גמדי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שלדג גמדי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lod%C3%B4k" title="Lodôk – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Lodôk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D2%9B%D2%B1%D1%81)" title="Зымыран (құс) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Зымыран (құс)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zivju_dzen%C4%ABtis" title="Zivju dzenītis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zivju dzenītis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84isvull" title="Äisvull – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Äisvull" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paprastasis_tul%C5%BEys" title="Paprastasis tulžys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paprastasis tulžys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iesvogel" title="Iesvogel – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Iesvogel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuningaskalaniekku" title="Kuningaskalaniekku – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kuningaskalaniekku" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A9gmad%C3%A1r" title="Jégmadár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jégmadár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Рибарче – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рибарче" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF" title="ചെറിയ മീൻകൊത്തി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചെറിയ മീൻകൊത്തി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B6%D8%B1" title="صياد السمك الاخضر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="صياد السمك الاخضر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajaudang_Cicit" title="Rajaudang Cicit – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rajaudang Cicit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Номин шогшир – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Номин шогшир" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_(%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8)" title="ပိန်ညှင်း (ယူရေးရှား) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပိန်ညှင်း (ယူရေးရှား)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJsvogel" title="IJsvogel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="IJsvogel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87" title="सानो माटीकोरे – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सानो माटीकोरे" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%83%9F" title="カワセミ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カワセミ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isf%C3%B6gel_(Alcedo)" title="Isfögel (Alcedo) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Isfögel (Alcedo)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfugl" title="Isfugl – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Isfugl" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfugl" title="Isfugl – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Isfugl" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%DA%86%DA%BE%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="عام مچھی مار – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عام مچھی مار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AAque-roche" title="Pêque-roche – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Pêque-roche" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcedo_atthis" title="Alcedo atthis – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Alcedo atthis" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimorodek_(zwyczajny)" title="Zimorodek (zwyczajny) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zimorodek (zwyczajny)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarda-rios-comum" title="Guarda-rios-comum – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guarda-rios-comum" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesc%C4%83ra%C8%99_albastru" title="Pescăraș albastru – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pescăraș albastru" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8E%D0%BA" title="Морозюк – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Морозюк" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Обыкновенный зимородок – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Обыкновенный зимородок" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeng%27s_fisher" title="Keeng's fisher – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Keeng's fisher" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_kingfisher" title="Common kingfisher – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Common kingfisher" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryb%C3%A1rik_rie%C4%8Dny" title="Rybárik riečny – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rybárik riečny" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodomec" title="Vodomec – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vodomec" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Водомар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Водомар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodomar" title="Vodomar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vodomar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuningaskalastaja" title="Kuningaskalastaja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuningaskalastaja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungsfiskare" title="Kungsfiskare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kungsfiskare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="சிரல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிரல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2" title="นกกระเต็นน้อยธรรมดา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นกกระเต็นน้อยธรรมดา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baya%C4%9F%C4%B1_yal%C4%B1%C3%A7apk%C4%B1n%C4%B1" title="Bayağı yalıçapkını – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bayağı yalıçapkını" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Рибалочка блакитний – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рибалочка блакитний" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%93ng_chanh" title="Bồng chanh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bồng chanh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vert-pexheu" title="Vert-pexheu – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Vert-pexheu" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls 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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of bird</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Common kingfisher </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcedo_atthis_-England-8_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Alcedo_atthis_-England-8_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Alcedo_atthis_-England-8_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Alcedo_atthis_-England-8_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Alcedo_atthis_-England-8_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Alcedo_atthis_-England-8_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Alcedo_atthis_-England-8_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1439" data-file-height="1439" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Male<br /><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_kingfisher_(Alcedo_atthis_ispida)_female.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Common_kingfisher_%28Alcedo_atthis_ispida%29_female.jpg/220px-Common_kingfisher_%28Alcedo_atthis_ispida%29_female.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Common_kingfisher_%28Alcedo_atthis_ispida%29_female.jpg/330px-Common_kingfisher_%28Alcedo_atthis_ispida%29_female.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Common_kingfisher_%28Alcedo_atthis_ispida%29_female.jpg/440px-Common_kingfisher_%28Alcedo_atthis_ispida%29_female.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2866" data-file-height="2866" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Female<br /><a href="/wiki/Kecskem%C3%A9t" title="Kecskemét">Kecskemét</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a><br />Both <i>A. a. ispida</i> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_19_November_2021_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Alcedo" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coraciiformes" title="Coraciiformes">Coraciiformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingfisher" title="Kingfisher">Alcedinidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/River_kingfishers" class="mw-redirect" title="River kingfishers">Alcedininae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alcedo" title="Alcedo"><i>Alcedo</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>A. atthis</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Alcedo atthis</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcedo_atthis_-range_map-2-cp.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Alcedo_atthis_-range_map-2-cp.png/220px-Alcedo_atthis_-range_map-2-cp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Alcedo_atthis_-range_map-2-cp.png/330px-Alcedo_atthis_-range_map-2-cp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Alcedo_atthis_-range_map-2-cp.png/440px-Alcedo_atthis_-range_map-2-cp.png 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="1137" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><div style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:yellow; color:black;"> </span> Breeding range <br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:green; color:white;"> </span> Resident all year round <br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:blue; color:white;"> </span> Non-breeding range</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><i>Gracula atthis</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">Linnaeus, 1758</span> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>common kingfisher</b> (<i><b>Alcedo atthis</b></i>), also known as the <b>Eurasian kingfisher</b> and <b>river kingfisher</b>, is a small <a href="/wiki/Kingfisher" title="Kingfisher">kingfisher</a> with seven subspecies recognized within its wide distribution across <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>. It is resident in much of its range, but <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migrates</a> from areas where rivers freeze in winter. </p><p>This <a href="/wiki/House_sparrow" title="House sparrow">sparrow-sized</a> bird has the typical short-tailed, large-headed kingfisher profile; it has blue upperparts, orange underparts and a long bill. It feeds mainly on fish, caught by diving, and has special visual adaptations to enable it to see prey under water. The glossy white eggs are laid in a nest at the end of a burrow in a riverbank. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_kingfisher&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The common kingfisher was first described by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">10th edition</a> of his <i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i> in 1758 as <i>Gracula atthis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Linnaeus_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linnaeus-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern binomial name derives from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alcedo" class="extiw" title="wikt:alcedo">alcedo</a></i></span></i>, 'kingfisher' (from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CE%BB%CE%BA%CF%85%CF%8E%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἀλκυών">ἀλκυών</a></span></span>, <i><span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el">halcyon</i></span></i>), and <i>Atthis</i>, a beautiful young woman of <a href="/wiki/Lesbos_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbos Island">Lesbos</a>, and favourite of <a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BTO_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BTO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The genus <i><a href="/wiki/Alcedo" title="Alcedo">Alcedo</a></i> comprises seven small kingfishers that all eat fish as part of their diet. The common kingfisher's closest relative is the <a href="/wiki/Cerulean_kingfisher" title="Cerulean kingfisher">cerulean kingfisher</a> that has white underparts and is found in parts of Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-moyle2007_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moyle2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fry_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fry-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_kingfisher&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This species has the typical short-tailed, dumpy-bodied, large-headed, and long-billed kingfisher shape. The adult male of the western <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> subspecies, <i>A. a. ispida</i> has green-blue upperparts with pale azure-blue back and rump, a rufous patch by the bill base, and a rufous ear-patch. It has a green-blue neck stripe, white neck blaze and throat, rufous underparts, and a black bill with some red at the base. The legs and feet are bright red.<sup id="cite_ref-Fry_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fry-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>16 cm (<span class="frac">6<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in) long with a wingspan of 25 cm (10 in),<sup id="cite_ref-Fry_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fry-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and weighs <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">34–46 g (<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">16</span></span>–<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> oz).<sup id="cite_ref-BWP_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BWP-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The female is identical in appearance to the male except that her lower <a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">mandible</a> is orange-red with a black tip. The juvenile is similar to the adult, but with duller and greener upperparts and paler underparts. Its bill is black, and the legs are also initially black.<sup id="cite_ref-Fry_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fry-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feathers are moulted gradually between July and November with the main flight feathers taking 90–100 days to moult and regrow. Some that moult late may suspend their moult during cold winter weather.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The flight of the kingfisher is fast, direct and usually low over water. The short, rounded wings whirr rapidly, and a bird flying away shows an electric-blue "flash" down its back.<sup id="cite_ref-BWP_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BWP-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In North Africa, Europe and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> north of the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>, this is the only small blue kingfisher. In south and southeast Asia, it can be confused with six other small blue-and-rufous kingfishers, but the rufous ear patches distinguish it from all but juvenile <a href="/wiki/Blue-eared_kingfisher" title="Blue-eared kingfisher">blue-eared kingfishers</a>; details of the head pattern may be necessary to differentiate the two species where both occur.<sup id="cite_ref-Fry_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fry-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The common kingfisher has no song. The flight call is a short, sharp whistle <i>chee</i> repeated two or three times. Anxious birds emit a harsh, <i>shrit-it-it</i> and nestlings call for food with a churring noise.<sup id="cite_ref-Fry_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fry-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographical_variation">Geographical variation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_kingfisher&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geographical variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Common_kingfisher" title="Special:EditPage/Common kingfisher">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are seven subspecies differing in the hue of the upperparts and the intensity of the rufous colour of the underparts; size varies across the subspecies by up to 10%. The races resident south of the <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Line" title="Wallace Line">Wallace Line</a> have the bluest upperparts and partly blue ear-patches.<sup id="cite_ref-Fry_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fry-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ioc_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioc-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>A. a. ispida</i> <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small>. Breeds from <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> to <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and winters south to <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>.</li> <li><i>A. a. atthis</i>. Breeds from northwestern Africa and southern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> east to <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir region">Kashmir region</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>; it is a winter visitor south to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> northeastern <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. Compared to <i>A. a. ispida</i>, it has a greener crown, paler underparts and is slightly larger.</li> <li><i>A. a. bengalensis</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gottlieb_Gmelin" title="Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin">Gmelin</a>, 1788</small>. Breeds in southern and eastern Asia from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> to <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>; winters south to Indonesia and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. It is smaller and brighter than the European races.</li> <li><i>A. a. taprobana</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Otto_Kleinschmidt" title="Otto Kleinschmidt">Kleinschmidt</a>, 1894</small>. Resident breeder in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and southern India. Its upperparts are bright blue, not green-blue; it is the same size as <i>A. a. bengalensis</i>.</li> <li><i>A. a. floresiana</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bowdler_Sharpe" title="Richard Bowdler Sharpe">Sharpe</a>, 1892</small>. Resident breeder from Bali to Timor. Like <i>A. a. taprobana</i>, but the blues are darker and the ear-patch is rufous with a few blue feathers.</li> <li><i>A. a. hispidoides</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Primev%C3%A8re_Lesson" class="mw-redirect" title="René-Primevère Lesson">Lesson</a>, 1837</small>. Resident breeder from <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> to <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> and the islands of the western <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. Plumage colours are deeper than in <i>A. a. floresiana</i>, the blue on the hind neck and rump is purple-tinged and the ear-patch is blue.</li> <li><i>A. a. solomonensis</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rothschild,_2nd_Baron_Rothschild" title="Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild">Rothschild</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Hartert" title="Ernst Hartert">Hartert</a>, 1905</small>. Resident breeder in the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> east to <a href="/wiki/San_Cristobal_(Solomon_Islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Cristobal (Solomon Islands)">San Cristobal</a>. The largest southeast Asian subspecies, it has a blue ear-patch and is more purple-tinged than <i>A. a. hispidoides</i>, with which it interbreeds.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Habitat_and_distribution">Habitat and distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_kingfisher&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Habitat and distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The common kingfisher is widely distributed over Europe, Asia, and North Africa, mainly south of 60°N. It is a common breeding species over much of its vast Eurasian range, but in North Africa it is mainly a winter visitor, although it is a scarce breeding resident in coastal <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>. In temperate regions, this kingfisher inhabits clear, slow-flowing streams and rivers, and lakes with well-vegetated banks. It frequents scrubs and bushes with overhanging branches close to shallow open water in which it hunts. In winter it is more coastal, often feeding in estuaries or harbours and along rocky seashores. Tropical populations are found by slow-flowing rivers, in <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</a> creeks and in swamps.<sup id="cite_ref-Fry_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fry-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common kingfishers are important members of ecosystems and good indicators of freshwater community health. The highest densities of breeding birds are found in habitats with clear water, which permits optimal prey visibility, and trees or shrubs on the banks. These habitats have also the highest quality of water, so the presence of this bird confirms the standard of the water.<sup id="cite_ref-Peris_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peris-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Measures to improve water flow can disrupt this habitat, and in particular, the replacement of natural banks by artificial confinement greatly reduces the populations of fish, amphibians and aquatic reptiles, and waterside birds are lost.<sup id="cite_ref-china_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-china-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can tolerate a certain degree of urbanisation, provided the water remains clean.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>This species is resident in areas where the climate is mild year-round, but must <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migrate</a> after breeding from regions with prolonged freezing conditions in winter. Most birds winter within the southern parts of the breeding range, but smaller numbers cross the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> into Africa or travel over the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> into Southeast Asia. Kingfishers migrate mainly at night, and some Siberian breeders must travel at least 3,000 km (1,900 mi) between the breeding sites and the wintering areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Fry_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fry-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour">Behaviour</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_kingfisher&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Behaviour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breeding">Breeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_kingfisher&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Breeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BR_ijsvogelwand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BR_ijsvogelwand.jpg/220px-BR_ijsvogelwand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BR_ijsvogelwand.jpg/330px-BR_ijsvogelwand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/BR_ijsvogelwand.jpg/440px-BR_ijsvogelwand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Volunteers in the <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flemish Region</a> of Belgium create a vertical bank in which common kingfishers have subsequently nested annually</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcedo_atthis_MHNT_ZOO_2010_11_160_Arcy-sur-Cure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Alcedo_atthis_MHNT_ZOO_2010_11_160_Arcy-sur-Cure.jpg/220px-Alcedo_atthis_MHNT_ZOO_2010_11_160_Arcy-sur-Cure.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Alcedo_atthis_MHNT_ZOO_2010_11_160_Arcy-sur-Cure.jpg/330px-Alcedo_atthis_MHNT_ZOO_2010_11_160_Arcy-sur-Cure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Alcedo_atthis_MHNT_ZOO_2010_11_160_Arcy-sur-Cure.jpg/440px-Alcedo_atthis_MHNT_ZOO_2010_11_160_Arcy-sur-Cure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4553" data-file-height="3660" /></a><figcaption>Eggs of <i>Alcedo atthis</i>, <a href="/wiki/MHNT" class="mw-redirect" title="MHNT">MHNT</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Like all kingfishers, the common kingfisher is highly territorial; since it must eat around 60% of its body weight each day, it is essential to have control of a suitable stretch of river. It is solitary for most of the year, roosting alone in heavy cover. If another kingfisher enters its territory, both birds display from perches, and fights may occur, in which a bird will grab the other's beak and try to hold it underwater. Pairs form in the autumn but each bird retains a separate territory, generally at least <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1 km (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> mi) long, but up to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">3.5 km (<span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> mi) and territories are not merged until the spring.<sup id="cite_ref-Fry_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fry-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The courtship is initiated by the male chasing the female while calling continually, and later by ritual feeding, with copulation usually following.<sup id="cite_ref-BWP_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BWP-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nest is in a burrow excavated by both birds of the pair in a low vertical riverbank, or sometimes a quarry or other cutting. The straight, gently inclining burrow is normally 60–90 cm (25–35 in) long and ends in an enlarged chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-BWP_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BWP-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nest cavity is unlined but soon accumulates a litter of fish remains and cast <a href="/wiki/Pellet_(ornithology)" title="Pellet (ornithology)">pellets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coward_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coward-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The common kingfisher typically lays two to ten glossy white eggs, which average <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1.9 cm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in) in breadth, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">2.2 cm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">7</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in) in length, and weigh about <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">4.3 g (<span class="frac"><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> oz), of which 5% is shell.<sup id="cite_ref-BTO_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BTO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both sexes incubate by day, but only the female incubates at night. An incubating bird sits trance-like, facing the tunnel; it invariably casts a pellet, breaking it up with the bill. The eggs hatch in 19–20 days, one or two eggs in most clutches fail to do so because the parent cannot cover them prior. The <a href="/wiki/Altricial" class="mw-redirect" title="Altricial">altricial</a> young are in the nest for a further 24–25 days, often more.<sup id="cite_ref-Fry_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fry-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once large enough, young birds will come to the burrow entrance to be fed.<sup id="cite_ref-Coward_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coward-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two broods, sometimes three, may be reared in a season.<sup id="cite_ref-BWP_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BWP-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Survival">Survival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_kingfisher&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Survival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early days for fledged juveniles are more hazardous; during its first dives into the water, about four days after leaving the nest, a fledgling may become waterlogged and drown.<sup id="cite_ref-Fry_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fry-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many young will not have learned to fish by the time they are driven out of their parents' territory, and only about half survive more than a week or two. Most kingfishers die of cold or lack of food, and a severe winter can kill a high percentage of the birds. Summer floods can destroy nests or make fishing difficult, resulting in starvation of the brood. Only a quarter of the young survive to breed the following year, but this is enough to maintain the population. Likewise, only a quarter of adult birds survive from one breeding season to the next. Very few birds live longer than one breeding season.<sup id="cite_ref-rspbst_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rspbst-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest bird on record was 21 years.<sup id="cite_ref-euringt_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-euringt-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other causes of death are cats, rats, collisions with vehicles and windows, and human disturbance of nesting birds, including riverbank works with heavy machinery. Since kingfishers are high up in the food chain, they are vulnerable to build-up of chemicals, and river pollution by industrial and agricultural products excludes the birds from many stretches of otherwise suitable rivers that would be habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-rspbst_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rspbst-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This species was killed in Victorian times for stuffing and display in glass cases and use in hat making. English naturalist <a href="/wiki/William_Yarrell" title="William Yarrell">William Yarrell</a> also reported the country practice of killing a kingfisher and hanging it from a thread in the belief that it would swing to predict the direction in which the wind would blow.<sup id="cite_ref-Cocker_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cocker-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Persecution by anglers and to provide feathers for fishing flies were common in earlier decades,<sup id="cite_ref-Coward_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coward-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but are now largely a thing of the past.<sup id="cite_ref-rspbst_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rspbst-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feeding">Feeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_kingfisher&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Feeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_kingfishers_(Alcedo_atthis_ispida)_male_passing_fish_to_female.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Common_kingfishers_%28Alcedo_atthis_ispida%29_male_passing_fish_to_female.jpg/220px-Common_kingfishers_%28Alcedo_atthis_ispida%29_male_passing_fish_to_female.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Common_kingfishers_%28Alcedo_atthis_ispida%29_male_passing_fish_to_female.jpg/330px-Common_kingfishers_%28Alcedo_atthis_ispida%29_male_passing_fish_to_female.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Common_kingfishers_%28Alcedo_atthis_ispida%29_male_passing_fish_to_female.jpg/440px-Common_kingfishers_%28Alcedo_atthis_ispida%29_male_passing_fish_to_female.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1878" /></a><figcaption>Male passing fish to female in spring courtship ritual</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcedo_atthis_-_Riserve_naturali_e_aree_contigue_della_fascia_fluviale_del_Po.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Alcedo_atthis_-_Riserve_naturali_e_aree_contigue_della_fascia_fluviale_del_Po.jpg/220px-Alcedo_atthis_-_Riserve_naturali_e_aree_contigue_della_fascia_fluviale_del_Po.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Alcedo_atthis_-_Riserve_naturali_e_aree_contigue_della_fascia_fluviale_del_Po.jpg/330px-Alcedo_atthis_-_Riserve_naturali_e_aree_contigue_della_fascia_fluviale_del_Po.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Alcedo_atthis_-_Riserve_naturali_e_aree_contigue_della_fascia_fluviale_del_Po.jpg/440px-Alcedo_atthis_-_Riserve_naturali_e_aree_contigue_della_fascia_fluviale_del_Po.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2819" data-file-height="1879" /></a><figcaption>Male fishing in Italy's <a href="/wiki/Po_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Po River">Po River</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The common kingfisher hunts from a perch 1–2 m (3–7 ft) above the water, on a branch, post or riverbank, bill pointing down as it searches for prey. It bobs its head when food is detected to gauge the distance and plunges steeply down to seize its prey usually no deeper than 25 cm (10 in) below the surface. The wings are opened underwater and the open eyes are protected by the transparent <a href="/wiki/Nictitating_membrane" title="Nictitating membrane">third eyelid</a>. The bird rises beak-first from the surface and flies back to its perch. At the perch the fish is adjusted until it is held near its tail and beaten against the perch several times. Once dead, the fish is positioned lengthways and swallowed head-first. A few times each day, a small greyish pellet of fish bones and other indigestible remains is regurgitated.<sup id="cite_ref-Fry_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fry-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The food is mainly fish up to 12.5 cm (5 in) long, but the average size is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">2.3 cm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">7</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in).<sup id="cite_ref-Fry_7-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fry-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Central Europe, 97% of the diet was found to be composed of fish ranging in size from 2 to 10 cm with an average of 6.5 cm (body mass range from <0.1 g to >10 g, average 3 g).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Common_minnow" title="Common minnow">Minnows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stickleback" title="Stickleback">sticklebacks</a>, small <a href="/wiki/Common_roach" title="Common roach">roach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a> are typical prey. About 60% of food items are fish, but this kingfisher also catches aquatic insects such as <a href="/wiki/Dragonfly" title="Dragonfly">dragonfly</a> <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_beetle" title="Water beetle">water beetles</a>, and, in winter, crustaceans including freshwater shrimps.<sup id="cite_ref-Fry_7-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fry-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amphibians such as the smooth newt (<i>Lissotriton vulgaris</i>) may also constitute part of the diet of this species.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Central Europe, however, fish represented 99.9% of the diet (data from rivers, streams, and reservoirs from years 1999 to 2013).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common kingfishers have also been observed to catch <a href="/wiki/Lamprey" title="Lamprey">lamprey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study found that food provisioning rate increased with brood size, from 1498 g (505 fishes for four nestlings) to 2968 g (894 fishes for eight nestlings). During the fledging period each chick consumed on average 334 g of fish, which resulted in an estimated daily food intake of 37% of the chick's body mass (average over the entire nestling period). The average daily energy intake was 73.5 kJ per chick (i.e., 1837 kJ per 25 days of the fledging period).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A challenge for any diving bird is the change in <a href="/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">refraction</a> between air and water. The eyes of many birds have two <a href="/wiki/Fovea_centralis" title="Fovea centralis">foveae</a> (the fovea is the area of the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> with the greatest density of light receptors),<sup id="cite_ref-Sinclair_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinclair-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a kingfisher can switch from the main central fovea to the auxiliary fovea when it enters water; a retinal streak of high receptor density which connects the two foveae allows the image to swing temporally as the bird drops onto the prey.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwab_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwab-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The egg-shaped <a href="/wiki/Lens_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (anatomy)">lens</a> of the eye points towards the auxiliary fovea, enabling the bird to maintain <a href="/wiki/Bird_vision" title="Bird vision">visual acuity</a> underwater.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinclair_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinclair-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the positions of the foveae, the kingfisher has <a href="/wiki/Monocular_vision" title="Monocular vision">monocular vision</a> in air, and <a href="/wiki/Binocular_vision" title="Binocular vision">binocular vision</a> in water. The underwater vision is not as a sharp as in air, but the ability to judge the distance of moving prey is more important than the sharpness of the image.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwab_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwab-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cone cell</a> of a bird's retina contains an oil droplet that may contain <a href="/wiki/Carotenoid" title="Carotenoid">carotenoid</a> pigments. These droplets enhance color vision and reduce glare. Aquatic kingfishers have high numbers of red pigments in their oil droplets; the reason red droplets predominate is not understood, but the droplets may help with the glare or the dispersion of light from particulate matter in the water.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwab_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwab-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status">Status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_kingfisher&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This species has a large range, with an estimated global extent of occurrence of 10,000,000 km<sup>2</sup> (3,900,000 sq mi). It has a large population, including an estimated 160,000–320,000 individuals in Europe alone. Global population trends have not been quantified, but populations appear to be stable so the species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> (i.e., declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). For these reasons, the species is evaluated as "<a href="/wiki/Least_concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least concern">least concern</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BTO_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BTO-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_kingfisher&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_kingfisher_(Alcedo_atthis_ispida)_female_with_dragonfly_larva.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A. a. ispida female with dragonfly larva, Hungary"><img alt="A. a. ispida female with dragonfly larva, Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Common_kingfisher_%28Alcedo_atthis_ispida%29_female_with_dragonfly_larva.jpg/180px-Common_kingfisher_%28Alcedo_atthis_ispida%29_female_with_dragonfly_larva.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Common_kingfisher_%28Alcedo_atthis_ispida%29_female_with_dragonfly_larva.jpg/270px-Common_kingfisher_%28Alcedo_atthis_ispida%29_female_with_dragonfly_larva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Common_kingfisher_%28Alcedo_atthis_ispida%29_female_with_dragonfly_larva.jpg/360px-Common_kingfisher_%28Alcedo_atthis_ispida%29_female_with_dragonfly_larva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>A. a. ispida</i> female with dragonfly larva, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 137.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 135.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcedo_atthis_1_(Bohu%C5%A1_%C4%8C%C3%AD%C4%8Del).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Two birds mating"><img alt="Two birds mating" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Alcedo_atthis_1_%28Bohu%C5%A1_%C4%8C%C3%AD%C4%8Del%29.jpg/203px-Alcedo_atthis_1_%28Bohu%C5%A1_%C4%8C%C3%AD%C4%8Del%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Alcedo_atthis_1_%28Bohu%C5%A1_%C4%8C%C3%AD%C4%8Del%29.jpg/304px-Alcedo_atthis_1_%28Bohu%C5%A1_%C4%8C%C3%AD%C4%8Del%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Alcedo_atthis_1_%28Bohu%C5%A1_%C4%8C%C3%AD%C4%8Del%29.jpg/405px-Alcedo_atthis_1_%28Bohu%C5%A1_%C4%8C%C3%AD%C4%8Del%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Two birds mating</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_kingfisher_(Alcedo_atthis_bengalensis)_with_fish.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A. a. bengalensis with a fish in Uttar Pradesh, India"><img alt="A. a. bengalensis with a fish in Uttar Pradesh, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Common_kingfisher_%28Alcedo_atthis_bengalensis%29_with_fish.jpg/270px-Common_kingfisher_%28Alcedo_atthis_bengalensis%29_with_fish.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Common_kingfisher_%28Alcedo_atthis_bengalensis%29_with_fish.jpg/405px-Common_kingfisher_%28Alcedo_atthis_bengalensis%29_with_fish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Common_kingfisher_%28Alcedo_atthis_bengalensis%29_with_fish.jpg/540px-Common_kingfisher_%28Alcedo_atthis_bengalensis%29_with_fish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2294" data-file-height="1530" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>A. a. bengalensis</i> with a fish in <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Alcedo_atthis_-England-8.ogv/320px-seek%3D1-Alcedo_atthis_-England-8.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="214" height="120" data-durationhint="91" data-mwtitle="Alcedo_atthis_-England-8.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/Alcedo_atthis_-England-8.ogv/Alcedo_atthis_-England-8.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/Alcedo_atthis_-England-8.ogv/Alcedo_atthis_-England-8.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Alcedo_atthis_-England-8.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/Alcedo_atthis_-England-8.ogv/Alcedo_atthis_-England-8.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/Alcedo_atthis_-England-8.ogv/Alcedo_atthis_-England-8.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Eating a small fish</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IJsvogel_(Alcedo_atthis)._Raamslachtoffer._(d.j.b.)_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Window victim"><img alt="Window victim" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/IJsvogel_%28Alcedo_atthis%29._Raamslachtoffer._%28d.j.b.%29_03.jpg/240px-IJsvogel_%28Alcedo_atthis%29._Raamslachtoffer._%28d.j.b.%29_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/IJsvogel_%28Alcedo_atthis%29._Raamslachtoffer._%28d.j.b.%29_03.jpg/360px-IJsvogel_%28Alcedo_atthis%29._Raamslachtoffer._%28d.j.b.%29_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/IJsvogel_%28Alcedo_atthis%29._Raamslachtoffer._%28d.j.b.%29_03.jpg/480px-IJsvogel_%28Alcedo_atthis%29._Raamslachtoffer._%28d.j.b.%29_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bird%E2%80%93window_collisions" title="Bird–window collisions">Window victim</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_Kingfisher-Alcedo_atthis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Common kingfisher female with fish, in Chattogram, Bangladesh"><img alt="Common kingfisher female with fish, in Chattogram, Bangladesh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Common_Kingfisher-Alcedo_atthis.jpg/269px-Common_Kingfisher-Alcedo_atthis.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Common_Kingfisher-Alcedo_atthis.jpg/404px-Common_Kingfisher-Alcedo_atthis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Common_Kingfisher-Alcedo_atthis.jpg/538px-Common_Kingfisher-Alcedo_atthis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3747" data-file-height="2507" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Common kingfisher female with fish, in <a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chattogram</a>, Bangladesh</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Common_Kingfisher_2081.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In flight at Chitwan National Park, Nepal"><img alt="In flight at Chitwan National Park, Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Common_Kingfisher_2081.jpg/270px-Common_Kingfisher_2081.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Common_Kingfisher_2081.jpg/405px-Common_Kingfisher_2081.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Common_Kingfisher_2081.jpg/540px-Common_Kingfisher_2081.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2201" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In flight at <a href="/wiki/Chitwan_National_Park" title="Chitwan National Park">Chitwan National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_kingfisher&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_19_November_2021_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBirdLife_International2016" class="citation journal cs1">BirdLife International (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22683027/89575948">"<i>Alcedo atthis</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2016</b>: e.T22683027A89575948. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22683027A89575948.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22683027A89575948.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Alcedo+atthis&rft.volume=2016&rft.pages=e.T22683027A89575948&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22683027A89575948.en&rft.au=BirdLife+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F22683027%2F89575948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Linnaeus-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Linnaeus_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1758" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus, C</a> (1758). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727014"><i>Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata</i></a> (in Latin). Vol. 1. Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii). p. 109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Systema+naturae+per+regna+tria+naturae%2C+secundum+classes%2C+ordines%2C+genera%2C+species%2C+cum+characteribus%2C+differentiis%2C+synonymis%2C+locis.+Tomus+I.+Editio+decima%2C+reformata&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Holmiae.+%28Laurentii+Salvii%29&rft.date=1758&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F727014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Note: What is now the subspecies <i>A. a. ispida</i> is described on p. 115 as <i>Alcedo ispida</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1945" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_L._Peters" title="James L. Peters">Peters, James Lee</a>, ed. (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14480182"><i>Check-list of Birds of the World</i></a>. Vol. 5. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 171.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Check-list+of+Birds+of+the+World&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F14480182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BTO-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BTO_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BTO_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BTO_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blx1.bto.org/birdfacts/results/bob8310.htm">"Kingfisher <i>Alcedo atthis</i> (Linnaeus, 1758)"</a>. <i>Bird facts</i>. <a href="/wiki/British_Trust_for_Ornithology" title="British Trust for Ornithology">British Trust for Ornithology</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bird+facts&rft.atitle=Kingfisher+Alcedo+atthis+%28Linnaeus%2C+1758%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblx1.bto.org%2Fbirdfacts%2Fresults%2Fbob8310.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moyle2007-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-moyle2007_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoyleFuchsPasquetMarks2007" class="citation journal cs1">Moyle, R.G.; Fuchs, J.; Pasquet, E.; Marks, B.D. (2007). 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"Effect of brood size on food provisioning rate in Common Kingfisher <i>Alcedo atthis</i>". <i>Ardea</i>. <b>105</b> (1): 5–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5253%2Farde.v105i1.a3">10.5253/arde.v105i1.a3</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:90362897">90362897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ardea&rft.atitle=Effect+of+brood+size+on+food+provisioning+rate+in+Common+Kingfisher+Alcedo+atthis&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-17&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5253%2Farde.v105i1.a3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A90362897%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=%C4%8Cech&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=%C4%8Cech%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinclair-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinclair_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinclair1985" class="citation book cs1">Sinclair, Sandra (1985). <i>How Animals See: Other Visions of Our World</i>. Beckenham, Kent: Croom Helm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-3336-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-3336-6"><bdi>978-0-7099-3336-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Animals+See%3A+Other+Visions+of+Our+World&rft.place=Beckenham%2C+Kent&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-7099-3336-6&rft.aulast=Sinclair&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwab-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schwab_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwab_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwab_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwabHart_N._S.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Schwab, I. R.; Hart N. S. (May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1772125">"Halcyon days"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/British_Journal_of_Ophthalmology" title="British Journal of Ophthalmology">British Journal of Ophthalmology</a></i>. <b>88</b> (5): 613. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbjo.2004.045492">10.1136/bjo.2004.045492</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1772125">1772125</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15129670">15129670</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Ophthalmology&rft.atitle=Halcyon+days&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=613&rft.date=2004-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1772125%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15129670&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbjo.2004.045492&rft.aulast=Schwab&rft.aufirst=I.+R.&rft.au=Hart+N.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1772125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUCN-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirdLife_International2016" class="citation journal cs1">BirdLife International (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22683027/89575948">"<i>Alcedo atthis</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2016</b>: e.T22683027A89575948. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22683027A89575948.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22683027A89575948.en</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Alcedo+atthis&rft.volume=2016&rft.pages=e.T22683027A89575948&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22683027A89575948.en&rft.au=BirdLife+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F22683027%2F89575948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_kingfisher&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCramp1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cramp" title="Stanley Cramp">Cramp, Stanley</a>, ed. (1985). "<i>Alcedo atthis</i> Kingfisher". <i>Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palearctic</i>. Vol. IV: <i>Terns to Woodpeckers</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 711–723. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-857507-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-857507-6"><bdi>0-19-857507-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13791970">13791970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alcedo+atthis+Kingfisher&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+Birds+of+Europe+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+The+Birds+of+the+Western+Palearctic&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=711-723&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13791970&rft.isbn=0-19-857507-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommon+kingfisher" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Common_kingfisher&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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class="external text" href="https://ebird.org/species/comkin1">Photos, audio and video of common kingfisher</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cornell_Lab_of_Ornithology" title="Cornell Lab of Ornithology">Cornell Lab of Ornithology</a>'s Macaulay Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141202065521/http://aulaenred.ibercaja.es/wp-content/uploads/282_KingfisherAatthis.pdf">Ageing and sexing (PDF; 5.3 MB)</a> by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Alcedo atthis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79915" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q79915">Q79915</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Alcedo_atthis" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Alcedo atthis">Alcedo atthis</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Alcedo_atthis/">Alcedo_atthis</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Avibase" title="Avibase">Avibase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=9505E03D7416B365">9505E03D7416B365</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id8804">8804</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22683027">22683027</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=52569">52569</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_the_World" title="Birds of the World">BOW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/comkin1">comkin1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/British_Trust_for_Ornithology" title="British Trust for Ornithology">BTO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://app.bto.org/birdfacts/results/bob8310.htm">bob8310</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/667V7">667V7</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EBird" title="EBird">eBird</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebird.org/species/comkin1">comkin1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/ALCEAT">ALCEAT</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/855">855</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_for_Bird_Ringing" title="European Union for Bird Ringing">EURING</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euring.org/edb/species-maps/sp8310.htm">8310</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:97082">97082</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/c358c90f-ebfe-4a64-a5de-218775fe9cb0">c358c90f-ebfe-4a64-a5de-218775fe9cb0</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2475532">2475532</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/2599">2599</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11125585">11125585</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=554549">554549</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22683027">22683027</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000530141">NHMSYS0000530141</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=36245">36245</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/37/">37</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=549519">549519</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=372853">372853</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierstimmenarchiv" class="extiw" title="de:Tierstimmenarchiv">TSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=1408">1408</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1037300">1037300</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Xeno-canto" title="Xeno-canto">Xeno-canto</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xeno-canto.org/species/Alcedo-atthis">Alcedo-atthis</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Gracula atthis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q125298466" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q125298466">Q125298466</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4408365">4408365</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/24ED2E67-2048-4ED2-86B9-EDBFE5749C21">24ED2E67-2048-4ED2-86B9-EDBFE5749C21</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79915#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4151654-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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