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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Change_of_color" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Change_of_color"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Change of color</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Change_of_color-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Senses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Senses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Feeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Bones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Distribution and habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-predator_adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-predator_adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Anti-predator adaptations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-predator_adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parasites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parasites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Parasites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parasites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_pets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_pets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>As pets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_pets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_understandings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_understandings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Historical understandings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_understandings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>General bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chameleon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 116 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-116" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">116 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkleurmannetjie" title="Verkleurmannetjie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Verkleurmannetjie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%B5%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B5" title="እስስት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="እስስት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حربائيات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حربائيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamaeleonidae" title="Chamaeleonidae – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chamaeleonidae" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamaeleonidae" title="Chamaeleonidae – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Chamaeleonidae" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buq%C9%99l%C9%99munlar" title="Buqələmunlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Buqələmunlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamaeleonidae" title="Chamaeleonidae – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Chamaeleonidae" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF" title="বহুরূপী গিরগিটি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বহুরূপী গিরগিটি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim-ch%C3%AE%E2%81%BF-ku" title="Kim-chîⁿ-ku – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kim-chîⁿ-ku" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Хамелеоны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хамелеоны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE" title="बिसखोपड़ा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बिसखोपड़ा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Хамелеонови – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хамелеонови" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameleoni" title="Kameleoni – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kameleoni" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameleon" title="Kameleon – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kameleon" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camaleons" title="Camaleons – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Camaleons" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Хамелеонсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хамелеонсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamaeleonidae" title="Chamaeleonidae – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Chamaeleonidae" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chameleonovit%C3%AD" title="Chameleonovití – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chameleonovití" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwavhi" title="Rwavhi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Rwavhi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madfall_symudliw" title="Madfall symudliw – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Madfall symudliw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumachu%C9%A3u" title="Gumachuɣu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Gumachuɣu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kam%C3%A6leoner" title="Kamæleoner – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kamæleoner" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham%C3%A4leons" title="Chamäleons – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chamäleons" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%CA%BCash%C7%AB%CC%81%CA%BCii_%C5%82ahgo_an%C3%AD%CA%BCdooln%C3%ADi%C5%82ii" title="Naʼashǫ́ʼii łahgo aníʼdoolníiłii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Naʼashǫ́ʼii łahgo aníʼdoolníiłii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameeleonlased" title="Kameeleonlased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kameeleonlased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Χαμαιλέοντας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαμαιλέοντας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamaeleonidae" title="Chamaeleonidae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chamaeleonidae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A4ameleono" title="Ĥameleono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĥameleono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameleoi" title="Kameleoi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kameleoi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kp%C9%94ku" title="Kpɔku – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Kpɔku" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="آفتاب‌پرست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آفتاب‌پرست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamel%C3%B3nir" title="Kamelónir – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kamelónir" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamaeleonidae" title="Chamaeleonidae – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chamaeleonidae" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caimileon" title="Caimileon – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Caimileon" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B2mhann-l%C3%A0ir" title="Leòmhann-làir – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Leòmhann-làir" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camale%C3%B3nidos" title="Camaleónidos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Camaleónidos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Босхувцарг – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Босхувцарг" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ag%C3%A0nma" title="Agànma – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Agànma" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pien-set-li%C3%B9ng" title="Pien-set-liùng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pien-set-liùng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A9%9C%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A8" title="카멜레온 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카멜레온" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawainiya" title="Hawainiya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Hawainiya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Քամելեոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քամելեոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F" title="गिरगिट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गिरगिट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameleoni" title="Kameleoni – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kameleoni" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameleono" title="Kameleono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kameleono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelelesa" title="Kelelesa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kelelesa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamelj%C3%B3n" title="Kameljón – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kameljón" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamaeleonidae" title="Chamaeleonidae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chamaeleonidae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="זיקיתיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זיקיתיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86" title="ಗೋಸುಂಬೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗೋಸುಂಬೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ქამელეონისებრნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქამელეონისებრნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хамелеон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хамелеон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruwumvu" title="Uruwumvu – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Uruwumvu" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinyonga" title="Kinyonga – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kinyonga" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marg%C3%AEse" title="Margîse – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Margîse" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хамелеондор – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Хамелеондор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хамелеон – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Хамелеон" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamaeleonidae" title="Chamaeleonidae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Chamaeleonidae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hameleoni" title="Hameleoni – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hameleoni" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chameleonen" title="Chameleonen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Chameleonen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chameleoniniai" title="Chameleoniniai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Chameleoniniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long%C3%B3nya" title="Longónya – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Longónya" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camaleon" title="Camaleon – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Camaleon" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kam%C3%A9leonf%C3%A9l%C3%A9k" title="Kaméleonfélék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kaméleonfélék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Камелеон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Камелеон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tana_(biby)" title="Tana (biby) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tana (biby)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="ഓന്ത് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓന്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="حرباء – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حرباء" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="آفتاب‌پرست – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آفتاب‌پرست" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumpah-sumpah" title="Sumpah-sumpah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sumpah-sumpah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF" title="ပုတ်သင်ညို – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပုတ်သင်ညို" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameleons" title="Kameleons – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kameleons" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3%E7%A7%91" title="カメレオン科 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カメレオン科" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameleoner" title="Kameleoner – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kameleoner" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameleonar" title="Kameleonar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kameleonar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xameleonlar" title="Xameleonlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xameleonlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F" title="ਗਿਰਗਿਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਿਰਗਿਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%B9" title="گرگٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گرگٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameleonowate" title="Kameleonowate – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kameleonowate" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camale%C3%A3o" title="Camaleão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Camaleão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameleon" title="Cameleon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cameleon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Хамелеоны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хамелеоны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chameleon" title="Chameleon – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Chameleon" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameleoni" title="Kameleoni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kameleoni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chameleon" title="Chameleon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chameleon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamele%C3%B3novit%C3%A9" title="Chameleónovité – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chameleónovité" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameleoni" title="Kameleoni – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kameleoni" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jirjiroole" title="Jirjiroole – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jirjiroole" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%DA%98%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="ڕۆژپەرست – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆژپەرست" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0)" title="Камелеони (породица) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Камелеони (породица)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameleoni" title="Kameleoni – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kameleoni" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Londok" title="Londok – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Londok" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameleontit" title="Kameleontit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kameleontit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameleonter" title="Kameleonter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kameleonter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunyango" title="Hunyango – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hunyango" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="பச்சோந்தி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பச்சோந்தி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata" title="Tata – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tata" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8A%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF" title="ఊసరవెల్లి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఊసరవెల్లి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="วงศ์กิ้งก่าคาเมเลี่ยน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วงศ์กิ้งก่าคาเมเลี่ยน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Aanykud%C9%94t" title="Ŋanykudɔt – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Ŋanykudɔt" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%84%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Офтобпараст – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Офтобпараст" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukalemun" title="Bukalemun – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bukalemun" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abosomakoter%C9%9B" title="Abosomakoterɛ – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Abosomakoterɛ" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1ghwaghwaak" title="A̱ghwaghwaak – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱ghwaghwaak" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Хамелеони – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хамелеони" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%90%D9%84%DB%90%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86" title="خامېلېئون – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="خامېلېئون" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%8D_T%E1%BA%AFc_k%C3%A8_hoa" title="Họ Tắc kè hoa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Họ Tắc kè hoa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameeleon" title="Kameeleon – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kameeleon" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kameleong" title="Kameleong – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Kameleong" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamaeleonidae" title="Chamaeleonidae – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Chamaeleonidae" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E8%89%B2%E9%BE%99" title="变色龙 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="变色龙" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E8%89%B2%E9%BE%8D" title="變色龍 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="變色龍" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E8%89%B2%E9%BE%8D" title="變色龍 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="變色龍" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nkube" title="Nkube – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Nkube" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" 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data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chameleons&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Chameleons">Chameleons</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Family of reptiles</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the reptile. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Chameleon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Chameleon (disambiguation)">Chameleon (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Chameleons<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Early_Miocene" title="Early Miocene">Early Miocene</a> – present, <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">26–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:199.11692307692px; width:20.883076923077px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:211.2px; width:8.8px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:212.2px; width:6.8px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span> <small><a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Paleocene">Middle Paleocene</a> origins</small></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Chamaeleonidae-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chamaeleonidae-01.jpg/250px-Chamaeleonidae-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chamaeleonidae-01.jpg/330px-Chamaeleonidae-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chamaeleonidae-01.jpg/500px-Chamaeleonidae-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1610" data-file-height="1534" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Clockwise from top right: <i><a href="/wiki/Chamaeleo_chamaeleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamaeleo chamaeleon">Chamaeleo chamaeleon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Calumma_parsonii" class="mw-redirect" title="Calumma parsonii">Calumma parsonii</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chamaeleo_namaquensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamaeleo namaquensis">Chamaeleo namaquensis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Trioceros_jacksonii" class="mw-redirect" title="Trioceros jacksonii">Trioceros jacksonii</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Furcifer_pardalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Furcifer pardalis">Furcifer pardalis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Brookesia_micra" title="Brookesia micra">Brookesia micra</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Chamaeleonidae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptilia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">Squamata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Suborder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iguanomorpha" title="Iguanomorpha">Iguania</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acrodonta_(lizard)" title="Acrodonta (lizard)">Acrodonta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chamaeleonidae</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Samuel_Rafinesque" title="Constantine Samuel Rafinesque">Rafinesque</a>, 1815</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Genera </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brookesiinae" title="Brookesiinae">Brookesiinae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brookesia" title="Brookesia">Brookesia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palleon" title="Palleon">Palleon</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamaeleoninae" title="Chamaeleoninae">Chamaeleoninae</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Archaius" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaius">Archaius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bradypodion" title="Bradypodion">Bradypodion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calumma" title="Calumma">Calumma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chamaeleo" title="Chamaeleo">Chamaeleo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Furcifer" title="Furcifer">Furcifer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kinyongia" title="Kinyongia">Kinyongia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nadzikambia" title="Nadzikambia">Nadzikambia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rieppeleon" title="Rieppeleon">Rieppeleon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhampholeon" title="Rhampholeon">Rhampholeon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trioceros" title="Trioceros">Trioceros</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Verbreitung_von_Cham%C3%A4leons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Verbreitung_von_Cham%C3%A4leons.jpg/220px-Verbreitung_von_Cham%C3%A4leons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Verbreitung_von_Cham%C3%A4leons.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="231" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#030; color:white;"> </span> Native range of Chamaeleonidae</span> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Chameleons</b> or <b>chamaeleons</b> (<a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <b>Chamaeleonidae</b>) are a distinctive and highly specialized <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> of Old World <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a> with 200 species described as of June 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-Glaw_2015_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glaw_2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The members of this <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> are best known for their distinct range of colours, being capable of colour-shifting <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a>. The large number of <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> in the family exhibit considerable variability in their capacity to change colour. For some, it is more of a shift of brightness (shades of brown); for others, a plethora of colour-combinations (reds, yellows, greens, blues) can be seen. </p><p>Chameleons are also distinguished by their <a href="/wiki/Zygodactyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Zygodactyl">zygodactylous</a> feet, their <a href="/wiki/Prehensility" title="Prehensility">prehensile</a> tail, their laterally compressed bodies, their head casques, their projectile tongues used for catching prey, their swaying gait,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in some species crests or horns on their brow and snout. Chameleons' eyes are independently mobile, and because of this the chameleon’s brain is constantly analyzing two separate, individual images of its environment. When hunting prey, the eyes focus forward in coordination, affording <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopic_vision" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereoscopic vision">stereoscopic vision</a>. </p><p>Chameleons are <a href="/wiki/Diurnality" title="Diurnality">diurnal</a> and adapted for visual hunting of invertebrates, mostly insects, although the large species also can catch small vertebrates. Chameleons typically are <a href="/wiki/Arboreal" class="mw-redirect" title="Arboreal">arboreal</a>, but there are also many species that live on the ground. The arboreal species use their prehensile tail as an extra anchor point when they are moving or resting in trees or bushes; because of this, their tail is often referred to as a "fifth limb". Depending on species, they range from <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a> to <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> conditions and from lowlands to highlands, with the vast majority occurring in Africa (about half of the species are restricted to <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>), but with a single species in southern Europe, and a few across southern Asia as far east as <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>. They have been <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Glaw_2015_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glaw_2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ustad_Mansur_Chameleon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ustad_Mansur_Chameleon.jpg/170px-Ustad_Mansur_Chameleon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ustad_Mansur_Chameleon.jpg/255px-Ustad_Mansur_Chameleon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ustad_Mansur_Chameleon.jpg/340px-Ustad_Mansur_Chameleon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1193" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mughal_painting" title="Mughal painting">Mughal era painting</a> of a chameleon by <a href="/wiki/Ustad_Mansur" title="Ustad Mansur">Ustad Mansur</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The English word <i>chameleon</i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">kuh-MEEL-ee-un</i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">kuh-MEEL-yuhn</i></a>) is a simplified spelling of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">chamaeleōn</i></span></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a borrowing of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">χαμαιλέων</span></span> (<i>khamailéōn</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compound</a> of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">χαμαί</span></span> (<i>khamaí</i>) "on the ground"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">λέων</span></span> (<i>léōn</i>) "lion".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2></div> <p>In 1986, the family Chamaeleonidae was divided into two subfamilies, <a href="/wiki/Brookesiinae" title="Brookesiinae">Brookesiinae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chamaeleoninae" title="Chamaeleoninae">Chamaeleoninae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-and_Böhme_1986_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-and_Böhme_1986-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under this classification, <a href="/wiki/Brookesiinae" title="Brookesiinae">Brookesiinae</a> included the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Brookesia" title="Brookesia">Brookesia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Rhampholeon" title="Rhampholeon">Rhampholeon</a></i>, as well as the genera later split off from them (<i><a href="/wiki/Palleon" title="Palleon">Palleon</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Rieppeleon" title="Rieppeleon">Rieppeleon</a></i>), while <a href="/wiki/Chamaeleoninae" title="Chamaeleoninae">Chamaeleoninae</a> included the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Bradypodion" title="Bradypodion">Bradypodion</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Calumma" title="Calumma">Calumma</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chamaeleo" title="Chamaeleo">Chamaeleo</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Furcifer" title="Furcifer">Furcifer</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Trioceros" title="Trioceros">Trioceros</a></i>, as well as the genera later split off from them (<i><a href="/wiki/Archaius" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaius">Archaius</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nadzikambia" title="Nadzikambia">Nadzikambia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kinyongia" title="Kinyongia">Kinyongia</a></i>). Since that time, however, the validity of this subfamily designation has been the subject of much debate,<sup id="cite_ref-Tilbury_2010_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilbury_2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although most phylogenetic studies support the notion that the pygmy chameleons of the subfamily Brookesiinae are not a <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a> group.<sup id="cite_ref-Townsend_and_Larson_2002_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Townsend_and_Larson_2002-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Raxworthy_et_al._2002_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raxworthy_et_al._2002-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Townsend_et_al._2011_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Townsend_et_al._2011-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tolley_et_al._2013_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolley_et_al._2013-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While some authorities have previously preferred to use this subfamilial classification on the basis of the absence of evidence principle,<sup id="cite_ref-Tilbury_2010_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilbury_2010-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these authorities later abandoned this subfamilial division, no longer recognizing any subfamilies with the family Chamaeleonidae.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, however, Glaw reworked the subfamilial division by placing only the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Brookesia" title="Brookesia">Brookesia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Palleon" title="Palleon">Palleon</a></i> within the <a href="/wiki/Brookesiinae" title="Brookesiinae">Brookesiinae</a> subfamily, with all other genera being placed in <a href="/wiki/Chamaeleoninae" title="Chamaeleoninae">Chamaeleoninae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Glaw_2015_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glaw_2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Change_of_color">Change of color</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">Animal coloration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Signaling_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Signaling theory">Signaling theory</a></div> <p>Some chameleon species are able to change their <a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">skin coloration</a>. Different chameleon species are able to vary their colouration and <a href="/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">pattern</a> through combinations of pink, blue, red, orange, green, black, brown, light blue, yellow, turquoise, and purple.<sup id="cite_ref-NatGeog_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatGeog-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chameleon skin has a superficial layer which contains pigments, and under the layer are cells with very small (nanoscale) <a href="/wiki/Guanine" title="Guanine">guanine</a> crystals. Chameleons change colour by "actively tuning the photonic response of a lattice of small guanine nanocrystals in the s-iridophores".<sup id="cite_ref-Teyssier_Saenko_van_der_Marel_Milinkovitch_2015_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teyssier_Saenko_van_der_Marel_Milinkovitch_2015-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This tuning, by an unknown molecular mechanism, changes the wavelength of light reflected off the crystals which changes the colour of the skin. The colour change was duplicated <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_vivo" title="Ex vivo">ex vivo</a></i> by modifying the <a href="/wiki/Osmolarity" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmolarity">osmolarity</a> of pieces of white skin.<sup id="cite_ref-Teyssier_Saenko_van_der_Marel_Milinkovitch_2015_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teyssier_Saenko_van_der_Marel_Milinkovitch_2015-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colour_change_and_iridophore_types_in_panther_chameleons.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Colour_change_and_iridophore_types_in_panther_chameleons.png/480px-Colour_change_and_iridophore_types_in_panther_chameleons.png" decoding="async" width="480" height="510" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Colour_change_and_iridophore_types_in_panther_chameleons.png 1.5x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>Colour change and iridophore types in <a href="/wiki/Panther_chameleon" title="Panther chameleon">panther chameleons</a>: <br />(a) Reversible colour change is shown for two males (m1 and m2): during excitation (white arrows), background skin shifts from the baseline state (green) to yellow/orange, and both vertical bars and horizontal mid-body stripe shift from blue to whitish (m1). Some animals (m2) have their blue vertical bars covered by red pigment cells. <br />(b) Red dots: time evolution in the CIE chromaticity chart of a third male with green skin in a high-resolution video; dashed white line: optical response in numerical simulations using a face-centered cubic (FCC) lattice of guanine crystals with lattice parameter indicated with black arrows. <br />(c) Haematoxylin and eosin staining of a cross-section of white skin showing the epidermis (ep) and the two thick layers of iridophores. <br />(d) TEM images of guanine nanocrystals in S-iridophores in the excited state and three-dimensional model of an FCC lattice (shown in two orientations). <br />(e) TEM image of guanine nanocrystals in D-iridophores. <br />Scale bars, 20 mm ( c); 200 nm (d,e).<sup id="cite_ref-Teyssier_Saenko_van_der_Marel_Milinkovitch_2015_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teyssier_Saenko_van_der_Marel_Milinkovitch_2015-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Colour change in chameleons has functions in <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a>, but most commonly in social signaling and in reactions to temperature and other conditions. The relative importance of these functions varies with the circumstances, as well as the species. Colour change signals a chameleon's physiological condition and intentions to other chameleons.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because chameleons are <a href="/wiki/Ectotherm" title="Ectotherm">ectothermic</a>, another reason why they change colour is to regulate their body temperatures, either to a darker colour to absorb light and heat to raise their temperature, or to a lighter colour to reflect light and heat, thereby either stabilizing or lowering their body temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-Walton_Bennett_1993_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walton_Bennett_1993-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chameleons tend to show brighter colours when displaying aggression to other chameleons,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and darker colours when they submit or "give up".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most chameleon genera (exceptions are <i>Chamaeleo</i>, <i>Rhampholeon</i> and <i>Rieppeleon</i>) have blue <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a> in a species specific pattern in their skull <a href="/wiki/Tubercle" title="Tubercle">tubercles</a> and in <i>Brookesia</i> there is also some in tubercles on the body. The fluorescence is derived from bones that only are covered in very thin skin and it possibly serves a signaling role, especially in shaded habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-Prötzel_et_al_2018_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prötzel_et_al_2018-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some species, such as <a href="/wiki/Smith%27s_dwarf_chameleon" title="Smith's dwarf chameleon">Smith's dwarf chameleon</a> and several others in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Bradypodion" title="Bradypodion">Bradypodion</a></i>, adjust their colours for camouflage depending on the vision of the specific predator species (for example, bird or snake) by which they are being threatened.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StuartFox2009_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StuartFox2009-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the introduced Hawaiian population of <a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_chameleon" title="Jackson's chameleon">Jackson's chameleon</a>, conspicuous colour changes that are used for communication between chameleons have increased whereas anti-predator camouflage colour changes have decreased relative to the native source population in Kenya where there are more predators.<sup id="cite_ref-Whiting2022_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whiting2022-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chameleons have two superimposed layers within their skin that control their colour and thermoregulation. The top layer contains a lattice of guanine nanocrystals, and by exciting this lattice the spacing between the nanocrystals can be manipulated, which in turn affects which wavelengths of light are reflected and which are absorbed. Exciting the lattice increases the distance between the nanocrystals, and the skin reflects longer wavelengths of light. Thus, in a relaxed state the crystals reflect blue and green, but in an excited state the longer wavelengths such as yellow, orange, green, and red are reflected.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The skin of a chameleon also contains some yellow pigments, which combined with the blue reflected by a relaxed crystal lattice results in the characteristic green colour which is common of many chameleons in their relaxed state. Chameleon colour palettes have evolved through evolution and the environment. Chameleons living in the forest have a more defined and colourful palette compared to those living in the desert or savanna, which have more of a basic, brown, and charred palette.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale,_ou,_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_(Chamaeleo_chamaeleon_skeleton).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Chamaeleo_chamaeleon_skeleton%29.jpg/220px-Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Chamaeleo_chamaeleon_skeleton%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Chamaeleo_chamaeleon_skeleton%29.jpg/330px-Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Chamaeleo_chamaeleon_skeleton%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Chamaeleo_chamaeleon_skeleton%29.jpg/440px-Erp%C3%A9tologie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale%2C_ou%2C_Histoire_naturelle_compl%C3%A8te_des_reptiles_%28Chamaeleo_chamaeleon_skeleton%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2455" data-file-height="1210" /></a><figcaption>Skeleton of <a href="/wiki/Common_chameleon" title="Common chameleon">common chameleon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest described chameleon is <i><a href="/wiki/Anqingosaurus" title="Anqingosaurus">Anqingosaurus brevicephalus</a></i> from the Middle Paleocene (about 58.7–61.7 <a href="/wiki/Mya_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mya (unit)">mya</a>) of China.<sup id="cite_ref-Digimorph_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Digimorph-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other chameleon fossils include <i><a href="/wiki/Chamaeleo_caroliquarti" title="Chamaeleo caroliquarti">Chamaeleo caroliquarti</a></i> from the Lower Miocene (about 13–23 mya) of the Czech Republic and Germany, and <i>Chamaeleo intermedius</i> from the Upper Miocene (about 5–13 mya) of Kenya.<sup id="cite_ref-Digimorph_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Digimorph-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The chameleons are probably far older than that, perhaps sharing a common ancestor with <a href="/wiki/Iguanidae" title="Iguanidae">iguanids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agamids" class="mw-redirect" title="Agamids">agamids</a> more than 100 mya (agamids being more closely related). Since fossils have been found in Africa, Europe, and Asia, chameleons were certainly once more widespread than they are today. </p><p>Although nearly half of all chameleon species today live in Madagascar, this offers no basis for speculation that chameleons might originate from there.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, it has recently been shown that chameleons most likely originated in mainland Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Tolley_et_al._2013_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolley_et_al._2013-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears there were two distinct oceanic migrations from the mainland to Madagascar. The diverse speciation of chameleons has been theorized to have directly reflected the increase in open habitats (savannah, grassland, and heathland) that accompanied the Oligocene period. <a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">Monophyly</a> of the family is supported by several studies.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Daza <i>et al.</i> (2016) described a small (10.6 mm in snout-vent length), probably <a href="/wiki/Neonatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonatal">neonatal</a> lizard preserved in the Cretaceous (<a href="/wiki/Albian" title="Albian">Albian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Cenomanian" title="Cenomanian">Cenomanian</a> boundary) amber from <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>. The authors noted that the lizard has "short and wide skull, large orbits, elongated and robust lingual process, frontal with parallel margins, incipient prefrontal boss, reduced vomers, absent retroarticular process, low presacral vertebral count (between 15 and 17) and extremely short, curled tail"; the authors considered these traits to be indicative of the lizard's affiliation with Chamaeleonidae. The phylogenetic analysis conducted by the authors indicated that the lizard was a <a href="/wiki/Crown_group#Stem_groups" title="Crown group">stem</a>-chamaeleonid.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Matsumoto & <a href="/wiki/Susan_E._Evans" title="Susan E. Evans">Evans</a> (2018) reinterpreted this specimen as an <a href="/wiki/Albanerpetontidae" title="Albanerpetontidae">albanerpetontid</a> amphibian.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This specimen was given the name <i><a href="/wiki/Yaksha_perettii" title="Yaksha perettii">Yaksha perettii</a></i> in 2020, and was noted to have several convergently chameleon-like features, including adaptations for ballistic feeding.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nice_chameleon_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Nice_chameleon_portrait.jpg/330px-Nice_chameleon_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="315" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Nice_chameleon_portrait.jpg/500px-Nice_chameleon_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Nice_chameleon_portrait.jpg/960px-Nice_chameleon_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Chameleon in Ghana</figcaption></figure> <p>While the exact evolutionary history of colour change in chameleons is still unknown, there is one aspect of the evolutionary history of chameleon colour change that has already been conclusively studied: the effects of signal efficacy. Signal efficacy, or how well the signal can be seen against its background, has been shown to correlate directly to the spectral qualities of chameleon displays.<sup id="cite_ref-signals_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-signals-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dwarf chameleons, the chameleon of study, occupy a wide variety of habitats from forests to grasslands to shrubbery. It was demonstrated that chameleons in brighter areas tended to present brighter signals, but chameleons in darker areas tended to present relatively more contrasting signals to their backgrounds. This finding suggests that signal efficacy (and thus habitat) has affected the evolution of chameleon signaling. Stuart-Fox et al. note that it makes sense that selection for crypsis is not seen to be as important as selection for signal efficacy, because the signals are only shown briefly; chameleons are almost always muted cryptic colours.<sup id="cite_ref-signals_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-signals-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chameleon_in_Berenty_Madagascar_0001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Chameleon_in_Berenty_Madagascar_0001.JPG/250px-Chameleon_in_Berenty_Madagascar_0001.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Chameleon_in_Berenty_Madagascar_0001.JPG/330px-Chameleon_in_Berenty_Madagascar_0001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Chameleon_in_Berenty_Madagascar_0001.JPG/500px-Chameleon_in_Berenty_Madagascar_0001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Nearly all species of chameleon have prehensile tails, but they most often grip with the tail when they cannot use all four feet at once, such as when passing from one twig to another.</figcaption></figure> <p>Chameleons vary greatly in size and body structure, with maximum total lengths varying from 22 mm (0.87 in) in male <i><a href="/wiki/Brookesia_nana" title="Brookesia nana">Brookesia nana</a></i> (one of the world's <a href="/wiki/Smallest_organisms#Lizards_and_snakes_(Squamata)" title="Smallest organisms">smallest reptiles</a>) to 68.5 cm (27.0 in) in the male <i><a href="/wiki/Furcifer_oustaleti" class="mw-redirect" title="Furcifer oustaleti">Furcifer oustaleti</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GlawVences1994_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GlawVences1994-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many have head or facial ornamentation, such as nasal protrusions, or horn-like projections in the case of <i><a href="/wiki/Trioceros_jacksonii" class="mw-redirect" title="Trioceros jacksonii">Trioceros jacksonii</a></i>, or large crests on top of their heads, like <i><a href="/wiki/Chamaeleo_calyptratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamaeleo calyptratus">Chamaeleo calyptratus</a></i>. Many species are <a href="/wiki/Sexually_dimorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually dimorphic">sexually dimorphic</a>, and males are typically much more ornamented than the female chameleons. </p><p>Typical sizes of species of chameleon commonly kept in captivity or as pets are: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Scientific name</th> <th>Common name</th> <th>Length (male)</th> <th>Length (female)</th> <th>Colour</th> <th>Lifespan (years) </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Veiled_chameleon" title="Veiled chameleon">Chamaeleo calyptratus</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Veiled_chameleon" title="Veiled chameleon">Veiled chameleon</a></td> <td>35–60 cm</td> <td>25–33 cm</td> <td>Green and light colours</td> <td>about 5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_chameleon" title="Jackson's chameleon">Trioceros jacksonii</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_chameleon" title="Jackson's chameleon">Jackson's chameleon</a></td> <td>23–33 cm</td> <td>25–33 cm</td> <td>Green and light colours</td> <td>5–10 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Panther_chameleon" title="Panther chameleon">Furcifer pardalis</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Panther_chameleon" title="Panther chameleon">Panther chameleon</a></td> <td>38–53 cm</td> <td>23–33 cm</td> <td>Darker colours</td> <td>about 5 (2–3 for birthing females) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Rieppeleon_brevicaudatus" title="Rieppeleon brevicaudatus">Rieppeleon brevicaudatus</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rieppeleon_brevicaudatus" title="Rieppeleon brevicaudatus">Bearded pygmy chameleon</a></td> <td>5–8 cm</td> <td>5–8 cm</td> <td>Brown, beige, green</td> <td>about 3–5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Rhampholeon_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhampholeon spectrum">Rhampholeon spectrum</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spectral_pygmy_chameleon" title="Spectral pygmy chameleon">Spectral pygmy chameleon</a></td> <td>8–10 cm</td> <td>5–10 cm</td> <td>Tan and gray</td> <td>3–5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Rhampholeon_temporalis" title="Rhampholeon temporalis">Rhampholeon temporalis</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhampholeon_temporalis" title="Rhampholeon temporalis">Usambara pitted pygmy chameleon</a></td> <td>6–10 cm</td> <td>5–9 cm</td> <td>Gray and brown</td> <td>5–11 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The feet of chameleons are highly adapted to <a href="/wiki/Arboreal_locomotion" title="Arboreal locomotion">arboreal locomotion</a>, and species such as <i>Chamaeleo namaquensis</i> that have secondarily adopted a terrestrial habit have retained the same foot morphology with little modification. On each foot, the five distinguished toes are grouped into two fascicles. The toes in each fascicle are bound into a flattened group of either two or three, giving each foot a <a href="/wiki/Tongs" title="Tongs">tongs</a>-like appearance. On the front feet, the outer, <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location">lateral</a>, group contains two toes, whereas the inner, <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location">medial</a>, group contains three. On the rear feet, this arrangement is reversed, the medial group containing two toes, and the lateral group three. These specialized feet allow chameleons to grip tightly onto narrow or rough branches. Furthermore, each toe is equipped with a sharp claw to afford a grip on surfaces such as bark when climbing. It is common to refer to the feet of chameleons as <a href="/wiki/Dactyly" title="Dactyly">didactyl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dactyly" title="Dactyly">zygodactyl</a>, though neither term is fully satisfactory, both being used in describing different feet, such as the zygodactyl feet of parrots or didactyl feet of sloths or ostriches, none of which is significantly like chameleon feet. Although "zygodactyl" is reasonably descriptive of chameleon foot anatomy, their foot structure does not resemble that of parrots, to which the term was first applied. As for didactyly, chameleons visibly have five toes on each foot, not two. </p><p>Some chameleons have a <a href="/wiki/Neural_spine_sail" title="Neural spine sail">crest of small spikes</a> extending along the spine from the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location">proximal</a> part of the tail to the neck; both the extent and size of the spikes vary between species and individuals. These spikes help break up the definitive outline of the chameleon, which aids it when trying to blend into a background. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senses">Senses</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Chameleon_vision" title="Chameleon vision">Chameleon vision</a></div> <p>Chameleons have the most distinctive eyes of any reptile. The upper and lower eyelids are joined, with only a pinhole large enough for the pupil to see through. Each eye can pivot and focus independently, allowing the chameleon to observe two different objects simultaneously. This gives them a full 360-degree arc of vision around their bodies. Prey is located using monocular <a href="/wiki/Depth_perception" title="Depth perception">depth perception</a>, not <a href="/wiki/Stereopsis" title="Stereopsis">stereopsis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ott_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ott-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chameleons have the highest magnification (per size) of any vertebrate,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the highest density of <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cones</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a>, chameleons do not have an outer or a middle <a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">ear</a>, so there is neither an ear-opening nor an eardrum. However, chameleons are not deaf: they can detect sound frequencies in the range of 200–600 Hz.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chameleons can see in both visible and <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet light">ultraviolet light</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chameleons exposed to ultraviolet light show increased social behavior and activity levels, are more inclined to bask, feed, and reproduce as it has a positive effect on the <a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">pineal gland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feeding">Feeding</h3></div> <p>All chameleons are primarily <a href="/wiki/Insectivore" title="Insectivore">insectivores</a> that feed by <a href="/wiki/Projectile_use_by_living_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Projectile use by living systems">ballistically projecting</a> their long <a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongues</a> from their mouths to capture prey located some distance away.<sup id="cite_ref-Higham_and_Anderson_2014_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higham_and_Anderson_2014-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the chameleons' tongues are typically thought to be one and a half to two times the length of their bodies (their length excluding the tail), smaller chameleons (both smaller species and smaller individuals of the same species) have recently been found to have proportionately larger tongue apparatuses than their larger counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_et_al._2012_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_et_al._2012-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, smaller chameleons are able to project their tongues greater distances than the larger chameleons that are the subject of most studies and tongue length estimates, and can project their tongues more than twice their body length.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tongue apparatus consists of highly modified <a href="/wiki/Hyoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyoid">hyoid bones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscles_of_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscles of tongue">tongue muscles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagenous elements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Herrel_et_al._2001_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herrel_et_al._2001-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-de_Groot_&_van_Leeuwen_2004_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Groot_&_van_Leeuwen_2004-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_et_al._2012_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_et_al._2012-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_and_Higham_2014_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_and_Higham_2014-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hyoid bone has an elongated, parallel-sided projection, called the entoglossal process, over which a tubular muscle, the accelerator muscle, sits.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_et_al._2012_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_et_al._2012-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_and_Higham_2014_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_and_Higham_2014-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Herrel_et_al._2001_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herrel_et_al._2001-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-de_Groot_&_van_Leeuwen_2004_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Groot_&_van_Leeuwen_2004-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The accelerator muscle contracts around the entoglossal process and is responsible for creating the work to power tongue projection, both directly and through the loading of collagenous elements located between the entoglossal process and the accelerator muscle.<sup id="cite_ref-Higham_and_Anderson_2014_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higham_and_Anderson_2014-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_et_al._2012_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_et_al._2012-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Herrel_et_al._2001_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herrel_et_al._2001-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-de_Groot_&_van_Leeuwen_2004_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Groot_&_van_Leeuwen_2004-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tongue retractor muscle, the hyoglossus, connects the hyoid and accelerator muscle, and is responsible for drawing the tongue back into the mouth following tongue projection.<sup id="cite_ref-Higham_and_Anderson_2014_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higham_and_Anderson_2014-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_et_al._2012_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_et_al._2012-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_and_Higham_2014_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_and_Higham_2014-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Herrel_et_al._2001_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herrel_et_al._2001-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tongue projection occurs at extremely high performance, reaching the prey in as little as 0.07 seconds,<sup id="cite_ref-Herrel_et_al._2001_48-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herrel_et_al._2001-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-de_Groot_&_van_Leeuwen_2004_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Groot_&_van_Leeuwen_2004-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_&_Deban_2010_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Deban_2010-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having been launched at accelerations exceeding 41 <a href="/wiki/G_force" class="mw-redirect" title="G force"><i>g</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_&_Deban_2010_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Deban_2010-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Power_(physics)" title="Power (physics)">power</a> with which the tongue is launched, known to exceed 3000 W kg<sup>−1</sup>, exceeds that which muscle is able to produce, indicating the presence of an elastic power amplifier to power tongue projection.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Groot_&_van_Leeuwen_2004_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Groot_&_van_Leeuwen_2004-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recoil of elastic elements in the tongue apparatus is thus responsible for large percentages of the overall tongue projection performance. </p><p>One consequence of the incorporation of an elastic recoil mechanism to the tongue projection mechanism is relative thermal insensitivity of tongue projection relative to tongue retraction, which is powered by muscle contraction alone, and is heavily thermally sensitive.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_&_Deban_2010_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Deban_2010-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_&_Deban_2012_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Deban_2012-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While other <a href="/wiki/Ectotherm" title="Ectotherm">ectothermic animals</a> become sluggish as their body temperatures decline, due to a reduction in the contractile velocity of their muscles, chameleons are able to project their tongues at high performance even at low body temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_&_Deban_2010_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Deban_2010-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_&_Deban_2012_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Deban_2012-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The thermal sensitivity of tongue retraction in chameleons, however, is not a problem, as chameleons have a very effective mechanism of holding onto their prey once the tongue has come into contact with it, including surface phenomena, such as wet adhesion and interlocking, and suction.<sup id="cite_ref-Herrel_et_al._2000_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herrel_et_al._2000-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The thermal insensitivity of tongue projection thus enables chameleons to feed effectively on cold mornings prior to being able to behaviorally elevate their body temperatures through <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">thermoregulation</a>, when other <a href="/wiki/Sympatric" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympatric">sympatric</a> lizards species are still inactive, likely temporarily expanding their thermal <a href="/wiki/Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">niche</a> as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_&_Deban_2010_51-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_&_Deban_2010-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Use of tongue in feeding</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 254.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 252.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chameleon_gab_fbi.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Tongue structure, with cup-like end"><img alt="Tongue structure, with cup-like end" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Chameleon_gab_fbi.png/379px-Chameleon_gab_fbi.png" decoding="async" width="253" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Chameleon_gab_fbi.png/569px-Chameleon_gab_fbi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Chameleon_gab_fbi.png 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="326" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tongue structure, with cup-like end</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chameleon-Stage_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tongue begins strike"><img alt="Tongue begins strike" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Chameleon-Stage_04.jpg/330px-Chameleon-Stage_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Chameleon-Stage_04.jpg/500px-Chameleon-Stage_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Chameleon-Stage_04.jpg/960px-Chameleon-Stage_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3097" data-file-height="2064" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tongue begins strike</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chameleon-Stage_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Capturing prey"><img alt="Capturing prey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chameleon-Stage_03.jpg/330px-Chameleon-Stage_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chameleon-Stage_03.jpg/500px-Chameleon-Stage_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Chameleon-Stage_03.jpg/960px-Chameleon-Stage_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3097" data-file-height="2065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Capturing prey</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chameleon-Stage_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bringing prey to the mouth"><img alt="Bringing prey to the mouth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chameleon-Stage_01.jpg/330px-Chameleon-Stage_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chameleon-Stage_01.jpg/500px-Chameleon-Stage_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Chameleon-Stage_01.jpg/960px-Chameleon-Stage_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3098" data-file-height="2065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bringing prey to the mouth</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bones">Bones</h3></div> <p>Certain species of chameleons have bones that glow when under <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet light">ultraviolet light</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Biogenic_substance" title="Biogenic substance">biogenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Prötzel_et_al_2018_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prötzel_et_al_2018-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some 31 different species of <i>Calumma</i> chameleons, all native to <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, displayed this fluorescence in <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bones emitted a bright blue glow and could even shine through the chameleon's four layers of skin.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The face was found to have a different glow, appearing as dots otherwise known as <a href="/wiki/Tubercle" title="Tubercle">tubercles</a> on facial bones.<sup id="cite_ref-Prötzel_et_al_2018_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prötzel_et_al_2018-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The glow results from <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biological_pigment" title="Biological pigment">pigments</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitin</a>, and other materials that make up a chameleon's skeleton,<sup id="cite_ref-Prötzel_et_al_2018_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prötzel_et_al_2018-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> possibly giving chameleons a secondary signaling system that does not interfere with their colour-changing ability, and may have evolved from <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Prötzel_et_al_2018_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prötzel_et_al_2018-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minute_leaf_chameleon_(Brookesia_minima)_Lokobe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Minute_leaf_chameleon_%28Brookesia_minima%29_Lokobe.jpg/220px-Minute_leaf_chameleon_%28Brookesia_minima%29_Lokobe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Minute_leaf_chameleon_%28Brookesia_minima%29_Lokobe.jpg/330px-Minute_leaf_chameleon_%28Brookesia_minima%29_Lokobe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Minute_leaf_chameleon_%28Brookesia_minima%29_Lokobe.jpg/440px-Minute_leaf_chameleon_%28Brookesia_minima%29_Lokobe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3914" data-file-height="2609" /></a><figcaption><i> Brookesia minima</i>, Lokobe Strict Reserve. The 30 species of chameleons in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Brookesia" title="Brookesia">Brookesia</a></i> are tiny, usually brown-colored and mainly terrestrial.</figcaption></figure> <p>Chameleons primarily live in the mainland of <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a> and on the island of Madagascar, although a few species live in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Africa">northern Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">southern Europe</a> (Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece, Cyprus and Malta), the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, southeast <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, and several smaller islands in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean#Western_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">western Indian Ocean</a>. <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced</a>, non-native populations are found in Hawaii and Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-Glaw_2015_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glaw_2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chameleons are found only in <a href="/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">tropical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> regions and inhabit all kinds of lowland and mountain forests, woodlands, shrublands, <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savannas</a>, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">deserts</a>, but each species tends to be a restricted to only one of a few different habitat types. The typical chameleons from the subfamily Chamaeleoninae are <a href="/wiki/Arboreal" class="mw-redirect" title="Arboreal">arboreal</a>, usually living in trees or bushes, although a few (notably the <a href="/wiki/Namaqua_chameleon" title="Namaqua chameleon">Namaqua chameleon</a>) are partially or largely <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_animal" title="Terrestrial animal">terrestrial</a>. The genus <i><a href="/wiki/Brookesia" title="Brookesia">Brookesia</a></i>, which comprises the majority of the species in the subfamily Brookesiinae, live low in vegetation or on the ground among <a href="/wiki/Leaf_litter" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf litter">leaf litter</a>. Many chameleon species have small distributions and are considered threatened. Declining chameleon numbers are mostly due to habitat loss.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annual,_1900_(May)_-_DPLA_-_f70e683a9783e725f2b773369b13ab9b_(page_32)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Annual%2C_1900_%28May%29_-_DPLA_-_f70e683a9783e725f2b773369b13ab9b_%28page_32%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Annual%2C_1900_%28May%29_-_DPLA_-_f70e683a9783e725f2b773369b13ab9b_%28page_32%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Annual%2C_1900_%28May%29_-_DPLA_-_f70e683a9783e725f2b773369b13ab9b_%28page_32%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Annual%2C_1900_%28May%29_-_DPLA_-_f70e683a9783e725f2b773369b13ab9b_%28page_32%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Annual%2C_1900_%28May%29_-_DPLA_-_f70e683a9783e725f2b773369b13ab9b_%28page_32%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Annual%2C_1900_%28May%29_-_DPLA_-_f70e683a9783e725f2b773369b13ab9b_%28page_32%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1487" data-file-height="1081" /></a><figcaption>Image published in the Manual Training Highschool Annuel, 1900</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h2></div> <p>Most chameleons are <a href="/wiki/Oviparous" class="mw-redirect" title="Oviparous">oviparous</a>, but all <i><a href="/wiki/Bradypodion" title="Bradypodion">Bradypodion</a></i> species and many <i><a href="/wiki/Trioceros" title="Trioceros">Trioceros</a></i> species are <a href="/wiki/Ovoviviparous" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovoviviparous">ovoviviparous</a> (although some biologists prefer to avoid the term ovoviviparous because of inconsistencies with its use in some animal groups, instead just using <a href="/wiki/Viviparous" class="mw-redirect" title="Viviparous">viviparous</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes2020_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes2020-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oviparous species lay eggs three to six weeks after <a href="/wiki/Copulation_(zoology)" title="Copulation (zoology)">copulation</a>. The female will dig a hole—from 10–30 cm (4–12 in), deep depending on the species—and deposit her eggs. Clutch sizes vary greatly with species. Small <i><a href="/wiki/Brookesia" title="Brookesia">Brookesia</a></i> species may only lay two to four eggs, while large <a href="/wiki/Veiled_chameleon" title="Veiled chameleon">veiled chameleons</a> (<i>Chamaeleo calyptratus</i>) have been known to lay clutches of 20–200 (veiled chameleons) and 10–40 (panther chameleons) eggs. Clutch sizes can also vary greatly among the same species. Eggs generally hatch after four to 12 months, again depending on the species. The eggs of <a href="/wiki/Parson%27s_chameleon" title="Parson's chameleon">Parson's chameleon</a> (<i>Calumma parsoni</i>) typically take 400 to 660 days to hatch.<sup id="cite_ref-Laube2000_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laube2000-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chameleons lay flexible-shelled eggs which are affected by environmental characteristics during incubation. The egg mass is the most important in differentiating survivors of Chameleon during incubation. An increase in egg mass will depend on temperature and water potential.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To understand the dynamics of water potential in Chameleon eggs, the consideration of exerted pressure on eggshells will be essential because the pressure of eggshells play an important role in the water relation of eggs during entire incubation period <sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ovoviviparous species, such as the <a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_chameleon" title="Jackson's chameleon">Jackson's chameleon</a> (<i>Trioceros jacksonii</i>) have a five- to seven-month gestation period. Each young chameleon is born within the sticky transparent membrane of its yolk sac. The mother presses each egg onto a branch, where it sticks. The membrane bursts and the newly hatched chameleon frees itself and climbs away to hunt for itself and hide from predators. The female can have up to 30 live young from one gestation.<sup id="cite_ref-TorontoZoo_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TorontoZoo-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diet">Diet</h2></div> <p>Chameleons generally eat <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, but larger species, such as the common chameleon, may also take other lizards and young <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CommonChameleon_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CommonChameleon-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup> The range of diets can be seen from the following examples: </p> <ul><li>The veiled chameleon, <i><a href="/wiki/Chamaeleo_calyptratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamaeleo calyptratus">Chamaeleo calyptratus</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>, is insectivorous, but eats leaves when other sources of water are not available. It can be maintained on a diet of <a href="/wiki/Cricket_(insect)" title="Cricket (insect)">crickets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smithsonian_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can eat as many as 15–50 large crickets a day.</li> <li>Jackson's chameleon (<i><a href="/wiki/Trioceros_jacksonii" class="mw-redirect" title="Trioceros jacksonii">Trioceros jacksonii</a></i>) from Kenya and northern Tanzania eat a wide variety of small animals including ants, butterflies, caterpillars, snails, worms, lizards, geckos, amphibians, and other chameleons, as well as plant material, such as leaves, tender shoots, and berries. It can be maintained on a mixed diet including kale, dandelion leaves, lettuce, bananas, tomatoes, apples, crickets, and waxworms.<sup id="cite_ref-TorontoZoo_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TorontoZoo-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The common chameleon of Europe, North Africa, and the Near East, <i><a href="/wiki/Chamaeleo_chamaeleon" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamaeleo chamaeleon">Chamaeleo chamaeleon</a></i>, mainly eats <a href="/wiki/Wasp" title="Wasp">wasps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mantis" title="Mantis">mantises</a>; such <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a> form over three-quarters of its diet.<sup id="cite_ref-CommonChameleon_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CommonChameleon-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup> Some experts advise that the common chameleon should not be fed exclusively on crickets; these should make up no more than half the diet, with the rest a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Waxworm" title="Waxworm">waxworms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earthworm" title="Earthworm">earthworms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grasshopper" title="Grasshopper">grasshoppers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fly" title="Fly">flies</a>, and plant materials such as green leaves, oats, and fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-CommonChameleon_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CommonChameleon-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5–6">: 5–6 </span></sup></li> <li>Some chameleons like the <a href="/wiki/Panther_chameleon" title="Panther chameleon">panther chameleon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> regulate their <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D3" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamin D3">vitamin D3</a> levels, of which their insect diet is a poor source, by exposing themselves to <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a> since its <a href="/wiki/UV" class="mw-redirect" title="UV">UV</a> component increases internal production.<sup id="cite_ref-Karsten_2009_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karsten_2009-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-predator_adaptations">Anti-predator adaptations</h2></div> <p>Chameleons are preyed upon by a variety of other animals. <a href="/wiki/Birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds">Birds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Snakes">snakes</a> are the most important <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predators</a> of adult chameleons. Invertebrates, especially ants, put a high predation pressure on chameleon eggs and juveniles.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chameleons are unlikely to be able to flee from predators and rely on <a href="/wiki/Crypsis" title="Crypsis">crypsis</a> as their primary defense.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chameleons can change both their colours and their patterns (to varying extents) to resemble their surroundings or disrupt the body outline and remain hidden from a potential enemy's sight. Only when detected do chameleons actively defend themselves. They adopt a defensive body posture, present an attacker with a laterally flattened body to appear larger, warn with an open mouth, and, if needed, utilize feet and jaws to fight back.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vocalization is sometimes incorporated into threat displays.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Chameleon_in_malawi_2018-6.webm/186px--Chameleon_in_malawi_2018-6.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="124" height="140" data-durationhint="27" data-mwtitle="Chameleon_in_malawi_2018-6.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/Chameleon_in_malawi_2018-6.webm/Chameleon_in_malawi_2018-6.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="424" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Chameleon_in_malawi_2018-6.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="460" data-height="520" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/Chameleon_in_malawi_2018-6.webm/Chameleon_in_malawi_2018-6.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="128" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/Chameleon_in_malawi_2018-6.webm/Chameleon_in_malawi_2018-6.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="212" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/Chameleon_in_malawi_2018-6.webm/Chameleon_in_malawi_2018-6.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="318" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/Chameleon_in_malawi_2018-6.webm/Chameleon_in_malawi_2018-6.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="318" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">(video) Chameleon in <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chameleon,_Mysore.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chameleon found in Mysore, Southern India"><img alt="Chameleon found in Mysore, Southern India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Chameleon%2C_Mysore.jpg/330px-Chameleon%2C_Mysore.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Chameleon%2C_Mysore.jpg/500px-Chameleon%2C_Mysore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Chameleon%2C_Mysore.jpg/960px-Chameleon%2C_Mysore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chameleon found in <a href="/wiki/Mysore_district" title="Mysore district">Mysore</a>, Southern India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chamaeleo_chamaeleon_Frightened_thus_black.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A frightened common chameleon (Chamaeleo chamaeleon) turned black."><img alt="A frightened common chameleon (Chamaeleo chamaeleon) turned black." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Chamaeleo_chamaeleon_Frightened_thus_black.JPG/243px-Chamaeleo_chamaeleon_Frightened_thus_black.JPG" decoding="async" width="162" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Chamaeleo_chamaeleon_Frightened_thus_black.JPG/364px-Chamaeleo_chamaeleon_Frightened_thus_black.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Chamaeleo_chamaeleon_Frightened_thus_black.JPG/485px-Chamaeleo_chamaeleon_Frightened_thus_black.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="880" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A frightened <a href="/wiki/Common_chameleon" title="Common chameleon">common chameleon</a> (<i>Chamaeleo chamaeleon</i>) turned black.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 258px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chameleon-Boomslang-Interaction_P_Berg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A flap-necked chameleon, Chamaeleo dilepis, attacked by a boomslang while crossing a road in Namibia adopts a threatening defense posture."><img alt="A flap-necked chameleon defending itself against a boomslang attack" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Chameleon-Boomslang-Interaction_P_Berg.jpg/387px-Chameleon-Boomslang-Interaction_P_Berg.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Chameleon-Boomslang-Interaction_P_Berg.jpg/580px-Chameleon-Boomslang-Interaction_P_Berg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Chameleon-Boomslang-Interaction_P_Berg.jpg/773px-Chameleon-Boomslang-Interaction_P_Berg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="652" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A flap-necked chameleon, <i>Chamaeleo dilepis</i>, attacked by a <a href="/wiki/Boomslang" title="Boomslang">boomslang</a> while crossing a road in Namibia adopts a threatening defense posture.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chamaeleo_namaquensis_(Namib-Naukluft,_2011).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Namaqua chameleon in threat display, Namib-Naukluft National Park, turned black and opened its mouth when an attempt was made to move it off a busy road."><img alt="Namaqua chameleon in threat display, Namib-Naukluft National Park, turned black and opened its mouth when an attempt was made to move it off a busy road." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chamaeleo_namaquensis_%28Namib-Naukluft%2C_2011%29.jpg/330px-Chamaeleo_namaquensis_%28Namib-Naukluft%2C_2011%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chamaeleo_namaquensis_%28Namib-Naukluft%2C_2011%29.jpg/500px-Chamaeleo_namaquensis_%28Namib-Naukluft%2C_2011%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chamaeleo_namaquensis_%28Namib-Naukluft%2C_2011%29.jpg/960px-Chamaeleo_namaquensis_%28Namib-Naukluft%2C_2011%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2666" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Namaqua_chameleon" title="Namaqua chameleon">Namaqua chameleon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Threat_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Threat display">threat display</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namib-Naukluft_National_Park" title="Namib-Naukluft National Park">Namib-Naukluft National Park</a>, turned black and opened its mouth when an attempt was made to move it off a busy road.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parasites">Parasites</h2></div> <p>Chameleons are <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasitized</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematode</a> worms, including threadworms (<a href="/wiki/Filarioidea" title="Filarioidea">Filarioidea</a>). Threadworms can be transmitted by biting insects such as <a href="/wiki/Ticks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ticks">ticks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mosquitoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosquitoes">mosquitoes</a>. Other roundworms are transmitted through food contaminated with roundworm eggs; the larvae burrow through the wall of the <a href="/wiki/Intestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestine">intestine</a> into the bloodstream.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chameleons are subject to several protozoan parasites, such as <i>Plasmodium</i>, which causes <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, <i>Trypanosoma</i>, which causes <a href="/wiki/Animal_trypanosomiasis" title="Animal trypanosomiasis">sleeping sickness</a>, and <i>Leishmania</i>, which causes <a href="/wiki/Leishmaniasis" title="Leishmaniasis">leishmaniasis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BB109_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BB109-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chameleons are subject to parasitism by <a href="/wiki/Coccidia" title="Coccidia">coccidia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BB109_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BB109-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including species of the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Choleoeimeria" title="Choleoeimeria">Choleoeimeria</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eimeria" title="Eimeria">Eimeria</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Isospora" title="Isospora">Isospora</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sloboda_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sloboda-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_pets">As pets</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chameleon_ranching" title="Chameleon ranching">Chameleon ranching</a></div> <p>Chameleons are popular reptile pets, mostly imported from African countries like Madagascar, Tanzania, and Togo.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common in the trade are the Senegal chameleon (<i>Chamaeleo senegalensis</i>), the Yemen or veiled chameleon (<i>Chamaeleo calyptratus</i>), the panther chameleon (<i>Furcifer pardalis</i>), and Jackson's chameleon (<i>Trioceros jacksonii</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other chameleons seen in captivity (albeit on an irregular basis) include such species as the carpet chameleon (<i><a href="/wiki/Furcifer_lateralis" class="mw-redirect" title="Furcifer lateralis">Furcifer lateralis</a></i>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meller%E2%80%99s_chameleon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meller’s chameleon (page does not exist)">Meller’s chameleon</a> (<i>Trioceros melleri</i>), Parson’s chameleon (<i><a href="/wiki/Calumma_parsonii" class="mw-redirect" title="Calumma parsonii">Calumma parsonii</a></i>), and several species of pygmy and leaf-tailed chameleons, mostly of the genera <i>Brookesia</i>, <i>Rhampholeon</i>, or <i>Rieppeleon</i>. These are among the most sensitive reptiles one can own, requiring specialized attention and care. </p><p>The U.S. has been the main importer of chameleons since the early 1980s accounting for 69% of African reptile exports.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there have been large declines due to tougher regulations to protect species from being taken from the wild and due to many becoming invasive in places like Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have remained popular though which may be due to the captive-breeding in the U.S. which has increased to the point that the U.S. can fulfill its demand, and has now even become a major exporter as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_70-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the U.S. they are so popular, that despite Florida having six invasive chameleon species due to the pet trade, reptile hobbyists in these areas search for chameleons to keep as pets or to breed and sell them, with some selling for up to a thousand dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_understandings">Historical understandings</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Houghton_F_5405.58.6_-_Gessner,_Theirbuch_-_p.CLXV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Houghton_F_5405.58.6_-_Gessner%2C_Theirbuch_-_p.CLXV.jpg/170px-Houghton_F_5405.58.6_-_Gessner%2C_Theirbuch_-_p.CLXV.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Houghton_F_5405.58.6_-_Gessner%2C_Theirbuch_-_p.CLXV.jpg/255px-Houghton_F_5405.58.6_-_Gessner%2C_Theirbuch_-_p.CLXV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Houghton_F_5405.58.6_-_Gessner%2C_Theirbuch_-_p.CLXV.jpg/340px-Houghton_F_5405.58.6_-_Gessner%2C_Theirbuch_-_p.CLXV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1245" data-file-height="2096" /></a><figcaption>Chameleon in a German translation of Gessner's book (1563).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> (4th century BC) describes chameleons in his <a href="/wiki/History_of_Animals" title="History of Animals">History of Animals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (1st century AD) also discusses chameleons in his <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> noting their ability to change colour for camouflage. </p><p>The chameleon was featured in <a href="/wiki/Historia_animalium_(Gessner_book)" title="Historia animalium (Gessner book)">Conrad Gessner's <i>Historia animalium</i></a> (1563), copied from <i>De aquatilibus</i> (1553) by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Belon" title="Pierre Belon">Pierre Belon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Shakespeare's <i>Hamlet</i>, the eponymous Prince says "Excellent, i' faith, of the chameleon's dish. I eat the air, promise-crammed." This refers to the Elizabethan belief that chameleons lived on nothing but the air. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Glaw_2015-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glaw_2015_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glaw_2015_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glaw_2015_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glaw_2015_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGlaw2015" class="citation journal cs1">Glaw, F. 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(2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006320704000989">"The dynamics of the global trade in chameleons"</a>. <i>Biological Conservation</i>. <b>120</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">291–</span>301. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004BCons.120..291C">2004BCons.120..291C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2004.03.002">10.1016/j.biocon.2004.03.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3207">0006-3207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Conservation&rft.atitle=The+dynamics+of+the+global+trade+in+chameleons&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E291-%3C%2Fspan%3E301&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=0006-3207&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2004.03.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004BCons.120..291C&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Angus+I.&rft.au=Marcus+Rowcliffe%2C+J.&rft.au=Watkinso+n%2C+Andrew+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0006320704000989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChameleon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristotle, History of Animals, Book II, Part 11 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/history_anim.2.ii.html">[1]</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D8%3Achapter%3D51">Pliny the Elder, Natural History 8.51</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRabinovitch2013" class="citation journal cs1">Rabinovitch, Oded (2013). "Chameleons between Science and Literature: Observation, Writing, and the Early Parisian Academy of Sciences in the Literary Field". <i>History of Science</i>. <b>15</b> (1): 47. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013HisSc..51...33R">2013HisSc..51...33R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F007327531305100102">10.1177/007327531305100102</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140879009">140879009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Science&rft.atitle=Chameleons+between+Science+and+Literature%3A+Observation%2C+Writing%2C+and+the+Early+Parisian+Academy+of+Sciences+in+the+Literary+Field&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140879009%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F007327531305100102&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013HisSc..51...33R&rft.aulast=Rabinovitch&rft.aufirst=Oded&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChameleon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_bibliography">General bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li>Le Berre, François; Bartlett, Richard D. (2009). <i>The Chameleon Handbook</i>. Barron's Educational Series. 3rd Edition. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0764141422" title="Special:BookSources/0764141422">0764141422</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/scientists-find-madagascar-chameleon-last-seen-100-years-ago/ar-BB1axLhH?ocid=spartan-ntp-feeds">"Scientists find Madagascar chameleon last seen 100 years ago"</a>. <i>Associated Press</i>. 30 Oct 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Scientists+find+Madagascar+chameleon+last+seen+100+years+ago&rft.date=2020-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msn.com%2Fen-us%2Fnews%2Ftechnology%2Fscientists-find-madagascar-chameleon-last-seen-100-years-ago%2Far-BB1axLhH%3Focid%3Dspartan-ntp-feeds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChameleon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, C. V.; Deban, S. M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2851764">"Ballistic tongue projection in chameleons maintains high performance at low temperature"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>107</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">5495–</span>5499. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PNAS..107.5495A">2010PNAS..107.5495A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0910778107">10.1073/pnas.0910778107</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2851764">2851764</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20212130">20212130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Ballistic+tongue+projection+in+chameleons+maintains+high+performance+at+low+temperature&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5495-%3C%2Fspan%3E5499&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2851764%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20212130&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0910778107&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PNAS..107.5495A&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=C.+V.&rft.au=Deban%2C+S.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2851764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChameleon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, C. V.; Deban, S. M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.078881">"Thermal effects on motor control and <i>in vitro</i> muscle dynamics of the ballistic tongue apparatus in chameleons"</a>. <i>Journal of Experimental Biology</i>. <b>215</b> (24): <span class="nowrap">4345–</span>4357. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.078881">10.1242/jeb.078881</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23125336">23125336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=Thermal+effects+on+motor+control+and+in+vitro+muscle+dynamics+of+the+ballistic+tongue+apparatus+in+chameleons&rft.volume=215&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4345-%3C%2Fspan%3E4357&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.078881&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23125336&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=C.+V.&rft.au=Deban%2C+S.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1242%252Fjeb.078881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChameleon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, C. V.; Sheridan, T.; Deban, S. M. (2012). "Scaling of the ballistic tongue apparatus in chameleons". <i>Journal of Morphology</i>. <b>273</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">1214–</span>1226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjmor.20053">10.1002/jmor.20053</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22730103">22730103</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21033176">21033176</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Morphology&rft.atitle=Scaling+of+the+ballistic+tongue+apparatus+in+chameleons&rft.volume=273&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1214-%3C%2Fspan%3E1226&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21033176%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22730103&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjmor.20053&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=C.+V.&rft.au=Sheridan%2C+T.&rft.au=Deban%2C+S.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChameleon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Davison, Linda J. <i>Chameleons: Their Care and Breeding.</i> Hancock House Publishers, 1997.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">de Groot, J. H.; van Leeuwen, J. L. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691657">"Evidence for an elastic projection mechanism in the chameleon tongue. "</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B</i>. <b>271</b> (1540): <span class="nowrap">761–</span>770. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2003.2637">10.1098/rspb.2003.2637</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691657">1691657</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15209111">15209111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London+B&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+an+elastic+projection+mechanism+in+the+chameleon+tongue.+.&rft.volume=271&rft.issue=1540&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E761-%3C%2Fspan%3E770&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1691657%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15209111&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2003.2637&rft.aulast=de+Groot&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rft.au=van+Leeuwen%2C+J.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1691657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChameleon" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>de Vosjoli, Philippe. <i>Essential Care of Chameleons.</i> Advanced Vivarium Systems, 2004.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Herrel, A.; Meyers, J. J.; Nishikawa, K. C.; De Vree, F. (2001). "Morphology and histochemistry of the hyolingual apparatus in chameleons". <i>Journal of Morphology</i>. <b>249</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">154–</span>170. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjmor.1047">10.1002/jmor.1047</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11466743">11466743</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3246256">3246256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Morphology&rft.atitle=Morphology+and+histochemistry+of+the+hyolingual+apparatus+in+chameleons&rft.volume=249&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E154-%3C%2Fspan%3E170&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3246256%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11466743&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjmor.1047&rft.aulast=Herrel&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Meyers%2C+J.+J.&rft.au=Nishikawa%2C+K.+C.&rft.au=De+Vree%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChameleon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" 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<ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptilia</a></li> <li>Order: <a href="/wiki/Squamata" title="Squamata">Squamata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dibamia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dibamidae" title="Dibamidae">Dibamidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gecko" title="Gecko">Gekkota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gekkonidae" title="Gekkonidae">Gekkonidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carphodactylidae" title="Carphodactylidae">Carphodactylidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplodactylidae" title="Diplodactylidae">Diplodactylidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eublepharidae" title="Eublepharidae">Eublepharidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllodactylidae" title="Phyllodactylidae">Phyllodactylidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygopodidae" title="Pygopodidae">Pygopodidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphaerodactylidae" title="Sphaerodactylidae">Sphaerodactylidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scincoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Scincoidea">Scincoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cordylidae" title="Cordylidae">Cordylidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrhosauridae" title="Gerrhosauridae">Gerrhosauridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skink" title="Skink">Scincidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xantusiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Xantusiidae">Xantusiidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Laterata" class="mw-redirect" title="Laterata">Laterata</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lacertoidea" title="Lacertoidea">Lacertoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lacertidae" title="Lacertidae">Lacertidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gymnophthalmoidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gymnophthalmoidea (page does not exist)">Gymnophthalmoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alopoglossidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alopoglossidae">Alopoglossidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnophthalmidae" title="Gymnophthalmidae">Gymnophthalmidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teiidae" title="Teiidae">Teiidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amphisbaenia" title="Amphisbaenia">Amphisbaenia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphisbaenidae" title="Amphisbaenidae">Amphisbaenidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipedidae" title="Bipedidae">Bipedidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanidae">Blanidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadeidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadeidae">Cadeidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineuridae" title="Rhineuridae">Rhineuridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trogonophidae" title="Trogonophidae">Trogonophidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anguimorpha" title="Anguimorpha">Anguimorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinisauridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinisauridae">Shinisauridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanotidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanthanotidae">Lanthanotidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varanidae" title="Varanidae">Varanidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helodermatidae" title="Helodermatidae">Helodermatidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenosauridae" title="Xenosauridae">Xenosauridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguidae" title="Anguidae">Anguidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anniellidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anniellidae">Anniellidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diploglossidae" title="Diploglossidae">Diploglossidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iguania" class="mw-redirect" title="Iguania">Iguania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agamidae" title="Agamidae">Agamidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamaeleonidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamaeleonidae">Chamaeleonidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corytophanidae" title="Corytophanidae">Corytophanidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotaphytidae" title="Crotaphytidae">Crotaphytidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dactyloidae" title="Dactyloidae">Dactyloidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplocercidae" title="Hoplocercidae">Hoplocercidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguanidae" title="Iguanidae">Iguanidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiocephalidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Leiocephalidae">Leiocephalidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiosauridae" title="Leiosauridae">Leiosauridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liolaemidae" title="Liolaemidae">Liolaemidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opluridae" title="Opluridae">Opluridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrynosomatidae" title="Phrynosomatidae">Phrynosomatidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychrotidae" title="Polychrotidae">Polychrotidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropiduridae" title="Tropiduridae">Tropiduridae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Serpentes" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpentes">Serpentes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scolecophidia" title="Scolecophidia">Scolecophidia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalepididae" title="Anomalepididae">Anomalepididae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrhopilidae" title="Gerrhopilidae">Gerrhopilidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptotyphlopidae" title="Leptotyphlopidae">Leptotyphlopidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhlopidae" title="Typhlopidae">Typhlopidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenotyphlopidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenotyphlopidae">Xenotyphlopidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alethinophidia" title="Alethinophidia">Alethinophidia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrochordidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrochordidae">Acrochordidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aniliidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aniliidae">Aniliidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomochilidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anomochilidae">Anomochilidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atractaspididae" title="Atractaspididae">Atractaspididae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boidae" title="Boidae">Boidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolyeriidae" title="Bolyeriidae">Bolyeriidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colubridae" title="Colubridae">Colubridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylindrophis" title="Cylindrophis">Cylindrophiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elapidae" title="Elapidae">Elapidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxocemidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Loxocemidae">Loxocemidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythonidae" title="Pythonidae">Pythonidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropidophiidae" title="Tropidophiidae">Tropidophiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uropeltidae" title="Uropeltidae">Uropeltidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viper" title="Viper">Viperidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenopeltidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenopeltidae">Xenopeltidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers2972" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers2972" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Chamaeleonidae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37686" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q37686">Q37686</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Chamaeleonidae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Chamaeleonidae">Chamaeleonidae</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=105937">105937</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7ZD">7ZD</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/1723">1723</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1CHMLF">1CHMLF</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:15568">15568</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/995092ba-385c-426b-ad1c-3af453f88325">995092ba-385c-426b-ad1c-3af453f88325</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/9453">9453</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/32805">32805</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=114696">114696</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=208969">208969</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000065901">NHMSYS0000065901</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=40248">40248</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=362825">362825</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=37888">37888</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1435139">1435139</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link 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