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<span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scientific_visualization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_visualization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Scientific visualization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_visualization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_and_information_visualization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_and_information_visualization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Data and information visualization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_and_information_visualization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educational_visualization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_visualization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Educational visualization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational_visualization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Knowledge_visualization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Knowledge_visualization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Knowledge visualization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Knowledge_visualization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Product_visualization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Product_visualization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Product visualization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Product_visualization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Visual communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_analytics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_analytics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Visual analytics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_analytics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Interactivity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interactivity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Interactivity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interactivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Human_control_of_visualization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_control_of_visualization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Human control of visualization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_control_of_visualization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rapid_response_to_human_input" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rapid_response_to_human_input"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Rapid response to human input</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rapid_response_to_human_input-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Visualization (graphics)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A_(%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="تمثيل مرئي (رسوميات) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تمثيل مرئي (رسوميات)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visualitzaci%C3%B3" title="Visualització – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Visualització" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizualizace" title="Vizualizace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vizualizace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visualisierung" title="Visualisierung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Visualisierung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visualiseerimine" title="Visualiseerimine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Visualiseerimine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visualizaci%C3%B3n_(gr%C3%A1fica)" title="Visualización (gráfica) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Visualización (gráfica)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_(%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C)" title="مصورسازی (گرافیک رایانه‌ای) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مصورسازی (گرافیک رایانه‌ای)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EA%B0%81%ED%99%94_(%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%ED%94%BD)" title="시각화 (그래픽) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시각화 (그래픽)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizualizacija_znanja" title="Vizualizacija znanja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vizualizacija znanja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visualisasi" title="Visualisasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Visualisasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA" title="הדמיה ממוחשבת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הדמיה ממוחשבת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83%D1%88%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Көрсетушілік – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Көрсетушілік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizualizacija" title="Vizualizacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vizualizacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visualisasi" title="Visualisasi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Visualisasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visualisatie" title="Visualisatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Visualisatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%A6%96%E5%8C%96" title="可視化 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="可視化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizualizacja" title="Wizualizacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wizualizacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Визуализация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Визуализация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizualizimi" title="Vizualizimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vizualizimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizualizacija_znanja" title="Vizualizacija znanja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vizualizacija znanja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visualisointi" title="Visualisointi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Visualisointi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visualisering" title="Visualisering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Visualisering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89" title="การทำให้เห็นได้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การทำให้เห็นได้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Візуалізація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Візуалізація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%86%E5%8C%96" title="可视化 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="可视化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q451553#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Set of techniques for creating images, diagrams, or animations to communicate a message</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Visualization_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Visualization (disambiguation)">Visualization (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Special:EditPage/Visualization (graphics)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Visualization%22+graphics">"Visualization" graphics</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Visualization%22+graphics+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Visualization%22+graphics&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Visualization%22+graphics+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Visualization%22+graphics">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Visualization%22+graphics&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FAE_visualization.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/FAE_visualization.jpg/250px-FAE_visualization.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/FAE_visualization.jpg/375px-FAE_visualization.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/FAE_visualization.jpg/500px-FAE_visualization.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Visualization of how a car deforms in an asymmetrical crash using <a href="/wiki/Finite_element_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Finite element analysis">finite element analysis</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Visualization</b> (or <b>visualisation</b> (see <a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences#-ise,_-ize_(-isation,_-ization)" title="American and British English spelling differences">spelling differences</a>)), also known as Graphics Visualization, is any technique for creating <a href="/wiki/Image" title="Image">images</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diagram" title="Diagram">diagrams</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animations</a> to communicate a message. Visualization through visual imagery has been an effective way to communicate both abstract and concrete ideas since the dawn of humanity. from history include <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave paintings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a>, Greek <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>'s revolutionary methods of technical drawing for engineering purposes that actively involve scientific requirements. </p><p>Visualization today has ever-expanding applications in science, education, engineering (e.g., product visualization), <a href="/wiki/Interactive_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Interactive visualization">interactive multimedia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical visualization">medicine</a>, etc. Typical of a visualization application is the field of <a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">computer graphics</a>. The invention of computer graphics (and <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D computer graphics</a>) may be the most important development in visualization since the invention of <a href="/wiki/Perspective_projection" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspective projection">central perspective</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> period. The development of <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animation</a> also helped advance visualization. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visualization_(graphics)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PtolemyWorldMap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/PtolemyWorldMap.jpg/250px-PtolemyWorldMap.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/PtolemyWorldMap.jpg/375px-PtolemyWorldMap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/PtolemyWorldMap.jpg/500px-PtolemyWorldMap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1026" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_world_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy world map">Ptolemy world map</a>, reconstituted from Ptolemy's <i>Geographia</i> (circa 150), indicating the countries of "<a href="/wiki/Serica" title="Serica">Serica</a>" and "Sinae" (<a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>) at the extreme right, beyond the island of "Taprobane" (<a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, oversized) and the "Aurea Chersonesus" (<a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian peninsula</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minard%27s_Map_(vectorized).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Minard%27s_Map_%28vectorized%29.svg/250px-Minard%27s_Map_%28vectorized%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Minard%27s_Map_%28vectorized%29.svg/375px-Minard%27s_Map_%28vectorized%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Minard%27s_Map_%28vectorized%29.svg/500px-Minard%27s_Map_%28vectorized%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2023" data-file-height="975" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Minard" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Minard">Charles Minard</a>'s information graphic of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s march</figcaption></figure> <p>The use of visualization to present information is not a new phenomenon. It has been used in maps, scientific drawings, and data plots for over a thousand years. Examples from <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartography</a> include <a href="/wiki/Geographia_(Ptolemy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographia (Ptolemy)">Ptolemy's Geographia</a> (2nd century AD), a map of China (1137 AD), and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Minard" title="Charles Joseph Minard">Minard</a>'s map (1861) of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">invasion of Russia</a> a century and a half ago. Most of the concepts learned in devising these images carry over in a straightforward manner to computer visualization. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Tufte" title="Edward Tufte">Edward Tufte</a> has written three critically acclaimed books that explain many of these principles.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Computer graphics has from its beginning been used to study scientific problems. However, in its early days the lack of graphics power often limited its usefulness. The recent emphasis on visualization started in 1987 with the publication of Visualization in Scientific Computing, a special issue of Computer Graphics.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, there have been several conferences and workshops, co-sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Computer_Society" title="IEEE Computer Society">IEEE Computer Society</a> and <a href="/wiki/ACM_SIGGRAPH" title="ACM SIGGRAPH">ACM SIGGRAPH</a>, devoted to the general topic, and special areas in the field, for example volume visualization. </p><p>Most people are familiar with the digital animations produced to present <a href="/wiki/Meteorological" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteorological">meteorological</a> data during weather reports on <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, though few can distinguish between those models of reality and the <a href="/wiki/Satellite_photo" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite photo">satellite photos</a> that are also shown on such programs. TV also offers scientific visualizations when it shows computer drawn and animated reconstructions of road or airplane accidents. Some of the most popular examples of scientific visualizations are <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_images" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer-generated images">computer-generated images</a> that show real <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a> in action, out in the void far beyond Earth, or on other <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Dynamic forms of visualization, such as <a href="/wiki/Educational_animation" title="Educational animation">educational animation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Timeline" title="Timeline">timelines</a>, have the potential to enhance learning about systems that change over time. </p><p>Apart from the distinction between interactive visualizations and animation, the most useful categorization is probably between abstract and model-based scientific visualizations. The abstract visualizations show completely conceptual constructs in 2D or 3D. These generated shapes are completely arbitrary. The model-based visualizations either place overlays of data on real or digitally constructed images of reality or make a digital construction of a real object directly from the scientific data. </p><p>Scientific visualization is usually done with specialized <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a>, though there are a few exceptions, noted below. Some of these specialized programs have been released as <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a> software, having very often its origins in universities, within an academic environment where sharing software tools and giving access to the source code is common. There are also many <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary software</a> packages of scientific visualization tools. </p><p>Models and frameworks for building visualizations include the <a href="/wiki/Dataflow" title="Dataflow">data flow</a> models popularized by systems such as AVS, IRIS Explorer, and <a href="/wiki/VTK" title="VTK">VTK</a> toolkit, and data state models in spreadsheet systems such as the Spreadsheet for Visualization and Spreadsheet for Images. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visualization_(graphics)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientific_visualization">Scientific visualization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visualization_(graphics)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scientific visualization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rayleigh-Taylor_instability.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Rayleigh-Taylor_instability.jpg/250px-Rayleigh-Taylor_instability.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Rayleigh-Taylor_instability.jpg/375px-Rayleigh-Taylor_instability.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Rayleigh-Taylor_instability.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Simulation of a Raleigh–Taylor instability caused by two mixing <a href="/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">fluids</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scientific_visualization" title="Scientific visualization">Scientific visualization</a></div> <p>As a subject in <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_visualization" title="Scientific visualization">scientific visualization</a> is the use of interactive, sensory representations, typically visual, of abstract data to reinforce <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">hypothesis</a> building, and <a href="/wiki/Reasoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Reasoning">reasoning</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scientific_visualization" title="Scientific visualization">Scientific visualization</a> is the transformation, selection, or representation of data from simulations or experiments, with an implicit or explicit geometric structure, to allow the exploration, analysis, and understanding of the data. Scientific visualization focuses and emphasizes the representation of higher order data using primarily graphics and animation techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a very important part of visualization and maybe the first one, as the visualization of experiments and phenomena is as old as <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> itself. Traditional areas of scientific visualization are <a href="/wiki/Flow_visualization" title="Flow visualization">flow visualization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical visualization">medical visualization</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrophysical_visualization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astrophysical visualization (page does not exist)">astrophysical visualization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Molecular_graphics" title="Molecular graphics">chemical visualization</a>. There are several different techniques to visualize scientific data, with <a href="/wiki/Isosurface" title="Isosurface">isosurface reconstruction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volume_rendering" title="Volume rendering">direct volume rendering</a> being the more common. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_and_information_visualization">Data and information visualization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visualization_(graphics)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Data and information visualization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Data_and_information_visualization" title="Data and information visualization">Data and information visualization</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Infographics" class="mw-redirect" title="Infographics">Infographics</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnabotnet_geovideo_lowres.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Carnabotnet_geovideo_lowres.gif/250px-Carnabotnet_geovideo_lowres.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Carnabotnet_geovideo_lowres.gif/375px-Carnabotnet_geovideo_lowres.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Carnabotnet_geovideo_lowres.gif/500px-Carnabotnet_geovideo_lowres.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption>Relative average utilization of <a href="/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">IPv4</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Data visualization is a related subcategory of visualization dealing with <a href="/wiki/Statistical_graphics" title="Statistical graphics">statistical graphics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geospatial_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Geospatial data">geospatial data</a> (as in <a href="/wiki/Thematic_map" title="Thematic map">thematic cartography</a>) that is abstracted in schematic form.<sup id="cite_ref-MF08_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MF08-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Information visualization concentrates on the use of computer-supported tools to explore large amount of abstract data. The term "information visualization" was originally coined by the User Interface Research Group at Xerox PARC and included <a href="/wiki/Jock_D._Mackinlay" title="Jock D. Mackinlay">Jock Mackinlay</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Practical application of information visualization in computer programs involves selecting, <a href="/wiki/Data_transformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Data transformation">transforming</a>, and representing abstract data in a form that facilitates human interaction for exploration and understanding. Important aspects of information visualization are dynamics of visual representation and the interactivity. Strong techniques enable the user to modify the visualization in real-time, thus affording unparalleled perception of patterns and structural relations in the abstract data in question. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Educational_visualization">Educational visualization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visualization_(graphics)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Educational visualization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Educational visualization is using a <a href="/wiki/Simulation" title="Simulation">simulation</a> to create an image of something so it can be taught about. This is very useful when teaching about a topic that is difficult to otherwise see, for example, <a href="/wiki/Atomic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic structure">atomic structure</a>, because atoms are far too small to be studied easily without expensive and difficult to use scientific equipment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Knowledge_visualization">Knowledge visualization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visualization_(graphics)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Knowledge visualization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of visual representations to transfer knowledge between at least two persons aims to improve the transfer of <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> by using <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> and non-computer-based visualization methods complementarily.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus properly designed visualization is an important part of not only data analysis but knowledge transfer process, too.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Knowledge transfer may be significantly improved using hybrid designs as it enhances information density but may decrease clarity as well. For example, visualization of a 3D <a href="/wiki/Scalar_field" title="Scalar field">scalar field</a> may be implemented using iso-surfaces for field distribution and textures for the gradient of the field.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of such visual formats are <a href="/wiki/Sketch_(drawing)" title="Sketch (drawing)">sketches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diagram" title="Diagram">diagrams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Image" title="Image">images</a>, objects, interactive visualizations, information visualization applications, and imaginary visualizations as in <a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">stories</a>. While information visualization concentrates on the use of computer-supported tools to derive new insights, knowledge visualization focuses on transferring insights and creating new <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Group_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Group (sociology)">groups</a>. Beyond the mere transfer of <a href="/wiki/Fact" title="Fact">facts</a>, knowledge visualization aims to further transfer <a href="/wiki/Insight" title="Insight">insights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Experience" title="Experience">experiences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attitude_(psychology)" title="Attitude (psychology)">attitudes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Value_(personal_and_cultural)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (personal and cultural)">values</a>, <a href="/wiki/Expectation_(epistemic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Expectation (epistemic)">expectations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perspective_(cognitive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspective (cognitive)">perspectives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opinion" title="Opinion">opinions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prediction" title="Prediction">predictions</a> by using various complementary visualizations. See also: <a href="/wiki/Picture_dictionary" title="Picture dictionary">picture dictionary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visual_dictionary" title="Visual dictionary">visual dictionary</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Product_visualization">Product visualization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visualization_(graphics)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Product visualization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://superdna3dlab.com/how-better-3d-product-visualization-reduce-the-risk-of-returns/">Product visualization</a> involves visualization software technology for the viewing and manipulation of 3D models, technical drawing and other related documentation of manufactured components and large assemblies of products. It is a key part of <a href="/wiki/Product_lifecycle_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Product lifecycle management">product lifecycle management</a>. Product visualization software typically provides high levels of photorealism so that a product can be viewed before it is actually manufactured. This supports functions ranging from design and styling to sales and marketing. <i>Technical visualization</i> is an important aspect of product development. Originally <a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">technical drawings</a> were made by hand, but with the rise of advanced <a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">computer graphics</a> the <a href="/wiki/Drawing_board" title="Drawing board">drawing board</a> has been replaced by <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">computer-aided design</a> (CAD). CAD-drawings and models have several advantages over hand-made drawings such as the possibility of <a href="/wiki/3-D_computer_graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="3-D computer graphics">3-D</a> modeling, <a href="/wiki/Rapid_prototyping" title="Rapid prototyping">rapid prototyping</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Simulation" title="Simulation">simulation</a>. 3D product visualization promises more interactive experiences for online shoppers, but also challenges retailers to overcome hurdles in the production of 3D content, as large-scale 3D content production can be extremely costly and time-consuming.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_communication">Visual communication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visualization_(graphics)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Visual communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Visual_communication" title="Visual communication">Visual communication</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a> of <a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">ideas</a> through the visual display of <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a>. Primarily associated with <a href="/wiki/Two_dimensional" class="mw-redirect" title="Two dimensional">two dimensional</a> <a href="/wiki/Image" title="Image">images</a>, it includes: <a href="/wiki/Alphanumeric" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphanumeric">alphanumerics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Information sign">signs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronic</a> resources. Recent research in the field has focused on <a href="/wiki/Web_design" title="Web design">web design</a> and graphically oriented <a href="/wiki/Usability" title="Usability">usability</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_analytics">Visual analytics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visualization_(graphics)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Visual analytics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Visual_analytics" title="Visual analytics">Visual analytics</a> focuses on human interaction with visualization systems as part of a larger process of data analysis. Visual analytics has been defined as "the science of analytical reasoning supported by the interactive visual interface".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its focus is on human information discourse (interaction) within massive, dynamically changing information spaces. Visual analytics research concentrates on support for perceptual and cognitive operations that enable users to detect the expected and discover the unexpected in complex information spaces. </p><p>Technologies resulting from visual analytics find their application in almost all fields, but are being driven by critical needs (and funding) in biology and national security. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactivity">Interactivity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visualization_(graphics)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Interactivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Interactive_data_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Interactive data visualization">Interactive data visualization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interactive_whiteboard" title="Interactive whiteboard">Interactive whiteboard</a></div> <p><b>Interactive visualization</b> or <b>interactive visualisation</b> is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Visualization_(computer_graphics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Visualization (computer graphics)">graphic visualization</a> in <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a> that involves studying how humans interact with computers to create graphic illustrations of information and how this process can be made more efficient. </p><p>For a visualization to be considered interactive it must satisfy two criteria: </p> <ul><li>Human input: control of some aspect of the visual <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge representation">representation</a> of information, or of the information being represented, must be available to a human, and</li> <li>Response time: changes made by the human must be incorporated into the visualization in a timely manner. In general, interactive visualization is considered a <a href="/wiki/Soft_real-time" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft real-time">soft real-time</a> task.</li></ul> <p>One particular type of interactive visualization is <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a> (VR), where the visual representation of information is presented using an immersive display device such as a stereo projector (see <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">stereoscopy</a>). VR is also characterized by the use of a spatial metaphor, where some aspect of the information is represented in three dimensions so that humans can explore the information as if it were present (where instead it was remote), sized appropriately (where instead it was on a much smaller or larger scale than humans can sense directly), or had shape (where instead it might be completely abstract). </p><p>Another type of interactive visualization is collaborative visualization, in which multiple people interact with the same computer visualization to communicate their ideas to each other or to explore information cooperatively. Frequently, collaborative visualization is used when people are physically separated. Using several networked computers, the same visualization can be presented to each person simultaneously. The people then make annotations to the visualization as well as communicate via audio (i.e., telephone), video (i.e., a video-conference), or text (i.e., <a href="/wiki/IRC" title="IRC">IRC</a>) messages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_control_of_visualization">Human control of visualization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visualization_(graphics)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Human control of visualization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Programmer's Hierarchical Interactive Graphics System (<a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">PHIGS</a>) was one of the first programmatic efforts at interactive visualization and provided an enumeration of the types of input humans provide. People can: </p> <ol><li><i>Pick</i> some part of an existing visual representation;</li> <li><i>Locate</i> a point of interest (which may not have an existing representation);</li> <li><i>Stroke</i> a path;</li> <li><i>Choose</i> an option from a list of options;</li> <li><i>Valuate</i> by inputting a number; and</li> <li><i>Write</i> by inputting text.</li></ol> <p>All of these actions require a physical device. Input devices range from the common – <a href="/wiki/Alphanumeric_keyboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphanumeric keyboard">keyboards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mouse_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouse (computing)">mice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graphics_tablet" title="Graphics tablet">graphics tablets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trackball" title="Trackball">trackballs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Touchpad" title="Touchpad">touchpads</a> – to the esoteric – <a href="/wiki/Wired_glove" title="Wired glove">wired gloves</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boom_arm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boom arm (page does not exist)">boom arms</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/Omnidirectional_treadmill" title="Omnidirectional treadmill">omnidirectional treadmills</a>. </p><p>These input actions can be used to control both the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cracksmat.com/blender-crack/">unique information</a> being represented or the way that the information is presented. When the information being presented is altered, the visualization is usually part of a <a href="/wiki/Feedback_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Feedback loop">feedback loop</a>. For example, consider an aircraft avionics system where the pilot inputs roll, pitch, and yaw and the visualization system provides a rendering of the aircraft's new attitude. Another example would be a scientist who changes a simulation while it is running in response to a visualization of its current progress. This is called <i>computational steering</i>. </p><p>More frequently, the representation of the information is changed rather than the information itself. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rapid_response_to_human_input">Rapid response to human input</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visualization_(graphics)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Rapid response to human input"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Experiments have shown that a delay of more than 20 <a href="/wiki/Millisecond" title="Millisecond">ms</a> between when input is provided and a visual representation is updated is noticeable by most people <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Thus it is desirable for an interactive visualization to provide a <a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">rendering</a> based on human input within this time frame. However, when large amounts of data must be processed to create a visualization, this becomes hard or even impossible with current technology. Thus the term "interactive visualization" is usually applied to systems that provide feedback to users within several seconds of input. The term <i>interactive <a href="/wiki/Framerate" class="mw-redirect" title="Framerate">framerate</a></i> is often used to measure how interactive a visualization is. Framerates measure the frequency with which an image (a frame) can be generated by a visualization system. A framerate of 50 frames per second (frame/s) is considered good while 0.1 frame/s would be considered poor. The use of framerates to characterize interactivity is slightly misleading however, since framerate is a measure of <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">bandwidth</a> while humans are more sensitive to <a href="/wiki/Latency_(engineering)" title="Latency (engineering)">latency</a>. Specifically, it is possible to achieve a good framerate of 50 frame/s but if the images generated refer to changes to the visualization that a person made more than 1 second ago, it will not feel interactive to a person. </p><p>The rapid response time required for interactive visualization is a difficult constraint to meet and there are several approaches that have been explored to provide people with rapid visual feedback based on their input. Some include </p> <ol><li><i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_rendering" title="Parallel rendering">Parallel rendering</a></i> – where more than one computer or video card is used simultaneously to render an image. Multiple frames can be rendered at the same time by different computers and the results transferred over the network for display on a single <a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">monitor</a>. This requires each computer to hold a copy of all the information to be rendered and increases bandwidth, but also increases latency. Also, each computer can render a different region of a single frame and send the results over a network for display. This again requires each computer to hold all of the data and can lead to a load imbalance when one computer is responsible for rendering a region of the screen with more information than other computers. Finally, each computer can render an entire frame containing a subset of the information. The resulting images plus the associated <a href="/wiki/Depth_buffer" class="mw-redirect" title="Depth buffer">depth buffer</a> can then be sent across the network and merged with the images from other computers. The result is a single frame containing all the information to be rendered, even though no single computer's memory held all of the information. This is called <i>parallel depth compositing</i> and is used when large amounts of information must be rendered interactively.</li> <li><i>Progressive rendering</i> – where a framerate is guaranteed by rendering some subset of the information to be presented and providing incremental (progressive) improvements to the rendering once the visualization is no longer changing.</li> <li><i>Level-of-detail (<a href="/wiki/Level_of_detail_(computer_graphics)" title="Level of detail (computer graphics)">LOD</a>) rendering</i> – where simplified representations of information are rendered to achieve a desired framerate while a person is providing input and then the full representation is used to generate a still image once the person is through manipulating the visualization. One common variant of LOD rendering is <i><a href="/wiki/Chroma_subsampling" title="Chroma subsampling">subsampling</a>.</i> When the information being represented is stored in a <a href="/wiki/Topology" title="Topology">topologically</a> rectangular array (as is common with <a href="/wiki/Digital_photo" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital photo">digital photos</a>, <a href="/wiki/MRI_scan" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI scan">MRI scans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Finite_difference" title="Finite difference">finite difference</a> simulations), a lower resolution version can easily be generated by skipping <i>n</i> points for each 1 point rendered. Subsampling can also be used to accelerate rendering techniques such as volume visualization that require more than twice the computations for an image twice the size. By rendering a smaller image and then <a href="/wiki/Image_scaling" title="Image scaling">scaling</a> the image to fill the requested screen space, much less time is required to render the same data.</li> <li><i>Frameless rendering</i> – where the visualization is no longer presented as a time series of images, but as a single image where different regions are updated over time.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visualization_(graphics)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_perception" title="Graphical perception">Graphical perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_visualization_ability" title="Spatial visualization ability">Spatial visualization ability</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visualization_(graphics)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Special:EditPage/Visualization (graphics)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. 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.id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTufte1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Tufte" title="Edward Tufte">Tufte, Edward R.</a> (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/envisioninginfor00tuft"><i>Envisioning Information</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0961392118" title="Special:BookSources/0961392118"><bdi>0961392118</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Envisioning+Information&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0961392118&rft.aulast=Tufte&rft.aufirst=Edward+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenvisioninginfor00tuft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisualization+%28graphics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTufte2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Tufte" title="Edward Tufte">Tufte, Edward R.</a> (2001) [1st Pub. 1983]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/visualdisplayofq00tuft"><i>The Visual Display of Quantitative Information</i></a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0961392142" title="Special:BookSources/0961392142"><bdi>0961392142</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Visual+Display+of+Quantitative+Information&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0961392142&rft.aulast=Tufte&rft.aufirst=Edward+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvisualdisplayofq00tuft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisualization+%28graphics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTufte1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Tufte" title="Edward Tufte">Tufte, Edward R.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/visualexplanatio00tuft"><i>Visual Explanations: Images and Quantities, Evidence and Narrative</i></a>. Graphics Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0961392126" title="Special:BookSources/0961392126"><bdi>0961392126</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visual+Explanations%3A+Images+and+Quantities%2C+Evidence+and+Narrative&rft.pub=Graphics+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0961392126&rft.aulast=Tufte&rft.aufirst=Edward+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvisualexplanatio00tuft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisualization+%28graphics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evl.uic.edu/core.php?mod=4&type=3&indi=348">"evl – electronic visualization laboratory"</a>. <i>www.evl.uic.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.evl.uic.edu&rft.atitle=evl+%E2%80%93+electronic+visualization+laboratory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evl.uic.edu%2Fcore.php%3Fmod%3D4%26type%3D3%26indi%3D348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisualization+%28graphics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Scientific Visualization." sciencedaily.com. Science Daily, 2010. Retrieved from web <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/s/scientific_visualization.htm">https://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/s/scientific_visualization.htm</a>. on 17 November 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Scientific Visualization." Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute. Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, n.d. Retrieved from web <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sci.utah.edu/research/visualization.html">http://www.sci.utah.edu/research/visualization.html</a>. on 17 November 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MF08-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MF08_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Friendly" title="Michael Friendly">Michael Friendly</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180926124138/http://www.math.yorku.ca/SCS/Gallery/milestone/milestone.pdf">"Milestones in the history of thematic cartography, statistical graphics, and data visualization"</a>. Project moved to <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://datavis.ca/milestones/">http://datavis.ca/milestones/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Burkhard and Meier, 2004),</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpiła2019" class="citation journal cs1">Opiła, Janusz (1 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fbsrj-2019-0012">"Role of Visualization in a Knowledge Transfer Process"</a>. <i>Business Systems Research Journal</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 164–179. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fbsrj-2019-0012">10.2478/bsrj-2019-0012</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1847-9375">1847-9375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Systems+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=Role+of+Visualization+in+a+Knowledge+Transfer+Process&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=164-179&rft.date=2019-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Fbsrj-2019-0012&rft.issn=1847-9375&rft.aulast=Opi%C5%82a&rft.aufirst=Janusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2478%252Fbsrj-2019-0012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisualization+%28graphics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpilaOpila2018" class="citation book cs1">Opila, J.; Opila, G. (May 2018). "Visualization of computable scalar 3D field using cubic interpolation or kernel density estimation function". <i>2018 41st International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO)</i>. Opatija: IEEE. pp. 0189–0194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.23919%2FMIPRO.2018.8400036">10.23919/MIPRO.2018.8400036</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789532330953" title="Special:BookSources/9789532330953"><bdi>9789532330953</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49640048">49640048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Visualization+of+computable+scalar+3D+field+using+cubic+interpolation+or+kernel+density+estimation+function&rft.btitle=2018+41st+International+Convention+on+Information+and+Communication+Technology%2C+Electronics+and+Microelectronics+%28MIPRO%29&rft.place=Opatija&rft.pages=0189-0194&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.date=2018-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A49640048%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.23919%2FMIPRO.2018.8400036&rft.isbn=9789532330953&rft.aulast=Opila&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Opila%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisualization+%28graphics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slideshare.net/FelixLimper/3d-workflows-in-global-ecommerce-why-your-retail-business-needs-a-3d-ar-strategy-and-how-to-efficiently-realize-it-on-a-large-scale">"3D Workflows in Global E-Commerce"</a>. <i>www.dgg3d.com</i>. 28 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dgg3d.com&rft.atitle=3D+Workflows+in+Global+E-Commerce&rft.date=2020-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2FFelixLimper%2F3d-workflows-in-global-ecommerce-why-your-retail-business-needs-a-3d-ar-strategy-and-how-to-efficiently-realize-it-on-a-large-scale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisualization+%28graphics%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas, J.J., and Cook, K.A. (Eds) (2005). An Illuminated Path: The Research and Development Agenda for Visual Analytics, IEEE Computer Society Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7695-2323-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7695-2323-4">0-7695-2323-4</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visualization_(graphics)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattitiMauro_Brunato2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Battiti" title="Roberto Battiti">Battiti, Roberto</a>; Mauro Brunato (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reactivebusinessintelligence.com/"><i>Reactive Business Intelligence. From Data to Models to Insight</i></a>. Trento, Italy: Reactive Search Srl. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-905795-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-905795-0-9"><bdi>978-88-905795-0-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reactive+Business+Intelligence.+From+Data+to+Models+to+Insight.&rft.place=Trento%2C+Italy&rft.pub=Reactive+Search+Srl&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-88-905795-0-9&rft.aulast=Battiti&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rft.au=Mauro+Brunato&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reactivebusinessintelligence.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisualization+%28graphics%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bederson, Benjamin B., and <a href="/wiki/Ben_Shneiderman" title="Ben Shneiderman">Ben Shneiderman</a>. <i>The Craft of Information Visualization: Readings and Reflections</i>, Morgan Kaufmann, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55860-915-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-55860-915-6">1-55860-915-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_William_S." class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, William S.">Cleveland, William S.</a> (1993). <i>Visualizing Data.</i></li> <li>Cleveland, William S. (1994). <i>The Elements of Graphing Data.</i></li> <li>Charles D. Hansen, Chris Johnson. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Visualization_Handbook" title="The Visualization Handbook">The Visualization Handbook</a>,</i> <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a> (June 2004).</li> <li>Kravetz, Stephen A. and David Womble. ed. Introduction to Bioinformatics. Totowa, N.J. Humana Press, 2003.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackinlay1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jock_D._Mackinlay" title="Jock D. Mackinlay">Mackinlay, Jock D.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/readingsininform00card/page/686"><i>Readings in information visualization: using vision to think</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Stuart_K._Card" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuart K. Card">Card, S. K.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Shneiderman" title="Ben Shneiderman">Ben Shneiderman</a> (eds.). Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/readingsininform00card/page/686">686</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55860-533-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-55860-533-9"><bdi>1-55860-533-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Readings+in+information+visualization%3A+using+vision+to+think&rft.pages=686&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann+Publishers+Inc&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-55860-533-9&rft.aulast=Mackinlay&rft.aufirst=Jock+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freadingsininform00card%2Fpage%2F686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisualization+%28graphics%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Will Schroeder, Ken Martin, Bill Lorensen. <i>The Visualization Toolkit,</i> by August 2004.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Spence_(engineer)" title="Robert Spence (engineer)">Spence, Robert</a> <i>Information Visualization: Design for Interaction (2nd Edition)</i>, Prentice Hall, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-206550-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-206550-9">0-13-206550-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Tufte" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward R. Tufte">Edward R. Tufte</a> (1992). The Visual Display of Quantitative Information</li> <li>Edward R. Tufte (1990). Envisioning Information.</li> <li>Edward R. Tufte (1997). Visual Explanations: Images and Quantities, Evidence and Narrative.</li> <li>Matthew Ward, Georges Grinstein, Daniel Keim. <i>Interactive Data Visualization: Foundations, Techniques, and Applications.</i> (May 2010).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson,_Leland" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilkinson, Leland">Wilkinson, Leland</a>. <i>The Grammar of Graphics,</i> Springer <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-24544-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-24544-8">0-387-24544-8</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visualization_(graphics)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://math.nist.gov/mcsd/savg/vis/index.html">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cc.gatech.edu/scivis/tutorial/tutorial.html">Scientific Visualization Tutorials, Georgia Tech</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/">Scientific Visualization Studio (NASA)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visual-literacy.org/index.html">Visual-literacy.org</a>, (e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visual-literacy.org/periodic_table/periodic_table.html">Periodic Table of Visualization Methods</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Conferences</dt></dl> <p>Many conferences occur where interactive visualization academic papers are presented and published. </p> <ul><li>Amer. Soc. of Information Science and Technology (ASIS&T SIGVIS) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asis.org/SIG/SIGVIS/index.htm">Special Interest Group in Visualization Information and Sound</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acm.org/sigchi/">ACM SIGCHI</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060206183123/http://www.siggraph.org/">ACM SIGGRAPH</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vrst.org/">ACM VRST</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eg.org/">Eurographics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vis.computer.org/">IEEE Visualization</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acm.org/tog/">ACM Transactions on Graphics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computer.org/tvcg/">IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Visualization" title="Template:Visualization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Visualization" title="Template talk:Visualization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Visualization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Visualization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Visualization_of_technical_information" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Visualization</a> of technical information</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_data_visualization" title="Biological data visualization">Biological data visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_imaging" title="Chemical imaging">Chemical imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_mapping" title="Crime mapping">Crime mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Data visualization">Data visualization</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Educational visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_visualization" title="Flow visualization">Flow visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geovisualization" title="Geovisualization">Geovisualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Information visualization">Information visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_diagram" title="Mathematical diagram">Mathematical visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_graphics" title="Molecular graphics">Molecular graphics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Product visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_visualization" title="Scientific visualization">Scientific visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_visualization" title="Social visualization">Social visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_visualization" title="Software visualization">Software visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_interface_design" title="User interface design">User interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_culture" title="Visual culture">Visual culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_rendering" title="Volume rendering">Volume visualization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Image <br />types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chart" title="Chart">Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagram" title="Diagram">Diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_drawing" title="Engineering drawing">Engineering drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_of_a_function" title="Graph of a function">Graph of a function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_(graphics)" title="Plot (graphics)">Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankey_diagram" title="Sankey diagram">Sankey diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schematic" title="Schematic">Schematic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_formula" title="Skeletal formula">Skeletal formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_graphics" title="Statistical graphics">Statistical graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_(information)" title="Table (information)">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_illustration" title="Technical illustration">Technical illustration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Edmond Halley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Ren%C3%A9_de_Fourcroy" title="Charles-René de Fourcroy">Charles-René de Fourcroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Monge" title="Gaspard Monge">Gaspard Monge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dupin" title="Charles Dupin">Charles Dupin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet">Adolphe Quetelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Michel_Guerry" title="André-Michel Guerry">André-Michel Guerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Playfair" title="William Playfair">William Playfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Kekul%C3%A9" title="August Kekulé">August Kekulé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Minard" title="Charles Joseph Minard">Charles Joseph Minard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Perozzo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luigi Perozzo (page does not exist)">Luigi Perozzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Amasa_Walker" title="Francis Amasa Walker">Francis Amasa Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Venn" title="John Venn">John Venn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Byrne_(mathematician)" title="Oliver Byrne (mathematician)">Oliver Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henry_Phineas_Riall_Sankey" title="Matthew Henry Phineas Riall Sankey">Matthew Sankey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Booth_(social_reformer)" title="Charles Booth (social reformer)">Charles Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Georg_von_Mayr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georg von Mayr (page does not exist)">Georg von Mayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Snow" title="John Snow">John Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale" title="Florence Nightingale">Florence Nightingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Pohlke" title="Karl Wilhelm Pohlke">Karl Wilhelm Pohlke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Loua" title="Toussaint Loua">Toussaint Loua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Walter_Maunder" title="Edward Walter Maunder">Edward Walter Maunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Neurath" title="Otto Neurath">Otto Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gantt" title="Henry Gantt">Henry Gantt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lyon_Bowley" title="Arthur Lyon Bowley">Arthur Lyon Bowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_G._Funkhouser" title="Howard G. Funkhouser">Howard G. Funkhouser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Peddle" title="John B. Peddle">John B. Peddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejnar_Hertzsprung" title="Ejnar Hertzsprung">Ejnar Hertzsprung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Norris_Russell" title="Henry Norris Russell">Henry Norris Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_O._Lorenz" title="Max O. Lorenz">Max O. Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kahn" title="Fritz Kahn">Fritz Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Beck" title="Harry Beck">Harry Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Raisz" title="Erwin Raisz">Erwin Raisz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mid 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bertin" title="Jacques Bertin">Jacques Bertin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Modley" title="Rudolf Modley">Rudolf Modley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Robinson" title="Arthur H. Robinson">Arthur H. Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John Tukey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Eleanor_Spear" title="Mary Eleanor Spear">Mary Eleanor Spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Anderson" title="Edgar Anderson">Edgar Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_T._Fisher" title="Howard T. Fisher">Howard T. Fisher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borden_Dent" title="Borden Dent">Borden Dent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Holmes" title="Nigel Holmes">Nigel Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Cleveland" title="William S. Cleveland">William S. Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_G._Robertson" title="George G. Robertson">George G. Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_H._McCormick" title="Bruce H. McCormick">Bruce H. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Plaisant" title="Catherine Plaisant">Catherine Plaisant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Card" title="Stuart Card">Stuart Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Hanrahan" title="Pat Hanrahan">Pat Hanrahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Tufte" title="Edward Tufte">Edward Tufte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shneiderman" title="Ben Shneiderman">Ben Shneiderman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Friendly" title="Michael Friendly">Michael Friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Wainer" title="Howard Wainer">Howard Wainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_A._Pickover" title="Clifford A. Pickover">Clifford A. Pickover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_J._Rosenblum" title="Lawrence J. Rosenblum">Lawrence J. Rosenblum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._DeFanti" title="Thomas A. DeFanti">Thomas A. DeFanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Furnas" title="George Furnas">George Furnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheelagh_Carpendale" title="Sheelagh Carpendale">Sheelagh Carpendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Brewer" title="Cynthia Brewer">Cynthia Brewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jock_D._Mackinlay" title="Jock D. Mackinlay">Jock D. Mackinlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_MacEachren" title="Alan MacEachren">Alan MacEachren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Goodsell" title="David Goodsell">David Goodsell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwan-Liu_Ma" title="Kwan-Liu Ma">Kwan-Liu Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Maltz" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Maltz">Michael Maltz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leland_Wilkinson" title="Leland Wilkinson">Leland Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Inselberg" title="Alfred Inselberg">Alfred Inselberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early 21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polo_Chau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polo Chau (page does not exist)">Polo Chau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Fry" title="Ben Fry">Ben Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Heer" title="Jeffrey Heer">Jeffrey Heer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Hullman" title="Jessica Hullman">Jessica Hullman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Kindlmann" title="Gordon Kindlmann">Gordon Kindlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Koblin" title="Aaron Koblin">Aaron Koblin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martin_Krzywinski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martin Krzywinski (page does not exist)">Martin Krzywinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_R._Johnson" title="Christopher R. Johnson">Christopher R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lima" title="Manuel Lima">Manuel Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McCandless" title="David McCandless">David McCandless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Martino" title="Mauro Martino">Mauro Martino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maeda" title="John Maeda">John Maeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriah_Meyer" title="Miriah Meyer">Miriah Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Munzner" title="Tamara Munzner">Tamara Munzner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ade_Olufeko" class="mw-redirect" title="Ade Olufeko">Ade Olufeko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanspeter_Pfister" title="Hanspeter Pfister">Hanspeter Pfister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Rosling" title="Hans Rosling">Hans Rosling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Silva_(computer_scientist)" title="Claudio Silva (computer scientist)">Claudio Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Stefaner" title="Moritz Stefaner">Moritz Stefaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernanda_Vi%C3%A9gas" title="Fernanda Viégas">Fernanda Viégas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_M._Wattenberg" title="Martin M. Wattenberg">Martin Wattenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Wong" title="Bang Wong">Bang Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadley_Wickham" title="Hadley Wickham">Hadley Wickham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartjunk" title="Chartjunk">Chartjunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_coding_in_data_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Color coding in data visualization">Color coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Computer graphics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics_(computer_science)" title="Computer graphics (computer science)">in computer science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPK_coloring" title="CPK coloring">CPK coloring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_drawing" title="Graph drawing">Graph drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_organizer" title="Graphic organizer">Graphic organizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaging_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Imaging science">Imaging science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infographic" title="Infographic">Information graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misleading_graph" title="Misleading graph">Misleading graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_drawing" title="Patent drawing">Patent drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_modelling" title="Scientific modelling">Scientific modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_analysis" title="Spatial analysis">Spatial analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_analytics" title="Visual analytics">Visual analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_cartography" title="Volume cartography">Volume cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_rendering" title="Volume rendering">Volume rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_art" title="Information art">Information art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Computer_science" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Computer_science" title="Template:Computer science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Computer_science" title="Template talk:Computer science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Computer_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Computer science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Computer_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Note: This template roughly follows the 2012 <a href="/wiki/ACM_Computing_Classification_System" title="ACM Computing Classification System">ACM Computing Classification System</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">Peripheral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Scale_Integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Very Large Scale Integration">Very Large Scale Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">Systems on Chip (SoCs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_computing" title="Green computing">Energy consumption (Green computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_size_categories" title="List of computer size categories">Size</a> / <a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(design)" title="Form factor (design)">Form</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computer systems organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Computer architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity" title="Computational complexity">Computational complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependability" title="Dependability">Dependability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">Real-time computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_architecture" title="Network architecture">Network architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Network protocol">Network protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">Network components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_scheduler" title="Network scheduler">Network scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_performance" title="Network performance">Network performance evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_service" title="Network service">Network service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">Interpreter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">Middleware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">Virtual machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_theory" title="Programming language theory">Software notations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compiler_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiler construction">Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">Domain-specific language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">Software framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Software library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_repository" title="Software repository">Software repository</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_variable_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Control variable (programming)">Control variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_construction" title="Software construction">Software construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_team" title="Programming team">Programming team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">Theory of computation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">Model of computation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_computing" title="Stochastic computing">Stochastic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_language" title="Formal language">Formal language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">Automata theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computability_theory" title="Computability theory">Computability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory" title="Computational complexity theory">Computational complexity theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_computer_science" title="Logic in computer science">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">Algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_algorithms" title="Analysis of algorithms">Analysis of algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_efficiency" title="Algorithmic efficiency">Algorithmic efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_algorithm" title="Randomized algorithm">Randomized algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_geometry" title="Computational geometry">Computational geometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mathematics of <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_mathematics" title="Discrete mathematics">Discrete mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">Probability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_software" title="Mathematical software">Mathematical software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_analysis" title="Mathematical analysis">Mathematical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">Numerical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_computer_science" title="Theoretical computer science">Theoretical computer science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">Information systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Information storage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_information_system" title="Enterprise information system">Enterprise information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_software" title="Social software">Social information systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_support_system" title="Decision support system">Decision support system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Process control">Process control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_database" title="Multimedia database">Multimedia information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">Data mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Computing platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_marketing" title="Digital marketing">Digital marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">Information retrieval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_hacker" title="Security hacker">Security hacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_service_(telecommunication)" title="Security service (telecommunication)">Security services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrusion_detection_system" title="Intrusion detection system">Intrusion detection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_security" title="Hardware security">Hardware security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_security" title="Network security">Network security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">Information security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_security" title="Application security">Application security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_computing" title="Social computing">Social computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_accessibility" title="Computer accessibility">Accessibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">Concurrency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">Concurrent computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Automated planning and scheduling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">Search methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_artificial_intelligence" title="Distributed artificial intelligence">Distributed artificial intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">Supervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsupervised_learning" title="Unsupervised learning">Unsupervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-task_learning" title="Multi-task learning">Multi-task learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-validation_(statistics)" title="Cross-validation (statistics)">Cross-validation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Graphics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">Rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_reality" title="Mixed reality">Mixed reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_modeling" title="Solid modeling">Solid modeling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applied computing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum Computing">Quantum Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">E-commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_software" title="Enterprise software">Enterprise software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_mathematics" title="Computational mathematics">Computational mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_physics" title="Computational physics">Computational physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">Computational 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