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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Eco-capitalist theorists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eco-capitalist_theorists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_to_eco-capitalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_to_eco-capitalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Transition to eco-capitalism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transition_to_eco-capitalism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transition to eco-capitalism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transition_to_eco-capitalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Externalities:_Correcting_of_a_free_market_failure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externalities:_Correcting_of_a_free_market_failure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Externalities: Correcting of a free market failure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externalities:_Correcting_of_a_free_market_failure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Green_consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Green consumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green_consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbon_trading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon_trading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Carbon trading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon_trading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Full_cost_accounting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Full_cost_accounting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Full cost accounting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Full_cost_accounting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genuine_progress_indicator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genuine_progress_indicator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Genuine progress indicator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genuine_progress_indicator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_and_responses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_and_responses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Criticism and responses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_and_responses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appeal_of_renewable_energy_in_the_capitalist_market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appeal_of_renewable_energy_in_the_capitalist_market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Appeal of renewable energy in the capitalist market</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Appeal_of_renewable_energy_in_the_capitalist_market-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Appeal of renewable energy in the capitalist market subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Appeal_of_renewable_energy_in_the_capitalist_market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Barriers_to_transition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barriers_to_transition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Barriers to transition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barriers_to_transition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%BCner_Kapitalismus" title="Grüner Kapitalismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grüner Kapitalismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecocapitalismo" title="Ecocapitalismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ecocapitalismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89co-capitalisme" title="Éco-capitalisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Éco-capitalisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%ED%83%9C%EC%9E%90%EB%B3%B8%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="생태자본주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생태자본주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecocapitalismo" title="Ecocapitalismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ecocapitalismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Экокапитализм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Экокапитализм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eko-kapitalizm" title="Eko-kapitalizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eko-kapitalizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="生態資本主義 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="生態資本主義" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q549069#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Green_politics" title="Category:Green politics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;background:transparent;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunflower_(Green_symbol).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sunflower symbol"><img alt="Sunflower symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Sunflower_%28Green_symbol%29.svg/90px-Sunflower_%28Green_symbol%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Sunflower_%28Green_symbol%29.svg/135px-Sunflower_%28Green_symbol%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Sunflower_%28Green_symbol%29.svg/180px-Sunflower_%28Green_symbol%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="440" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Core topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Climate change litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels_lobby" title="Fossil fuels lobby">Fossil fuels lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_party" title="Green party">Green party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_green_politics" title="Outline of green politics">List of topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">Politics of climate change</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Four pillars</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecosophy" title="Ecosophy">Ecological wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_democracy" title="Grassroots democracy">Grassroots democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Perspectives</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">Alter-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_green_environmentalism" title="Bright green environmentalism">Bright green environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticisms_of_globalization" title="Criticisms of globalization">Criticisms of globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_hands" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirty hands">Dirty hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoauthoritarianism" title="Ecoauthoritarianism">Ecoauthoritarianism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocentrism" title="Ecocentrism">Ecocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Ecofascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Eco-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_left" title="Green left">Green left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_ecology" title="Queer ecology">Queer ecology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Greens_Federation" title="Asia Pacific Greens Federation">Asia Pacific Greens Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Green_Party" title="European Green Party">European Green Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Green_Parties_of_Africa" title="Federation of Green Parties of Africa">Federation of Green Parties of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_the_Green_Parties_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation of the Green Parties of the Americas">Federation of the Green Parties of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Young_European_Greens" title="Federation of Young European Greens">Federation of Young European Greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Greens" title="Global Greens">Global Greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Young_Greens" title="Global Young Greens">Global Young Greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Ecological_Parties" title="World Ecological Parties">World Ecological Parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fee_and_dividend" title="Carbon fee and dividend">Carbon fee and dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Climate justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_target" title="Climate target">Climate target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">Conservation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Corporate political activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_modernization" title="Ecological modernization">Ecological modernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomodernism" title="Ecomodernism">Ecomodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-tariff" title="Eco-tariff">Eco-tariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotax" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecotax">Ecotax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism">Eco-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_conflict" title="Environmental conflict">conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of agriculture">effects of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">effects of aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_finance" title="Environmental finance">finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues" title="List of environmental issues">issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_pricing_reform" title="Environmental pricing reform">pricing reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">technology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-environmentalism" title="Anti-environmentalism">opposition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_skepticism" title="Environmental skepticism">Environmental skepticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_music" title="Environmentalism in music">in music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_development" title="Green development">development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_growth" title="Green growth">growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_grabbing" title="Green grabbing">grabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_imperialism" title="Green imperialism">imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_industrial_policy" title="Green industrial policy">industrial policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_job" title="Green job">job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_New_Deal" title="Green New Deal">New Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_recovery" title="Green recovery">recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_retrofit" class="mw-redirect" title="Green retrofit">retrofit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robyn_Eckersley#The_Green_State" title="Robyn Eckersley">state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_theory" title="Green theory">theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_transport_hierarchy" title="Green transport hierarchy">transport hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_vehicle" title="Green vehicle">vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">washing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li>List of environmental incidents <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_conflicts" title="List of environmental conflicts">conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_killings" title="List of environmental killings">killings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_engineering" title="Sustainable engineering">engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_coal" title="War on coal">War on coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict" title="Water conflict">Water conflict</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Green_politics" title="Template:Green politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Green_politics" title="Template talk:Green politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Green_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Green politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Capitalism" title="Category:Capitalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">Austerity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">Business cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Businessperson" title="Businessperson">Businessperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">Capital accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_market" title="Capital market">Capital markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">Competitive markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_surplus" title="Economic surplus">Economic surplus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_capital" title="Fictitious capital">Fictitious capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_market" title="Financial market">Financial market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_price_system" title="Free price system">Free price system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goods_and_services" title="Goods and services">Goods and services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investor" title="Investor">Investor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_hand_(economics)" title="Visible hand (economics)">Visible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalization" title="Liberalization">Liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginalism" title="Marginalism">Marginalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">Money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">Profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rent_seeking" class="mw-redirect" title="Rent seeking">Rent seeking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_and_demand" title="Supply and demand">Supply and demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surplus_value" title="Surplus value">Surplus value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(economics)" title="Value (economics)">Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Economic systems</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon capitalism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_capitalism" title="Corporate capitalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market#General_principles" title="Free market">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Laissez-faire capitalism">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal capitalism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian capitalism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market capitalism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed capitalism">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_monopoly_capitalism" title="State monopoly capitalism">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="National capitalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic capitalism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw capitalism">Raw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulated_market" title="Regulated market">Regulated market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capitalism" title="Regulatory capitalism">Regulatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine capitalism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="State-sponsored capitalism">State-sponsored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Economic theories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Monetary_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Monetary Theory">MMT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Keynesian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Keynesian economics">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Keynesian_economics" title="New Keynesian economics">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_monetarism" title="Market monetarism">Market monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">Neoclassical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_institutional_economics" title="New institutional economics">New institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Origins</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism_and_Islam" title="Capitalism and Islam">Capitalism and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Revolution">Commercial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_commodity_production" title="Simple commodity production">Simple commodity production</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Development</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_capitalism" title="Consumer capitalism">Consumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_capitalism" title="Community capitalism">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_capitalism" title="Corporate capitalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crony_capitalism" title="Crony capitalism">Crony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_capitalism" title="Finance capitalism">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Global capitalism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Illiberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_capitalism" title="Late capitalism">Late</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchant_capitalism" title="Merchant capitalism">Merchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_capitalism" title="Progressive capitalism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rentier_capitalism" title="Rentier capitalism">Rentier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_monopoly_capitalism" title="State monopoly capitalism">State monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocapitalism" title="Technocapitalism">Technological</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Malthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Walras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Schumpeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Coase</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_propaganda" title="Capitalist propaganda">Capitalist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_realism" title="Capitalist realism">Capitalist realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_state" title="Capitalist state">Capitalist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_theory" title="Crisis theory">Crisis theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">Cronyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_capitalism" title="Culture of capitalism">Culture of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evergreening" title="Evergreening">Evergreening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalism" title="History of capitalism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalist_theory" title="History of capitalist theory">History of theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodizations_of_capitalism" title="Periodizations of capitalism">Periodizations of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspectives on capitalism">Perspectives on capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">Post-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculation" title="Speculation">Speculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_philanthropy" title="Venture philanthropy">Venture philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Anarcho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_capitalism" title="Inclusive capitalism">Inclusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal capitalism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian capitalism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Capitalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatism" title="Privatism">Privatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitalismlogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/16px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/24px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Capitalismlogo.svg/32px-Capitalismlogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="912" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Capitalism" title="Portal:Capitalism">Capitalism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business" title="Portal:Business">Business portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitalism_sidebar" title="Template:Capitalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Capitalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Eco-capitalism</b>, also known as <b>environmental capitalism</b> or (sometimes<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) <b>green capitalism</b>, is the view that <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a> exists in nature as "<a href="/wiki/Natural_capital" title="Natural capital">natural capital</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> that have <a href="/wiki/Ecological_yield" title="Ecological yield">ecological yield</a>) on which all <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a> depends. Therefore, governments should use <a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">market-based</a> <a href="/wiki/Policy_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Policy instruments">policy-instruments</a> (such as a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">carbon tax</a>) to resolve <a href="/wiki/Environmental_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental problem">environmental problems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "<b>Blue Greens</b>" is often applied to those who espouse eco-capitalism. Eco-capitalism can be thought of as the right-wing equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Red Greens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (August 2019)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Critics of eco-capitalism, such as <a href="/wiki/Eco-socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Eco-socialists">eco-socialists</a>, view continued <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commodification_of_nature" title="Commodification of nature">commodification of nature</a> as an inevitability in <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, and thus criticize <a href="/wiki/Bright-green_environmentalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright-green environmentalism">bright-green environmentalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cock_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cock-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hegemony_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hegemony-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wright_Nyberg_2015_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright_Nyberg_2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schweickart2010_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schweickart2010-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eco-capitalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The roots of eco-capitalism can be traced back to the late 1960s. The "<a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragedy of the Commons">Tragedy of the Commons</a>", an essay published in 1968 in <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Garrett_Hardin" title="Garrett Hardin">Garrett Hardin</a>, claimed the inevitability of <a href="/wiki/Malthusian_catastrophe" class="mw-redirect" title="Malthusian catastrophe">malthusian catastrophe</a> due to liberal or democratic government's policies to leave family size matters to the family, and enabling the welfare state to willingly care for potential <a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">human overpopulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hardin argued that if families were given freedom of choice in the matter, but were removed from a welfare state, parents choosing to overbear would not have the resources to provide for their "litter", thus solving the problem of overpopulation. This represents an early argument made from an eco-capitalist standpoint: overpopulation would technically be solved by a <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Baden" title="John Baden">John Baden</a>, a collaborator with Garrett Hardin on other works including <i>Managing the Commons,</i> founded the Political Economy Research Center (now called the <a href="/wiki/Property_and_Environment_Research_Center" title="Property and Environment Research Center">Property and Environment Research Center</a>) in 1982. As one of the first eco-capitalist organizations created, PERC's ongoing mission is "improving environmental quality through property rights and markets".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most popular eco-capitalist idea was <a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">emissions trading</a>, or more commonly, cap and trade.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emissions trading, a market-based approach that allows polluting entities to purchase or be allocated permits, began being researched in the late 1960s. International emissions trading was significantly popularized in the 1990s when the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> adopted the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a> in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eco-capitalist_theorists">Eco-capitalist theorists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eco-capitalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Eco-capitalist theorists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terry_L._Anderson" title="Terry L. Anderson">Terry L. Anderson</a>, a graduate of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Montana" title="University of Montana">University of Montana</a> who received his Ph.D. from <a href="/wiki/Washington_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington University">Washington University</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and who serves as the co-chair of the <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a>'s Property Rights, Freedom and Prosperity task force, has advocated that free markets can be both economically beneficial and environmentally protective. Anderson specializes in how markets impact Native American communities and their economies. Anderson is a co-author of <i>Free Market Environmentalism,</i> a book that explores how free market ideas could be used to solve environmental issues, based on Anderson's conclusion on a few case studies.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Yandle" title="Bruce Yandle">Bruce Yandle</a>, a graduate of <a href="/wiki/Mercer_University" title="Mercer University">Mercer University</a>, attended <a href="/wiki/Georgia_State_University" title="Georgia State University">Georgia State University</a> where he earned an MBA and PhD.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yandle is the dean emeritus of <a href="/wiki/Clemson_University" title="Clemson University">Clemson University</a>'s college of business. He is prominent in the field of eco-capitalism for his story of the "Bootlegger and the Baptist". Yandle's theory of the Bootlegger and the Baptist posits that ethical groups, religious institutions and business captains can align their organizations in the interest of regulation and <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hawken" title="Paul Hawken">Paul Hawken</a> is the architect of the United States first <a href="/wiki/Natural_foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural foods">natural foods</a> company, Erewhon Trading Company, where all products were organically composed. Hawken founded the research organization, Natural Capital Institute, and developed <a href="/wiki/Wiser.org" title="Wiser.org">Wiser Earth</a>, a program focused on providing a platform for all to communicate about the environment. Hawken has authored hundreds of publications, including four best selling books.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his writings, Hawken stresses that many viable ecological options exist for businesses that will benefit the environment, while simultaneously bringing about <a href="/wiki/Economic_profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic profit">economic profit</a>. One idea discussed in his book, <i>Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial Revolution</i>, is the possibility of developing lightweight, electricity-powered cars as an alternative to current transportation modes. Hawken attributes the hesitancy of adopting these options to lack of knowledge of these alternatives and high initial costs.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hawken is now the head of OneSun, Inc., an energy corporation concentrated on low-cost solar.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_R._Brown" title="Lester R. Brown">Lester Brown</a> began his career as a tomato farmer in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, before earning a degree at <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a> and traveling to a rural <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> for a six-month study of the country's food and population crisis. Brown has primarily focused on finding alternatives which he contends would provide solutions to the world's population and resources problem. With financial support from <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Brothers_Fund" title="Rockefeller Brothers Fund">Rockefeller Brothers Fund</a>, Brown created the <a href="/wiki/Worldwatch_Institute" title="Worldwatch Institute">Worldwatch Institute</a>, the first dedicated to researching global environmental problems. In 2001, Brown founded the <a href="/wiki/Earth_Policy_Institute" title="Earth Policy Institute">Earth Policy Institute</a>, an organization that outlines a vision for creating an environmentally sustainable economy. Brown has authored over 50 books and received 25 honorary degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his publications, Brown posits that the key to an eco-friendly economy is an honest market. He advocates for replacing harmful aspects of the environment, like <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a>, with renewable energy.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2015, Brown retired from Earth Policy and closed the institute.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transition_to_eco-capitalism">Transition to eco-capitalism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eco-capitalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Transition to eco-capitalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ideology of eco-capitalism was adopted to satisfy two competing needs: </p> <ol><li>the desire for generating profit by businesses in a capitalist society and</li> <li>the urgency for proper actions to address a struggling environment negatively impacted by human activity.</li></ol> <p>Under the doctrine of eco-capitalism, businesses commodify the act of addressing environmental issues.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-god_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-god-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following are common principles in the transition to eco-capitalism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Externalities:_Correcting_of_a_free_market_failure">Externalities: Correcting of a free market failure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eco-capitalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Externalities: Correcting of a free market failure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A central part of eco-capitalism is to correct for the <a href="/wiki/Market_failure" title="Market failure">market failure</a> seen in the externalization of <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a>. By treating the issue of pollution as an <a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">externality</a> it has allowed the market to minimize the degree of accountability. To correct for this market failure eco-capitalism would have to internalize this cost. A prime example of this shift towards internalizing externalities is seen in the adoption of a system for <a href="/wiki/Carbon_trading" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon trading">carbon trading</a>. In a system like this people are forced to factor the pollution cost into their expenses.<sup id="cite_ref-Zenghelis2015_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zenghelis2015-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system as well as other systems of internalization function on large and small scales (oftentimes both are tightly connected). On a corporate scale, the government can regulate <a href="/wiki/Carbon_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon emissions">carbon emissions</a> and other polluting factors in business practices forcing companies to either reduce their pollution levels, externalize these costs onto their consumers by raising the cost of their goods/services, and/or a combination of the two.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These kinds of systems can also be effective in indirectly creating a more environmentally conscious consumer base. As the companies who are creating the most pollution face falling profit levels and rising prices their consumers and investors are inclined to take their business elsewhere. This migration of investment and revenue would then be expected to make its way to business who have already incorporated the minimization of pollution into their business model thus allowing them to provide lower prices and higher profit margins attracting the migrating consumers and investors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Green_consumption">Green consumption</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eco-capitalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Green consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Green_consumption" title="Green consumption">Green consumption</a></div> <p>At the conception of the ideology, major theorists of eco-capitalism, Paul Hawken, Lester Brown, and Francis Cairncross, saw an opportunity to establish a different approach to environmentalism in a capitalist society.<sup id="cite_ref-god_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-god-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These theorists posited that consumers as well as producers could shoulder the social responsibility of environmental restoration if "green technology, green taxes, green labeling, and eco-conscious shopping" existed.<sup id="cite_ref-god_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-god-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting "shopping our way to sustainability" mentality encouraged the development of <a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">organic farming</a>, renewable energy, green certifications as well as other eco-friendly practices.<sup id="cite_ref-god_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-god-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2015 report from the <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nielsen Corporation">Nielsen Corporation</a> lends credence to this theory. According to the report, consumers have more brand loyalty and are willing to pay higher prices for a product that is perceived as being sustainable. This is especially true among <a href="/wiki/Millennials" title="Millennials">Millennials</a> and <a href="/wiki/Generation_Z" title="Generation Z">Generation Z</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These generations currently make up 48% of the global marketplace<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and still have not hit their peak spending levels. As these generations' preferences continue to shape how businesses operate and market themselves, they could drive a continued shift toward green consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Annual Review of Environmental Resources, "the focus of policy makers, businesses, and researchers has mostly been on the latter (consuming differently), with relatively little attention paid to consuming less".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A review of how to encourage sustainable consumption from the University of Surrey shows that, "Government policies send important signals to consumers about institutional goals and national priorities."<sup id="cite_ref-sustainablelifestyles.ac.uk_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sustainablelifestyles.ac.uk-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Governments can pull a variety of levers to signal this including product, trading, building, media, and marketing standards.<sup id="cite_ref-sustainablelifestyles.ac.uk_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sustainablelifestyles.ac.uk-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbon_trading">Carbon trading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eco-capitalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Carbon trading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Carbon_trading" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon trading">Carbon trading</a></div> <p>Creating perhaps the first major eco-capitalist endorsement, many political and economic institutions support a system of pollution credits. Such a system, which assigns property rights to emissions, is considered to be the most "efficient and effective" way for regulating <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> in the current <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> global economy.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially in the case of tradable pollution credits, the resulting market-based system of emissions regulation is believed to motivate businesses to invest in technology that reduce greenhouse gas emissions using <a href="/wiki/Positive_reinforcement" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive reinforcement">positive reinforcement</a> (i.e. ability to trade unused credits) and <a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">punishment</a> (i.e. the need to buy more credits).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Full_cost_accounting">Full cost accounting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eco-capitalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Full cost accounting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting" title="Environmental full-cost accounting">Environmental full-cost accounting</a> explains corporate actions on the basis of the triple bottom line, which is best summarized as "people, planet, and profit". As a concept of corporate social responsibility, full cost accounting not only considers social and economic costs and benefits but also the environmental implications of specific corporate actions.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While there has been progress in measuring the cost of harm to the health of individuals and the environment,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the interaction of environmental, social, and health effects makes measurement difficult. Measurement attempts can be broadly categorized as either behavioral in nature, like <a href="/wiki/Hedonic_pricing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedonic pricing">hedonic pricing</a>, or dose-response which looks at indirect effects.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A standardized measurement of these costs has yet to emerge.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This should not be confused with the full-cost method used by organizations searching for oil and gas that "does not differentiate between operating expenses associated with successful and unsuccessful exploration projects".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genuine_progress_indicator">Genuine progress indicator</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eco-capitalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Genuine progress indicator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The current standard of using the <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP) as an indicator of welfare is criticized for being inaccurate. An alternative to GDP, the <a href="/wiki/Genuine_progress_indicator" title="Genuine progress indicator">genuine progress indicator</a> compensates for the shortcomings of the GDP as a welfare indicator by accounting for environmental harms as well as other factors that affect consumption, such as crime and <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Income inequality">income inequality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_and_responses">Criticism and responses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eco-capitalism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Criticism and responses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A fundamental criticism of the eco-capitalist idea rests on the idea that the <a href="/wiki/Commodification_of_nature" title="Commodification of nature">commodification of nature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental services">environmental services</a> plus the principles of <a href="/wiki/Growth_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Growth economics">growth economics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a> cannot (easily) coexist.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Ecologist_2018_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Ecologist_2018-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hegemony_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hegemony-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cock_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cock-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wright_Nyberg_2015_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright_Nyberg_2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schweickart2010_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schweickart2010-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roland_Berger_2020_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roland_Berger_2020-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A majority of the criticisms from traditionally unregulated <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> is due to eco-capitalism's increased <a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">regulation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carbon_credit" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon credit">Pollution credits</a> (as a means for regulating greenhouse gas emissions) is traditionally at odds with economically laissez-faire ideologies. Elements of <a href="/wiki/Unregulated_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Unregulated capitalism">unregulated capitalism</a> prefer environmental issues to be addressed by individuals who may allocate their own income and wealth,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oppose the <a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">commodification</a> of by-products like carbon emissions, and emphasize positive incentives to maintain resources through free-market competition and entrepreneurship. </p><p>Proponents of eco-capitalism view environmental reform like pollution credits as a more transformative and progressive system. According to these proponents, since free market capitalism as inherently expansionist in tendency, ignoring environmental responsibility is a danger to the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 36% of Americans are deeply concerned about climate issues.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents of eco-capitalism typically favor political <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism</a>, which emphasizes negative incentives like regulation and taxes to encourage the conservation of resources and prevent environmental harm.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political theorist <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a> cites theories of <a href="/wiki/Common_sense" title="Common sense">common sense</a>, which suggests that, in general, free market capitalism absent of environmental reform, is ingrained in the minds of its members as the only viable and successful form of economic organization through <a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">cultural hegemony</a>. Therefore, the proposal of any alternate economic system, like eco-capitalism, must overcome the predominant common sense and economic status quo in order to develop opposing theories. Nonetheless, movements in the United States and abroad have continued to push for reforms to protect the environment in current capitalistic systems.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Another political theorist, Daniel Tanuro, explains in his book, <i>Green Capitalism: Why it Can't Work</i>, that for green capitalism to be successful, it would have to replace current mainstream capitalism with eco-socialist methods, while defying corporate interests:<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>If by "green capitalism" we understand a system in which the qualitative, social and ecological parameters are taken in account by the numerous competing capitals, that is to say even within economic activity as an endogenous mechanism, then we are completely deluded. In fact, we would be talking about a form of capitalism in which the law of value was no longer in operation, which is a contradiction in terms</p></blockquote><p>However, Tanuro adds that social and economical change to the current capitalist systems is necessary, because technology will invariably increase emissions as manufacturing processes and distribution systems progress.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tanuro argues for changes in three areas: </p><ol><li>Use of transportation methods</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> and dietary changes</li> <li>Overall <a href="/wiki/Consumer" title="Consumer">consumer</a> lifestyle and market spending</li></ol> <p>Despite this argument, critics still claim that green consumption, sustainable behavior on the part of the consumer, is not enough to be instituted as a socio-environmental solution. In accordance with <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a>, capitalism agrees that the government has little control over market and buyers, sellers, and consumers ultimately drive the market. In contrast, in green capitalism, the government would have more control therefore; consumers do not have direct power over the market, and should not be held accountable.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Environmental scholar <a href="/wiki/Bill_McKibben" title="Bill McKibben">Bill McKibben</a> proposes "full scale climate mobilization" to address environmental decay. During World War II, vehicle manufacturers and general goods manufacturers shifted to producing weapons, military vehicles and war time goods. McKibben argues that, to combat environmental change, the American <a href="/wiki/Military_Industrial_Complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Industrial Complex">Military Industrial Complex</a> and other national arms producers could shift to producing <a href="/wiki/Solar_panel" title="Solar panel">solar panels</a>, wind turbines and other environmental products in an eco-capitalist system.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appeal_of_renewable_energy_in_the_capitalist_market">Appeal of renewable energy in the capitalist market</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eco-capitalism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Appeal of renewable energy in the capitalist market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tom Randall, a correspondent specializing in <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> for <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg</a>, calls to attention that <a href="/wiki/Wind_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wind energy">wind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a> are "outperforming" <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of investments, clean energy outperforms both gas and coal by a 2-1 margin. This positive margin may be attributed to the consistently falling price of renewable energy production. Renewable <a href="/wiki/Energy_source" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy source">energy sources</a> hold assertive advantages over fossil fuels because they exist as technologies, not fuels. As time proceeds, renewable energy becomes inevitably more efficient as technology adapts. Technologies for extracting fuels may change, but the fuels remain as constants. Both the solar and wind industries have proven growth over time: Over the last 15 years, the solar industry has doubled seven times and the wind industry has doubled four times.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, the fossil fuel industry has declined over the last 15 years. America's coal industry has lost 75 percent of its value within the past few years.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Renewable energy sources also gain advantages over the fossil fuel industry through <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">international governmental support</a>. Globally, governments implement subsidies to boost the <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_industry" title="Renewable energy industry">renewable energy industry</a>. Concurrently, various global efforts fight against fossil fuel production and use.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The demand for renewable energy sources has skyrocketed in the last 15 years, while fossil fuels have drastically fallen in demand (in capitalist societies).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The worldwide concern of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> (also known as global warming) is notably the largest contributor to the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">green energy</a> industry's rapid acceleration, just as it is largely responsible for the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuel industry">fossil fuel industry</a>. The overwhelming scientific consensus of climate change's reality and its potential catastrophic effects have caused a large part of the world's population to respond with panic and immediate action. While the world's response has been strong, environmentalists and climate scientists do not believe the response has been strong enough to counter climate change's effects, and that the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources is moving far too slowly.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The global efforts and concerns of both governments and individuals to take action regarding implementing and transforming a society's energy sources from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources show the enormous potential of the green energy market. This potential is seen in the countless renewable energy projects under way. Currently, there are over 4,000 major solar projects being implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These, and all renewable energy projects, set goals of long-term economic benefit.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Global_Apollo_Programme" title="Global Apollo Programme">Global Apollo Programme</a>, set up by both economists and scientists, has a goal of creating a solar capability that can stand as a cheaper alternative to coal-fueled power plants by 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-economist.com_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist.com-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist markets</a>, solar energy has the very real potential of becoming a direct competitor to coal plants in less than a decade. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barriers_to_transition">Barriers to transition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eco-capitalism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Barriers to transition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the most daunting barriers to the transition to an eco-capitalist system is the systemic barrier that can be created by former models. Dimitri Zenghelis explores the idea of <a href="/wiki/Path_dependence" title="Path dependence">path dependence</a> and the how continuing to build infrastructure without foresight seriously impedes the implementation and benefits of future innovations.<sup id="cite_ref-Zenghelis2015_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zenghelis2015-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zenghelis uses the term "locked-in" to describe situations where the full implementation of a new innovation cannot be seen because an earlier infrastructure prevents it from functioning well. This barrier is exemplified in older cities like Los Angeles, San Francisco and New York where the infrastructure was designed around <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a> to accommodate private vehicles. The sprawl has been researched with the results returning that the moving forward <a href="/wiki/Mega-cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Mega-cities">mega-cities</a> need to be constructed as <a href="/wiki/Eco-cities" title="Eco-cities">eco-cities</a> if the hope of curving emission levels down is going to have any hope.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eco-capitalism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_model" title="Business model">Business model</a> – Rationale of how an organization operates</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Climate justice</a> – Concept for social justice in climate change context</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotax" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecotax">Ecotax</a> – Compulsory fee intended to discourage environmentally harmful acts<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a> – Interdependence of human economies and natural ecosystems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Eco-nationalism</a> – A political ideology which combines environmentalism with nationalism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a> – Ideology merging aspects of socialism with green politics, ecology and alter-globalization</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enviro-Capitalists:_Doing_Good_While_Doing_Well" class="mw-redirect" title="Enviro-Capitalists: Doing Good While Doing Well">Enviro-Capitalists: Doing Good While Doing Well</a> – Book by Terry L. Anderson and Donald R. Leal<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental economics</a> – Sub-field of economics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical consumerism</a> – Type of consumer activism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_environmentalism" title="Free-market environmentalism">Free-market environmentalism</a> – Political and economic philosophy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geolibertarianism</a> – Political and economic ideology integrating libertarianism with Georgism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a> – Economic philosophy centred on common ownership of land</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a> – Economy based on a knowledge of ecological economics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_growth" title="Green growth">Green growth</a> – Economic growth that is environmentally sustainable</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a> – Political ideology with mixed green and libertarian beliefs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">Greenwashing</a> – Use of the aesthetic of conservationism for promotion</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natural_Capitalism" title="Natural Capitalism">Natural Capitalism</a> – 1999 book by Hawken, Lovins, & Lovins</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Natural resource economics</a> – Supply, demand and allocation of the Earth's natural resources</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigovian_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigovian tax">Pigovian tax</a> – Tax on activities generating negative externalities<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pink capitalism">Pink capitalism</a> – Capitalist appropriation and assimilation of sexual diversity<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Purple capitalism">Purple capitalism</a> – Capitalist appropriation and assimilation of feminism<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_business" title="Sustainable business">Sustainable business</a> – Minimal negative or positive effect on the environment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_shift" title="Tax shift">Tax shift</a> – budget tweak and redistribution of income<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_anticommons" title="Tragedy of the anticommons">Tragedy of the anticommons</a> – Type of resource coordination breakdown</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a> – Self-interests causing depletion of a shared resource</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eco-capitalism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/24/b-corps-captalism-for-an-environmentally-endangered-age">"Good company: the capitalists putting purpose ahead of profit"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 2019-11-24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230518001415/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/nov/24/b-corps-captalism-for-an-environmentally-endangered-age">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-18.</cite><span 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(December 2022)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConniff2009" class="citation web cs1">Conniff, Richard (August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/air/the-political-history-of-cap-and-trade-34711212/">"The Political History of Cap and Trade"</a>. <i>Smithsonian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Incentives for China's urban mayors to mitigate pollution externalities: The role of the central government and public environmentalism". <i>Regional Science and Urban Economics</i>. <b>47</b>: 61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.regsciurbeco.2013.09.003">10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2013.09.003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Regional+Science+and+Urban+Economics&rft.atitle=Incentives+for+China%27s+urban+mayors+to+mitigate+pollution+externalities%3A+The+role+of+the+central+government+and+public+environmentalism&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=61&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.regsciurbeco.2013.09.003&rft.aulast=Zheng&rft.aufirst=Siqi&rft.au=Kahn%2C+Matthew+E&rft.au=Sun%2C+Weizeng&rft.au=Luo%2C+Danglun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEco-capitalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eco-capitalism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chapple, Stephen (2001) <i>Confessions of an Eco-Redneck: Or how I Learned to Gut-Shoot Trout and Save the Wilderness at the Same Time</i>. Perseus Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-641-54292-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-641-54292-5">0-641-54292-5</a></li> <li>Comolet, A. (1991) "Le Renouveau ecologique. De l'eco-utopie a l'eco-capitalisme" [The Ecological Renewal. From Eco-Utopia to Eco-Capitalism], Futuribles, 157(Sept.), 41–54.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_Watch" title="Corporate Watch">Corporate Watch</a> (2016). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corporatewatch.org/product/a-z-of-green-capitalism/">An A-Z of Green Capitalism</a>". Corporate Watch, London.</li> <li>d'Humières, Patrick (2010) <i>Le développement durable va-t-il tuer le capitalisme?</i> Editions Maxima</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amory_Lovins" title="Amory Lovins">Lovins, Amory B</a> & <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Lovins" title="Hunter Lovins">Hunter Lovins</a> (1997) <i>Factor Four. Doubling Wealth - Halving Resource Use</i>, with <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ulrich_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker">Ernst von Weizacker</a>. Earthscan Publications Ltd, London</li> <li>Pons Rullan, Bartolome (2015) <i>Ecoliberalismo. ¡Hay alternativas al Capitalismo!</i> Ed. Verbum <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-9074-266-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-9074-266-2">978-84-9074-266-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saral_Sarkar" title="Saral Sarkar">Sarkar, Saral</a> (1999) <i>Eco-Socialism Or Eco-Capitalism? A Critical Analysis of Humanity's Fundamental Choices</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porritt,_Jonathon" class="mw-redirect" title="Porritt, Jonathon">Porritt, Jonathon</a> (2005, revised 2007) <i>Capitalism: As if the World Matters</i>. Earthscan Publications Ltd, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84407-193-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84407-193-7">978-1-84407-193-7</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-group" style="background:#76a737;color:#f9e301;;width:1%">Core topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_litigation" title="Climate change litigation">Climate change litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels_lobby" title="Fossil fuels lobby">Fossil fuels lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_party" title="Green party">Green party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_green_politics" title="Outline of green politics">List of topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">Politics of climate change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#76a737;color:#f9e301;;width:1%">Four pillars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecosophy" title="Ecosophy">Ecological wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_democracy" title="Grassroots democracy">Grassroots democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#76a737;color:#f9e301;;width:1%">Perspectives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">Alter-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_green_environmentalism" title="Bright green environmentalism">Bright green environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticisms_of_globalization" title="Criticisms of globalization">Criticisms of globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_hands" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirty hands">Dirty hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoauthoritarianism" title="Ecoauthoritarianism">Ecoauthoritarianism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecocentrism" title="Ecocentrism">Ecocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Ecofascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Eco-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_left" title="Green left">Green left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_libertarianism" title="Green libertarianism">Green libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social ecology (Bookchin)">Social ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_ecology" title="Queer ecology">Queer ecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#76a737;color:#f9e301;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Greens_Federation" title="Asia Pacific Greens Federation">Asia Pacific Greens Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Green_Party" title="European Green Party">European Green Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Green_Parties_of_Africa" title="Federation of Green Parties of Africa">Federation of Green Parties of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_the_Green_Parties_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Federation of the Green Parties of the Americas">Federation of the Green Parties of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Young_European_Greens" title="Federation of Young European Greens">Federation of Young European Greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Greens" title="Global Greens">Global Greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Young_Greens" title="Global Young Greens">Global Young Greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Ecological_Parties" title="World Ecological Parties">World Ecological Parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#76a737;color:#f9e301;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fee_and_dividend" title="Carbon fee and dividend">Carbon fee and dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Climate justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_target" title="Climate target">Climate target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">Conservation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Corporate political activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_modernization" title="Ecological modernization">Ecological modernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecomodernism" title="Ecomodernism">Ecomodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-tariff" title="Eco-tariff">Eco-tariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotax" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecotax">Ecotax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism">Eco-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Environmental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_conflict" title="Environmental conflict">conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of agriculture">effects of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">effects of aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_finance" title="Environmental finance">finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues" title="List of environmental issues">issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_pricing_reform" title="Environmental pricing reform">pricing reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">technology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-environmentalism" title="Anti-environmentalism">opposition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_skepticism" title="Environmental skepticism">Environmental skepticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism_in_music" title="Environmentalism in music">in music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_development" title="Green development">development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_growth" title="Green growth">growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_grabbing" title="Green grabbing">grabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_imperialism" title="Green imperialism">imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_industrial_policy" title="Green industrial policy">industrial policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_job" title="Green job">job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_New_Deal" title="Green New Deal">New Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_recovery" title="Green recovery">recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_retrofit" class="mw-redirect" title="Green retrofit">retrofit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robyn_Eckersley#The_Green_State" title="Robyn Eckersley">state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_theory" title="Green theory">theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_transport_hierarchy" title="Green transport hierarchy">transport hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_vehicle" title="Green vehicle">vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">washing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li>List of environmental incidents <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_conflicts" title="List of environmental conflicts">conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_killings" title="List of environmental killings">killings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_engineering" title="Sustainable engineering">engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_coal" title="War on coal">War on coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict" title="Water conflict">Water conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sustainability" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sustainability" title="Template:Sustainability"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sustainability" title="Template talk:Sustainability"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainability" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainability"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sustainability" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sustainability" title="Outline of sustainability">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sustainability_articles" title="Index of sustainability articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainability#Principles_and_concepts" title="Sustainability">Principles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Consumption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropization" title="Anthropization">Anthropization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_consumption" title="Green consumption">Green consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro-sustainability" title="Micro-sustainability">Micro-sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-consumption">Over-consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_return_on_investment" title="Social return on investment">Social return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steady-state_economy" title="Steady-state economy">Steady-state economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_advertising" title="Sustainability advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_brand" title="Sustainability brand">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_marketing_myopia" title="Sustainability marketing myopia">Marketing myopia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumer_behaviour" title="Sustainable consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_systemic_change_resistance" title="Sustainability and systemic change resistance">Systemic change resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population control">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">Sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_industries" title="Sustainable industries">Sustainable industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosecurity" title="Biosecurity">Biosecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_agriculture" title="Civic agriculture">Civic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture" title="Community-supported agriculture">Community-supported agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">Sustainable fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_well_(condenser)" title="Air well (condenser)">Air well (condenser)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioretention" title="Bioretention">Bioretention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioswale" title="Bioswale">Bioswale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_roof" title="Blue roof">Blue roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catchwater" title="Catchwater">Catchwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">Detention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dew_pond" title="Dew pond">Dew pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_footprint" title="Water footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_tank" title="Irrigation tank">Irrigation tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_hydro" title="Pico hydro">Pico hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">Rainwater harvesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_tank" title="Rainwater tank">Rainwater tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Reclaimed water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retention_basin" title="Retention basin">Retention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_hydro" title="Small hydro">Small hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_drainage_system" title="Sustainable drainage system">Sustainable drainage system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_stream_generator" title="Tidal stream generator">Tidal stream generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_box_filter" title="Tree box filter">Tree box filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Water conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">Water recycling shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-sensitive_urban_design" title="Water-sensitive urban design">Water-sensitive urban design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accountability</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_environmental_responsibility" title="Corporate environmental responsibility">Corporate environmental responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility" title="Corporate social responsibility">Corporate social responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_accounting" title="Environmental accounting">Environmental accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting" title="Environmental full-cost accounting">Environmental full-cost accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">Environmental planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_accounting" title="Sustainability accounting">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_measurement" title="Sustainability measurement">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_metrics_and_indices" title="Sustainability metrics and indices">Metrics and indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_reporting" title="Sustainability reporting">Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_standards_and_certification" title="Sustainability standards and certification">Standards and certification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_yield" title="Sustainable yield">Sustainable yield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_art" title="Sustainable art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_business" title="Sustainable business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_community" title="Sustainable community">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-cities" title="Eco-cities">Eco-cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">Ecovillage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_finance" title="Environmental finance">Environmental finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_in_construction" title="Sustainability in construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fashion" title="Sustainable fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_finance" title="Sustainable finance">Finance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopark" title="Geopark">Geopark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_development" title="Green development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_marketing" title="Green marketing">Marketing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">Green roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_landscape_architecture" title="Sustainable landscape architecture">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_livelihood" title="Sustainable livelihood">Livelihood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">Living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_movement" title="Organic movement">Organic movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainability organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_procurement" title="Sustainable procurement">Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">Refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_business" title="Socially responsible business">Socially responsible business</a></li> <li><a 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_management" title="Sustainable management">Sustainable management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_environmental_management" title="Sustainability and environmental management">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_landscape_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated landscape management">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_materials_management" title="Sustainable materials management">Materials</a></li> <li><a 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Future</i> (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit">Earth Summit (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Declaration_on_Environment_and_Development" title="Rio Declaration on Environment and Development">Rio Declaration on Environment and Development</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_21" title="Agenda 21">Agenda 21 (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Principles" title="Lisbon Principles">Lisbon Principles</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Charter" title="Earth Charter">Earth Charter</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declaration" title="United Nations Millennium Declaration">UN Millennium Declaration (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit_2002" title="Earth Summit 2002">Earth Summit 2002</a> (Rio+10, Johannesburg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development" title="United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development">UN Conference on Sustainable Development</a> (Rio+20, 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainability" 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