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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stationary_trackballs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stationary_trackballs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Stationary trackballs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stationary_trackballs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engelbart's_first_"mouse"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engelbart's_first_"mouse""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Engelbart's first "mouse"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engelbart's_first_"mouse"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_rolling-ball_mouse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_rolling-ball_mouse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>First rolling-ball mouse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_rolling-ball_mouse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_mice_on_personal_computers_and_workstations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_mice_on_personal_computers_and_workstations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>First mice on personal computers and workstations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_mice_on_personal_computers_and_workstations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Operation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gestures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gestures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Gestures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gestures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specific_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Specific uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mechanical_mice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical_mice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mechanical mice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical_mice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optical_and_laser_mice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optical_and_laser_mice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Optical and laser mice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optical_and_laser_mice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inertial_and_gyroscopic_mice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inertial_and_gyroscopic_mice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Inertial and gyroscopic mice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inertial_and_gyroscopic_mice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-3D_mice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3D_mice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>3D mice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-3D_mice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transfer_function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transfer_function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Transfer function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transfer_function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Device_stiffness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Device_stiffness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Device stiffness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Device_stiffness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotonic_3D_mice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotonic_3D_mice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Isotonic 3D mice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotonic_3D_mice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isometric_3D_mice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isometric_3D_mice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.4</span> <span>Isometric 3D mice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isometric_3D_mice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elastic_3D_mice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elastic_3D_mice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.5</span> <span>Elastic 3D mice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elastic_3D_mice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Force_feedback" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Force_feedback"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.6</span> <span>Force feedback</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Force_feedback-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactile_mice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactile_mice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Tactile mice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tactile_mice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pucks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pucks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Pucks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pucks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ergonomic_mice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ergonomic_mice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Ergonomic mice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ergonomic_mice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaming_mice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaming_mice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Gaming mice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaming_mice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Connectivity_and_communication_protocols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connectivity_and_communication_protocols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Connectivity and communication protocols</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Connectivity_and_communication_protocols-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Connectivity and communication protocols subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Connectivity_and_communication_protocols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_mice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_mice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Early mice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_mice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serial_interface_and_protocol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serial_interface_and_protocol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Serial interface and protocol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serial_interface_and_protocol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apple_Desktop_Bus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apple_Desktop_Bus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Apple Desktop Bus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apple_Desktop_Bus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PS/2_interface_and_protocol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PS/2_interface_and_protocol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>PS/2 interface and protocol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PS/2_interface_and_protocol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-USB" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#USB"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>USB</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-USB-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cordless_or_wireless" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cordless_or_wireless"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Cordless or wireless</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cordless_or_wireless-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operating_system_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operating_system_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Operating system support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operating_system_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multiple-mouse_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple-mouse_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Multiple-mouse systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple-mouse_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buttons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buttons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Buttons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buttons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scrolling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scrolling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Scrolling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scrolling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Speed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Speed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mousepads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mousepads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Mousepads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mousepads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_marketplace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_marketplace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>In the marketplace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_marketplace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Use in games</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use_in_games-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use in games subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use_in_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First-person_shooters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First-person_shooters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>First-person shooters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First-person_shooters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home_consoles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_consoles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Home consoles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_consoles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 132 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-132" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">132 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muis_(rekenaar)" title="Muis (rekenaar) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Muis (rekenaar)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maus_(Computer)" title="Maus (Computer) – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Maus (Computer)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%AD%E1%8C%A6" title="አይጦ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አይጦ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B8" title="माउस – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="माउस" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8" title="فأرة حاسوب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فأرة حاسوب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF" title="Մկնիկ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մկնիկ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9A" title="কম্পিউটাৰ মাউচ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কম্পিউটাৰ মাউচ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat%C3%B3n_(inform%C3%A1tica)" title="Ratón (informática) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ratón (informática)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atos_pamipitcikan" title="Atos pamipitcikan – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Atos pamipitcikan" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B8" title="माउस – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="माउस" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A7an_(komp%C3%BCter)" title="Siçan (kompüter) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Siçan (kompüter)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ماوس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ماوس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B8" title="কম্পিউটার মাউস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কম্পিউটার মাউস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%CC%8Dt-chh%C3%AD" title="Ku̍t-chhí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ku̍t-chhí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%E2%80%99%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Камп’ютарная мыш – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Камп’ютарная мыш" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Кампутарная мыш – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кампутарная мыш" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%80)" title="Мишка (хардуер) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мишка (хардуер)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%A1_(hardver)" title="Miš (hardver) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Miš (hardver)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logodenn_(stlenneg)" title="Logodenn (stlenneg) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Logodenn (stlenneg)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratol%C3%AD_(ordinador)" title="Ratolí (ordinador) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ratolí (ordinador)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%8D%C3%ADta%C4%8Dov%C3%A1_my%C5%A1" title="Počítačová myš – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Počítačová myš" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llygoden_(cyfrifiaduro)" title="Llygoden (cyfrifiaduro) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llygoden (cyfrifiaduro)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computermus" title="Computermus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Computermus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computermaus" title="Computermaus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Computermaus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvutihiir" title="Arvutihiir – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Arvutihiir" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%B9_(%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%82)" title="Ποντίκι (υπολογιστές) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ποντίκι (υπολογιστές)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat%C3%B3n_(inform%C3%A1tica)" title="Ratón (informática) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ratón (informática)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komputila_muso" title="Komputila muso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Komputila muso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagu_(ordenagailua)" title="Sagu (ordenagailua) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sagu (ordenagailua)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ماوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souris_(informatique)" title="Souris (informatique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Souris (informatique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luch%C3%B3g_(r%C3%ADomhaireacht)" title="Luchóg (ríomhaireacht) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Luchóg (ríomhaireacht)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rato_(inform%C3%A1tica)" title="Rato (informática) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rato (informática)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%B0_%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%B8" title="કોમ્પ્યુટર માઉસ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કોમ્પ્યુટર માઉસ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="마우스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마우스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF" title="Մկնիկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մկնիկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B8" title="माउस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="माउस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunalni_mi%C5%A1" title="Računalni miš – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Računalni miš" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informatik-apuntilo" title="Informatik-apuntilo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Informatik-apuntilo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetikus" title="Tetikus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tetikus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus_(informatica)" title="Mus (informatica) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mus (informatica)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-mouse_yekhompyutha" title="I-mouse yekhompyutha – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-mouse yekhompyutha" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isikhwence" title="Isikhwence – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isikhwence" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6lvum%C3%BAs" title="Tölvumús – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tölvumús" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mouse" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%A8_(%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91)" title="עכבר (מחשב) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עכבר (מחשב)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetikus" title="Tetikus – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tetikus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98)" title="მაუსი (კომპიუტერი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაუსი (კომპიუტერი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%88%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80)" title="Тышқан (компьютер) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тышқан (компьютер)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipanya_(kompyuta)" title="Kipanya (kompyuta) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kipanya (kompyuta)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%88%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Компьютер шыр – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Компьютер шыр" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souri_(enf%C3%B2matik)" title="Souri (enfòmatik) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Souri (enfòmatik)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%9Fk_(am%C3%BBr)" title="Mişk (amûr) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mişk (amûr)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80)" title="Чычкан (компьютер) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чычкан (компьютер)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BB%8C" title="ເມົາສ໌ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເມົາສ໌" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus_(computatralis)" title="Mus (computatralis) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mus (computatralis)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datorpele" title="Datorpele – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Datorpele" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computermaus" title="Computermaus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Computermaus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompiuterio_pel%C4%97" title="Kompiuterio pelė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kompiuterio pelė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratto_(informatica)" title="Ratto (informatica) – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Ratto (informatica)" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moes_(computer)" title="Moes (computer) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Moes (computer)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mp%C3%B3ko_(es%C3%A1lela)" title="Mpóko (esálela) – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mpóko (esálela)" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/samsmacu" title="samsmacu – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="samsmacu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mouse" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eg%C3%A9r_(sz%C3%A1m%C3%ADt%C3%A1stechnika)" title="Egér (számítástechnika) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Egér (számítástechnika)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B8" title="माउस – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="माउस" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Сметачко глувче – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сметачко глувче" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="മൗസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മൗസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B8" title="माउस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="माउस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98)" title="ჭუკია (კომპიუტერი) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჭუკია (კომპიუტერი)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ماوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ماوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B3" title="مأوس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مأوس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetikus" title="Tetikus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tetikus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamoncik" title="Tamoncik – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Tamoncik" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%B9%B3%CC%84-bi%C4%95u" title="Chṳ̄-biĕu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Chṳ̄-biĕu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Компьютерын хулгана – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Компьютерын хулгана" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_(%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC)" title="မောက်စ် (ကွန်ပျူတာ) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မောက်စ် (ကွန်ပျူတာ)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muis_(computer)" title="Muis (computer) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Muis (computer)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B8" title="माउस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="माउस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B8" title="माउस – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="माउस" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9_(%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF)" title="マウス (コンピュータ) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マウス (コンピュータ)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datamus" title="Datamus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Datamus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datamus" title="Datamus – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Datamus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirga_(ordinator)" title="Mirga (ordinator) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mirga (ordinator)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Коляиге – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Коляиге" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%B8" title="ମାଉସ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମାଉସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompyuter_sichqoni" title="Kompyuter sichqoni – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kompyuter sichqoni" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%B8" title="ਮਾਊਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਊਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giarin" title="Giarin – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Giarin" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muus_(Reekner)" title="Muus (Reekner) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Muus (Reekner)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysz_komputerowa" title="Mysz komputerowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mysz komputerowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BD_(%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%82)" title="Πεντικόν (υπολογιστές) – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Πεντικόν (υπολογιστές)" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rato_(inform%C3%A1tica)" title="Rato (informática) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rato (informática)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mouse" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anta%C3%B1iqiq_ukucha" title="Antañiqiq ukucha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Antañiqiq ukucha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8C" title="Компьютерная мышь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Компьютерная мышь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="मूषकम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मूषकम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱢᱟᱣᱩᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱣᱩᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B2righe_(inform%C3%A0tica)" title="Sòrighe (informàtica) – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Sòrighe (informàtica)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miu_kompjuterik" title="Miu kompjuterik – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Miu kompjuterik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mouse" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Computer mouse" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%85%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%BD%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ڪمپيوٽر مائوس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪمپيوٽر مائوس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%C5%A1_(hardv%C3%A9r)" title="Myš (hardvér) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Myš (hardvér)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunalni%C5%A1ka_mi%C5%A1ka" title="Računalniška miška – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Računalniška miška" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ماوس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماوس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%88" title="Рачунарски миш – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рачунарски миш" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kompjuterski_mi%C5%A1" title="Kompjuterski miš – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kompjuterski miš" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beubeuritan" title="Beubeuritan – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Beubeuritan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiiri_(osoitinlaite)" title="Hiiri (osoitinlaite) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hiiri (osoitinlaite)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datormus" title="Datormus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Datormus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_ng_kompyuter" title="Mouse ng kompyuter – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mouse ng kompyuter" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="சுட்டி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சுட்டி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="మౌస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మౌస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="เมาส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เมาส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мушвора – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мушвора" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fare_(bilgisayar)" title="Fare (bilgisayar) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fare (bilgisayar)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%27%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Комп'ютерна миша – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Комп'ютерна миша" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%B3" title="کمپیوٹر ماؤس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کمپیوٹر ماؤس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aennou" title="Aennou – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Aennou" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mouse" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu%E1%BB%99t_(m%C3%A1y_t%C3%ADnh)" title="Chuột (máy tính) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chuột (máy tính)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sori_(%C3%A9ndjolike)" title="Sori (éndjolike) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sori (éndjolike)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kookooche%27er%C3%BC_(aj%C3%BCtt%C3%BCleepala)" title="Kookooche'erü (ajüttüleepala) – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Kookooche'erü (ajüttüleepala)" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BC%A0%E6%A8%99" title="鼠標 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鼠標" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mouse" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BC%A0%E6%A0%87" title="鼠标 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="鼠标" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%99%D7%96_(%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8)" title="מויז (קאמפיוטער) – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מויז (קאמפיוטער)" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BB%91%E9%BC%A0" title="滑鼠 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="滑鼠" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the item of computer hardware. For the pointer or cursor it controls, see <a href="/wiki/Cursor_(user_interface)#Pointer" title="Cursor (user interface)">Cursor (user interface) § Pointer</a>. For the animal, see <a href="/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse">Mouse</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3-Tasten-Maus_Microsoft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/3-Tasten-Maus_Microsoft.jpg/220px-3-Tasten-Maus_Microsoft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/3-Tasten-Maus_Microsoft.jpg/330px-3-Tasten-Maus_Microsoft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/3-Tasten-Maus_Microsoft.jpg/440px-3-Tasten-Maus_Microsoft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="701" /></a><figcaption>A computer mouse with the most common features: two buttons (left and right) and a scroll wheel (which can also function as a button when pressed inwards)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_computer_mouse,_black_and_white,_retouched,_keyboard_visible_in_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/A_computer_mouse%2C_black_and_white%2C_retouched%2C_keyboard_visible_in_background.jpg/220px-A_computer_mouse%2C_black_and_white%2C_retouched%2C_keyboard_visible_in_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/A_computer_mouse%2C_black_and_white%2C_retouched%2C_keyboard_visible_in_background.jpg/330px-A_computer_mouse%2C_black_and_white%2C_retouched%2C_keyboard_visible_in_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/A_computer_mouse%2C_black_and_white%2C_retouched%2C_keyboard_visible_in_background.jpg/440px-A_computer_mouse%2C_black_and_white%2C_retouched%2C_keyboard_visible_in_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>A typical wireless computer mouse</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>computer mouse</b> (plural <b>mice</b>, also <b>mouses</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-NB_Plural_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB_Plural-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a hand-held <a href="/wiki/Pointing_device" title="Pointing device">pointing device</a> that detects <a href="/wiki/Plane_(mathematics)" title="Plane (mathematics)">two-dimensional</a> motion relative to a surface. This motion is typically translated into the motion of the <a href="/wiki/Cursor_(user_interface)#Pointer" title="Cursor (user interface)">pointer</a> (called a cursor) on a <a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">display</a>, which allows a smooth control of the <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a>. </p><p>The first public demonstration of a mouse controlling a computer system was done by <a href="/wiki/Doug_Engelbart" class="mw-redirect" title="Doug Engelbart">Doug Engelbart</a> in 1968 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_All_Demos" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of All Demos">Mother of All Demos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mice originally used two separate wheels to directly track movement across a surface: one in the x-dimension and one in the Y. Later, the standard design shifted to use a ball rolling on a surface to detect motion, in turn connected to internal rollers. Most modern mice use <a href="/wiki/Optical_mouse" title="Optical mouse">optical movement detection</a> with no moving parts. Though originally all mice were connected to a computer by a cable, many modern mice are cordless, relying on short-range radio communication with the connected system. </p><p>In addition to moving a <a href="/wiki/Cursor_(user_interface)" title="Cursor (user interface)">cursor</a>, computer mice have one or more <a href="/wiki/Mouse_button" title="Mouse button">buttons</a> to allow operations such as the selection of a menu item on a display. Mice often also feature other elements, such as touch surfaces and <a href="/wiki/Scroll_wheel" title="Scroll wheel">scroll wheels</a>, which enable additional control and dimensional input. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8C_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8C_2.jpg/220px-%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8C_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8C_2.jpg/330px-%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8C_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8C_2.jpg/440px-%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8C_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2479" data-file-height="1309" /></a><figcaption>A computer mouse is named for its resemblance to the <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodent</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest known written use of the term <i>mouse</i> or mice in reference to a computer pointing device is in <a href="/wiki/Bill_English_(computer_engineer)" title="Bill English (computer engineer)">Bill English</a>'s July 1965 publication, "Computer-Aided Display Control".<sup id="cite_ref-English_1965_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-English_1965-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This likely originated from its resemblance to the shape and size of a <a href="/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse">mouse</a>, with the cord resembling its <a href="/wiki/Tail" title="Tail">tail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bardini_2000_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bardini_2000-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popularity of wireless mice without cords makes the resemblance less obvious. </p><p>According to Roger Bates, a hardware designer under English, the term also came about because the <a href="/wiki/Cursor_(user_interface)" title="Cursor (user interface)">cursor</a> on the screen was, for an unknown reason, referred to as "CAT" and was seen by the team as if it would be chasing the new desktop device.<sup id="cite_ref-Markoff_2005_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markoff_2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Markoff_2013_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markoff_2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The plural for the small rodent is always "mice" in modern usage. The plural for a computer mouse is either "mice" or "mouses" according to most dictionaries, with "mice" being more common.<sup id="cite_ref-oxdic_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxdic-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first recorded plural usage is "mice"; the online <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionaries_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionaries (website)">Oxford Dictionaries</a></i> cites a 1984 use, and earlier uses include <a href="/wiki/J._C._R._Licklider" title="J. C. R. Licklider">J. C. R. Licklider</a>'s "The Computer as a Communication Device" of 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History<span class="anchor" id="X-_and_Y-_Position_Indicator"></span></h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stationary_trackballs">Stationary trackballs</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Trackball" title="Trackball">trackball</a>, a related pointing device, was invented in 1946 by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Benjamin" title="Ralph Benjamin">Ralph Benjamin</a> as part of a post-<a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>-era <a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">fire-control</a> <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> plotting system called the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Display_System" title="Comprehensive Display System">Comprehensive Display System</a> (CDS). Benjamin was then working for the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> Scientific Service. Benjamin's project used <a href="/wiki/Analog_computer" title="Analog computer">analog computers</a> to calculate the future position of target aircraft based on several initial input points provided by a user with a <a href="/wiki/Joystick" title="Joystick">joystick</a>. Benjamin felt that a more elegant <a href="/wiki/Input_device" title="Input device">input device</a> was needed and invented what they called a "roller ball" for this purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-Copping_2013_Benjamin_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Copping_2013_Benjamin-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hill_2005_Benjamin_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill_2005_Benjamin-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The device was patented in 1947,<sup id="cite_ref-Hill_2005_Benjamin_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hill_2005_Benjamin-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but only a prototype using a metal ball rolling on two rubber-coated wheels was ever built, and the device was kept as a military secret.<sup id="cite_ref-Copping_2013_Benjamin_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Copping_2013_Benjamin-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another early trackball was built by <a href="/wiki/Kenyon_Taylor" title="Kenyon Taylor">Kenyon Taylor</a>, a British <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineer</a> working in collaboration with Tom Cranston and Fred Longstaff. Taylor was part of the original <a href="/wiki/Ferranti_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferranti Canada">Ferranti Canada</a>, working on the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Royal Canadian Navy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/DATAR" title="DATAR">DATAR</a> (Digital Automated Tracking and Resolving) system in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-Vardalas_1994_DATAR_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vardalas_1994_DATAR-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DATAR was similar in concept to Benjamin's display. The trackball used four disks to pick up motion, two each for the X and Y directions. Several rollers provided mechanical support. When the ball was rolled, the pickup discs spun and contacts on their outer rim made periodic contact with wires, producing pulses of output with each movement of the ball. By counting the pulses, the physical movement of the ball could be determined. A <a href="/wiki/Computer#Vacuum_tubes_and_digital_electronic_circuits" title="Computer">digital computer</a> calculated the tracks and sent the resulting data to other ships in a task force using <a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">pulse-code modulation</a> radio signals. This trackball used a standard Canadian <a href="/wiki/Five-pin_bowling" title="Five-pin bowling">five-pin bowling</a> ball. It was not patented, since it was a secret military project.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engelbart's_first_"mouse""><span id="Engelbart.27s_first_.22mouse.22"></span>Engelbart's first "mouse"</h3></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Engelbart"></span></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Firstmouseunderside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2d/Firstmouseunderside.jpg/220px-Firstmouseunderside.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2d/Firstmouseunderside.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Inventor <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart" title="Douglas Engelbart">Douglas Engelbart</a> holding the first computer mouse,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showing the wheels that make contact with the working surface</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart" title="Douglas Engelbart">Douglas Engelbart</a> of the Stanford Research Institute (now <a href="/wiki/SRI_International" title="SRI International">SRI International</a>) has been credited in published books by <a href="/wiki/Thierry_Bardini" title="Thierry Bardini">Thierry Bardini</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bardini_2000_2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bardini_2000_2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ceruzzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Ceruzzi">Paul Ceruzzi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ceruzzi_2012_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ceruzzi_2012-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Howard_Rheingold" title="Howard Rheingold">Howard Rheingold</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Rheingold_2000_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rheingold_2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and several others<sup id="cite_ref-Lyon_1998_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyon_1998-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hey_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hey-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Atkinson_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atkinson-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the inventor of the computer mouse. Engelbart was also recognized as such in various obituary titles after his death in July 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-Khazan_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khazan-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Markoff_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markoff-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arnold_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arnold-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chappell_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chappell-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1963, Engelbart had already established a research lab at SRI, the <a href="/wiki/Augmentation_Research_Center" title="Augmentation Research Center">Augmentation Research Center</a> (ARC), to pursue his objective of developing both hardware and software computer technology to "augment" human intelligence. That November, while attending a conference on computer graphics in <a href="/wiki/Reno,_Nevada" title="Reno, Nevada">Reno, Nevada</a>, Engelbart began to ponder how to adapt the underlying principles of the <a href="/wiki/Planimeter" title="Planimeter">planimeter</a> to inputting X- and Y-coordinate data.<sup id="cite_ref-Bardini_2000_2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bardini_2000_2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 November 1963, he first recorded his thoughts in his personal notebook about something he initially called a "<a href="/wiki/Bug_(computer_mouse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bug (computer mouse)">bug</a>", which is a "3-point" form could have a "drop point and 2 orthogonal wheels".<sup id="cite_ref-Markoff_2005_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markoff_2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bardini_2000_2_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bardini_2000_2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He wrote that the "bug" would be "easier" and "more natural" to use, and unlike a stylus, it would stay still when let go, which meant it would be "much better for coordination with the keyboard".<sup id="cite_ref-Bardini_2000_2_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bardini_2000_2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Computer_mouse_prototype_bottom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Computer_mouse_prototype_bottom.jpg/220px-Computer_mouse_prototype_bottom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Computer_mouse_prototype_bottom.jpg/330px-Computer_mouse_prototype_bottom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Computer_mouse_prototype_bottom.jpg/440px-Computer_mouse_prototype_bottom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="962" /></a><figcaption>Bottom view of a replica of the Engelbart mouse</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1964, <a href="/wiki/Bill_English_(computer_engineer)" title="Bill English (computer engineer)">Bill English</a> joined ARC, where he helped Engelbart build the first mouse prototype.<sup id="cite_ref-Bardini_2000_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bardini_2000-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They christened the device the <i>mouse</i> as early models had a cord attached to the rear part of the device which looked like a tail, and in turn, resembled the common <a href="/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse">mouse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Roger Bates, a hardware designer under English, another reason for choosing this name was because the cursor on the screen was also referred to as "CAT" at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-Markoff_2005_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markoff_2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Markoff_2013_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markoff_2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As noted above, this "mouse" was first mentioned in print in a July 1965 report, on which English was the lead author.<sup id="cite_ref-OED_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OED-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bardini_2000_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bardini_2000-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-English_1965_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-English_1965-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 December 1968, Engelbart publicly demonstrated the mouse at what would come to be known as <a href="/wiki/The_Mother_of_All_Demos" title="The Mother of All Demos">The Mother of All Demos</a>. Engelbart never received any royalties for it, as his employer SRI held the patent, which expired before the mouse became widely used in personal computers.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any event, the invention of the mouse was just a small part of Engelbart's much larger project of augmenting human intellect.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mouse-patents-englebart-rid.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Mouse-patents-englebart-rid.png/220px-Mouse-patents-englebart-rid.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Mouse-patents-englebart-rid.png/330px-Mouse-patents-englebart-rid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Mouse-patents-englebart-rid.png/440px-Mouse-patents-englebart-rid.png 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption>Early mouse patents. From left to right: Opposing track wheels by Engelbart, November 1970, <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3541541">U.S. patent 3,541,541</a></span>. Ball and Wheel by <i>Rider</i>, September 1974, <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3835464">U.S. patent 3,835,464</a></span>. Ball and two rollers with spring by Opocensky, October 1976, <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3987685">U.S. patent 3,987,685</a></span></figcaption></figure> <p>Several other experimental pointing-devices developed for Engelbart's oN-Line System (<a href="/wiki/NLS_(computer_system)" title="NLS (computer system)">NLS</a>) exploited different body movements – for example, head-mounted devices attached to the chin or nose – but ultimately the mouse won out because of its speed and convenience.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first mouse, a bulky device (pictured) used two <a href="/wiki/Potentiometer" title="Potentiometer">potentiometers</a> perpendicular to each other and connected to wheels: the rotation of each wheel translated into motion along one <a href="/wiki/Coordinate_system" title="Coordinate system">axis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of the "Mother of All Demos", Engelbart's group had been using their second-generation, 3-button mouse for about a year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_rolling-ball_mouse">First rolling-ball mouse</h3></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Rollkugel"></span></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Telefunken_Rollkugel_RKS_100-86.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Telefunken_Rollkugel_RKS_100-86.jpg/220px-Telefunken_Rollkugel_RKS_100-86.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Telefunken_Rollkugel_RKS_100-86.jpg/330px-Telefunken_Rollkugel_RKS_100-86.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Telefunken_Rollkugel_RKS_100-86.jpg/440px-Telefunken_Rollkugel_RKS_100-86.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3529" data-file-height="2397" /></a><figcaption>The ball-based <a href="/wiki/Telefunken" title="Telefunken">Telefunken</a> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rollkugelsteuerung</i></span> <i>RKS 100-86</i> from 1968</figcaption></figure> <p>On 2 October 1968, three years after Engelbart's prototype but more than two months before his public <a href="/wiki/The_Mother_of_All_Demos" title="The Mother of All Demos">demo</a>, a mouse device named <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rollkugelsteuerung</i></span></i> (German for "Trackball control") was shown in a sales brochure by the German company <a href="/wiki/AEG_(German_company)" title="AEG (German company)">AEG</a>-<a href="/wiki/Telefunken" title="Telefunken">Telefunken</a> as an optional input device for the SIG 100 vector graphics terminal, part of the system around their process computer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Telefunken_TR_86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telefunken TR 86 (page does not exist)">TR 86</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Telefunken_TR_440&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telefunken TR 440 (page does not exist)">TR 440</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/TR_440" class="extiw" title="de:TR 440">de</a>]</span> main frame.<sup id="cite_ref-Neubauer_1968_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neubauer_1968-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CHM_SIG-100_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHM_SIG-100-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Telefunken_1971_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telefunken_1971-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bülow_2009_Rollkugel_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bülow_2009_Rollkugel-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on an even earlier trackball device, the mouse device had been developed by the company in 1966 in what had been a parallel and <a href="/wiki/Independent_discovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent discovery">independent discovery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bülow_2009_Rollkugel_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bülow_2009_Rollkugel-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HNF_2016_Blog_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HNF_2016_Blog-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the name suggests and unlike Engelbart's mouse, the Telefunken model already had a ball (diameter 40 mm, weight 40 g<sup id="cite_ref-Yacoub-Turfa-Maurer_2016_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yacoub-Turfa-Maurer_2016-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and two mechanical 4-bit<sup id="cite_ref-Yacoub-Turfa-Maurer_2016_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yacoub-Turfa-Maurer_2016-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mueller_2018_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mueller_2018-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rotational <a href="/wiki/Position_transducer" class="mw-redirect" title="Position transducer">position transducers</a><sup id="cite_ref-Yacoub-Turfa-Maurer_2016_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yacoub-Turfa-Maurer_2016-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Steinbach_2018_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinbach_2018-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mueller_2018_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mueller_2018-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Gray_code" title="Gray code">Gray code</a>-like<sup id="cite_ref-Yacoub-Turfa-Maurer_2016_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yacoub-Turfa-Maurer_2016-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mueller_2018_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mueller_2018-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NB_Rollkugel_Encoder_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NB_Rollkugel_Encoder-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> states, allowing easy movement in any direction.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebner_2018_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebner_2018-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bits remained stable for at least two successive states to relax <a href="/wiki/Debouncing" class="mw-redirect" title="Debouncing">debouncing</a> requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-Yacoub-Turfa-Maurer_2016_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yacoub-Turfa-Maurer_2016-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mueller_2018_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mueller_2018-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This arrangement was chosen so that the data could also be transmitted to the TR 86 front-end process computer and over longer distance <a href="/wiki/Telex_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Telex line">telex lines</a> with <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 50 <a href="/wiki/Baud" title="Baud">baud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Steinbach_2018_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinbach_2018-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weighing 465 grams (16.4 oz), the device with a total height of about 7 cm (2.8 in) came in a <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 12 cm (4.7 in) diameter hemispherical injection-molded thermoplastic casing featuring one central push button.<sup id="cite_ref-Yacoub-Turfa-Maurer_2016_38-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yacoub-Turfa-Maurer_2016-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Telefunken_Rollkugel_RKS_100-86_(bottom).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Telefunken_Rollkugel_RKS_100-86_%28bottom%29.jpg/220px-Telefunken_Rollkugel_RKS_100-86_%28bottom%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Telefunken_Rollkugel_RKS_100-86_%28bottom%29.jpg/330px-Telefunken_Rollkugel_RKS_100-86_%28bottom%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Telefunken_Rollkugel_RKS_100-86_%28bottom%29.jpg/440px-Telefunken_Rollkugel_RKS_100-86_%28bottom%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2588" /></a><figcaption>The bottom side of the Telefunken <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rollkugel</i></span> <i>RKS 100-86</i> shows the ball</figcaption></figure> <p>As noted above, the device was based on an earlier trackball-like device (also named <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Rollkugel_(trackball_device)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rollkugel (trackball device)">Rollkugel</a></i></span></i>) that was embedded into radar flight control desks.<sup id="cite_ref-HNF_2016_Blog_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HNF_2016_Blog-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This trackball had been originally developed by a team led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainer_Mallebrein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rainer Mallebrein (page does not exist)">Rainer Mallebrein</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Mallebrein" class="extiw" title="de:Rainer Mallebrein">de</a>]</span> at Telefunken <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Konstanz</i></span> for the German <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundesanstalt_f%C3%BCr_Flugsicherung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bundesanstalt für Flugsicherung (page does not exist)">Bundesanstalt für Flugsicherung</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesanstalt_f%C3%BCr_Flugsicherung" class="extiw" title="de:Bundesanstalt für Flugsicherung">de</a>]</span></i></span></i> (Federal Air Traffic Control). It was part of the corresponding workstation system SAP 300 and the terminal SIG 3001, which had been designed and developed since 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-Steinbach_2018_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinbach_2018-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Development for the TR 440 main frame began in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-Telefunken_1966_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telefunken_1966-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Steinbach_2018_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinbach_2018-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to the development of the TR 86 process computer system with its SIG 100-86<sup id="cite_ref-Bülow_2009_Rollkugel_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bülow_2009_Rollkugel-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CHM_SIG-100_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHM_SIG-100-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> terminal. Inspired by a discussion with a university customer, Mallebrein came up with the idea of "reversing" the existing <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rollkugel</i></span> trackball into a moveable mouse-like device in 1966,<sup id="cite_ref-Steinbach_2018_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinbach_2018-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so that customers did not have to be bothered with mounting holes for the earlier trackball device. The device was finished in early 1968,<sup id="cite_ref-Steinbach_2018_40-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinbach_2018-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and together with <a href="/wiki/Light_pen" title="Light pen">light pens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trackball" title="Trackball">trackballs</a>, it was commercially offered as an optional input device for their system starting later that year.<sup id="cite_ref-Neubauer_1968_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neubauer_1968-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CHM_SIG-100_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHM_SIG-100-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Telefunken_1971_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telefunken_1971-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Telefunken_1972_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telefunken_1972-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all customers opted to buy the device, which added costs of <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">DM</a> 1,500 per piece to the already up to 20-million DM deal for the main frame, of which only a total of 46 systems were sold or leased.<sup id="cite_ref-Bülow_2009_Rollkugel_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bülow_2009_Rollkugel-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holland_2019_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holland_2019-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were installed at more than 20 German universities including <a href="/wiki/RWTH_Aachen" class="mw-redirect" title="RWTH Aachen">RWTH Aachen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Berlin" title="Technische Universität Berlin">Technische Universität Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Stuttgart" title="University of Stuttgart">University of Stuttgart</a><sup id="cite_ref-Vaihingen_2016_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaihingen_2016-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Borchers_2016_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borchers_2016-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Konstanz" title="University of Konstanz">Konstanz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebner_2018_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebner_2018-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rollkugel</i></span> mice installed at the <a href="/wiki/Leibniz_Supercomputing_Centre" title="Leibniz Supercomputing Centre">Leibniz Supercomputing Centre</a> in Munich in 1972 are well preserved in a museum,<sup id="cite_ref-Bülow_2009_Rollkugel_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bülow_2009_Rollkugel-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OldMouse_Telefunken_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OldMouse_Telefunken-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HNF_2016_Blog_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HNF_2016_Blog-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two others survived in a museum at Stuttgart University,<sup id="cite_ref-Vaihingen_2016_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaihingen_2016-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Yacoub-Turfa-Maurer_2016_38-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yacoub-Turfa-Maurer_2016-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HNF_2016_Blog_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HNF_2016_Blog-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two in Hamburg, the one from Aachen at the <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a> in the US,<sup id="cite_ref-CHM_RKS-100_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHM_RKS-100-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HNF_2016_Blog_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HNF_2016_Blog-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and yet another sample was recently donated to the <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Nixdorf_MuseumsForum" title="Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum">Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum</a> (HNF) in Paderborn.<sup id="cite_ref-HNF_2019_Presentation_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HNF_2019_Presentation-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holland_2019_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holland_2019-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anecdotal reports claim that Telefunken's attempt to patent the device was rejected by the German Patent Office due to lack of inventiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-HNF_2016_Blog_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HNF_2016_Blog-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ebner_2018_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebner_2018-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holland_2019_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holland_2019-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Steinbach_2018_40-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinbach_2018-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the air traffic control system, the Mallebrein team had already developed a precursor to <a href="/wiki/Touch_screen" class="mw-redirect" title="Touch screen">touch screens</a> in form of an ultrasonic-curtain-based pointing device in front of the display.<sup id="cite_ref-Steinbach_2018_40-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinbach_2018-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1970, they developed a device named "<a href="/wiki/Touchinput" class="mw-redirect" title="Touchinput">Touchinput</a>-<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Einrichtung</i></span>" ("touch input device") based on a conductively coated glass screen.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebner_2018_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebner_2018-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Steinbach_2018_40-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinbach_2018-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_mice_on_personal_computers_and_workstations">First mice on personal computers and workstations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hil-mouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hil-mouse.jpg/220px-Hil-mouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hil-mouse.jpg/330px-Hil-mouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hil-mouse.jpg/440px-Hil-mouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1907" data-file-height="1209" /></a><figcaption>HP-HIL Mouse from 1984</figcaption></figure> <p><span class="anchor" id="Xerox_Alto"></span>The <a href="/wiki/Xerox_Alto" title="Xerox Alto">Xerox Alto</a> was one of the first computers designed for individual use in 1973 and is regarded as the first modern computer to use a mouse.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Kay" title="Alan Kay">Alan Kay</a> designed the 16-by-16 mouse cursor icon with its left edge vertical and right edge 45-degrees so it displays well on the bitmap.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="anchor" id="Lilith"></span>Inspired by <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Palo Alto Research Center">PARC</a>'s Alto, the <a href="/wiki/Lilith_(computer)" title="Lilith (computer)">Lilith</a>, a computer which had been developed by a team around <a href="/wiki/Niklaus_Wirth" title="Niklaus Wirth">Niklaus Wirth</a> at <a href="/wiki/ETH_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="ETH Zürich">ETH Zürich</a> between 1978 and 1980, provided a mouse as well. <span class="anchor" id="Xerox_Star"></span>The third marketed version of an integrated mouse shipped as a part of a computer and intended for personal computer navigation came with the <a href="/wiki/Xerox_Star" title="Xerox Star">Xerox 8010 Star</a> in 1981. </p><p>By 1982, the Xerox 8010 was probably the best-known computer with a mouse. The <a href="/wiki/Sun-1" title="Sun-1">Sun-1</a> also came with a mouse, and the forthcoming <a href="/wiki/Apple_Lisa" title="Apple Lisa">Apple Lisa</a> was rumored to use one, but the peripheral remained obscure; Jack Hawley of The Mouse House reported that one buyer for a large organization believed at first that his company sold <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">lab mice</a>. Hawley, who manufactured mice for Xerox, stated that "Practically, I have the market all to myself right now"; a Hawley mouse cost $415.<sup id="cite_ref-markoff19820510_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-markoff19820510-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1982, <a href="/wiki/Logitech" title="Logitech">Logitech</a> introduced the P4 Mouse at the Comdex trade show in Las Vegas, its first hardware mouse.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> made the decision to make the <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> program <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Word" title="Microsoft Word">Microsoft Word</a> mouse-compatible, and developed the first PC-compatible mouse. The <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Mouse" title="Microsoft Mouse">Microsoft Mouse</a> shipped in 1983, thus beginning the <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_hardware" title="Microsoft hardware">Microsoft Hardware</a> division of the company.<sup id="cite_ref-mshw_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mshw-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the mouse remained relatively obscure until the appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_128K" title="Macintosh 128K">Macintosh 128K</a> (which included an updated version of the single-button<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Apple_Mouse#Lisa_Mouse_(A9M0050)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Mouse">Lisa Mouse</a>) in 1984,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of the <a href="/wiki/Amiga_1000" title="Amiga 1000">Amiga 1000</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atari_ST" title="Atari ST">Atari ST</a> in 1985. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Point_and_click" title="Point and click">Point and click</a></div> <p>A mouse typically controls the motion of a <a href="/wiki/Pointer_(user_interface)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pointer (user interface)">pointer</a> in two dimensions in a graphical user interface (GUI). The mouse turns movements of the hand backward and forward, left and right into equivalent electronic signals that in turn are used to move the pointer. </p><p>The relative movements of the mouse on the surface are applied to the position of the pointer on the screen, which signals the point where actions of the user take place, so hand movements are replicated by the pointer.<sup id="cite_ref-dummies_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dummies-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clicking or pointing (stopping movement while the cursor is within the bounds of an area) can select files, programs or actions from a list of names, or (in graphical interfaces) through small images called "icons" and other elements. For example, a text file might be represented by a picture of a paper notebook and clicking while the cursor points at this icon might cause a text editing program to open the file in a window. </p><p>Different ways of operating the mouse cause specific things to happen in the GUI:<sup id="cite_ref-dummies_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dummies-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Point: stop the motion of the pointer while it is inside the boundaries of what the user wants to interact with. This act of pointing is what the "<a href="/wiki/Pointer_(user_interface)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pointer (user interface)">pointer</a>" and "pointing device" are named after. In web design lingo, pointing is referred to as "hovering". This usage spread to web programming and Android programming, and is now found in many contexts.</li> <li>Click: pressing and releasing a button. <ul><li>(left) <a href="/wiki/Point_and_click" title="Point and click">Single-click</a>: clicking the main button.</li> <li>(left) <a href="/wiki/Double-click" title="Double-click">Double-click</a>: clicking the button two times in quick succession counts as a different gesture than two separate single clicks.</li> <li>(left) <a href="/wiki/Triple-click" title="Triple-click">Triple-click</a>: clicking the button three times in quick succession counts as a different gesture than three separate single clicks. Triple clicks are far less common in traditional navigation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-click" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-click">Right-click</a>: clicking the secondary button. In modern applications, this frequently opens a <a href="/wiki/Context_menu" title="Context menu">context menu</a>.</li> <li>Middle-click: clicking the tertiary button. In most cases, this is also the scroll wheel.</li> <li>Clicking the fourth button.</li> <li>Clicking the fifth button.</li> <li>The USB standard defines up to 65535 distinct buttons for mice and other such devices,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although in practice buttons above 3 are rarely implemented.</li></ul></li> <li>Drag: pressing and holding a button, and moving the mouse before releasing the button. This is frequently used to move or copy files or other objects via <a href="/wiki/Drag_and_drop" title="Drag and drop">drag and drop</a>; other uses include selecting text and drawing in graphics applications.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouse_chording" title="Mouse chording">Mouse button chording</a> or chord clicking: <ul><li>Clicking with more than one button simultaneously.</li> <li>Clicking while simultaneously typing a letter on the keyboard.</li> <li>Clicking and rolling the mouse wheel simultaneously.</li></ul></li> <li>Clicking while holding down a <a href="/wiki/Modifier_key" title="Modifier key">modifier key</a>.</li> <li>Moving the pointer a long distance: When a practical limit of mouse movement is reached, one lifts up the mouse, brings it to the opposite edge of the working area while it is held above the surface, and then lowers it back onto the working surface. This is often not necessary, because acceleration software detects fast movement, and moves the pointer significantly faster in proportion than for slow mouse motion.</li> <li>Multi-touch: this method is similar to a multi-touch touchpad on a laptop with support for tap input for multiple fingers, the most famous example being the Apple <a href="/wiki/Magic_Mouse" title="Magic Mouse">Magic Mouse</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gestures">Gestures</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pointing_device_gesture" title="Pointing device gesture">Pointing device gesture</a></div><p>Gestural interfaces have become an integral part of modern computing, allowing users to interact with their devices in a more intuitive and natural way. In addition to traditional pointing-and-clicking actions, users can now employ gestural inputs to issue commands or perform specific actions. These stylized motions of the mouse cursor, known as "gestures", have the potential to enhance user experience and streamline workflow. </p><p>To illustrate the concept of gestural interfaces, let's consider a drawing program as an example. In this scenario, a user can employ a gesture to delete a shape on the canvas. By rapidly moving the mouse cursor in an "x" motion over the shape, the user can trigger the command to delete the selected shape. This gesture-based interaction enables users to perform actions quickly and efficiently without relying solely on traditional input methods. </p><p>While gestural interfaces offer a more immersive and interactive user experience, they also present challenges. One of the primary difficulties lies in the requirement of finer motor control from users. Gestures demand precise movements, which can be more challenging for individuals with limited dexterity or those who are new to this mode of interaction. </p><p>However, despite these challenges, gestural interfaces have gained popularity due to their ability to simplify complex tasks and improve efficiency. Several gestural conventions have become widely adopted, making them more accessible to users. One such convention is the drag and drop gesture, which has become pervasive across various applications and platforms. </p><p>The drag and drop gesture is a fundamental gestural convention that enables users to manipulate objects on the screen seamlessly. It involves a series of actions performed by the user: </p> <ol><li>Pressing the mouse button while the cursor hovers over an interface object.</li> <li>Moving the cursor to a different location while holding the button down.</li> <li>Releasing the mouse button to complete the action.</li></ol> <p>This gesture allows users to transfer or rearrange objects effortlessly. For instance, a user can drag and drop a picture representing a file onto an image of a trash can, indicating the intention to delete the file. This intuitive and visual approach to interaction has become synonymous with organizing digital content and simplifying file management tasks. </p><p>In addition to the drag and drop gesture, several other semantic gestures have emerged as standard conventions within the gestural interface paradigm. These gestures serve specific purposes and contribute to a more intuitive user experience. Some of the notable semantic gestures include: </p> <ul><li>Crossing-based goal: This gesture involves crossing a specific boundary or threshold on the screen to trigger an action or complete a task. For example, swiping across the screen to unlock a device or confirm a selection.</li> <li>Menu traversal: Menu traversal gestures facilitate navigation through hierarchical menus or options. Users can perform gestures such as swiping or scrolling to explore different menu levels or activate specific commands.</li> <li>Pointing: Pointing gestures involve positioning the mouse cursor over an object or element to interact with it. This fundamental gesture enables users to select, click, or access contextual menus.</li> <li>Mouseover (pointing or hovering): Mouseover gestures occur when the cursor is positioned over an object without clicking. This action often triggers a visual change or displays additional information about the object, providing users with real-time feedback.</li></ul> <p>These standard semantic gestures, along with the drag and drop convention, form the building blocks of gestural interfaces, allowing users to interact with digital content using intuitive and natural movements.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specific_uses">Specific uses</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Digitalizador_de_tablero.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Digitalizador_de_tablero.jpg/220px-Digitalizador_de_tablero.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Digitalizador_de_tablero.jpg/330px-Digitalizador_de_tablero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Digitalizador_de_tablero.jpg/440px-Digitalizador_de_tablero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2780" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Digitizer_mouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Digitizer mouse">Digitizer mouse</a> (puck)</figcaption></figure> <p>At the end of 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Digitizer_mouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Digitizer mouse">digitizer mice</a> (puck) with <a href="/wiki/Magnifying_glass" title="Magnifying glass">magnifying glass</a> was used with <a href="/wiki/AutoCAD" title="AutoCAD">AutoCAD</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Digitization" title="Digitization">digitizations</a> of <a href="/wiki/Blueprint" title="Blueprint">blueprints</a>. </p><p>Other uses of the mouse's input occur commonly in special application domains. In interactive <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">three-dimensional graphics</a>, the mouse's motion often translates directly into changes in the virtual objects' or camera's orientation. For example, in the first-person shooter genre of games (see below), players usually employ the mouse to control the direction in which the virtual player's "head" faces: moving the mouse up will cause the player to look up, revealing the view above the player's head. A related function makes an image of an object rotate so that all sides can be examined. 3D design and animation software often modally chord many different combinations to allow objects and cameras to be rotated and moved through space with the few axes of movement mice can detect. </p><p>When mice have more than one button, the software may assign different functions to each button. Often, the primary (leftmost in a <a href="/wiki/Handedness" title="Handedness">right-handed</a> configuration) button on the mouse will select items, and the secondary (rightmost in a right-handed) button will bring up a menu of alternative actions applicable to that item. For example, on platforms with more than one button, the <a href="/wiki/Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</a> web browser will follow a link in response to a primary button click, will bring up a contextual menu of alternative actions for that link in response to a secondary-button click, and will often open the link in a new <a href="/wiki/Tab_(GUI)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tab (GUI)">tab</a> or <a href="/wiki/Window_(computing)" title="Window (computing)">window</a> in response to a click with the tertiary (middle) mouse button. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanical_mice">Mechanical mice</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: left"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mouse_mechanism_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mouse_mechanism_diagram.svg/220px-Mouse_mechanism_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mouse_mechanism_diagram.svg/330px-Mouse_mechanism_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mouse_mechanism_diagram.svg/440px-Mouse_mechanism_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1924" data-file-height="1457" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Operating an opto-mechanical mouse <ol><li>Moving the mouse turns the ball.</li> <li>X and Y rollers grip the ball and transfer movement.</li> <li>Optical <a href="/wiki/Incremental_encoder" title="Incremental encoder">encoding</a> disks include light holes.</li> <li>Infrared <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">LEDs</a> shine through the disks.</li> <li>Sensors gather light pulses to convert to X and Y vectors.</li></ol></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The German company <a href="/wiki/Telefunken" title="Telefunken">Telefunken</a> published on their early ball mouse on 2 October 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-Bülow_2009_Rollkugel_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bülow_2009_Rollkugel-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telefunken's mouse was sold as optional equipment for their computer systems. <a href="/wiki/William_English_(computer_engineer)" class="mw-redirect" title="William English (computer engineer)">Bill English</a>, builder of Engelbart's original mouse,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> created a ball mouse in 1972 while working for <a href="/wiki/PARC_(company)" title="PARC (company)">Xerox PARC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ball mouse replaced the external wheels with a single ball that could rotate in any direction. It came as part of the hardware package of the <a href="/wiki/Xerox_Alto" title="Xerox Alto">Xerox Alto</a> computer. Perpendicular <a href="/wiki/Optical_chopper" title="Optical chopper">chopper wheels</a> housed inside the mouse's body chopped beams of light on the way to light sensors, thus detecting in their turn the motion of the ball. This variant of the mouse resembled an inverted <a href="/wiki/Trackball" title="Trackball">trackball</a> and became the predominant form used with <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a> throughout the 1980s and 1990s. The Xerox PARC group also settled on the modern technique of using both hands to type on a full-size keyboard and grabbing the mouse when required. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Logitechms48.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Logitechms48.jpg/220px-Logitechms48.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Logitechms48.jpg/330px-Logitechms48.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Logitechms48.jpg/440px-Logitechms48.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A mechanical mouse with the top cover removed. The scroll wheel is gray, to the right of the ball.</figcaption></figure> <p>The ball mouse has two freely rotating rollers. These are located 90 degrees apart. One roller detects the forward-backward motion of the mouse and the other the left-right motion. Opposite the two rollers is a third one (white, in the photo, at 45 degrees) that is spring-loaded to push the ball against the other two rollers. Each roller is on the same shaft as an <a href="/wiki/Incremental_encoder" title="Incremental encoder">encoder</a> wheel that has slotted edges; the slots interrupt infrared light beams to generate electrical pulses that represent wheel movement. Each wheel's disc has a pair of light beams, located so that a given beam becomes interrupted or again starts to pass light freely when the other beam of the pair is about halfway between changes. </p><p>Simple logic circuits interpret the relative timing to indicate which direction the wheel is rotating. This <a href="/wiki/Incremental_encoder" title="Incremental encoder">incremental rotary encoder</a> scheme is sometimes called quadrature encoding of the wheel rotation, as the two optical sensors produce signals that are in approximately <a href="/wiki/Quadrature_phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrature phase">quadrature phase</a>. The mouse sends these signals to the computer system via the mouse cable, directly as logic signals in very old mice such as the Xerox mice, and via a data-formatting IC in modern mice. The driver software in the system converts the signals into motion of the mouse cursor along X and Y axes on the computer screen. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HawleyMarkIImice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/HawleyMarkIImice.jpg/220px-HawleyMarkIImice.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/HawleyMarkIImice.jpg/330px-HawleyMarkIImice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/HawleyMarkIImice.jpg/440px-HawleyMarkIImice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3908" data-file-height="2602" /></a><figcaption>Hawley Mark II Mice from the Mouse House</figcaption></figure> <p>The ball is mostly steel, with a precision spherical rubber surface. The weight of the ball, given an appropriate working surface under the mouse, provides a reliable grip so the mouse's movement is transmitted accurately. Ball mice and wheel mice were manufactured for Xerox by Jack Hawley, doing business as The Mouse House in Berkeley, California, starting in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-hawley_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hawley-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on another invention by Jack Hawley, proprietor of the Mouse House, <a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a> produced another type of mechanical mouse.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of a ball, it had two wheels rotating at off axes. <a href="/wiki/Key_Tronic" title="Key Tronic">Key Tronic</a> later produced a similar product.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern computer mice took form at the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale_de_Lausanne" title="École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne">École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne</a> (EPFL) under the inspiration of Professor <a href="/wiki/Jean-Daniel_Nicoud" title="Jean-Daniel Nicoud">Jean-Daniel Nicoud</a> and at the hands of <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Watchmaker" title="Watchmaker">watchmaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Guignard" title="André Guignard">André Guignard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new design incorporated a single hard rubber mouseball and three buttons, and remained a common design until the mainstream adoption of the scroll-wheel mouse during the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1985, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Sommer" title="René Sommer">René Sommer</a> added a <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a> to Nicoud's and Guignard's design.<sup id="cite_ref-wrs_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wrs-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through this innovation, Sommer is credited with inventing a significant component of the mouse, which made it more "intelligent";<sup id="cite_ref-wrs_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wrs-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though optical mice from <a href="/wiki/Mouse_Systems" title="Mouse Systems">Mouse Systems</a> had incorporated microprocessors by 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another type of mechanical mouse, the "analog mouse" (now generally regarded as obsolete), uses <a href="/wiki/Potentiometer" title="Potentiometer">potentiometers</a> rather than encoder wheels, and is typically designed to be <a href="/wiki/Plug_compatible" title="Plug compatible">plug compatible</a> with an analog joystick. The "Color Mouse", originally marketed by <a href="/wiki/RadioShack" title="RadioShack">RadioShack</a> for their <a href="/wiki/TRS-80_Color_Computer" title="TRS-80 Color Computer">Color Computer</a> (but also usable on <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> machines equipped with analog joystick ports, provided the software accepted joystick input) was the best-known example. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optical_and_laser_mice">Optical and laser mice</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HP_Mouse_M-U0031-O-1681.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/HP_Mouse_M-U0031-O-1681.jpg/220px-HP_Mouse_M-U0031-O-1681.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/HP_Mouse_M-U0031-O-1681.jpg/330px-HP_Mouse_M-U0031-O-1681.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/HP_Mouse_M-U0031-O-1681.jpg/440px-HP_Mouse_M-U0031-O-1681.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3730" data-file-height="2098" /></a><figcaption>The underside of an optical mouse</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Optical_mouse" title="Optical mouse">Optical mouse</a></div> <p>Early optical mice relied entirely on one or more <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">light-emitting diodes</a> (LEDs) and an imaging array of <a href="/wiki/Photodiode" title="Photodiode">photodiodes</a> to detect movement relative to the underlying surface, eschewing the internal moving parts a mechanical mouse uses in addition to its optics. A laser mouse is an optical mouse that uses coherent (laser) light. </p><p>The earliest optical mice detected movement on pre-printed mousepad surfaces, whereas the modern LED optical mouse works on most opaque diffuse surfaces; it is usually unable to detect movement on specular surfaces like polished stone. Laser diodes provide good resolution and precision, improving performance on opaque specular surfaces. Later, more surface-independent optical mice use an optoelectronic sensor (essentially, a tiny low-resolution video camera) to take successive images of the surface on which the mouse operates. Battery powered, wireless optical mice flash the LED intermittently to save power, and only glow steadily when movement is detected. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inertial_and_gyroscopic_mice">Inertial and gyroscopic mice</h3></div> <p>Often called "air mice" since they do not require a surface to operate, inertial mice use a tuning fork or other <a href="/wiki/Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer">accelerometer</a> (US Patent 4787051<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) to detect rotary movement for every axis supported. The most common models (manufactured by Logitech and Gyration) work using 2 degrees of rotational freedom and are insensitive to spatial translation. The user requires only small wrist rotations to move the cursor, reducing user fatigue or "<a href="/wiki/Gorilla_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorilla arm">gorilla arm</a>". </p><p>Usually cordless, they often have a switch to deactivate the movement circuitry between use, allowing the user freedom of movement without affecting the cursor position. A patent for an inertial mouse claims that such mice consume less power than optically based mice, and offer increased sensitivity, reduced weight and increased <a href="/wiki/Usability" title="Usability">ease-of-use</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In combination with a wireless keyboard an inertial mouse can offer alternative ergonomic arrangements which do not require a flat work surface, potentially alleviating some types of repetitive motion injuries related to workstation posture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="3D_mice">3D mice</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"SpaceBall" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Spaceball_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Spaceball (disambiguation)">Spaceball (disambiguation)</a>.</div><p>A 3D mouse is a computer input device for <a href="/wiki/Viewport" title="Viewport">viewport</a> interaction with at least three degrees of freedom (<a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_freedom_(mechanics)" title="Degrees of freedom (mechanics)">DoF</a>), e.g. in <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D computer graphics</a> software for manipulating virtual objects, navigating in the viewport, defining camera paths, posing, and desktop <a href="/wiki/Motion_capture" title="Motion capture">motion capture</a>. 3D mice can also be used as <a href="/wiki/Game_controller" title="Game controller">spatial controllers</a> for <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video game</a> interaction, e.g. <a href="/wiki/SpaceOrb_360" title="SpaceOrb 360">SpaceOrb 360</a>. To perform such different tasks the used <a href="/wiki/Transfer_function" title="Transfer function">transfer function</a> and the device stiffness are essential for efficient interaction. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transfer_function">Transfer function</h4></div> <p>The virtual motion is connected to the 3D mouse control handle via a <a href="/wiki/Transfer_function" title="Transfer function">transfer function</a>. Position control means that the virtual <a href="/wiki/Position_(geometry)" title="Position (geometry)">position</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orientation_(geometry)" title="Orientation (geometry)">orientation</a> is proportional to the mouse handle's deflection whereas velocity control means that <a href="/wiki/Translation_(geometry)" title="Translation (geometry)">translation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rotation_(mathematics)" title="Rotation (mathematics)">rotation</a> <a href="/wiki/Velocity" title="Velocity">velocity</a> of the controlled object is proportional to the handle deflection. A further essential property of a transfer function is its interaction metaphor: </p> <ul><li>Object-in-hand metaphor: An exterocentrical metaphor whereby the scene moves in correspondence with the input device. If the handle of the input device is twisted clockwise the scene rotates clockwise. If the handle is moved left the scene shifts left, and so on.</li> <li>Camera-in-hand metaphor: An egocentrical metaphor whereby the user's view is controlled by direct movement of a virtual camera. If the handle is twisted clockwise the scene rotates counter-clockwise. If the handle is moved left the scene shifts right, and so on.</li></ul> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Exploration-and-virtual-camera-control-in-virtual-Ware-Osborne/8be4773bb1bb658e3f7b1b3947a1fc578f276be8">Ware and Osborne</a> performed an experiment investigating these metaphors whereby it was shown that there is no single best metaphor. For manipulation tasks, the object-in-hand metaphor was superior, whereas for navigation tasks the camera-in-hand metaphor was superior. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Device_stiffness">Device stiffness</h4></div> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/33799780_Human_performance_in_six_degree_of_freedom_input_control_microform">Zhai</a> used and the following three categories for device stiffness: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isotonic_(exercise_physiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotonic (exercise physiology)">Isotonic</a> Input: An input device with zero stiffness, that is, there is no self-centering effect.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elasticity_(physics)" title="Elasticity (physics)">Elastic</a> Input: A device with some stiffness, that is, the forces on the handle are proportional to the deflections.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isometric_exercise" title="Isometric exercise">Isometric</a> Input: An elastic input device with infinite stiffness, that is, the device handle does not allow any deflection but records force and torque.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Isotonic_3D_mice">Isotonic 3D mice</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Logitech" title="Logitech">Logitech</a> 3D Mouse (1990) was the first ultrasonic mouse and is an example of an isotonic 3D mouse having six degrees of freedom (6DoF). Isotonic devices have also been developed with less than 6DoF, e.g. the Inspector at Technical University of Denmark (5DoF input). </p><p>Other examples of isotonic 3D mice are <a href="/wiki/Motion_controller" title="Motion controller">motion controllers</a>, i.e. is a type of <a href="/wiki/Game_controller" title="Game controller">game controller</a> that typically uses accelerometers to track motion. Motion tracking systems are also used for <a href="/wiki/Motion_capture" title="Motion capture">motion capture</a> e.g. in the film industry, although that these tracking systems are not 3D mice in a strict sense, because motion capture only means recording 3D motion and not 3D interaction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Isometric_3D_mice">Isometric 3D mice</h4></div> <p>Early 3D mice for velocity control were almost ideally isometric, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Spaceball_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaceball (computing)">SpaceBall</a> 1003, 2003, 3003, and a device developed at <a href="/wiki/German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">Deutsches Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt</a> (DLR), cf. US patent US4589810A. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Elastic_3D_mice">Elastic 3D mice</h4></div> <p>At DLR an elastic 6DoF sensor was developed that was used in Logitech's SpaceMouse and in the products of <a href="/wiki/3Dconnexion" title="3Dconnexion">3DConnexion</a>. SpaceBall 4000 FLX has a maximum deflection of approximately 3 mm (0.12 in) at a maximum force of approximately 10N, that is, a stiffness of approximately 33 N/cm (19 lb<sub>f</sub>/in). SpaceMouse has a maximum deflection of 1.5 mm (0.059 in) at a maximum force of 4.4 N (0.99 lb<sub>f</sub>), that is, a stiffness of approximately 30 N/cm (17 lb<sub>f</sub>/in). Taking this development further, the softly elastic Sundinlabs SpaceCat was developed. SpaceCat has a maximum translational deflection of approximately 15 mm (0.59 in) and maximum rotational deflection of approximately 30° at a maximum force less than 2N, that is, a stiffness of approximately 1.3 N/cm (0.74 lb<sub>f</sub>/in). With SpaceCat <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Softly-Elastic-6-DOF-Input-Sundin-Fjeld/e2056bb1bcf701c424ee95d48f0605c58b6197cf">Sundin and Fjeld</a> reviewed five comparative experiments performed with different device stiffness and transfer functions and performed a further study comparing 6DoF softly elastic position control with 6DoF stiffly elastic velocity control in a positioning task. They concluded that for positioning tasks position control is to be preferred over velocity control. They could further conjecture the following two types of preferred 3D mouse usage: </p> <ul><li>Positioning, manipulation, and docking using isotonic or softly elastic position control and an object-in-hand metaphor.</li> <li>Navigation using softly or stiffly elastic rate control and a camera-in-hand metaphor.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/3Dconnexion" title="3Dconnexion">3DConnexion</a>'s 3D mice have been commercially successful over decades. They are used in combination with the conventional mouse for <a href="/wiki/CAD" class="mw-redirect" title="CAD">CAD</a>. The Space Mouse is used to orient the target object or change the viewpoint with the non-dominant hand, whereas the dominant hand operates the computer mouse for conventional CAD <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">GUI</a> operation. This is a kind of space-multiplexed input where the 6 DoF input device acts as a graspable user interface that is always connected to the view port. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may <b>require <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">cleanup</a></b> to meet Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>. The specific problem is: <b>conflation of devices that you wave around above the desk with devices that remain on the desk while you apply forces and torques to them.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Computer_mouse" title="Special:EditPage/Computer mouse">improve this section</a> if you can.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Force_feedback">Force feedback</h4></div> <p>With <a href="/wiki/Haptic_technology" title="Haptic technology">force feedback</a> the device stiffness can dynamically be adapted to the task just performed by the user, e.g. performing positioning tasks with less stiffness than navigation tasks. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logitech_spacemouse_3D-IMG_8429-black.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logitech spacemouse 3D. On display at the Bolo Computer Museum, EPFL, Lausanne"><img alt="Logitech spacemouse 3D. On display at the Bolo Computer Museum, EPFL, Lausanne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Logitech_spacemouse_3D-IMG_8429-black.jpg/300px-Logitech_spacemouse_3D-IMG_8429-black.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Logitech_spacemouse_3D-IMG_8429-black.jpg/450px-Logitech_spacemouse_3D-IMG_8429-black.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Logitech_spacemouse_3D-IMG_8429-black.jpg/600px-Logitech_spacemouse_3D-IMG_8429-black.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="3500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Logitech spacemouse 3D. On display at the <a href="/wiki/Bolo_Computer_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolo Computer Museum">Bolo Computer Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale_de_Lausanne" title="École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne">EPFL</a>, Lausanne</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silicon_Graphics_Ball-IMG_4192.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silicon Graphics SpaceBall model 1003 (1988), allowing manipulation of objects with six degrees of freedom"><img alt="Silicon Graphics SpaceBall model 1003 (1988), allowing manipulation of objects with six degrees of freedom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Silicon_Graphics_Ball-IMG_4192.jpg/300px-Silicon_Graphics_Ball-IMG_4192.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Silicon_Graphics_Ball-IMG_4192.jpg/450px-Silicon_Graphics_Ball-IMG_4192.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Silicon_Graphics_Ball-IMG_4192.jpg/600px-Silicon_Graphics_Ball-IMG_4192.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="3744" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Silicon Graphics SpaceBall model 1003 (1988), allowing manipulation of objects with <a href="/wiki/Six_degrees_of_freedom" title="Six degrees of freedom">six degrees of freedom</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logitech_3D_ultrasonice_mouse_1990-IMG_7952-gradient.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logitech 3D Mouse (1990), the first ultrasonic mouse"><img alt="Logitech 3D Mouse (1990), the first ultrasonic mouse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Logitech_3D_ultrasonice_mouse_1990-IMG_7952-gradient.jpg/300px-Logitech_3D_ultrasonice_mouse_1990-IMG_7952-gradient.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Logitech_3D_ultrasonice_mouse_1990-IMG_7952-gradient.jpg/450px-Logitech_3D_ultrasonice_mouse_1990-IMG_7952-gradient.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Logitech_3D_ultrasonice_mouse_1990-IMG_7952-gradient.jpg/600px-Logitech_3D_ultrasonice_mouse_1990-IMG_7952-gradient.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Logitech 3D Mouse (1990), the first ultrasonic mouse</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Space-Navigator.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A modern six-degrees-of-freedom (6 DOF) 3D mouse (2007)"><img alt="A modern six-degrees-of-freedom (6 DOF) 3D mouse (2007)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Space-Navigator.jpg/450px-Space-Navigator.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Space-Navigator.jpg/675px-Space-Navigator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Space-Navigator.jpg/900px-Space-Navigator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A modern six-degrees-of-freedom (6 DOF) 3D mouse (2007)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spaceball_4000_FLX_-_Optical_Assembly.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mechanism of the modern 6 DOF mouse consisting of infrared LEDs and detectors with occluders that move with the ball"><img alt="Mechanism of the modern 6 DOF mouse consisting of infrared LEDs and detectors with occluders that move with the ball" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Spaceball_4000_FLX_-_Optical_Assembly.JPG/450px-Spaceball_4000_FLX_-_Optical_Assembly.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Spaceball_4000_FLX_-_Optical_Assembly.JPG/675px-Spaceball_4000_FLX_-_Optical_Assembly.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Spaceball_4000_FLX_-_Optical_Assembly.JPG/900px-Spaceball_4000_FLX_-_Optical_Assembly.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mechanism of the modern 6 DOF mouse consisting of infrared LEDs and detectors with occluders that move with the ball</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tactile_mice">Tactile mice</h3></div> <p>In 2000, <a href="/wiki/Logitech" title="Logitech">Logitech</a> introduced a "tactile mouse" known as the "iFeel Mouse" developed by <a href="/wiki/Immersion_Corporation" title="Immersion Corporation">Immersion Corporation</a> that contained a small <a href="/wiki/Actuator" title="Actuator">actuator</a> to enable the mouse to generate simulated physical sensations.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a mouse can augment user-interfaces with <a href="/wiki/Haptic_technology" title="Haptic technology">haptic feedback</a>, such as giving feedback when crossing a <a href="/wiki/Window_(computing)" title="Window (computing)">window</a> boundary. To surf the internet by touch-enabled mouse was first developed in 1996<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and first implemented commercially by the Wingman Force Feedback Mouse.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It requires the user to be able to feel depth or hardness; this ability was realized with the first electrorheological tactile mice<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but never marketed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pucks">Pucks</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Graphics_tablet" title="Graphics tablet">Tablet digitizers</a> are sometimes used with accessories called pucks, devices which rely on absolute positioning, but can be configured for sufficiently mouse-like relative tracking that they are sometimes marketed as mice.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ergonomic_mice">Ergonomic mice</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Delux_M618_vertical_mouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Delux_M618_vertical_mouse.jpg/200px-Delux_M618_vertical_mouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Delux_M618_vertical_mouse.jpg/300px-Delux_M618_vertical_mouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Delux_M618_vertical_mouse.jpg/400px-Delux_M618_vertical_mouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A vertical mouse</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thumb_type_trackballs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Thumb_type_trackballs.jpg/200px-Thumb_type_trackballs.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Thumb_type_trackballs.jpg/300px-Thumb_type_trackballs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Thumb_type_trackballs.jpg/400px-Thumb_type_trackballs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2363" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Two thumb-type <a href="/wiki/Trackball" title="Trackball">trackball</a> mice</div></div></div></div></div> <p>As the name suggests, this type of mouse is intended to provide optimum comfort and avoid injuries such as <a href="/wiki/Carpal_tunnel_syndrome" title="Carpal tunnel syndrome">carpal tunnel syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Repetitive_strain_injury" title="Repetitive strain injury">repetitive strain injuries</a>. It is designed to fit natural hand position and movements, to reduce discomfort. </p><p>When holding a typical mouse, the <a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">ulna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">radius</a> bones on the <a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">arm</a> are crossed. Some designs attempt to place the palm more vertically, so the bones take more natural parallel position.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Increasing mouse height and angling the mouse topcase can improve wrist posture without negatively affecting performance.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some limit wrist movement, encouraging arm movement instead, that may be less precise but more optimal from the health point of view. A mouse may be angled from the thumb downward to the opposite side – this is known to reduce wrist pronation.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However such optimizations make the mouse right or left hand specific, making more problematic to change the tired hand. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> has criticized manufacturers for offering few or no left-handed ergonomic mice: "Oftentimes I felt like I was dealing with someone who'd never actually met a left-handed person before."<sup id="cite_ref-Confessions_of_a_Left-Handed_Technology_User_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Confessions_of_a_Left-Handed_Technology_User-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roller_bar_mouse.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Roller_bar_mouse.JPG/220px-Roller_bar_mouse.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Roller_bar_mouse.JPG/330px-Roller_bar_mouse.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Roller_bar_mouse.JPG/440px-Roller_bar_mouse.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Keyboard with roller bar mouse</figcaption></figure> <p>Another solution is a pointing bar device. The so-called <i>roller bar mouse</i> is positioned snugly in front of the keyboard, thus allowing bi-manual accessibility.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gaming_mice">Gaming mice</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Logitech-g402_(14969391370).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Logitech-g402_%2814969391370%29.jpg/220px-Logitech-g402_%2814969391370%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Logitech-g402_%2814969391370%29.jpg/330px-Logitech-g402_%2814969391370%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Logitech-g402_%2814969391370%29.jpg/440px-Logitech-g402_%2814969391370%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>A Logitech G402 gaming mouse, with multiple additional buttons</figcaption></figure> <p>These mice are specifically designed for use in <a href="/wiki/PC_game" title="PC game">computer games</a>. They typically employ a wider array of controls and buttons and have designs that differ radically from traditional mice. They may also have decorative monochrome or programmable RGB LED lighting. The additional buttons can often be used for changing the sensitivity of the mouse<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or they can be assigned (programmed) to <a href="/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">macros</a> (i.e., for opening a program or for use instead of a key combination).<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also common for game mice, especially those designed for use in <a href="/wiki/Real-time_strategy" title="Real-time strategy">real-time strategy</a> games such as <i><a href="/wiki/StarCraft" title="StarCraft">StarCraft</a></i>, or in <a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_online_battle_arena" title="Multiplayer online battle arena">multiplayer online battle arena</a> games such as <a href="/wiki/League_of_Legends" title="League of Legends">League of Legends</a> to have a relatively high sensitivity, measured in <a href="/wiki/Dots_per_inch" title="Dots per inch">dots per inch</a> (DPI),<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which can be as high as 25,600.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DPI and CPI are the same values that refer to the mouse's sensitivity. DPI is a misnomer used in the gaming world, and many manufacturers use it to refer to CPI, counts per inch.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some advanced mice from gaming manufacturers also allow users to adjust the weight of the mouse by adding or subtracting weights to allow for easier control.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ergonomic quality is also an important factor in gaming mouse, as extended gameplay times may render further use of the mouse to be uncomfortable. Some mice have been designed to have adjustable features such as removable and/or elongated palm rests, horizontally adjustable thumb rests and pinky rests. Some mice may include several different rests with their products to ensure comfort for a wider range of target consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaming mice are held by <a href="/wiki/Gamer" title="Gamer">gamers</a> in three styles of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/grip" class="extiw" title="wikt:grip">grip</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Palm Grip: the hand rests on the mouse, with extended fingers.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Claw Grip: palm rests on the mouse, bent fingers.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Finger-Tip Grip: bent fingers, palm does not touch the mouse.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_95-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Connectivity_and_communication_protocols">Connectivity and communication protocols</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MS-Arc-Mouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/MS-Arc-Mouse.jpg/220px-MS-Arc-Mouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/MS-Arc-Mouse.jpg/330px-MS-Arc-Mouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/MS-Arc-Mouse.jpg/440px-MS-Arc-Mouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3340" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption>A Microsoft wireless <a href="/wiki/Arc_Mouse" title="Arc Mouse">Arc Mouse</a>, marketed as "travel-friendly" and foldable but otherwise operated exactly like other 3-button wheel-based optical mice</figcaption></figure> <p>To transmit their input, typical cabled mice use a thin electrical cord terminating in a standard connector, such as <a href="/wiki/RS-232C" class="mw-redirect" title="RS-232C">RS-232C</a>, <a href="/wiki/PS/2_connector" class="mw-redirect" title="PS/2 connector">PS/2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Desktop_Bus" title="Apple Desktop Bus">ADB</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Serial Bus">USB</a>. Cordless mice instead transmit data via <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> radiation (see <a href="/wiki/Infrared_Data_Association" title="Infrared Data Association">IrDA</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>), although many such cordless interfaces are themselves connected through the aforementioned wired serial buses. </p><p>While the electrical interface and the format of the data transmitted by commonly available mice is currently standardized on USB, in the past it varied between different manufacturers. A <a href="/wiki/Bus_mouse" title="Bus mouse">bus mouse</a> used a dedicated interface card for connection to an <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">IBM PC</a> or compatible computer. </p><p>Mouse use in DOS applications became more common after the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Mouse" title="Microsoft Mouse">Microsoft Mouse</a>, largely because Microsoft provided an open standard for communication between applications and mouse driver software. Thus, any application written to use the Microsoft standard could use a mouse with a driver that implements the same API, even if the mouse hardware itself was incompatible with Microsoft's. This driver provides the state of the buttons and the distance the mouse has moved in units that its documentation calls "<a href="#Mouse_speed">mickeys</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-int33h_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-int33h-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_mice">Early mice</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Computer_Museum_of_America_(02).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Computer_Museum_of_America_%2802%29.jpg/220px-Computer_Museum_of_America_%2802%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Computer_Museum_of_America_%2802%29.jpg/330px-Computer_Museum_of_America_%2802%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Computer_Museum_of_America_%2802%29.jpg/440px-Computer_Museum_of_America_%2802%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>Xerox Alto mouse</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1970s, the <a href="/wiki/Xerox_Alto" title="Xerox Alto">Xerox Alto</a> mouse, and in the 1980s the Xerox <a href="/wiki/Optical_mouse" title="Optical mouse">optical mouse</a>, used a <a href="/wiki/Rotary_encoder#Incremental_rotary_encoder" title="Rotary encoder">quadrature-encoded</a> X and Y interface. This two-bit encoding per dimension had the property that only one bit of the two would change at a time, like a <a href="/wiki/Gray_code" title="Gray code">Gray code</a> or <a href="/wiki/Johnson_counter" class="mw-redirect" title="Johnson counter">Johnson counter</a>, so that the transitions would not be misinterpreted when asynchronously sampled.<sup id="cite_ref-Lyon_1981_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lyon_1981-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest mass-market mice, such as the <a href="/wiki/Apple_mouse#Models" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple mouse">original Macintosh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Atari_ST" title="Atari ST">Atari ST</a> mice used a <a href="/wiki/D-subminiature" title="D-subminiature">D-subminiature</a> 9-pin connector to send the quadrature-encoded X and Y axis signals directly, plus one pin per mouse button. The mouse was a simple optomechanical device, and the decoding circuitry was all in the main computer. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/DE-9_connector" class="mw-redirect" title="DE-9 connector">DE-9 connectors</a> were designed to be electrically compatible with the <a href="/wiki/Joystick#Electronic_games" title="Joystick">joysticks</a> popular on numerous 8-bit systems, such as the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atari_2600" title="Atari 2600">Atari 2600</a>. Although the ports could be used for both purposes, the signals must be interpreted differently. As a result, plugging a mouse into a joystick port causes the "joystick" to continuously move in some direction, even if the mouse stays still, whereas plugging a joystick into a mouse port causes the "mouse" to only be able to move a single pixel in each direction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serial_interface_and_protocol">Serial interface and protocol</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mouse_quadrature_encoding_Lyon_1980.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mouse_quadrature_encoding_Lyon_1980.png/220px-Mouse_quadrature_encoding_Lyon_1980.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mouse_quadrature_encoding_Lyon_1980.png/330px-Mouse_quadrature_encoding_Lyon_1980.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Mouse_quadrature_encoding_Lyon_1980.png 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>Signals XA and XB in <a href="/wiki/Quadrature_phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrature phase">quadrature</a> convey X-direction motion, while YA and YB convey Y-dimension motion; here the pointer (cursor) is shown drawing a small curve.</figcaption></figure> <p>Because the IBM PC did not have a <a href="/wiki/Quadrature_decoder" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrature decoder">quadrature decoder</a> built in, early PC mice used the <a href="/wiki/RS-232C" class="mw-redirect" title="RS-232C">RS-232C</a> serial port to communicate encoded mouse movements, as well as provide power to the mouse's circuits. The <a href="/wiki/Mouse_Systems_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouse Systems Corporation">Mouse Systems Corporation</a> (MSC) version used a five-byte protocol and supported three buttons. The Microsoft version used a three-byte protocol and supported two buttons. Due to the incompatibility between the two protocols, some manufacturers sold serial mice with a mode switch: "PC" for MSC mode, "MS" for Microsoft mode.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2002_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_2002-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Isaja_2003_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isaja_2003-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apple_Desktop_Bus">Apple Desktop Bus</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apple_Macintosh_Plus_mouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Apple_Macintosh_Plus_mouse.jpg/220px-Apple_Macintosh_Plus_mouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Apple_Macintosh_Plus_mouse.jpg/330px-Apple_Macintosh_Plus_mouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Apple_Macintosh_Plus_mouse.jpg/440px-Apple_Macintosh_Plus_mouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_Plus" title="Macintosh Plus">Apple Macintosh Plus</a> mice: beige mouse (left), platinum mouse (right), 1986</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1986 <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> first implemented the <a href="/wiki/Apple_Desktop_Bus" title="Apple Desktop Bus">Apple Desktop Bus</a> allowing the <a href="/wiki/Daisy_chain_(electrical_engineering)" title="Daisy chain (electrical engineering)">daisy chaining</a> of up to 16 devices, including mice and other devices on the same bus with no configuration whatsoever. Featuring only a single data pin, the bus used a purely polled approach to device communications and survived as the standard on mainstream models (including a number of non-Apple workstations) until 1998 when Apple's <a href="/wiki/IMac" title="IMac">iMac</a> line of computers joined the industry-wide switch to using <a href="/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Serial Bus">USB</a>. Beginning with the Bronze Keyboard PowerBook G3 in May 1999, Apple dropped the external ADB port in favor of USB, but retained an internal ADB connection in the <a href="/wiki/PowerBook_G4" title="PowerBook G4">PowerBook G4</a> for communication with its built-in keyboard and trackpad until early 2005. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PS/2_interface_and_protocol"><span id="PS.2F2_interface_and_protocol"></span>PS/2 interface and protocol</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/PS/2_port" title="PS/2 port">PS/2 connector</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ps-2-ports.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ps-2-ports.jpg/220px-Ps-2-ports.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ps-2-ports.jpg/330px-Ps-2-ports.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ps-2-ports.jpg/440px-Ps-2-ports.jpg 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="180" /></a><figcaption>Color-coded PS/2 connection ports; purple for keyboard and green for mouse</figcaption></figure> <p>With the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_System/2" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Personal System/2">IBM PS/2</a> personal-computer series in 1987, IBM introduced the <a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">eponymous</a> <a href="/wiki/PS/2_port" title="PS/2 port">PS/2 port</a> for mice and keyboards, which other manufacturers rapidly adopted. The most visible change was the use of a round 6-pin <a href="/wiki/Mini-DIN_connector" title="Mini-DIN connector">mini-DIN</a>, in lieu of the former 5-pin MIDI style full sized <a href="/wiki/DIN_41524" class="mw-redirect" title="DIN 41524">DIN 41524</a> connector. In default mode (called <i>stream mode</i>) a PS/2 mouse communicates motion, and the state of each button, by means of 3-byte packets.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For any motion, button press or button release event, a PS/2 mouse sends, over a bi-directional serial port, a sequence of three bytes, with the following format: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <th></th> <th>Bit 7</th> <th>Bit 6</th> <th>Bit 5</th> <th>Bit 4</th> <th>Bit 3</th> <th>Bit 2</th> <th>Bit 1</th> <th>Bit 0 </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Byte 1 </th> <td>YV</td> <td>XV</td> <td>YS</td> <td>XS</td> <td>1</td> <td>MB</td> <td>RB</td> <td>LB </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th>Byte 2 </th> <td colspan="8">X movement </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th>Byte 3 </th> <td colspan="8">Y movement </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Here, XS and YS represent the sign bits of the movement vectors, XV and YV indicate an overflow in the respective vector component, and LB, MB and RB indicate the status of the left, middle and right <a href="/wiki/Mouse_button" title="Mouse button">mouse buttons</a> (1 = pressed). PS/2 mice also understand several commands for reset and self-test, switching between different operating modes, and changing the resolution of the reported motion vectors.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2002_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_2002-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/IntelliMouse" title="IntelliMouse">Microsoft IntelliMouse</a> relies on an extension of the PS/2 protocol: the ImPS/2 or IMPS/2 protocol (the abbreviation combines the concepts of "IntelliMouse" and "PS/2"). It initially operates in standard PS/2 format, for <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">backward compatibility</a>. After the host sends a special command sequence, it switches to an extended format in which a fourth byte carries information about wheel movements. The IntelliMouse Explorer works analogously, with the difference that its 4-byte packets also allow for two additional buttons (for a total of five).<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mouse vendors also use other extended formats, often without providing public documentation.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2002_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_2002-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Typhoon mouse uses 6-byte packets which can appear as a sequence of two standard 3-byte packets, such that an ordinary PS/2 <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">driver</a> can handle them.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For 3D (or 6-degree-of-freedom) input, vendors have made many extensions both to the hardware and to software. In the late 1990s, Logitech created ultrasound based tracking which gave 3D input to a few millimeters accuracy, which worked well as an input device but failed as a profitable product. In 2008, Motion4U introduced its "OptiBurst" system using IR tracking for use as a Maya (graphics software) plugin. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Usb_head_Cable.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Usb_head_Cable.jpg/150px-Usb_head_Cable.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Usb_head_Cable.jpg/225px-Usb_head_Cable.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Usb_head_Cable.jpg/300px-Usb_head_Cable.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1212" /></a><figcaption>A USB connector soon superseded the <a href="/wiki/PS/2" class="mw-redirect" title="PS/2">PS/2</a> keyboard and computer mouse connectors shown above.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="USB">USB</h3></div> <p>Almost all wired mice today use <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> and the <a href="/wiki/USB_human_interface_device_class" title="USB human interface device class">USB human interface device class</a> for communication. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cordless_or_wireless">Cordless or wireless</h3></div> <p>Cordless or wireless mice transmit data via <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>. Some mice connect to the computer through <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>, while others use a receiver that plugs into the computer, for example through a USB port. </p><p>Many mice that use a USB receiver have a storage compartment for it inside the mouse. Some "nano receivers" are designed to be small enough to remain plugged into a laptop during transport, while still being large enough to easily remove.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logitech_metaphor-P4191183-black.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Logitech Metaphor, the first wireless mouse (1984). On display at the Musée Bolo, EPFL"><img alt="The Logitech Metaphor, the first wireless mouse (1984). On display at the Musée Bolo, EPFL" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Logitech_metaphor-P4191183-black.jpg/300px-Logitech_metaphor-P4191183-black.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Logitech_metaphor-P4191183-black.jpg/450px-Logitech_metaphor-P4191183-black.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Logitech_metaphor-P4191183-black.jpg/600px-Logitech_metaphor-P4191183-black.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Logitech" title="Logitech">Logitech</a> Metaphor, the first wireless mouse (1984). On display at the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Bolo" title="Musée Bolo">Musée Bolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale_de_Lausanne" title="École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne">EPFL</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 327.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 325.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Microsoft-wireless-mouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An older Microsoft wireless mouse made for notebook computers"><img alt="An older Microsoft wireless mouse made for notebook computers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Microsoft-wireless-mouse.jpg/488px-Microsoft-wireless-mouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="326" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Microsoft-wireless-mouse.jpg/732px-Microsoft-wireless-mouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Microsoft-wireless-mouse.jpg/975px-Microsoft-wireless-mouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An older Microsoft wireless mouse made for notebook computers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Microsoft_Bluetooth_Mobile_Mouse_3600.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Microsoft Bluetooth Mobile Mouse 3600"><img alt="Microsoft Bluetooth Mobile Mouse 3600" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Microsoft_Bluetooth_Mobile_Mouse_3600.jpg/400px-Microsoft_Bluetooth_Mobile_Mouse_3600.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Microsoft_Bluetooth_Mobile_Mouse_3600.jpg/600px-Microsoft_Bluetooth_Mobile_Mouse_3600.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Microsoft_Bluetooth_Mobile_Mouse_3600.jpg/800px-Microsoft_Bluetooth_Mobile_Mouse_3600.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Microsoft Bluetooth Mobile Mouse 3600</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operating_system_support">Operating system support</h2></div> <p>MS-DOS and Windows 1.0 support connecting a mouse such as a <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Mouse" title="Microsoft Mouse">Microsoft Mouse</a> via multiple interfaces: BallPoint, <a href="/wiki/Bus_mouse" title="Bus mouse">Bus (InPort)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial port">Serial port</a> or PS/2.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Windows 98 added built-in support for <a href="/wiki/USB_Human_Interface_Device_class" class="mw-redirect" title="USB Human Interface Device class">USB Human Interface Device class</a> (USB HID),<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with native vertical scrolling support.<sup id="cite_ref-MSWheel_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSWheel-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Windows 2000 and Windows Me expanded this built-in support to 5-button mice.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Windows XP Service Pack 2 introduced a Bluetooth stack, allowing Bluetooth mice to be used without any USB receivers.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Windows Vista added native support for horizontal scrolling and standardized wheel movement granularity for finer scrolling.<sup id="cite_ref-MSWheel_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSWheel-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a> introduced BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) mouse/<a href="/wiki/List_of_Bluetooth_profiles#Human_Interface_Device_Profile_(HID)" title="List of Bluetooth profiles">HID</a> support.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Multiple-mouse_systems">Multiple-mouse systems</h2></div> <p>Some systems allow two or more mice to be used at once as input devices. Late-1980s era <a href="/wiki/Home_computer" title="Home computer">home computers</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a> used this to allow computer games with two players interacting on the same computer (<a href="/wiki/Lemmings_(video_game)" title="Lemmings (video game)">Lemmings</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Settlers" title="The Settlers">The Settlers</a> for example). The same idea is sometimes used in <a href="/wiki/Collaborative_software" title="Collaborative software">collaborative software</a>, e.g. to simulate a <a href="/wiki/Whiteboard" title="Whiteboard">whiteboard</a> that multiple users can draw on without passing a single mouse around. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, since <a href="/wiki/Windows_98" title="Windows 98">Windows 98</a>, has supported multiple simultaneous pointing devices. Because Windows only provides a single screen cursor, using more than one device at the same time requires cooperation of users or applications designed for multiple input devices. </p><p>Multiple mice are often used in multi-user gaming in addition to specially designed devices that provide several input interfaces. </p><p>Windows also has full support for multiple input/mouse configurations for multi-user environments. </p><p>Starting with Windows XP, Microsoft introduced <a href="/wiki/Windows_Multipoint_Mouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Multipoint Mouse">an SDK</a> for developing applications that allow multiple input devices to be used at the same time with independent cursors and independent input points. However, it no longer appears to be available.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The introduction of <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a> and Microsoft Surface (now known as <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_PixelSense" title="Microsoft PixelSense">Microsoft PixelSense</a>) introduced a new set of input APIs that were adopted into Windows 7, allowing for 50 points/cursors, all controlled by independent users. The new input points provide traditional mouse input; however, they were designed with other input technologies like touch and image in mind. They inherently offer 3D coordinates along with pressure, size, tilt, angle, mask, and even an image bitmap to see and recognize the input point/object on the screen. </p><p>As of 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Computer_mouse&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> distributions and other <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> that use <a href="/wiki/X.Org_Server" title="X.Org Server">X.Org</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a> and <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>, support 255 cursors/input points through <a href="/wiki/Multi-Pointer_X" title="Multi-Pointer X">Multi-Pointer X</a>. However, currently no window managers support Multi-Pointer X leaving it relegated to custom software usage. </p><p>There have also been propositions of having a single operator use two mice simultaneously as a more sophisticated means of controlling various graphics and multimedia applications.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buttons">Buttons</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mouse_button" title="Mouse button">Mouse button</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Razer_Naga_2014_MMO_Gaming_Mouse_(14714867599).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Razer_Naga_2014_MMO_Gaming_Mouse_%2814714867599%29.jpg/220px-Razer_Naga_2014_MMO_Gaming_Mouse_%2814714867599%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Razer_Naga_2014_MMO_Gaming_Mouse_%2814714867599%29.jpg/330px-Razer_Naga_2014_MMO_Gaming_Mouse_%2814714867599%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Razer_Naga_2014_MMO_Gaming_Mouse_%2814714867599%29.jpg/440px-Razer_Naga_2014_MMO_Gaming_Mouse_%2814714867599%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1250" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Razer_Inc." title="Razer Inc.">Razer</a> Mouse with additional buttons</figcaption></figure> <p>Mouse buttons are <a href="/wiki/Miniature_snap-action_switch" title="Miniature snap-action switch">microswitches</a> which can be pressed to select or interact with an element of a <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a>, producing a distinctive clicking sound. </p><p>Since around the late 1990s, the three-button scrollmouse has become the de facto standard. Users most commonly employ the second button to invoke a <a href="/wiki/Context_menu" title="Context menu">contextual menu</a> in the computer's software user interface, which contains options specifically tailored to the interface element over which the mouse cursor currently sits. By default, the primary mouse button sits located on the left-hand side of the mouse, for the benefit of right-handed users; left-handed users can usually reverse this configuration via software. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scrolling">Scrolling</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scroll_wheel" title="Scroll wheel">Scroll wheel</a></div> <p>Nearly all mice now have an integrated input primarily intended for <a href="/wiki/Scrolling" title="Scrolling">scrolling</a> on top, usually a single-axis digital wheel or rocker switch which can also be depressed to act as a third button. Though less common, many mice instead have two-axis inputs such as a tiltable wheel, <a href="/wiki/Trackball" title="Trackball">trackball</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Touchpad" title="Touchpad">touchpad</a>. Those with a trackball may be designed to stay stationary, using the trackball instead of moving the mouse.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Mouse_speed"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Speed">Speed</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mickey_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mickey (unit)">Mickeys</a> per second is a unit of measurement for the speed and movement direction of a computer mouse,<sup id="cite_ref-int33h_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-int33h-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where direction is often expressed as "horizontal" versus "vertical" mickey count. However, speed can also refer to the ratio between how many pixels the cursor moves on the screen and how far the mouse moves on the mouse pad, which may be expressed as <a href="/wiki/Pixels" class="mw-redirect" title="Pixels">pixels</a> per mickey, pixels per <a href="/wiki/Inch" title="Inch">inch</a>, or pixels per <a href="/wiki/Centimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Centimeter">centimeter</a>. </p><p>The computer industry often measures mouse sensitivity in terms of counts per inch (CPI), commonly expressed as dots per inch (DPI) – the number of steps the mouse will report when it moves one inch. In early mice, this specification was called pulses per inch (ppi).<sup id="cite_ref-hawley_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hawley-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mickey originally referred to one of these counts, or one resolvable step of motion. If the default mouse-tracking condition involves moving the cursor by one screen-pixel or dot on-screen per reported step, then the CPI does equate to DPI: dots of cursor motion per inch of mouse motion. The CPI or DPI as reported by manufacturers depends on how they make the mouse; the higher the CPI, the faster the cursor moves with mouse movement. However, software can adjust the mouse sensitivity, making the cursor move faster or slower than its CPI. As of 2007,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Computer_mouse&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> software can change the speed of the cursor dynamically, taking into account the mouse's absolute speed and the movement from the last stop-point.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For simple software, when the mouse starts to move, the software will count the number of "counts" or "mickeys" received from the mouse and will move the cursor across the screen by that number of pixels (or multiplied by a rate factor, typically less than 1). The cursor will move slowly on the screen, with good precision. When the movement of the mouse passes the value set for some threshold, the software will start to move the cursor faster, with a greater rate factor. Usually, the user can set the value of the second rate factor by changing the "acceleration" setting. </p><p>Operating systems sometimes apply acceleration, referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Ballistics" title="Ballistics">ballistics</a>", to the motion reported by the mouse. For example, versions of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> prior to <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> doubled reported values above a configurable threshold, and then optionally doubled them again above a second configurable threshold. These doublings applied separately in the X and Y directions, resulting in very <a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_system" title="Nonlinear system">nonlinear</a> response.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mousepads">Mousepads</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mousepad" title="Mousepad">Mousepad</a></div> <p>Engelbart's original mouse did not require a mousepad;<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the mouse had two large wheels which could roll on virtually any surface. However, most subsequent mechanical mice starting with the steel roller ball mouse have required a mousepad for optimal performance. </p><p>The mousepad, the most common mouse accessory, appears most commonly in conjunction with mechanical mice, because to roll smoothly the ball requires more friction than common desk surfaces usually provide. So-called "hard mousepads" for gamers or optical/laser mice also exist. </p><p>Most optical and laser mice do not require a pad, the notable exception being early optical mice which relied on a grid on the pad to detect movement (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Mouse_Systems" title="Mouse Systems">Mouse Systems</a>). Whether to use a hard or soft mousepad with an optical mouse is largely a matter of personal preference. One exception occurs when the desk surface creates problems for the optical or laser tracking, for example, a transparent or reflective surface, such as glass. </p><p>Some mice also come with small "pads" attached to the bottom surface, also called mouse feet or mouse skates, that help the user slide the mouse smoothly across surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_marketplace">In the marketplace</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assorted_computer_mice_-_MfK_Bern.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Assorted_computer_mice_-_MfK_Bern.jpg/220px-Assorted_computer_mice_-_MfK_Bern.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Assorted_computer_mice_-_MfK_Bern.jpg/330px-Assorted_computer_mice_-_MfK_Bern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Assorted_computer_mice_-_MfK_Bern.jpg/440px-Assorted_computer_mice_-_MfK_Bern.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2624" data-file-height="2356" /></a><figcaption>Computer mice built between 1986 and 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>Around 1981, Xerox included mice with its <a href="/wiki/Xerox_Star" title="Xerox Star">Xerox Star</a>, based on the mouse used in the 1970s on the Alto computer at <a href="/wiki/PARC_(company)" title="PARC (company)">Xerox PARC</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symbolics" title="Symbolics">Symbolics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisp_Machines" title="Lisp Machines">Lisp Machines</a> Inc., and <a href="/wiki/Tektronix" title="Tektronix">Tektronix</a> also shipped workstations with mice, starting in about 1981. Later, inspired by the Star, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Computer</a> released the <a href="/wiki/Apple_Lisa" title="Apple Lisa">Apple Lisa</a>, which also used a mouse. However, none of these products achieved large-scale success. Only with the release of the <a href="/wiki/Macintosh_128K" title="Macintosh 128K">Apple Macintosh</a> in 1984 did the mouse see widespread use.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Macintosh design,<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commercially successful and technically influential, led many other vendors to begin producing mice or including them with their other computer products (by 1986, <a href="/wiki/Atari_ST" title="Atari ST">Atari ST</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_1.0" title="Windows 1.0">Windows 1.0</a>, <a href="/wiki/GEOS_(8-bit_operating_system)" title="GEOS (8-bit operating system)">GEOS</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Apple_IIGS" title="Apple IIGS">Apple IIGS</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The widespread adoption of graphical user interfaces in the software of the 1980s and 1990s made mice all but indispensable for controlling computers. In November 2008, <a href="/wiki/Logitech" title="Logitech">Logitech</a> built their billionth mouse.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_games">Use in games</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Logitech-G5-Mouse-Rust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Logitech-G5-Mouse-Rust.jpg/220px-Logitech-G5-Mouse-Rust.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Logitech-G5-Mouse-Rust.jpg/330px-Logitech-G5-Mouse-Rust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Logitech-G5-Mouse-Rust.jpg/440px-Logitech-G5-Mouse-Rust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Logitech_G5" class="mw-redirect" title="Logitech G5">Logitech G5</a> <a href="/wiki/Laser_mouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser mouse">laser mouse</a> designed for games, with adjustable weights (on left)</figcaption></figure> <p>The device often functions as an interface for PC-based <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">computer games</a> and sometimes for <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">video game consoles</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a> <a href="/wiki/Desk_Accessory" class="mw-redirect" title="Desk Accessory">Desk Accessory</a> <i>Puzzle</i> in 1984 was the first game designed specifically for a mouse.<sup id="cite_ref-mace19840507_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mace19840507-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First-person_shooters">First-person shooters</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Computer_mouse" title="Special:EditPage/Computer mouse">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/First-person_shooter" title="First-person shooter">FPSs</a> naturally lend themselves to separate and simultaneous control of the player's movement and aim, and on computers this has traditionally been achieved with a combination of keyboard and mouse. Players use the X-axis of the mouse for looking (or turning) left and right, and the Y-axis for looking up and down; the keyboard is used for movement and supplemental inputs. </p><p>Many shooting genre players prefer a mouse over a <a href="/wiki/Gamepad" title="Gamepad">gamepad</a> <a href="/wiki/Analog_stick" title="Analog stick">analog stick</a> because the wide range of motion offered by a mouse allows for faster and more varied control. Although an analog stick allows the player more granular control, it is poor for certain movements, as the player's input is relayed based on a vector of both the stick's direction and magnitude. Thus, a small but fast movement (known as "flick-shotting") using a gamepad requires the player to quickly move the stick from its rest position to the edge and back again in quick succession, a difficult maneuver. In addition the stick also has a finite magnitude; if the player is currently using the stick to move at a non-zero velocity their ability to increase the rate of movement of the camera is further limited based on the position their displaced stick was already at before executing the maneuver. The effect of this is that a mouse is well suited not only to small, precise movements but also to large, quick movements and immediate, responsive movements; all of which are important in shooter gaming.<sup id="cite_ref-gi2006_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gi2006-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This advantage also extends in varying degrees to similar game styles such as <a href="/wiki/Third-person_shooter" title="Third-person shooter">third-person shooters</a>. </p><p>Some incorrectly <a href="/wiki/Porting" title="Porting">ported</a> games or <a href="/wiki/Game_engine" title="Game engine">game engines</a> have acceleration and interpolation curves which unintentionally produce excessive, irregular, or even negative acceleration when used with a mouse instead of their native platform's non-mouse default input device.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Depending on how deeply hardcoded this misbehavior is, internal user patches or external 3rd-party software may be able to fix it. Individual <a href="/wiki/Game_engine" title="Game engine">game engines</a> will also have their own sensitivities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This often restricts one from taking a game's existing sensitivity, transferring it to another, and acquiring the same 360 rotational measurements. A sensitivity converter is the preferred tool that FPS gamers use to translate correctly the rotational movements between different mice and between different games. Calculating the conversion values manually is also possible but it is more time-consuming and requires performing complex mathematical calculations, while using a sensitivity converter is a lot faster and easier for gamers.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to their similarity to the <a href="/wiki/WIMP_(computing)" title="WIMP (computing)">WIMP</a> <a href="/wiki/Desktop_metaphor" title="Desktop metaphor">desktop metaphor</a> interface for which mice were originally designed, and to their own <a href="/wiki/Tabletop_game" title="Tabletop game">tabletop game</a> origins, computer <a href="/wiki/Strategy_video_game" title="Strategy video game">strategy games</a> are most commonly played with mice. In particular, <a href="/wiki/Real-time_strategy" title="Real-time strategy">real-time strategy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_online_battle_arena" title="Multiplayer online battle arena">MOBA</a> games usually require the use of a mouse. </p><p>The left button usually controls primary fire. If the game supports multiple fire modes, the right button often provides secondary fire from the selected weapon. Games with only a single fire mode will generally map secondary fire to <i><a href="/wiki/ADS_(video_gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="ADS (video gaming)">aim down the weapon sights</a></i>. In some games, the right button may also invoke accessories for a particular weapon, such as allowing access to the scope of a sniper rifle or allowing the mounting of a bayonet or silencer. </p><p>Players can use a scroll wheel for changing weapons (or for controlling scope-zoom magnification, in older games). On most first person shooter games, programming may also assign more functions to additional buttons on mice with more than three controls. A keyboard usually controls movement (for example, <a href="/wiki/WASD_keys" class="mw-redirect" title="WASD keys">WASD</a> for moving forward, left, backward, and right, respectively) and other functions such as changing posture. Since the mouse serves for aiming, a mouse that tracks movement accurately and with less lag (latency) will give a player an advantage over players with less accurate or slower mice. In some cases the right mouse button may be used to move the player forward, either in lieu of, or in conjunction with the typical WASD configuration. </p><p>Many games provide players with the option of mapping their own choice of a key or button to a certain control. An early technique of players, <a href="/wiki/Circle_strafing" class="mw-redirect" title="Circle strafing">circle strafing</a>, saw a player continuously strafing while aiming and shooting at an opponent by walking in circle around the opponent with the opponent at the center of the circle. Players could achieve this by holding down a key for strafing while continuously aiming the mouse toward the opponent. </p><p>Games using mice for input are so popular that many manufacturers make mice specifically for gaming. Such mice may feature adjustable weights, high-resolution optical or laser components, additional buttons, ergonomic shape, and other features such as adjustable <a href="#Mouse_speed">CPI</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mouse_Bungee" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouse Bungee">Mouse Bungees</a> are typically used with gaming mice because it eliminates the annoyance of the cable. </p><p>Many games, such as first- or third-person shooters, have a setting named "invert mouse" or similar (not to be confused with "button inversion", sometimes performed by <a href="/wiki/Handedness" title="Handedness">left-handed</a> users) which allows the user to look downward by moving the mouse forward and upward by moving the mouse backward (the opposite of non-inverted movement). This control system resembles that of aircraft control sticks, where pulling back causes pitch up and pushing forward causes pitch down; computer <a href="/wiki/Joystick" title="Joystick">joysticks</a> also typically emulate this control-configuration. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Id_Software" title="Id Software">id Software</a>'s commercial hit of <i><a href="/wiki/Doom_(1993_video_game)" title="Doom (1993 video game)">Doom</a></i>, which did not support vertical aiming, competitor <a href="/wiki/Bungie" title="Bungie">Bungie</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Marathon_(video_game)" title="Marathon (video game)">Marathon</a></i> became the first first-person shooter to support using the mouse to aim up and down.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Games using the <a href="/wiki/Build_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Build engine">Build engine</a> had an option to invert the Y-axis. The "invert" feature actually made the mouse behave in a manner that users now<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Computer_mouse&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> regard as non-inverted (by default, moving mouse forward resulted in looking down). Soon after, id Software released <i><a href="/wiki/Quake_(video_game)" title="Quake (video game)">Quake</a></i>, which introduced the invert feature as users now<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Computer_mouse&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> know it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home_consoles">Home consoles</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sega-Dreamcast-Mouse-BL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sega-Dreamcast-Mouse-BL.jpg/220px-Sega-Dreamcast-Mouse-BL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sega-Dreamcast-Mouse-BL.jpg/330px-Sega-Dreamcast-Mouse-BL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sega-Dreamcast-Mouse-BL.jpg/440px-Sega-Dreamcast-Mouse-BL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2670" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dreamcast" title="Dreamcast">Dreamcast</a> mouse</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1988, the <a href="/wiki/VTech_Socrates" title="VTech Socrates">VTech Socrates</a> educational video game console featured a wireless mouse with an attached mouse pad as an optional controller used for some games. In the early 1990s, the <a href="/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Super Nintendo Entertainment System">Super Nintendo Entertainment System</a> video game system featured a <a href="/wiki/SNES_Mouse" class="mw-redirect" title="SNES Mouse">mouse</a> in addition to its controllers. A mouse was also released for the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_64" title="Nintendo 64">Nintendo 64</a>, although it was only released in Japan. The 1992 game <i><a href="/wiki/Mario_Paint" title="Mario Paint">Mario Paint</a></i> in particular used the mouse's capabilities,<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as did its Japanese-only successor <i><a href="/wiki/Mario_Artist" title="Mario Artist">Mario Artist</a></i> on the N64 for its <a href="/wiki/64DD" title="64DD">64DD</a> disk drive peripheral in 1999. <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a> released official mice for their <a href="/wiki/Sega_Genesis" title="Sega Genesis">Genesis/Mega Drive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sega_Saturn" title="Sega Saturn">Saturn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dreamcast" title="Dreamcast">Dreamcast</a> consoles. <a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a> sold official mice for its <a href="/wiki/TurboGrafx-16" title="TurboGrafx-16">PC Engine</a> and <a href="/wiki/PC-FX" title="PC-FX">PC-FX</a> consoles. <a href="/wiki/Sony_Computer_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Computer Entertainment">Sony</a> released an official mouse product for the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_(console)" title="PlayStation (console)">PlayStation</a> console, included one along with the <a href="/wiki/Linux_for_PlayStation_2" title="Linux for PlayStation 2">Linux for PlayStation 2</a> kit, as well as allowing owners to use virtually any <a href="/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Serial Bus">USB</a> mouse with the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_2" title="PlayStation 2">PS2</a>, <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3">PS3</a>, and <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_4" title="PlayStation 4">PS4</a>. Nintendo's <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a> also had this feature implemented in a later software update, and this support was retained on its successor, the <a href="/wiki/Wii_U" title="Wii U">Wii U</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft's</a> <a href="/wiki/Xbox" title="Xbox">Xbox</a> line of game consoles (which used operaring systems based on modified versions of <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a>) also had universal-wide mouse support using USB. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Nuvola_apps_ksim.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_ksim.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Electronics" title="Portal:Electronics">Electronics portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_accessibility" title="Computer accessibility">Computer accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footmouse" title="Footmouse">Footmouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_tablet" title="Graphics tablet">Graphics tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesture_recognition" title="Gesture recognition">Gesture recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a> (HCI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouse_keys" title="Mouse keys">Mouse keys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouse_tracking" title="Mouse tracking">Mouse tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_trackpad" title="Optical trackpad">Optical trackpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointing_stick" title="Pointing stick">Pointing stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_mouse" title="Rotational mouse">Rotational mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trackball" title="Trackball">Trackball</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NB_Plural-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NB_Plural_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">General dictionaries usually mention <i>mouses</i> as a possible alternative plural, but technical dictionaries usually omit this rare form, e.g. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webopedia.com/TERM/M/mouse.html">Webopedia</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foldoc.org/mouse">FOLDOC</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.netlingo.com/word/mouse.php">Netlingo</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NB_Rollkugel_Encoder-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NB_Rollkugel_Encoder_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="anchor" id="NB-Encoder"></span>The 4-bit<sup><a href="#CITEREFYacoubTurfaMaurer2016">[A]</a></sup><sup><a href="#CITEREFMüller2021">[B]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rotary_encoder" title="Rotary encoder">rotary encoders</a> (MCB CC27E08<sup><a href="#CITEREFYacoubTurfaMaurer2016">[A]</a></sup><sup><a href="#CITEREFMüller2021">[B]</a></sup>) used in the <a href="/wiki/Telefunken" title="Telefunken">Telefunken</a> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="#Rollkugel">Rollkugel</a></i></span> RKS 100-86 provide 14 states repeated either 4<sup><a href="#CITEREFYacoubTurfaMaurer2016">[A]</a></sup> or 5<sup><a href="#CITEREFMüller2021">[B]</a></sup> times per revolution for an effectively resulting resolution of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 35.6 <a href="/wiki/Dpi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dpi">dpi</a><sup><a href="#CITEREFYacoubTurfaMaurer2016">[A]</a></sup> or <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 43.5 dpi<sup><a href="#CITEREFMüller2021">[B]</a></sup>, respectively. Mallebrein erroneously remembers them even as 5-bit encoders.<sup><a href="#CITEREFMallebrein2018">[C]</a></sup> The 14-cyclic <a href="/wiki/Unit-distance_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Unit-distance code">unit-distance codes</a> described in the first two sources are identical to a 4-bit <a href="/wiki/Gray_code" title="Gray code">Gray code</a> with the two outmost states (0, 15) eliminated. At first glance the documented codes seem to differ between the two sources; in fact they are identical, but use inverted definitions of the 0/1 states and the direction of rotation:<small> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>4-bit 14-cyclic unit-distance <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Rollkugel</i></span> code </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Bit</b></td> <td style="width:1em">0</td> <td style="background:lightgray;width:1em">1</td> <td style="background:lightgray;width:1em">2</td> <td style="background:lightgray;width:1em">3</td> <td style="background:lightgray;width:1em">4</td> <td style="background:lightgray;width:1em">5</td> <td style="background:lightgray;width:1em">6</td> <td style="background:lightgray;width:1em">7</td> <td style="background:lightgray;width:1em">8</td> <td style="background:lightgray;width:1em">9</td> <td style="background:lightgray;width:1em">10</td> <td style="background:lightgray;width:1em">11</td> <td style="background:lightgray;width:1em">12</td> <td style="background:lightgray;width:1em">13</td> <td style="background:lightgray;width:1em">14</td> <td style="width:1em">15 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="23"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgray"><b>4</b></td> <td style="background:#EEE"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">0</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0</span></td> <td style="background:#0FF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">1</span></td> <td style="background:#0FF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">1</span></td> <td style="background:#0FF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">1</span></td> <td style="background:#0FF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">1</span></td> <td style="background:#0FF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">1</span></td> <td style="background:#0FF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">1</span></td> <td style="background:#0FF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">1</span></td> <td style="background:lightgray"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">1</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgray"><b>3</b></td> <td style="background:#EEE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0</span></td> <td style="background:#0FF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">1</span></td> <td style="background:#0FF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">1</span></td> <td style="background:#0FF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">1</span></td> <td style="background:#0FF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">1</span></td> <td style="background:#0FF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">1</span></td> <td style="background:#0FF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">1</span></td> <td style="background:#0FF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">1</span></td> <td style="background:#0FF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">1</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0</span></td> <td style="background:#EEE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgray"><b>2</b></td> <td style="background:#EEE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0</span></td> <td style="background:#0FF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">1</span></td> <td style="background:#0FF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">1</span></td> <td style="background:#0FF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">1</span></td> <td style="background:#0FF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">1</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0</span></td> <td style="background:#0FF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">1</span></td> <td style="background:#0FF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">1</span></td> <td style="background:#0FF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">1</span></td> <td style="background:#0FF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">1</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0</span></td> <td style="background:#EEE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:lightgray"><b>1</b></td> <td style="background:#EEE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0</span></td> <td style="background:#0FF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">1</span></td> <td style="background:#0FF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">1</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0</span></td> <td style="background:#0FF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">1</span></td> <td style="background:#0FF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">1</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0</span></td> <td style="background:#0FF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">1</span></td> <td style="background:#0FF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">1</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0</span></td> <td style="background:#0FF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">1</span></td> <td style="background:#0FF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">1</span></td> <td style="background:#EEE"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734" /><span class="monospaced">0</span> </td></tr></tbody></table></small></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history-computer.com/computer-mouse-complete-history/">"Computer Mouse: Complete History"</a>. 2021-01-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Computer+Mouse%3A+Complete+History&rft.date=2021-01-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory-computer.com%2Fcomputer-mouse-complete-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-English_1965-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-English_1965_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-English_1965_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEnglishEngelbartHuddart1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Kirk_English" class="mw-redirect" title="William Kirk English">English, William Kirk</a>; <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Carl_Engelbart" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Carl Engelbart">Engelbart, Douglas C.</a>; Huddart, Bonnie (July 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nasa_techdoc_19660020914"><i>Computer-Aided Display Control</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(Final Report)</span>. Menlo Park: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford Research Institute">Stanford Research Institute</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nasa_techdoc_19660020914/page/n59">6</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer-Aided+Display+Control&rft.place=Menlo+Park&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Stanford+Research+Institute&rft.date=1965-07&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=William+Kirk&rft.au=Engelbart%2C+Douglas+C.&rft.au=Huddart%2C+Bonnie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnasa_techdoc_19660020914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oxford English Dictionary, "mouse", sense 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bardini_2000-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bardini_2000_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bardini_2000_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bardini_2000_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBardini2000" class="citation book cs1">Bardini, Thierry (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bootstrapping00thie"><i>Bootstrapping: Douglas Engelbart, Coevolution, and the Origins of Personal Computing</i></a></span>. Stanford: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bootstrapping00thie/page/98">98</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3871-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3871-2"><bdi>978-0-8047-3871-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bootstrapping%3A+Douglas+Engelbart%2C+Coevolution%2C+and+the+Origins+of+Personal+Computing&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-3871-2&rft.aulast=Bardini&rft.aufirst=Thierry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbootstrapping00thie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Markoff_2005-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Markoff_2005_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Markoff_2005_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Markoff_2005_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarkoff2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gregory_Markoff" class="mw-redirect" title="John Gregory Markoff">Markoff, John Gregory</a> (2005) [2004-06-11]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cTyfxP-g2IIC&pg=PT123">"2. Augmentation"</a>. <i>What the Dormouse Said: How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry</i>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a> / <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Random_House_LLC" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin Random House LLC">Penguin Random House LLC</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">123–</span>124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-20108-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-20108-4"><bdi>978-1-101-20108-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-26</span></span>. pp. <span class="nowrap">123–</span>124: <q>[…] Although it is commonly believed that the story of how the mouse got its name has been lost in history, Roger Bates, who was a young hardware designer working for <a href="/wiki/Bill_English_(computer_engineer)" title="Bill English (computer engineer)">Bill English</a>, has a clear recollection of how the name was chosen. […] He remembers that what today is called the cursor on the screen was at the time called a "CAT". Bates has forgotten what CAT stood for, and no one else seems to remember either, but in hindseight, it seems obvious that a CAT would chase the tailed mouse on the desktop. […]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.+Augmentation&rft.btitle=What+the+Dormouse+Said%3A+How+the+Sixties+Counterculture+Shaped+the+Personal+Computer+Industry&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E123-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+%2F+Penguin+Random+House+LLC&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-101-20108-4&rft.aulast=Markoff&rft.aufirst=John+Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcTyfxP-g2IIC%26pg%3DPT123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span> (336 pages)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Markoff_2013-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Markoff_2013_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Markoff_2013_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarkoff2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gregory_Markoff" class="mw-redirect" title="John Gregory Markoff">Markoff, John Gregory</a> (2013-07-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/04/technology/douglas-c-engelbart-inventor-of-the-computer-mouse-dies-at-88.html">"Douglas C. Engelbart, 1925–2013: Computer Visionary Who Invented the Mouse"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210615064745/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/04/technology/douglas-c-engelbart-inventor-of-the-computer-mouse-dies-at-88.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-26</span></span>. <q>[…] When and under what circumstances the term "the mouse" arose is hard to pin down, but one hardware designer, Roger Bates, has contended that it happened under <a href="/wiki/Bill_English_(computer_engineer)" title="Bill English (computer engineer)">Mr. English</a>'s watch. Mr. Bates was a college sophomore and Mr. English was his mentor at the time. Mr. Bates said the name was a logical extension of the term then used for the cursor on a screen: CAT. Mr. Bates did not remember what CAT stood for, but it seemed to all that the cursor was chasing their tailed desktop device. […]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Douglas+C.+Engelbart%2C+1925%E2%80%932013%3A+Computer+Visionary+Who+Invented+the+Mouse&rft.date=2013-07-03&rft.aulast=Markoff&rft.aufirst=John+Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F07%2F04%2Ftechnology%2Fdouglas-c-engelbart-inventor-of-the-computer-mouse-dies-at-88.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxdic-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oxdic_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191207113343/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/mouse">"Definition for Mouse"</a>. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/mouse">the original</a> on 2019-12-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+for+Mouse&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fen%2Fdefinition%2Fmouse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLicklider1968" class="citation web cs1">Licklider, J. C. R. (April 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memex.org/licklider.pdf">"The Computer as a Communication Device"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Science and Technology</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000815211839/http://memex.org/licklider.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2000-08-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=The+Computer+as+a+Communication+Device&rft.date=1968-04&rft.aulast=Licklider&rft.aufirst=J.+C.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemex.org%2Flicklider.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Copping_2013_Benjamin-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Copping_2013_Benjamin_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Copping_2013_Benjamin_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCopping2013" class="citation web cs1">Copping, Jasper (2013-07-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/10174366/Briton-I-invented-the-computer-mouse-20-years-before-the-Americans.html">"Briton: 'I invented the computer mouse 20 years before the Americans'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_Media_Group" title="Telegraph Media Group">The Telegraph</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Briton%3A+%27I+invented+the+computer+mouse+20+years+before+the+Americans%27&rft.pub=The+Telegraph&rft.date=2013-07-11&rft.aulast=Copping&rft.aufirst=Jasper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2Fnews%2F10174366%2FBriton-I-invented-the-computer-mouse-20-years-before-the-Americans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill_2005_Benjamin-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hill_2005_Benjamin_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hill_2005_Benjamin_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHill2005" class="citation web cs1">Hill, Peter C. J., ed. 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(1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ewh.ieee.org/reg/7/millennium/fp6000/fp6000_datar.html">"From DATAR to the FP-6000: Technological change in a Canadian industrial context"</a>. <i>IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</i>. <b>16</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">20–</span>30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F85.279228">10.1109/85.279228</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1058-6180">1058-6180</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15277748">15277748</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=From+DATAR+to+the+FP-6000%3A+Technological+change+in+a+Canadian+industrial+context&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15277748%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1058-6180&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F85.279228&rft.aulast=Vardalas&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fewh.ieee.org%2Freg%2F7%2Fmillennium%2Ffp6000%2Ffp6000_datar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBallVardalas1993" class="citation cs2">Ball, Norman R.; Vardalas, John N. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ieee.ca&rft.atitle=FP-6000+--+From+DATAR+To+The+FP-6000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieee.ca%2Fmillennium%2Ffp6000%2Ffp6000_datar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/28358/1/cernbooks2_12-00">"First mouse – CERN Courier"</a>. <i>cerncourier.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Stanford: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bootstrapping00thie/page/95">95</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3871-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3871-2"><bdi>978-0-8047-3871-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bootstrapping%3A+Douglas+Engelbart%2C+Coevolution%2C+and+the+Origins+of+Personal+Computing&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-3871-2&rft.aulast=Bardini&rft.aufirst=Thierry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbootstrapping00thie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ceruzzi_2012-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ceruzzi_2012_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCeruzzi2012" class="citation book cs1">Ceruzzi, Paul E. 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Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-31039-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-31039-0"><bdi>978-0-262-31039-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computing%3A+A+Concise+History&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-262-31039-0&rft.aulast=Ceruzzi&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1pJZ_GsO8_sC%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rheingold_2000-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rheingold_2000_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRheingold2000" class="citation book cs1">Rheingold, Howard (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fr8bdUDisqAC&q=engelbart%20mouse&pg=PA64"><i>The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-26110-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-26110-4"><bdi>978-0-262-26110-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Virtual+Community%3A+Homesteading+on+the+Electronic+Frontier&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-262-26110-4&rft.aulast=Rheingold&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfr8bdUDisqAC%26q%3Dengelbart%2520mouse%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lyon_1998-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lyon_1998_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLyonHafner1998" class="citation book cs1">Lyon, Matthew; Hafner, Katie (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RLKxSvCBQZcC&pg=PA78"><i>Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-87216-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-87216-2"><bdi>978-0-684-87216-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+Wizards+Stay+Up+Late%3A+The+Origins+Of+The+Internet&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-684-87216-2&rft.aulast=Lyon&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Hafner%2C+Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRLKxSvCBQZcC%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hey-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hey_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeyPápay2015" class="citation book cs1">Hey, Tony; Pápay, Gyuri (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q4FIBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA162"><i>The Computing Universe: A Journey through a Revolution</i></a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-12322-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-12322-5"><bdi>978-1-316-12322-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Computing+Universe%3A+A+Journey+through+a+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-316-12322-5&rft.aulast=Hey&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=P%C3%A1pay%2C+Gyuri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq4FIBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atkinson-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Atkinson_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson2010" class="citation book cs1">Atkinson, Paul (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/computer0000atki"><i>Computer</i></a></span>. London: Reaktion Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/computer0000atki/page/63">63</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-737-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-737-4"><bdi>978-1-86189-737-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer&rft.place=London&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-737-4&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomputer0000atki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khazan-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Khazan_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhazan2013" class="citation news cs1">Khazan, Olga (2013-07-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/douglas-engelbart-computer-visionary-and-inventor-of-the-mouse-dies-at-88/2013/07/03/1439b508-0264-11e2-9b24-ff730c7f6312_story.html">"Douglas Engelbart, computer visionary and inventor of the mouse, dies at 88"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. WP Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Douglas+Engelbart%2C+computer+visionary+and+inventor+of+the+mouse%2C+dies+at+88&rft.date=2013-07-03&rft.aulast=Khazan&rft.aufirst=Olga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fbusiness%2Fdouglas-engelbart-computer-visionary-and-inventor-of-the-mouse-dies-at-88%2F2013%2F07%2F03%2F1439b508-0264-11e2-9b24-ff730c7f6312_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Markoff-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Markoff_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarkoff2013" class="citation news cs1">Markoff, John (2013-07-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/04/technology/douglas-c-engelbart-inventor-of-the-computer-mouse-dies-at-88.html">"Computer Visionary Who Invented the Mouse"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 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Engelbart">Engelbart, Douglas C.</a>; Landau; Clegg, <i>Evolving Collective Intelligence</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolving+Collective+Intelligence&rft.aulast=Engelbart&rft.aufirst=Douglas+C.&rft.au=Landau&rft.au=Clegg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121228005323/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/video/smithsonian-channel/The-Demo-That-Changed-the-World.html">"The Demo That Changed the World"</a>. Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/video/smithsonian-channel/The-Demo-That-Changed-the-World.html">the original</a> on 2012-12-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Demo+That+Changed+the+World&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fvideo%2Fsmithsonian-channel%2FThe-Demo-That-Changed-the-World.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEngelbart1967" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_C._Engelbart" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas C. Engelbart">Engelbart, Douglas C.</a> (March 1967), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dougengelbart.org/content/view/145/000/"><i>Display-Selection Techniques for Text Manipulation</i></a>, IEEE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics, pp. <span class="nowrap">5–</span>15<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-26</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Display-Selection+Techniques+for+Text+Manipulation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.pub=IEEE+Transactions+on+Human+Factors+in+Electronics&rft.date=1967-03&rft.aulast=Engelbart&rft.aufirst=Douglas+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dougengelbart.org%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F145%2F000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEngelbart" class="citation web cs1">Engelbart, Christina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dougengelbart.org/content/view/145/000/">"Display-Selection Techniques for Text Manipulation – 1967 (AUGMENT, 133184) – Doug Engelbart Institute"</a>. <i>dougengelbart.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dougengelbart.org&rft.atitle=Display-Selection+Techniques+for+Text+Manipulation+%E2%80%93+1967+%28AUGMENT%2C+133184%29+%E2%80%93+Doug+Engelbart+Institute&rft.aulast=Engelbart&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dougengelbart.org%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F145%2F000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neubauer_1968-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neubauer_1968_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neubauer_1968_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeubauer1968" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Neubauer, Günter (1968-10-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-basteln.de/file/rollkugel/AEG%20Telefunken%20Technische%20Mitteilungen%201968.pdf">"Sichtgeräte in elektronischen Datenverarbeitungsanlagen"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Technische Mitteilungen: Beiheft Datenverarbeitung</i> (in German). Vol. 1, no. 2. Berlin, Germany: <a href="/wiki/AEG-Telefunken" class="mw-redirect" title="AEG-Telefunken">AEG-Telefunken</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">15–</span>18. DK 621.385.832: 681.325. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210121044022/http://e-basteln.de/file/rollkugel/AEG%20Telefunken%20Technische%20Mitteilungen%201968.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technische+Mitteilungen%3A+Beiheft+Datenverarbeitung&rft.atitle=Sichtger%C3%A4te+in+elektronischen+Datenverarbeitungsanlagen&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=1968-10-02&rft.aulast=Neubauer&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-basteln.de%2Ffile%2Frollkugel%2FAEG%2520Telefunken%2520Technische%2520Mitteilungen%25201968.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span> (1+4 pages)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CHM_SIG-100-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CHM_SIG-100_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CHM_SIG-100_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CHM_SIG-100_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/input-output/14/346/1874">"SIG-100 video terminal and mouse"</a>. Mountain View, California, US: <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a>. 2011 [1968]. <a href="/wiki/AEG_(German_company)" title="AEG (German company)">AEG</a> 969.68. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210821100518/https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/input-output/14/346/1874">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SIG-100+video+terminal+and+mouse&rft.place=Mountain+View%2C+California%2C+US&rft.pub=Computer+History+Museum&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Frevolution%2Finput-output%2F14%2F346%2F1874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telefunken_1971-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Telefunken_1971_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Telefunken_1971_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://computermuseum.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/telefunken/tr440/doku/SIG100_Jun1971.pdf"><i>Datenverarbeitung: Informationsblatt – TR 440 Arbeitsplatz – Sichtgerät SIG 100, Tastatur – Fernschreiber FSR 105 – Fernschreibmultiplexer FMP 301</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German) (0671 ed.). Konstanz, Germany: <a href="/wiki/AEG-Telefunken" class="mw-redirect" title="AEG-Telefunken">AEG-Telefunken</a>, Fachbereich Informationstechnik. June 1971. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>4. MPN N31,A2.10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-24</span></span>. p. 2: <q>[…] Sichtgerät SIG 100 […] Als Zusatzeinrichtung des Datensichtgerätes kann eine Rollkugelsteuerung geliefert werden. Für deren Inbetriebnahme ist jedoch der Besitz einer Tastatur-Sendeelektronik Voraussetzung. Die Rollkugelsteuerung erlaubt es, eine elektronisch eingeblendete Marke "von Hand" an jede beliebige Stelle des Bildschirms zu schieben. Mit ihrer Hilfe ist es möglich, an der gekennzeichneten Stelle eine neue Rechnerinformation sichtbar zu machen oder aber eine bereits vorhandene Information zu ändern, zu löschen oder zu erweitern. […]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Datenverarbeitung%3A+Informationsblatt+%E2%80%93+TR+440+Arbeitsplatz+%E2%80%93+Sichtger%C3%A4t+SIG+100%2C+Tastatur+%E2%80%93+Fernschreiber+FSR+105+%E2%80%93+Fernschreibmultiplexer+FMP+301&rft.place=Konstanz%2C+Germany&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.edition=0671&rft.pub=AEG-Telefunken%2C+Fachbereich+Informationstechnik&rft.date=1971-06&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fcomputermuseum.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de%2Ftelefunken%2Ftr440%2Fdoku%2FSIG100_Jun1971.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span> (4 pages)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bülow_2009_Rollkugel-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bülow_2009_Rollkugel_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bülow_2009_Rollkugel_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bülow_2009_Rollkugel_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bülow_2009_Rollkugel_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bülow_2009_Rollkugel_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bülow_2009_Rollkugel_36-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBulow2009" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bulow, Ralf (2009-04-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Auf-den-Spuren-der-deutschen-Computermaus-216255.html">"Auf den Spuren der deutschen Computermaus"</a> [In the footsteps of the German computer mouse]. <i><a href="/wiki/Heise_online" class="mw-redirect" title="Heise online">Heise online</a></i> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Heise_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Heise Verlag">Heise Verlag</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210823232003/https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Auf-den-Spuren-der-deutschen-Computermaus-216255.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heise+online&rft.atitle=Auf+den+Spuren+der+deutschen+Computermaus&rft.date=2009-04-28&rft.aulast=Bulow&rft.aufirst=Ralf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heise.de%2Fnewsticker%2Fmeldung%2FAuf-den-Spuren-der-deutschen-Computermaus-216255.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HNF_2016_Blog-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HNF_2016_Blog_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HNF_2016_Blog_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HNF_2016_Blog_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HNF_2016_Blog_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HNF_2016_Blog_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HNF_2016_Blog_37-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.hnf.de/wenn-die-maus-zweimal-klingelt/">"Wenn die Maus zweimal klingelt"</a>. <i>HNF-Blog – Neues von gestern aus der Computergeschichte</i> (in German). Paderborn, Germany: <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Nixdorf_MuseumsForum" title="Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum">Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum</a>. 2016-10-04. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225111239/https://blog.hnf.de/wenn-die-maus-zweimal-klingelt/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HNF-Blog+%E2%80%93+Neues+von+gestern+aus+der+Computergeschichte&rft.atitle=Wenn+die+Maus+zweimal+klingelt&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.hnf.de%2Fwenn-die-maus-zweimal-klingelt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yacoub-Turfa-Maurer_2016-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yacoub-Turfa-Maurer_2016_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yacoub-Turfa-Maurer_2016_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yacoub-Turfa-Maurer_2016_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yacoub-Turfa-Maurer_2016_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yacoub-Turfa-Maurer_2016_38-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yacoub-Turfa-Maurer_2016_38-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yacoub-Turfa-Maurer_2016_38-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYacoubTurfaMaurer2016" class="citation book cs1">Yacoub, Mousa; Turfa, Majd; Maurer, Fabian (2016-08-19). "2.1 Measurements and Properties". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115205037/https://www.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/studium/interessierte/bsc-studiengaenge/informatik/projekt-inf/2016-08-19/Projekt-INF-YacoubTurfaMaurer.pdf"><i>Reverse Engineering of the Computer Mouse RKS 100</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. <span class="nowrap">2–</span>3, 5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/studium/interessierte/bsc-studiengaenge/informatik/projekt-inf/2016-08-19/Projekt-INF-YacoubTurfaMaurer.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2017-11-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-15</span></span>. p. 2: <q>[…] The Encoders made by MCB transmit rotation through a 4-bit <a href="/wiki/Gray_code" title="Gray code">Gray code</a> alternating between 14 possible configurations while only changing one bit each […] The commitment to a Gray code with only 14 possible configurations instead of one with 16 configurations may be caused by limitations on the part of the encoders. Within a full rotation, the encoders cycle through the Gray code for four times, resulting in 56 signals per turn. To rotate the encoders by 90° (14 signals), the RKS needs to be moved by around 10 mm [0.39 in]. While modern encoders use a 2-bit (i.e. 4 configurations) Gray code, the advantage of this 4-bit encoder lies in the detection of missed bit changes. If up to 6 bit changes would pass undetected, it would still be possible to find out the direction the encoder rotated in and then interpolate the movement of the mouse cursor. The Encoders work completely passive and simply connect or disconnect the four data cables from an input cable that can be connected to either ground or a power supply. The button of the RKS works in a similar way using one cable for input and one for output and connecting those while pressed. […] In total, 12 cables are used to connect the RKS to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Telefunken_TR_440&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telefunken TR 440 (page does not exist)">TR-440</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/TR_440" class="extiw" title="de:TR 440">de</a>]</span> – four data cables for each encoder, one input cable for both encoders, one ground for the upper metal plate, one input for the button and one output for the button. […]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.1+Measurements+and+Properties&rft.btitle=Reverse+Engineering+of+the+Computer+Mouse+RKS+100&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E3%2C+5&rft.date=2016-08-19&rft.aulast=Yacoub&rft.aufirst=Mousa&rft.au=Turfa%2C+Majd&rft.au=Maurer%2C+Fabian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de%2Fstudium%2Finteressierte%2Fbsc-studiengaenge%2Finformatik%2Fprojekt-inf%2F2016-08-19%2FProjekt-INF-YacoubTurfaMaurer.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span> (NB. Contains some historical photos. See also: <a href="#NB-Encoder">Encoder remarks</a>.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mueller_2018-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mueller_2018_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mueller_2018_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mueller_2018_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mueller_2018_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMüller2021" class="citation web cs1">Müller, Jürgen (2021) [2018]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-basteln.de/computing/rollkugel/rollkugel/">"The first rolling-ball mouse"</a>. <i>e-basteln – Solving yesterday's problems today</i>. Hamburg, Germany. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210823162131/http://www.e-basteln.de/computing/rollkugel/rollkugel/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-23</span></span>. <q>[…] The encoders are made by MCB in France, „codeur à contacts" type CC27E08. […] The encoders produce a 4-bit <a href="/wiki/Gray_code" title="Gray code">Gray code</a> (only a single bit will change between adjacent states) with 14 states. Also, each individual output maintains its value for at least two successive states; that allows for a somewhat slower time constant on de-bouncing the contacts. […] This sequence is repeated 5 times for a full revolution of the encoder. Since the rubber O-ring on the encoder wheel has a diameter of 13 mm [0.51 in], that makes for a resolution of 5*14 counts / (π*13 mm) = 1.7 counts/mm = 43.5 counts/inch. […]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=e-basteln+%E2%80%93+Solving+yesterday%27s+problems+today&rft.atitle=The+first+rolling-ball+mouse&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-basteln.de%2Fcomputing%2Frollkugel%2Frollkugel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210823201846/http://www.e-basteln.de/file/rollkugel/rks_encoder.c">[1]</a> (NB. See also: <a href="#NB-Encoder">Encoder remarks</a>.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steinbach_2018-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steinbach_2018_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steinbach_2018_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steinbach_2018_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steinbach_2018_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steinbach_2018_40-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steinbach_2018_40-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steinbach_2018_40-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steinbach_2018_40-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steinbach_2018_40-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMallebrein2018" class="citation interview cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainer_Mallebrein" class="extiw" title="de:Rainer Mallebrein">Mallebrein, Rainer</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (2018-02-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2018/05/102738746-05-01-acc.pdf">"Oral History of Rainer Mallebrein"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Interview) (in German and English). Interviewed by Steinbach, Günter. Singen am Hohentwiel, Germany / Mountain View, California, US: <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a>. CHM Ref: X8517.2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210127162137/https://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/access/text/2018/05/102738746-05-01-acc.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-01-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oral+History+of+Rainer+Mallebrein&rft.place=Singen+am+Hohentwiel%2C+Germany+%2F+Mountain+View%2C+California%2C+US&rft.pub=Computer+History+Museum&rft.date=2018-02-18&rft.aulast=Mallebrein&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.computerhistory.org%2Fresources%2Faccess%2Ftext%2F2018%2F05%2F102738746-05-01-acc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span> (18 pages) (NB. See also: <a href="#NB-Encoder">Encoder remarks</a>.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ebner_2018-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ebner_2018_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ebner_2018_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ebner_2018_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ebner_2018_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEbner2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ebner, Susanne (2018-01-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.suedkurier.de/ueberregional/wissenschaft/Entwickler-aus-Singen-ueber-die-Anfaenge-der-Computermaus-Wir-waren-der-Zeit-voraus;art1350069,9590558">"Entwickler aus Singen über die Anfänge der Computermaus: "Wir waren der Zeit voraus"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> [Singen-based developer about the advent of the computer mouse: "We were ahead of time"]. Leben und Wissen. <i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdkurier" title="Südkurier">Südkurier</a></i> (in German). Konstanz, Germany: <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdkurier_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Südkurier GmbH">Südkurier GmbH</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1184800329">1184800329</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ZDB-ID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ZDB-ID (identifier)">ZDB-ID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ld.zdb-services.de/resource/1411183-4">1411183-4</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/DNB-IDN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="DNB-IDN (identifier)">DNB-IDN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/019058799">019058799</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302234231/https://www.suedkurier.de/ueberregional/wissenschaft/Entwickler-aus-Singen-ueber-die-Anfaenge-der-Computermaus-Wir-waren-der-Zeit-voraus;art1350069,9590558">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=S%C3%BCdkurier&rft.atitle=Entwickler+aus+Singen+%C3%BCber+die+Anf%C3%A4nge+der+Computermaus%3A+%22Wir+waren+der+Zeit+voraus%22&rft.date=2018-01-24&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1184800329&rft.aulast=Ebner&rft.aufirst=Susanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.suedkurier.de%2Fueberregional%2Fwissenschaft%2FEntwickler-aus-Singen-ueber-die-Anfaenge-der-Computermaus-Wir-waren-der-Zeit-voraus%3Bart1350069%2C9590558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telefunken_1966-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Telefunken_1966_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Technische Angaben". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://computermuseum.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/telefunken/tr440/doku/TR440_Mai1966.pdf"><i>Telefunken TR440</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). Ulm, Germany: <a href="/wiki/Telefunken_Aktiengesellschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Telefunken Aktiengesellschaft">Telefunken Aktiengesellschaft</a>, Fachbereich Anlagen Informationstechnik. May 1966. pp. 19–20 [20]. AH 5.2 WB 160/1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210928193401/ftp://computermuseum.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/telefunken/tr440/doku/TR440_Mai1966.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-24</span></span>. p. 20: <q>Peripheriegeräte […] Bildschirmarbeitsplatz […] Steuermöglichkeiten […] Eingabetastatur, Funktionstastatur, Rollkugelsteuerung […]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Technische+Angaben&rft.btitle=Telefunken+TR440&rft.place=Ulm%2C+Germany&rft.pages=19-20+20&rft.pub=Telefunken+Aktiengesellschaft%2C+Fachbereich+Anlagen+Informationstechnik&rft.date=1966-05&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fcomputermuseum.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de%2Ftelefunken%2Ftr440%2Fdoku%2FTR440_Mai1966.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span> (22 pages)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telefunken_1972-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Telefunken_1972_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://computermuseum.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/telefunken/tr440/doku/SIG100_SIG50_Mar1972.pdf"><i>Benutzerstation: Sichtgeräte SIG 100, SIG 50 – Fernschreiber FSR 105 – Datenstation DAS 3200</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. System TR 440 (in German) (0372 ed.). Konstanz, Germany: <a href="/wiki/Telefunken_Computer_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Telefunken Computer GmbH">Telefunken Computer GmbH</a>. March 1972. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>2. MPN N31.A2.10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-13</span></span>. <q>[…] Sichtgerät SIG 100 […] Beim Sichtgerät lassen sich die Daten leicht über die Tastatur und Positionen über die Rollkugel eingeben. […] Rollkugel […] Als Zusatzeinrichtung des SIG 100 kann eine Rollkugelsteuerung geliefert werden, die es erlaubt, eine elektronisch eingeblendete Marke von Hand an jede beliebige Stelle des Bildschirms zu schieben. […]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benutzerstation%3A+Sichtger%C3%A4te+SIG+100%2C+SIG+50+%E2%80%93+Fernschreiber+FSR+105+%E2%80%93+Datenstation+DAS+3200&rft.place=Konstanz%2C+Germany&rft.series=System+TR+440&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.edition=0372&rft.pub=Telefunken+Computer+GmbH&rft.date=1972-03&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fcomputermuseum.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de%2Ftelefunken%2Ftr440%2Fdoku%2FSIG100_SIG50_Mar1972.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span> (6 pages)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holland_2019-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holland_2019_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holland_2019_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holland_2019_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolland2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Holland, Martin (2019-05-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Rollkugel-Erfinder-gibt-allerste-PC-Maus-nach-Paderborn-4421963.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Rollkugel": Erfinder gibt allererste PC-Maus nach Paderborn – Weltweit gibt es nur noch vier Exemplare: Der Erfinder der allerersten Computermaus hat eines der seltenen Geräte nach Nordrhein-Westfalen verschenkt"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Heise_online" class="mw-redirect" title="Heise online">Heise online</a></i> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Heise_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Heise Verlag">Heise Verlag</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108000058/https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Rollkugel-Erfinder-gibt-allerste-PC-Maus-nach-Paderborn-4421963.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-23</span></span>. <q>[…] Mallebrein hatte die Maus für Telefunken entwickelt, das Unternehmen verkaufte sie ab 1968 zusammen mit seinem damaligen Spitzencomputer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Telefunken_TR_440&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telefunken TR 440 (page does not exist)">TR 440</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/TR_440" class="extiw" title="de:TR 440">de</a>]</span>. Allerdings nur 46 Mal, vor allem an Universitäten, der Rechner war mit bis zu 20 Millionen Mark praktisch unerschwinglich teuer, sagt Mallebrein. […] Seine Maus – für 1500 Mark zu haben – geriet in Vergessenheit. Ein Patent gab es auch nicht. "Wegen zu geringer Erfindungshöhe", stand damals im Schreiben des Patentamts, erinnert sich der Senior. "Über Anwendungsmöglichkeiten war damals gar nicht gesprochen worden, nämlich dass die Maus Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion fahren kann." […]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heise+online&rft.atitle=%22Rollkugel%22%3A+Erfinder+gibt+allererste+PC-Maus+nach+Paderborn+%E2%80%93+Weltweit+gibt+es+nur+noch+vier+Exemplare%3A+Der+Erfinder+der+allerersten+Computermaus+hat+eines+der+seltenen+Ger%C3%A4te+nach+Nordrhein-Westfalen+verschenkt.&rft.date=2019-05-14&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heise.de%2Fnewsticker%2Fmeldung%2FRollkugel-Erfinder-gibt-allerste-PC-Maus-nach-Paderborn-4421963.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://heise.de/-4421963">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vaihingen_2016-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vaihingen_2016_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vaihingen_2016_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115204824/https://www.visus.uni-stuttgart.de/presse-und-medien/news/detailansicht/article/50-jahre-computer-mit-der-maus.html">"50 Jahre Computer mit der Maus – Öffentliche Veranstaltung am 5. Dezember auf dem Campus Vaihingen"</a> (Invitation to a plenum discussion) (in German). Stuttgart, Germany: Informatik-Forum Stuttgart (infos e.V.), GI- / ACM-Regionalgruppe Stuttgart / Böblingen, Institut für Visualisierung und Interaktive Systeme der Universität Stuttgart and SFB-TRR 161. 2016-11-28. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visus.uni-stuttgart.de/presse-und-medien/news/detailansicht/article/50-jahre-computer-mit-der-maus.html">the original</a> on 2017-11-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=50+Jahre+Computer+mit+der+Maus+%E2%80%93+%C3%96ffentliche+Veranstaltung+am+5.+Dezember+auf+dem+Campus+Vaihingen&rft.place=Stuttgart%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Informatik-Forum+Stuttgart+%28infos+e.V.%29%2C+GI-+%2F+ACM-Regionalgruppe+Stuttgart+%2F+B%C3%B6blingen%2C+Institut+f%C3%BCr+Visualisierung+und+Interaktive+Systeme+der+Universit%C3%A4t+Stuttgart+and+SFB-TRR+161&rft.date=2016-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visus.uni-stuttgart.de%2Fpresse-und-medien%2Fnews%2Fdetailansicht%2Farticle%2F50-jahre-computer-mit-der-maus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Borchers_2016-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Borchers_2016_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBorchers2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detlef_Henning_Borchers" class="extiw" title="de:Detlef Henning Borchers">Borchers, Detlef Henning</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (2016-12-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/50-Jahre-Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion-Finger-oder-Kugel-3567899.html">"50 Jahre Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion: Finger oder Kugel?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Heise_online" class="mw-redirect" title="Heise online">Heise online</a></i> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Heise_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Heise Verlag">Heise Verlag</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115234257/https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/50-Jahre-Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion-Finger-oder-Kugel-3567899.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-11-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heise+online&rft.atitle=50+Jahre+Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion%3A+Finger+oder+Kugel%3F&rft.date=2016-12-10&rft.aulast=Borchers&rft.aufirst=Detlef+Henning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heise.de%2Fnewsticker%2Fmeldung%2F50-Jahre-Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion-Finger-oder-Kugel-3567899.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OldMouse_Telefunken-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OldMouse_Telefunken_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210822024815/http://www.oldmouse.com/mouse/misc/telefunken.shtml">"Telefunken's "Rollkugel"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Missoula, Montana, US: oldmouse.com. 2009. Archived from the original on 2021-08-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Telefunken%27s+%22Rollkugel%22&rft.place=Missoula%2C+Montana%2C+US&rft.pub=oldmouse.com&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oldmouse.com%2Fmouse%2Fmisc%2Ftelefunken.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CHM_RKS-100-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CHM_RKS-100_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/input-output/14/350/1794">"RKS 100-86 mouse ("Rollkugel")"</a>. Mountain View, California, US: <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a>. 2011 [1968]. Item ID 102667911. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210823222645/https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/input-output/14/350/1794">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RKS+100-86+mouse+%28%22Rollkugel%22%29&rft.place=Mountain+View%2C+California%2C+US&rft.pub=Computer+History+Museum&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Frevolution%2Finput-output%2F14%2F350%2F1794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HNF_2019_Presentation-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HNF_2019_Presentation_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hnf.de/das-hnf/presse/pressemitteilungen/ansicht/artikel/von-rollkugeln-und-maeusen.html">"Von Rollkugeln und Mäusen – Präsentation zur Computermaus im HNF"</a> (Press announcement) (in German). Paderborn, Germany: <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Nixdorf_MuseumsForum" title="Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum">Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum</a>. 2019-05-14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210823222755/https://www.hnf.de/das-hnf/presse/pressemitteilungen/ansicht/artikel/von-rollkugeln-und-maeusen.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Von+Rollkugeln+und+M%C3%A4usen+%E2%80%93+Pr%C3%A4sentation+zur+Computermaus+im+HNF&rft.place=Paderborn%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Heinz+Nixdorf+MuseumsForum&rft.date=2019-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hnf.de%2Fdas-hnf%2Fpresse%2Fpressemitteilungen%2Fansicht%2Fartikel%2Fvon-rollkugeln-und-maeusen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGold" class="citation web cs1">Gold, Virginia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acm.org/binaries/content/assets/press-releases/2010/march/turing-award-09-1.pdf">"ACM Turing Award Goes to Creator of First Modern Personal Computer"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100311223801/http://www.acm.org/press-room/news-releases/2010/turing-award-09">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-03-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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IEEE. pp. <span class="nowrap">204–</span>207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FPACRIM.2001.953558">10.1109/PACRIM.2001.953558</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11094%2F14053">11094/14053</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7803-7080-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7803-7080-5"><bdi>0-7803-7080-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Design+and+implementation+of+the+double+mouse+system+for+a+Window+environment&rft.btitle=2001+IEEE+Pacific+Rim+Conference+on+Communications%2C+Computers+and+Signal+Processing+%28IEEE+Cat.+No.01CH37233%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E204-%3C%2Fspan%3E207&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.date=2001-08-26%2F2001-08-28&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11094%2F14053&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FPACRIM.2001.953558&rft.isbn=0-7803-7080-5&rft.aulast=Nakamura&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Tsukamoto%2C+M.&rft.au=Nishio%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lifewire.com/logitech-m570-wireless-trackball-mouse-review-4691293">"Logitech M570 Wireless Trackball Mouse Review: Unconventional Features"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Logitech+M570+Wireless+Trackball+Mouse+Review%3A+Unconventional+Features&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lifewire.com%2Flogitech-m570-wireless-trackball-mouse-review-4691293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMüller2018" class="citation journal cs1">Müller, Jörg (2018-02-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inria.hal.science/hal-01717219/document">"Dynamics of Pointing with Pointer Acceleration"</a>. <i>IFIP Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (INTERACT)</i>: <span class="nowrap">475–</span>495 – via HAL. <q>[Pointer acceleration] functions increase the mouse gain with increasing mouse velocity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IFIP+Conference+on+Human-Computer+Interaction+%28INTERACT%29&rft.atitle=Dynamics+of+Pointing+with+Pointer+Acceleration&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E475-%3C%2Fspan%3E495&rft.date=2018-02-26&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finria.hal.science%2Fhal-01717219%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222190833/http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/archive/pointer-bal.mspx">"Pointer ballistics for Windows XP"</a>. <i>Windows Hardware Developer Center Archive</i>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. 2002. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corepad+Victory+%26+Deskpad+XXXL&rft.aulast=Guy&rft.aufirst=Eric+%22Unit24%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gruntville.com%2Freviews%2Fmousepads%2Fcorepad_roundup%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSam2019" class="citation web cs1">Sam, Raymond (2019-07-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thegamingsetup.com/gaming-mouse/buying-guides/mouse-feet-replacement">"Mouse Feet Replacement Guide – Are Hyperglides worth it?"</a>. <i>thegamingsetup</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-31</span></span>. <q>The mouse was conceived by the computer scientist Douglas Engelbart, developed by Xerox PARC, and made marketable by Apple</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Creation+Myth+%E2%80%93+Xerox+PARC%2C+Apple%2C+and+the+truth+about+innovation&rft.date=2011-05-16&rft.aulast=Gladwell&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Freporting%2F2011%2F05%2F16%2F110516fa_fact_gladwell%3FcurrentPage%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBooth1987" class="citation journal cs1">Booth, Stephen A. (January 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GOMDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA16">"Colorful New Apple"</a>. <i>Popular Mechanics</i>. <b>164</b> (1): 16. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-4558">0032-4558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.atitle=Colorful+New+Apple&rft.volume=164&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1987-01&rft.issn=0032-4558&rft.aulast=Booth&rft.aufirst=Stephen+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGOMDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShiels2008" class="citation news cs1">Shiels, Maggie (2008-12-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/technology/7751627.stm">"Logitech's billionth mouse"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Logitech%27s+billionth+mouse&rft.date=2008-12-03&rft.aulast=Shiels&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Flow%2Ftechnology%2F7751627.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mace19840507-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mace19840507_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMace1984" class="citation news cs1">Mace, Scott (1984-05-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ti4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA56">"In Praise of Classics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a></i>. p. 56<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=In+Praise+of+Classics&rft.pages=56&rft.date=1984-05-07&rft.aulast=Mace&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dti4EAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gi2006-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gi2006_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris Klochek and I. Scott MacKenzie (2006). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yorku.ca/mack/GI2006.pdf">Performance measures of game controllers in a three-dimensional environment</a></i>. Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2006. pp. 73–79. Canadian Information Processing Society. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56881-308-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-56881-308-2">1-56881-308-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.3daimtrainer.com/mouse-sensitivity-converter/">"Sensitivity Converter & Calculator – 3D Aim Trainer"</a>. <i>3DAimTrainer</i>. 2024-04-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=3DAimTrainer&rft.atitle=Sensitivity+Converter+%26+Calculator+%E2%80%93+3D+Aim+Trainer&rft.date=2024-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.3daimtrainer.com%2Fmouse-sensitivity-converter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/first-use-of-freelook-in-a-fps">"First Use of Freelook in a FPS"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Use+of+Freelook+in+a+FPS&rft.pub=Guinness+World+Records&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com%2Fworld-records%2Ffirst-use-of-freelook-in-a-fps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2011" class="citation news cs1">Phillips, Casey (2011-08-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/life/entertainment/story/2011/aug/19/0819-e1-super-nostalgia-local-gamers-fondly/56755/">"Super Nostalgia: Local Gamers Fondly Remember Super Nintendo on Its 20th Anniversary"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Times_Free_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Times Free Press">Times Free Press</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Free+Press&rft.atitle=Super+Nostalgia%3A+Local+Gamers+Fondly+Remember+Super+Nintendo+on+Its+20th+Anniversary&rft.date=2011-08-19&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Casey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesfreepress.com%2Fnews%2Flife%2Fentertainment%2Fstory%2F2011%2Faug%2F19%2F0819-e1-super-nostalgia-local-gamers-fondly%2F56755%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoch" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-interproj-linked-name"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102435890" class="extiw" title="d:Q102435890">Roch, Axel</a> <span class="cs1-format">[at Wikidata]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://moon.zkm.de/hp_new/pdf/mouse.pdf">"Fire-Control and Human-Computer Interaction: Towards a History of the Computer Mouse (1940–1965)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Mindell, David. <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>, Program in Science, Technology, and Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210628210444/http://moon.zkm.de/hp_new/pdf/mouse.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-06-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fire-Control+and+Human-Computer+Interaction%3A+Towards+a+History+of+the+Computer+Mouse+%281940%E2%80%931965%29&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Institute+of+Technology%2C+Program+in+Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Society&rft.aulast=Roch&rft.aufirst=Axel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoon.zkm.de%2Fhp_new%2Fpdf%2Fmouse.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span> (11 pages) (NB. This is based on an earlier German article published in 1996 in <i>Lab. Jahrbuch 1995/1996 für Künste und Apparate</i> (350 pages) by <a href="/wiki/Kunsthochschule_f%C3%BCr_Medien_K%C3%B6ln" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunsthochschule für Medien Köln">Kunsthochschule für Medien Köln</a> mit dem <a href="/wiki/Verein_der_Freunde_der_Kunsthochschule_f%C3%BCr_Medien_K%C3%B6ln" class="mw-redirect" title="Verein der Freunde der Kunsthochschule für Medien Köln">Verein der Freunde der Kunsthochschule für Medien Köln</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buchhandlung_Walther_K%C3%B6nig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buchhandlung Walther König (page does not exist)">Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verlag_der_Buchhandlung_Walther_K%C3%B6nig" class="extiw" title="de:Verlag der Buchhandlung Walther König">de</a>]</span> in Cologne, Germany. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88375-245-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-88375-245-2">3-88375-245-2</a>.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPang2002" class="citation magazine cs1">Pang, Alex Soojung-Kim (March–April 2002). Candland, Kevin (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alumni.stanford.edu/get/page/magazine/article/?article_id=37694">"Mighty Mouse – In 1980, Apple Computer asked a group of guys fresh from Stanford's product design program to take a $400 device and make it mass-producible, reliable and cheap. Their work transformed personal computing"</a>. <i>Stanford Magazine</i>. Stanford, California, US: Stanford Alumni Association, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210824102957/https://stanfordmag.org/contents/mighty-mouse">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Magazine&rft.atitle=Mighty+Mouse+%E2%80%93+In+1980%2C+Apple+Computer+asked+a+group+of+guys+fresh+from+Stanford%27s+product+design+program+to+take+a+%24400+device+and+make+it+mass-producible%2C+reliable+and+cheap.+Their+work+transformed+personal+computing.&rft.date=2002-03%2F2002-04&rft.aulast=Pang&rft.aufirst=Alex+Soojung-Kim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falumni.stanford.edu%2Fget%2Fpage%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F%3Farticle_id%3D37694&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer+mouse" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Mouse_(computing)" class="extiw" title="v:Mouse (computing)">Mouse (computing)</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Computer_mice" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Computer mice">Computer mice</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dougengelbart.org/content/view/162/000/">Doug Engelbart Institute mouse resources page</a> includes stories and links</li> <li>The video <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yJDv-zdhzMY&t=33m37s">segment</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Mother_of_All_Demos" title="The Mother of All Demos">The Mother of All Demos</a> with <a href="/wiki/Doug_Engelbart" class="mw-redirect" title="Doug Engelbart">Doug Engelbart</a> showing the device from 1968</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Basic_computer_components192" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basic computer components"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Basic_computer_components192" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Basic <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">components</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Input_device" title="Input device">Input devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pointing_device" title="Pointing device">Pointing devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_tablet" title="Graphics tablet">Graphics tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_controller" title="Game controller">Game controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pen" title="Light pen">Light pen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_mouse" title="Optical mouse">Optical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_trackpad" title="Optical trackpad">Optical trackpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointing_stick" title="Pointing stick">Pointing stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchpad" title="Touchpad">Touchpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">Touchscreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trackball" title="Trackball">Trackball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">Image scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Graphics card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">Sound card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sound_chip" title="Sound chip">Sound chip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">Webcam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Softcam" title="Softcam">Softcam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Output_device" title="Output device">Output devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">Monitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_visual_display" title="Electronic visual display">Screen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printer_(computing)" title="Printer (computing)">Printer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plotter" title="Plotter">Plotter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_speakers" title="Computer speakers">Speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">Sound card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Graphics card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Removable_media" title="Removable media">Removable <br /> data storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disk_pack" title="Disk pack">Disk pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">Floppy disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_card" title="Memory card">Memory card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_case" title="Computer case">Computer case</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Central processing unit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherboard" title="Motherboard">Motherboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">Memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonvolatile_BIOS_memory" title="Nonvolatile BIOS memory">BIOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Data storage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">HDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">SSD</a> (<a href="/wiki/SATA" title="SATA">SATA</a> / <a href="/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express">NVMe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_hybrid_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid-state hybrid drive">SSHD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_supply_unit_(computer)" title="Power supply unit (computer)">Power supply</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Switched-mode_power_supply" title="Switched-mode power supply">SMPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_MOSFET" title="Power MOSFET">Power MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage_regulator_module" title="Voltage regulator module">VRM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_interface_controller" title="Network interface controller">Network interface controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax_modem" title="Fax modem">Fax modem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">Expansion card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_port_(hardware)" title="Computer port (hardware)">Ports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_connector_(audio)" title="Phone connector (audio)">Analog audio jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsolete</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">FireWire</a> (IEEE 1394)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_port" title="Parallel port">Parallel port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial port">Serial port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_port" title="Game port">Game port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PS/2_port" title="PS/2 port">PS/2 port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA#eSATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">eSATA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface" title="Digital Visual Interface">DVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VGA_connector" title="VGA connector">VGA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware" title="History of computing hardware">History of computing hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware_(1960s%E2%80%93present)" title="History of computing hardware (1960s–present)">History of computing hardware (1960s–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science" title="List of pioneers in computer science">List of pioneers in computer science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Video_game_controllers81" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Game_controllers" title="Template:Game controllers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Game_controllers" title="Template talk:Game controllers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Game_controllers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Game controllers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Video_game_controllers81" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Game_controller" title="Game controller">Video game controllers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controller types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcade_controller" title="Arcade controller">Arcade controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_board" title="Balance board">Balance board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_pad" title="Dance pad">Dance pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamepad" title="Gamepad">Gamepad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaming_keypad" title="Gaming keypad">Gaming keypad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_urinal" title="Interactive urinal">Interactive urinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joystick" title="Joystick">Joystick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_gun" title="Light gun">Light gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_controller" title="Motion controller">Motion controller</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_game_accessories" title="Rhythm game accessories">Musical Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle_(game_controller)" title="Paddle (game controller)">Paddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulator_pedal" title="Simulator pedal">Pedal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim_racing_wheel" title="Sim racing wheel">Wheel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Direct-drive_sim_racing_wheel" title="Direct-drive sim racing wheel">direct drive</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_control" title="Remote control">Remote control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality_headset" title="Virtual reality headset">Virtual reality headset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wired_glove" title="Wired glove">Wired glove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Controller parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical buttons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analog_stick" title="Analog stick">Analog stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_keys" title="Arrow keys">Arrow keys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-pad" title="D-pad">D-pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hat_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="Hat switch">Hat switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_wheel" title="Scroll wheel">Scroll wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamepad#Features" title="Gamepad">Select button</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamepad#Features" title="Gamepad">Start button</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_keypad" title="Telephone keypad">Telephone keypad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trackball" title="Trackball">Trackball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigger_(game_controller)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigger (game controller)">Trigger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sensitive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer">Accelerometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_feedback" class="mw-redirect" title="Force feedback">Force feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesture_recognition" title="Gesture recognition">Gesture recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptic_technology" title="Haptic technology">Haptic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylus_(computing)" title="Stylus (computing)">Stylus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_pen" title="Digital pen">Digital pen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchpad" title="Touchpad">Touchpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">Touchscreen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_game_controllers" title="List of game controllers">List of game controllers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multitap" title="Multitap">Multitap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reset_button" class="mw-redirect" title="Reset button">Reset button</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R.O.B." title="R.O.B.">R.O.B.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toys-to-life" title="Toys-to-life">Toys-to-life</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" 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class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>132 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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