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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Colombia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecuador" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecuador"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.5</span> <span>Ecuador</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecuador-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-El_Salvador" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#El_Salvador"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.6</span> <span>El Salvador</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-El_Salvador-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.7</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.8</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.8.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.8.2</span> <span>Radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.8.3</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uruguay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uruguay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.9</span> <span>Uruguay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uruguay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Venezuela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venezuela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.10</span> <span>Venezuela</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venezuela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Bangladesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brunei_Darussalam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brunei_Darussalam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Brunei Darussalam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brunei_Darussalam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.5</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.6</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.7</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.8</span> <span>Nepal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.9</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.10</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.11</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.12</span> <span>South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.13</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.14</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Albania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Albania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.3</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.4</span> <span>Bulgaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Croatia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Croatia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.5</span> <span>Croatia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Croatia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czech_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.6</span> <span>Czech Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.7</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Faroe_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faroe_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.8</span> <span>Faroe Islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faroe_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.9</span> <span>Estonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.10</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.11</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.12</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.13</span> <span>Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iceland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iceland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.14</span> <span>Iceland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iceland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.15</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.16</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithuania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithuania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.17</span> <span>Lithuania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithuania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.18</span> <span>Malta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moldova" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moldova"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.19</span> <span>Moldova</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moldova-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Montenegro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Montenegro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.20</span> <span>Montenegro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Montenegro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.21</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nordic_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nordic_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.22</span> <span>Nordic countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nordic_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.23</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.24</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.25</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.26</span> <span>Serbia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovakia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovakia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.27</span> <span>Slovakia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovakia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.28</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.29</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.30</span> <span>Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.31</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.2</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>By country</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Public broadcasting</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AB_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بث عام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بث عام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ctimai_televiziya" title="İctimai televiziya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İctimai televiziya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Обществено радио и телевизия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Обществено радио и телевизия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%C5%99ejnopr%C3%A1vn%C3%AD_m%C3%A9dium" title="Veřejnoprávní médium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Veřejnoprávní médium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlledwr_cyhoeddus" title="Darlledwr cyhoeddus – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Darlledwr cyhoeddus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Public service" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96ffentlich-rechtlicher_Rundfunk" title="Öffentlich-rechtlicher Rundfunk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Öffentlich-rechtlicher Rundfunk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahvusringh%C3%A4%C3%A4ling" title="Rahvusringhääling – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rahvusringhääling" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Δημόσια ραδιοτηλεόραση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δημόσια ραδιοτηλεόραση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiodifusi%C3%B3n_p%C3%BAblica" title="Radiodifusión pública – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Radiodifusión pública" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrati-telebista_publiko" title="Irrati-telebista publiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irrati-telebista publiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C" title="رسانه عمومی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رسانه عمومی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Public service" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiovisuel_public" title="Audiovisuel public – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Audiovisuel public" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EC%98%81_%EB%B0%A9%EC%86%A1" title="공영 방송 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공영 방송" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javna_televizija" title="Javna televizija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Javna televizija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyiaran_umum" title="Penyiaran umum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penyiaran umum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiodiffusione_pubblica" title="Radiodiffusione pubblica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Radiodiffusione pubblica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99" title="שידור ציבורי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שידור ציבורי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabiedriskie_mediji" title="Sabiedriskie mediji – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sabiedriskie mediji" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visuomeninis_transliuotojas" title="Visuomeninis transliuotojas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Visuomeninis transliuotojas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6zszolg%C3%A1lati_m%C3%A9diaszolg%C3%A1ltat%C3%A1s" title="Közszolgálati médiaszolgáltatás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Közszolgálati médiaszolgáltatás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="പൊതുജന സേവന പ്രക്ഷേപണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പൊതുജന സേവന പ്രക്ഷേപണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AB_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="بث عام – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بث عام" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyiaran_awam" title="Penyiaran awam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penyiaran awam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Олон нийтийн телевиз – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Олон нийтийн телевиз" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publieke_omroep" title="Publieke omroep – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Publieke omroep" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E6%94%BE%E9%80%81" title="公共放送 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="公共放送" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmennkringkasting" title="Allmennkringkasting – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Allmennkringkasting" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadawca_publiczny" title="Nadawca publiczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nadawca publiczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiodifus%C3%A3o_p%C3%BAblica" title="Radiodifusão pública – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Radiodifusão pública" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Общественное телерадиовещание – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Общественное телерадиовещание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmetimi_publik" title="Transmetimi publik – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Transmetimi publik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Public broadcasting" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verejnopr%C3%A1vne_vysielanie" title="Verejnoprávne vysielanie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Verejnoprávne vysielanie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javno_emitovanje" title="Javno emitovanje – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Javno emitovanje" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javna_televizija" title="Javna televizija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Javna televizija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yleisradiotoiminta" title="Yleisradiotoiminta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yleisradiotoiminta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Public service" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0" title="การแพร่ภาพกระจายเสียงสาธารณะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การแพร่ภาพกระจายเสียงสาธารณะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamu_yay%C4%B1nc%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Kamu yayıncılığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kamu yayıncılığı" 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vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_radio&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Public radio">Public radio</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Electronic media outlets whose primary mission is public service</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Public service broadcasting" redirects here. For the British band, see <a href="/wiki/Public_Service_Broadcasting_(band)" title="Public Service Broadcasting (band)">Public Service Broadcasting (band)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Public_service_broadcasting_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Public service broadcasting (disambiguation)">Public service broadcasting (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/State_media" title="State media">State media</a>.</div> <p><b>Public broadcasting</b> (or <b>public service broadcasting</b>) involves <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, and other electronic <a href="/wiki/Media_outlets" class="mw-redirect" title="Media outlets">media outlets</a> whose primary mission is <a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">public service</a>. Public <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasters</a> receive funding from diverse sources including license fees, individual contributions, public financing, and commercial financing, and claim to avoid both political interference and commercial influence.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common media include <a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM</a>, <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shortwave_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortwave broadcasting">shortwave radio</a>; television; and the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. Public broadcasting may be nationally or locally operated, depending on the country and the station. In some countries a single organization runs public broadcasting. Other countries have multiple public-broadcasting organizations operating regionally or in different languages. Historically, public broadcasting was once the dominant or only form of broadcasting in many countries (with the notable exceptions of the United States, Mexico, and Brazil). <a href="/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">Commercial broadcasting</a> now also exists in most of these countries; the number of countries with only public broadcasting declined substantially during the latter part of the <a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The primary mission of public broadcasting is that of public service, speaking to and engaging as a citizen.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British model is often referenced in definitions.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-raboy_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raboy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-psbGlobal_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psbGlobal-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The model embodies the following principles: </p> <ul><li>Universal geographic accessibility</li> <li>Universal appeal</li> <li>Attention to minorities</li> <li>Contribution to national identity and sense of community</li> <li>Distance from vested interests</li> <li>Direct funding and universality of payment</li> <li>Competition in good programming rather than numbers</li> <li>Guidelines that liberate rather than restrict</li></ul> <p>While the application of certain principles may be straightforward, as in the case of accessibility, some of the principles may be poorly defined or difficult to implement. In the context of a shifting national identity, the role of public broadcasting may be unclear. Likewise, the subjective nature of good programming may raise the question of individual or public taste.<sup id="cite_ref-raboy_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raboy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within public broadcasting there are two different views regarding commercial activity. One is that public broadcasting is incompatible with commercial objectives. The other is that public broadcasting can and should compete in the marketplace with commercial broadcasters. This dichotomy is highlighted by the public service aspects of traditional commercial broadcasters.<sup id="cite_ref-raboy_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raboy-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Public broadcasters in each jurisdiction may or may not be synonymous with government controlled broadcasters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Public broadcasters may receive their funding from an obligatory <a href="/wiki/Television_licence" title="Television licence">television licence</a> fee, individual contributions, government funding or commercial sources. Public broadcasters do not rely on advertising to the same degree as commercial broadcasters, or at all; this allows public broadcasters to transmit programmes that are not commercially viable to the <a href="/wiki/Mass_market" title="Mass market">mass market</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Public_affairs_(broadcasting)" title="Public affairs (broadcasting)">public affairs</a> shows, <a href="/wiki/Radio_documentary" title="Radio documentary">radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">television documentaries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Educational_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Educational programme">educational programmes</a>. </p><p>One of the principles of public broadcasting is to provide coverage of interests for which there are missing or small markets. Public broadcasting attempts to supply topics of social benefit that are otherwise not provided by commercial broadcasters. Typically, such underprovision is argued to exist when the benefits to viewers are relatively high in comparison to the benefits to advertisers from contacting viewers.<sup id="cite_ref-andcoate_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andcoate-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This frequently is the case in undeveloped countries that normally have low benefits to advertising.<sup id="cite_ref-andcoate_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andcoate-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alternative funding model proposed by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Slaby" title="Michael Slaby">Michael Slaby</a> is to give every citizen credits they can use to pay qualified media sources for civic information and reporting.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_policy">Cultural policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cultural policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Additionally, public broadcasting may facilitate the implementation of a <a href="/wiki/Cultural_policy" title="Cultural policy">cultural policy</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Industrial_policy" title="Industrial policy">industrial policy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Investment_policy" title="Investment policy">investment policy</a> for culture). Examples include: </p> <ul><li>In Australia, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a> is legally required to 'encourage and promote the musical, dramatic and other performing arts in Australia' and 'broadcasting programmes that contribute to a sense of national identity' with specific emphasis on regional and rural Australia'.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="Special Broadcasting Service">Special Broadcasting Service</a> (SBS) is intended to reflect the spirit and sense of multicultural richness and the unique international cultural values within Australian society.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_Media_Alliance">Public Media Alliance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Public Media Alliance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As an industry organization for public media, the Public Media Alliance supports its members and the industry of public media more broadly.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the Alliance advocated against a proposal on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> that they felt would jeopardize the editorial independence of the broadcaster.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While many members have significant editorial independence, the Alliance includes organizations that have significant state control, especially with regard to island nations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_public_broadcasters_by_country" title="List of public broadcasters by country">List of public broadcasters by country</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Empresa_Brasil_de_Comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Empresa Brasil de Comunicação">Empresa Brasil de Comunicação</a> and <a href="/wiki/Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Padre_Anchieta" title="Fundação Padre Anchieta">Fundação Padre Anchieta</a></div> <p>In Brazil, the two main national public broadcasters are <a href="/wiki/Brazil_Communication_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazil Communication Company">Empresa Brasil de Comunicação</a> (EBC) and the <a href="/wiki/Father_Anchieta_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Father Anchieta Foundation">Fundação Padre Anchieta</a> (FPA). EBC was created in 2007 to manage the Brazilian federal government's radio and television stations. EBC owns broadcast the television channel <a href="/wiki/TV_Brasil" title="TV Brasil">TV Brasil</a> (launched in 2007, being the merger of TVE Brasil, launched in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> in 1975, and TV Nacional, launched in <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasilia</a> in 1960), the radio stations <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_Nacional" title="Rádio Nacional">Rádio Nacional</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A1dio_MEC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rádio MEC (page does not exist)">Rádio MEC</a>, broadcast to <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasilia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belo_Horizonte" title="Belo Horizonte">Belo Horizonte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tabatinga" title="Tabatinga">Tabatinga</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A1dio_Nacional_da_Amaz%C3%B4nia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rádio Nacional da Amazônia (page does not exist)">Rádio Nacional da Amazônia</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Shortwave_radio" title="Shortwave radio">shortwave</a> radio station based in Brasília with programming aimed to the population of the <a href="/wiki/Amaz%C3%B4nia_Legal" title="Amazônia Legal">Amazon</a> region, and <a href="/wiki/Ag%C3%AAncia_Brasil" title="Agência Brasil">Agência Brasil</a>, a news agency. Starting in 2021, EBC expanded the coverage of its radio stations through the new <a href="/wiki/FM_extended_band_in_Brazil" title="FM extended band in Brazil">FM extended band</a> to the metropolitan areas of São Paulo, Belo Horizonte and Recife, important Brazilian regions which did not have EBC radio stations.<sup id="cite_ref-agbr_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agbr-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Padre_Anchieta" title="Fundação Padre Anchieta">FPA</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Non-profit_foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit foundation">non-profit foundation</a> created by the government of the state of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a> in 1967 and includes a national educational public television network (<a href="/wiki/TV_Cultura" title="TV Cultura">TV Cultura</a>, launched in 1969 in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, which is available in all <a href="/wiki/Federative_units_of_Brazil" title="Federative units of Brazil">Brazilian states</a> through its 135 affiliates),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two radio stations (<a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_Cultura" class="mw-redirect" title="Rádio Cultura">Rádio Cultura</a> FM and Rádio Cultura Brasil, both broadcasting to <a href="/wiki/Greater_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Greater São Paulo">Greater São Paulo</a>), two educational TV channels aimed at <a href="/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">distance education</a> (TV Educação and Univesp TV, which is available on free-to-air digital TV in São Paulo and nationally by cable and satellite), and the children's TV channel <a href="/wiki/TV_R%C3%A1-Tim-Bum" title="TV Rá-Tim-Bum">TV Rá-Tim-Bum</a>, available nationally on pay TV. </p><p>Many Brazilian states also have regional and statewide public radio and television stations. One example is <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>, which has the EMC (<i>Empresa Mineira de Comunicação</i>), a public corporation created in 2016 modelled on EBC, formed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rede_Minas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rede Minas (page does not exist)">Rede Minas</a>, a statewide television network and the two stations of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_Inconfid%C3%AAncia" title="Rádio Inconfidência">Rádio Inconfidência</a>, which operates in AM, FM and <a href="/wiki/Shortwave_radio" title="Shortwave radio">shortwave</a>; in the state of <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1" title="Pará">Pará</a>, the state-funded foundation FUNTELPA (<i>Fundação Paraense de Radiodifusão</i>) operates the public educational state-wide television network Rede Cultura do Pará (which covers the entire state of Pará, reaching many cities of <a href="/wiki/Amaz%C3%B4nia_Legal" title="Amazônia Legal">Brazilian Amazon</a>) and Rádio Cultura, a public radio station which broadcasts in FM for <a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m" title="Belém">Belém</a>. The state of <a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Espírito Santo">Espírito Santo</a> has the RTV-ES (<i>Rádio e Televisão Espírito Santo</i>), with its television channel TVE-ES (<i>TV Educativa do Espírito Santo</i>) and an AM radio station (<i>Rádio Espírito Santo</i>), and in <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a>, the state-wide public television channel TVE-RS (<i>TV Educativa do Rio Grande do Sul</i>) and the public radio station FM Cultura (which broadcasts for <a href="/wiki/Porto_Alegre" title="Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a> metropolitan area) are the two public broadcasters in the state. Regional public television channels in Brazil often broadcast part of TV Brasil or TV Cultura programming among with some hours of local programming. </p><p>Since the government of <a href="/wiki/Michel_Temer" title="Michel Temer">Michel Temer</a>, EBC has received several criticism from some politicians for having an alleged political bias.<sup id="cite_ref-oglobo_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oglobo-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president of Brazil from 2019 to 2022, <a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a>, said in his campaign for the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_presidential_election,_2018" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian presidential election, 2018">presidential election in 2018</a> that the public broadcaster is allegedly a "job hanger" (public company existing only for the purpose of securing positions for political allies) and has proposed to privatize or extinguish the public company.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 9, 2021, the president inserted the public company into the National Privatization Program, with the intention of carrying out studies about the possibility of privatization of the public broadcaster.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some states often had problems with their public broadcasting services. In São Paulo, FPA had sometimes dealt with budget cuts, labor disputes and strikes.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Rio Grande do Sul, TVE-RS and FM Cultura were managed by the Piratini Foundation, a non-profit state foundation. However, due to the public debt crisis in the state, in 2018, the Piratini Foundation had its activities closed, and TVE-RS and FM Cultura started to be managed by the Secretariat of Communication of the state government.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brazil also has many <a href="/wiki/Campus_radio" title="Campus radio">campus radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Community_radio" title="Community radio">community radio</a> stations and several educational local TV channels (many of them belonging to public and private universities).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a></div> <p>In Canada, the main public broadcaster is the national <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a> (CBC; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Société Radio-Canada</i>), a <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">crown corporation</a> – which originated as a radio network in November 1936. It is the successor to the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Radio_Broadcasting_Commission" title="Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission">Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission</a> (CRBC), which was established by the administration of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/R.B._Bennett" class="mw-redirect" title="R.B. Bennett">R.B. Bennett</a> in 1932, modeled on recommendations made in 1929 by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Radio_Broadcasting" title="Royal Commission on Radio Broadcasting">Royal Commission on Radio Broadcasting</a> and stemming from lobbying efforts by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Radio_League" title="Canadian Radio League">Canadian Radio League</a>. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation took over operation of the CRBC's nine radio stations (which were largely concentrated in major cities across Canada, including <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>). The CBC eventually expanded to television in September 1952 with the sign-on of <a href="/wiki/CBFT-DT" title="CBFT-DT">CBFT</a> in Montreal; CBFT was the first television station in Canada to initiate full-time broadcasts, which initially served as a primary affiliate of the French language Télévision de Radio-Canada and a secondary affiliate of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English language</a> CBC Television service.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CBC operates two national television networks (<a href="/wiki/CBC_Television" title="CBC Television">CBC Television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ici_Radio-Canada_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9" title="Ici Radio-Canada Télé">Ici Radio-Canada Télé</a>), four radio networks (<a href="/wiki/CBC_Radio_One" title="CBC Radio One">CBC Radio One</a>, <a href="/wiki/CBC_Radio_2" class="mw-redirect" title="CBC Radio 2">CBC Radio 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ici_Radio-Canada_Premi%C3%A8re" title="Ici Radio-Canada Première">Ici Radio-Canada Première</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ici_Musique" title="Ici Musique">Ici Musique</a>) and several cable television channels including two 24-hour news channels (<a href="/wiki/CBC_News_Network" title="CBC News Network">CBC News Network</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ici_RDI" title="Ici RDI">Ici RDI</a>) in both of Canada's official languages – English and French – and the French-language channels <a href="/wiki/Ici_Explora" title="Ici Explora">Ici Explora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ici_ARTV" title="Ici ARTV">Ici ARTV</a>, dedicated to science and culture respectively. CBC's national television operations and some radio operations are funded partly by advertisements, in addition to the subsidy provided by the federal government. The cable channels are commercial entities owned and operated by the CBC and do not receive any direct public funds, however, they do benefit from synergies with resources from the other CBC operations. The CBC has frequently dealt with budget cuts and labour disputes, often resulting in a debate about whether the service has the resources necessary to properly fulfill its mandate. </p><p>As of 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, all of CBC Television's terrestrial stations are <a href="/wiki/Owned-and-operated_station" title="Owned-and-operated station">owned and operated</a> by the CBC directly. The number of privately owned CBC Television affiliates has gradually declined in recent years, as the network has moved its programming to stations opened by the corporation or has purchased certain affiliates from private broadcasting groups; budgetary issues led the CBC to choose not to launch new rebroadcast transmitters in markets where the network disaffiliated from a private station after 2006; the network dropped its remaining private affiliates in 2016, when <a href="/wiki/CJDC-TV" title="CJDC-TV">CJDC-TV</a>—<a href="/wiki/Dawson_Creek" title="Dawson Creek">Dawson Creek</a> and <a href="/wiki/CFTK-TV" title="CFTK-TV">CFTK-TV</a>—<a href="/wiki/Terrace,_British_Columbia" title="Terrace, British Columbia">Terrace, British Columbia</a> defected from CBC Television that February and <a href="/wiki/Lloydminster" title="Lloydminster">Lloydminster</a>-based <a href="/wiki/CKSA-DT" title="CKSA-DT">CKSA-DT</a> disaffiliated in August of that year (to become affiliates of <a href="/wiki/CTV_Two" class="mw-redirect" title="CTV Two">CTV Two</a> and <a href="/wiki/Global_Television_Network" title="Global Television Network">Global</a>, respectively). The CBC's decision to disaffiliate from these and other privately owned stations, as well as the corporation decommissioning its network of rebroadcasters following <a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital terrestrial television in Canada">Canada's transition to digital television</a> in August 2011 have significantly reduced the terrestrial coverage of both CBC Television and Ici Radio-Canada Télé; the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Radio-television_and_Telecommunications_Commission" title="Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission">Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission</a> (CRTC) does require cable, satellite and IPTV providers to carry CBC and Radio-Canada stations as part of their basic tier, regardless of terrestrial availability in an individual market.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the three major French-language television networks in Canada, Ici Radio-Canada Télé is the only one that maintains terrestrial owned-and-operated stations and affiliates in all ten <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Canadian provinces</a>, although it maintains only one station (<a href="/wiki/Moncton,_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Moncton, New Brunswick">Moncton, New Brunswick</a>-based <a href="/wiki/CBAFT-DT" title="CBAFT-DT">CBAFT-DT</a>) that serves the four provinces comprising <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a>. </p><p>In recent years, the CBC has also expanded into <a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">new media</a> ventures including the online radio service <a href="/wiki/CBC_Radio_3" title="CBC Radio 3">CBC Radio 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_streaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Music streaming">music streaming</a> service <a href="/wiki/CBC_Music" title="CBC Music">CBC Music</a>, and the launch of online news services, such as <a href="/wiki/CBC_Hamilton" title="CBC Hamilton">CBC Hamilton</a>, in some markets which are not directly served by their own CBC television or radio stations. </p><p>In addition, several provinces operate public broadcasters; these are not CBC subentities, but distinct networks in their own right. Most of the provincial services maintain an educational programming format, differing from the primarily entertainment-based CBC/Radio-Canada operations, but more closely formatted to (and carrying many of the same programs as) the U.S.-based <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">Public Broadcasting Service</a> (PBS), which itself is available terrestrially and – under a CRTC rule that requires Canadian cable, satellite and IPTV providers to carry affiliates of the four major U.S. commercial networks (<a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>, <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a>) and a PBS member station<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – through pay television providers in Canada via member stations located near the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">U.S.–Canada border</a>. These educational public broadcasters include the English-language <a href="/wiki/TVOntario" class="mw-redirect" title="TVOntario">TVOntario</a> (TVO) and the French-language <a href="/wiki/TFO" title="TFO">TFO</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9-Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Télé-Québec">Télé-Québec</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Network" title="Knowledge Network">Knowledge Network</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>. TVO and Télé-Québec operate through conventional transmitters and cable, while TFO and Knowledge Network are cable-only channels. Beyond these and other provincial services, Canada does not have a national public educational network. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CJAI-islandradio-summer2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/CJAI-islandradio-summer2010.jpg/220px-CJAI-islandradio-summer2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/CJAI-islandradio-summer2010.jpg/330px-CJAI-islandradio-summer2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/CJAI-islandradio-summer2010.jpg/440px-CJAI-islandradio-summer2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Amherst Island public radio</figcaption></figure> <p>Canada is also home to a number of former public broadcasting entities that have gone private. <a href="/wiki/CTV_Two_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="CTV Two Alberta">CTV Two Alberta</a>, which is licensed as an educational television station in Alberta, was once owned by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Alberta" title="Government of Alberta">Alberta government</a> as the public broadcaster Access. In 1993, the provincial government agreed to cease to direct funding of Access after the 1994 fiscal year; the channel was sold to <a href="/wiki/CHUM_Limited" title="CHUM Limited">CHUM Limited</a> in 1995, which initially acquired the channel through a majority-owned subsidiary, Learning and Skills Television of Alberta Limited (LSTA).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To fulfill its license conditions as an educational station, it broadcasts educational and children's programming during the <a href="/wiki/Daytime_television" title="Daytime television">daytime</a> hours, while airing entertainment programming favoured by advertisers and viewers in prime time. The service discontinued its broadcast transmitters in <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a> in August 2011, due to the expense of transitioning the two stations to <a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television" title="Digital terrestrial television">digital</a>, and the fact that the service had mandatory carriage on television providers serving Alberta regardless of whether it ran over-the-air transmitters. The service has since operated as part of <a href="/wiki/Bell_Media" title="Bell Media">Bell Media</a>'s <a href="/wiki/CTV_Two" class="mw-redirect" title="CTV Two">CTV Two</a> chain of stations.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Public radio station <a href="/wiki/CKUA_Radio_Network" title="CKUA Radio Network">CKUA</a> in Alberta was also formerly operated by Access, before being sold to the <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">non-profit</a> CKUA Radio Foundation which continues to operate it as a community-funded radio network. <a href="/wiki/CJRT-FM" title="CJRT-FM">CJRT-FM</a> in Toronto also operated as a public government-owned radio station for many years; while no longer funded by the provincial government, it still solicits most of its budget from listener and corporate donations and is permitted to air only a very small amount of commercial advertising. </p><p><a href="/wiki/City_Saskatchewan" class="mw-redirect" title="City Saskatchewan">City Saskatchewan</a> originated as the Saskatchewan Communications Network, a cable-only educational and cultural public broadcaster owned by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Saskatchewan" title="Government of Saskatchewan">government of Saskatchewan</a>. SCN was sold to Bluepoint Investment Corporation in 2010, and like CTV Two Alberta did when it became privatized, incorporated a limited schedule of entertainment programming during the late afternoon and nighttime hours, while retaining educational and children's programs during the morning until mid-afternoon to fulfill its licensing conditions; Bluepoint later sold the channel to <a href="/wiki/Rogers_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogers Media">Rogers Media</a> in 2012, expanding a relationship it began with SCN in January of that year, when Rogers began supplying entertainment programming to the channel through an affiliation agreement with its English-language broadcast network, <a href="/wiki/City_(TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="City (TV network)">Citytv</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One television station, <a href="/wiki/CFTU-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="CFTU-TV">CFTU</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, operates as an educational station owned by CANAL (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Corporation pour l'Avancement de Nouvelles Applications des Langages Ltée</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Corporation for the Advancement of New Language Applications Ltd.'), a private not-for-profit consortium of educational institutions in the province of Quebec. </p><p>Some local community stations also operate non-commercially with funding from corporate and individual donors. In addition, cable companies are required to produce a local <a href="/wiki/Community_channel_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Community channel (Canada)">community channel</a> in each licensed market. Such channels have traditionally aired community talk shows, city council meetings and other locally oriented programming, although it is becoming increasingly common for them to adopt the format and branding of a local news channel. </p><p>Canada also has a large number of <a href="/wiki/Campus_radio" title="Campus radio">campus radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Community_radio" title="Community radio">community radio</a> stations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colombia">Colombia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Colombia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/RTVC_Sistema_de_Medios_P%C3%BAblicos" title="RTVC Sistema de Medios Públicos">RTVC Sistema de Medios Públicos</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> had between 1955 and 1998 a public television system very similar to that adopted by the NPO in the Netherlands, where private television producers called "<i><a href="/wiki/Programadora" title="Programadora">programadoras</a></i>" were given hours on the country's two public television channels (<a href="/wiki/Canal_1_(Colombia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal 1 (Colombia)">Cadena Uno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canal_A" title="Canal A">Canal A</a>). In 1998, when the Colombian government allowed the opening of television to the private market by granting two broadcast licenses to the <i>programadoras</i> <a href="/wiki/Caracol_Televisi%C3%B3n" title="Caracol Televisión">Caracol Televisión</a> and <a href="/wiki/RCN_Televisi%C3%B3n" title="RCN Televisión">RCN Televisión</a>, these television producers went into crisis, causing many to end their activities or produce content for the private television channels. Currently, Colombia has three public channels (one is operated by a private company formed by the shares of four former <i>programadoras</i>) and eight public radio stations (three stations are regional broadcasters). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chile">Chile</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Nacional_de_Chile" title="Televisión Nacional de Chile">Televisión Nacional de Chile</a></div> <p>Chilean television was founded through universities, in an attempt to bring public television without the state having to pay directly and control content. The University of Chile (owner of the former channels 9 and 11 until 1993), the Catholic University of Chile on channels 2 and 13 until 2010, and the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Catholic_University_of_Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaíso">Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaíso</a> on channels 8 and 4. Channel 8, in <a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a>, is the first and oldest station on Chile, transmitting since 5 October 1957. As soon as 1961 universities began transmitting advertisements between their programmes, the first of them being the Channel 9, showing a Motorola TV set. This kind of disguised advertising took the name of "Payola". This situation, added to the fact that TV was only reaching <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a>, led to the creation of a state network that should serve the entire country. This network, created in 1964 and in operation since 24 October 1969, is known as "<a href="/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Nacional_de_Chile" title="Televisión Nacional de Chile">Televisión Nacional de Chile</a>". After the military government of <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a>, television was mostly deregulated. Thus, two new commercial channels were born: <a href="/wiki/Mega_(Chilean_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mega (Chilean TV channel)">Megavisión</a> (Channel 9, on 23 October 1990) and <a href="/wiki/La_Red_(Chilean_TV_channel)" title="La Red (Chilean TV channel)">La Red</a> (Channel 4, on 12 May 1991). The University of Chile's Channel 11 also was rented to a private operator on 1 October 1993 and is now known today as "<a href="/wiki/Chilevisi%C3%B3n" title="Chilevisión">Chilevisión</a>". </p><p>Televisión Nacional, popularly known as Channel 7 due to its <a href="/wiki/Santiago,_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago, Chile">Santiago</a> frequency, is governed by a seven-member board appointed by both the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Chile" title="President of Chile">President</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilean Senate">the Senate</a>. It is meant to be independent of political pressures, although accusations of bias have been made, especially during election campaigns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ecuador">Ecuador</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ecuador"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Public_broadcasting" title="Special:EditPage/Public broadcasting">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Ecuador_TV" title="Ecuador TV">Ecuador TV</a> is the public service channel of Ecuador, established in October 2007. The channel was established at the same time as the installation of the <a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Ecuadorian Constituent Assembly">Ecuadorian Constituent Assembly</a> so that the sessions could be transmitted live to all the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="El_Salvador">El Salvador</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: El Salvador"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Public_broadcasting" title="Special:EditPage/Public broadcasting">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Salvadoran broadcasting has a public service radio and television channel. On 1 March 1926 began the operation as the first Central American broadcasting network called "Radio Nacional de El Salvador" with a frequency of 96.9 FM MHz founded by the president of that era, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Qui%C3%B1%C3%B3nez_Molina" title="Alfonso Quiñónez Molina">Alfonso Quiñónez Molina</a>. On 4 November 1964 the Government of El Salvador founded <a href="/wiki/Canal_10_(El_Salvador)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal 10 (El Salvador)">Televisión Educativa de El Salvador</a> as an educational television with the channels <a href="/wiki/Channel_8_(El_Salvador)" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel 8 (El Salvador)">8</a> and 10. And since 1989, Channel 10 became the only public television channel in El Salvador. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Mexico, public stations are operated by municipalities, state governments and universities, there are five national public channels. <a href="/wiki/Canal_Once_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal Once (Mexico)">Canal Once</a> is owned and operated by the <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Polit%C3%A9cnico_Nacional" title="Instituto Politécnico Nacional">National Politechnical Institute</a>. It started transmissions on 2 March 1959 as the first public broadcasting television in Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_Mexican_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal government of the United Mexican States">government of Mexico</a> implemented <a href="/wiki/Telesecundaria" title="Telesecundaria">Telesecundaria</a> in 1968 to provide <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary education</a> to students in rural areas through broadcast television channels, such as <a href="/wiki/XHGC-TV" class="mw-redirect" title="XHGC-TV">XHGC-TV</a> in Mexico City. With the launching of the <a href="/wiki/Morelos_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Morelos II">Morelos II</a> satellite, Telesecundaria began transmitting on one of its analog channels in 1988; in 1994, it began broadcasting in digital format with the advent of the Solidaridad I satellite, and <a href="/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Educativa_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Televisión Educativa (Mexico)">Edusat</a> was established and began transmitting in Mexico, <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> and certain regions of the United States. In 1982, <a href="/wiki/XEIMT-TDT" title="XEIMT-TDT">Canal 22</a> was founded and began operations eleven years later by the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_Culture" title="Secretariat of Culture">Ministry of Culture</a> as part of the "RED México". In 2005 the <a href="/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico" title="National Autonomous University of Mexico">National Autonomous University of Mexico</a> (UNAM in Spanish) began transmissions as the sister channel of <a href="/wiki/XEUN-AM" title="XEUN-AM">XEUN-AM</a> and <a href="/wiki/XEUN-FM" title="XEUN-FM">XEUN-FM</a> (both radio stations founded in 1959), <a href="/wiki/TV_UNAM" title="TV UNAM">TV UNAM</a> which is part of the university and cultural diffusion. <a href="/wiki/Canal_Catorce" title="Canal Catorce">Canal Catorce</a> was founded in 2012 and is operated by the <a href="/wiki/Sistema_P%C3%BAblico_de_Radiodifusi%C3%B3n_del_Estado_Mexicano" title="Sistema Público de Radiodifusión del Estado Mexicano">Sistema Público de Radiodifusión del Estado Mexicano</a> (SPR), an agency from the Federal Government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting_in_the_United_States" title="Public broadcasting in the United States">Public broadcasting in the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting" title="Corporation for Public Broadcasting">Corporation for Public Broadcasting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Current_(newspaper)" title="Current (newspaper)">Current (newspaper)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Public_broadcasting" title="Special:EditPage/Public broadcasting">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UIUC_Gregory_Hall_200511.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/UIUC_Gregory_Hall_200511.jpg/170px-UIUC_Gregory_Hall_200511.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/UIUC_Gregory_Hall_200511.jpg/255px-UIUC_Gregory_Hall_200511.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/UIUC_Gregory_Hall_200511.jpg/340px-UIUC_Gregory_Hall_200511.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="1760" /></a><figcaption>The Gregory Hall on the campus of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign">University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign</a> hosted an important meeting of the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Educational_Broadcasters" title="National Association of Educational Broadcasters">National Association of Educational Broadcasters</a> in the 1940s, that spawned both <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> and <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, public broadcasters may receive some funding from both <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">state</a> sources, but generally most of their financial support comes from underwriting by foundations and <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">businesses</a> (ranging from small shops to corporations), along with audience contributions via <a href="/wiki/Pledge_drive" title="Pledge drive">pledge drives</a>. The great majority operate as private <a href="/wiki/Not-for-profit_corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Not-for-profit corporation">not-for-profit corporations</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="History">History</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early public stations were operated by state colleges and universities and were often run as part of the schools' <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_extension_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperative extension service">cooperative extension services</a>. Stations in this era were internally funded, and did not rely on listener contributions to operate, some accepted advertising. Networks such as <a href="/wiki/Iowa_Public_Radio" title="Iowa Public Radio">Iowa Public Radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Public_Broadcasting" title="South Dakota Public Broadcasting">South Dakota Public Radio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Public_Radio" title="Wisconsin Public Radio">Wisconsin Public Radio</a> began under this structure.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept of a "<a href="/wiki/Non-commercial_educational" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-commercial educational">non-commercial, educational</a>" station <i>per se</i> did not show up in U.S. law until 1941, when the <a href="/wiki/FM_band" class="mw-redirect" title="FM band">FM band</a> was authorized to begin normal broadcasting.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>'s <a href="/wiki/KUHT" title="KUHT">KUHT</a> was the nation's first public television station founded by Dr. John W. Meaney, and signed on the air on May 25, 1953, from the campus of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Houston" title="University of Houston">University of Houston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In rural areas, it was not uncommon for colleges to operate commercial stations instead (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri" title="University of Missouri">University of Missouri</a>'s <a href="/wiki/KOMU" class="mw-redirect" title="KOMU">KOMU</a>, an <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>-affiliated television station in <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_Missouri" title="Columbia, Missouri">Columbia</a>). The FCC had reserved almost 250 broadcast frequencies for use as educational television stations in 1953, though by 1960, only 44 stations allocated for educational use had begun operations.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The passage of the <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Act_of_1967" title="Public Broadcasting Act of 1967">Public Broadcasting Act of 1967</a> precipitated the development of the current public broadcasting system in the U.S. The legislation established the <a href="/wiki/Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting" title="Corporation for Public Broadcasting">Corporation for Public Broadcasting</a> (CPB), a private entity that is charged with facilitating programming diversity among public broadcasters, the development and expansion of non-commercial broadcasting, and providing funding to local stations to help them create programs; the CPB receives funding earmarked by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a> as well as through public and private donations.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Public television and radio in the U.S. have, from the late 1960s onward, dealt with severe criticism from <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a> politicians and think-tanks (such as <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a>), which allege that its programming has a <a href="/wiki/Leftist" class="mw-redirect" title="Leftist">leftist</a> bias and there have been successful attempts to reduce – though not eliminate – funding for public television stations by some state legislatures.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Radio">Radio</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first public radio network in the United States was founded in 1949 in Berkeley, California, as station <a href="/wiki/KPFA" title="KPFA">KPFA</a>, which became and remains the flagship station for a national network called <a href="/wiki/Pacifica_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacifica Radio">Pacifica Radio</a>. From the beginning, the network has refused corporate funding of any kind, and has relied mainly on listener support. KPFA gave away free FM radios to build a listener base and to encourage listeners to "subscribe" (support the station directly with donations). It is the world's oldest listener-supported radio network.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the creation of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, Pacifica has sometimes received CPB support. Pacifica runs other stations in <a href="/wiki/KPFK" title="KPFK">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/WBAI" title="WBAI">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/WPFW" title="WPFW">Washington, D.C.</a>, and <a href="/wiki/KPFT" title="KPFT">Houston</a>, as well as repeater stations and a large network of affiliates. </p><p>A national public radio network, <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a> (NPR), was created in February 1970, following the passage of the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967. This network replaced the Ford Foundation–backed <a href="/wiki/National_Educational_Radio_Network" title="National Educational Radio Network">National Educational Radio Network</a>. Some independent local public radio stations buy their programming from distributors such as NPR; <a href="/wiki/Public_Radio_International" title="Public Radio International">Public Radio International</a> (PRI); <a href="/wiki/American_Public_Media" title="American Public Media">American Public Media</a> (APM); <a href="/wiki/Public_Radio_Exchange" title="Public Radio Exchange">Public Radio Exchange</a> (PRX); and <a href="/wiki/Pacifica_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacifica Radio">Pacifica Radio</a>, most often distributed through the Public Radio Satellite System.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cultural Native American and Mexican American music and programming are also featured regionally. NPR is colloquially though inaccurately conflated with <i>public radio</i> as a whole, when in fact "public radio" includes many organizations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Television">Television</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)</a> serves as the nation's main public television provider. When it launched in October 1970, PBS assumed many of the functions of its predecessor, <a href="/wiki/National_Educational_Television" title="National Educational Television">National Educational Television</a> (NET). NET was shut down by the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Foundation" title="Ford Foundation">Ford Foundation</a> and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting after the network refused to stop airing documentaries on varying social issues that had alienated many of the network's affiliates.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PBS would later acquire <a href="/wiki/Educational_Television_Stations" title="Educational Television Stations">Educational Television Stations</a>, an organization founded by the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Educational_Broadcasters" title="National Association of Educational Broadcasters">National Association of Educational Broadcasters</a> (NAEB), in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-JARVIK_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JARVIK-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uruguay">Uruguay</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Uruguay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> has a strong history of public broadcasting in South America. Inaugurated in 1963, <a href="/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Nacional_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Televisión Nacional Uruguay">Televisión Nacional Uruguay</a> (TNU) is now linked to the Ministry of Education and Culture of the country. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Radiodifusi%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Uruguay" title="Radiodifusión Nacional del Uruguay">Radiodifusión Nacional de Uruguay</a> is a network of radios with 20 different stations in AM and FM that cover the entire country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Venezuela">Venezuela</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Venezuela"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Communication_and_Information_System" title="Bolivarian Communication and Information System">Bolivarian Communication and Information System</a></div> <p>Since 1998, the Venezuelan state had only one television channel <a href="/wiki/Venezolana_de_Televisi%C3%B3n" title="Venezolana de Televisión">Venezolana de Televisión</a>, and after 2002 the government decided to launch the channel <a href="/wiki/ViVe" title="ViVe">ViVe</a> (2003), <a href="/wiki/TeleSUR" class="mw-redirect" title="TeleSUR">teleSUR</a> (2005), <a href="/wiki/TVES" class="mw-redirect" title="TVES">TVES</a> (2007) (a signal that until that year was occupied by <a href="/wiki/RCTV" title="RCTV">RCTV</a> ) and <a href="/wiki/Asamblea_Nacional_Televisi%C3%B3n" title="Asamblea Nacional Televisión">Asamblea Nacional Televisión</a> in addition to supporting and financing a network of community channels as well as Ávila Television belonging to the Metropolitan Mayor's Office of Caracas. United States politicians have commented that TeleSUR is a propaganda tool in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Bolivarian Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bangladesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Public_broadcasting" title="Special:EditPage/Public broadcasting">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Bengali primary state television broadcaster is <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Television" title="Bangladesh Television">Bangladesh Television</a> which also broadcasts worldwide through its satellite based branch, <a href="/wiki/BTV_World" title="BTV World">BTV World</a>. There are also terrestrial state run TV channels: <a href="/wiki/Sangsad_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangsad TV">Sangsad TV</a> owned and operated by <a href="/wiki/Bengali_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali parliament">Bengali parliament</a> that covers the proceedings of the Parliament. The <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Betar" title="Bangladesh Betar">Bangladesh Betar</a> (BB) is the country's sole state radio broadcaster. Radio transmission in the region now forming Bangladesh started in Dhaka on December 16, 1939. The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_and_Broadcasting_(Bangladesh)" title="Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (Bangladesh)">Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (Bangladesh)</a> is responsible for the administration of all government TV channels and Radio. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brunei_Darussalam">Brunei Darussalam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Brunei Darussalam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Radio_Television_Brunei" title="Radio Television Brunei">Radio Television Brunei</a> (RTB) is the only public broadcaster in Brunei Darussalam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RTHK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/RTHK.jpg/220px-RTHK.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/RTHK.jpg/330px-RTHK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/RTHK.jpg/440px-RTHK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Broadcasting House, the longtime headquarters of RTHK</figcaption></figure> <p>In Hong Kong, the Radio Television Hong Kong (<a href="/wiki/RTHK" title="RTHK">RTHK</a>) is the sole public service broadcaster. Although being a government department under the administrative hierarchy, it enjoys <a href="/wiki/Editorial_independence" title="Editorial independence">editorial independence</a>. It operates seven radio channels and produces television programmes and broadcast on commercial television channels, as these channels are required by law to provide timeslots for RTHK television programmes. RTHK would be assigned a digital terrestrial television channel during 2013 to 2015.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (January 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In India, <a href="/wiki/Prasar_Bharati" title="Prasar Bharati">Prasar Bharati</a> is India's public broadcaster. It is an autonomous corporation of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_and_Broadcasting_(India)" title="Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)">Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)</a>, Government of India and comprises the <a href="/wiki/Doordarshan" title="Doordarshan">Doordarshan</a> television network ( <a href="/wiki/DD_National" title="DD National">DD National</a>,<a href="/wiki/DD_India" title="DD India">DD India</a>,<a href="/wiki/DD_News" title="DD News">DD News</a>,<a href="/wiki/DD_Retro" title="DD Retro">DD Retro</a> ) and <a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">All India Radio</a>. Prasar Bharati was established on 23 November 1997, following a demand that the government owned broadcasters in India should be given autonomy like those in many other countries. The <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a> passed an Act to grant this autonomy in 1990, but it was not enacted until 15 September 1997. Though a public broadcaster, it airs commercial advertisements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting_in_Indonesia" title="Public broadcasting in Indonesia">Public broadcasting in Indonesia</a></div> <p>In Indonesia, there are three types of public broadcaster. The first two are national-scale broadcasters: <a href="/wiki/Radio_Republik_Indonesia" title="Radio Republik Indonesia">Radio Republik Indonesia</a> (RRI) and <a href="/wiki/Televisi_Republik_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Televisi Republik Indonesia">Televisi Republik Indonesia</a> (TVRI). RRI currently operates four radio networks carried by some or all of more than 90 local stations, one of them is a national programming network. TVRI operates three national television channels, plus more than 32 regional stations. </p><p>There are also independent local public broadcasters which founded by local government in several cities or regencies. They are obligated to network with either RRI or TVRI, depending on the medium, though they are not owned and operated by the two. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Japan, the main public broadcaster is the <a href="/wiki/NHK" title="NHK">NHK</a> (Japan Broadcasting Corporation). The broadcaster was set up in 1926 and was modelled on the <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Company" title="British Broadcasting Company">British Broadcasting Company</a>, the precursor to the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">British Broadcasting Corporation</a> created in 1927. Much like the BBC, NHK is funded by a "receiving fee" from every Japanese household, with no commercial advertising and the maintenance of a position of strict political impartiality. However, rampant non-payment by a large amount of households has led the receiving fee to become something of a political issue. NHK runs two national terrestrial TV stations (<a href="/wiki/NHK_General_TV" title="NHK General TV">NHK General</a> and <a href="/wiki/NHK_Educational_TV" title="NHK Educational TV">NHK Educational</a>) and three <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a> only services (<a href="/w/index.php?title=NHK_BS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NHK BS (page does not exist)">NHK BS</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=NHK_BS_Premium4K&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NHK BS Premium4K (page does not exist)">NHK BS Premium4K</a>, and <a href="/wiki/NHK_BS8K" title="NHK BS8K">NHK BS8K</a> services). NHK also runs 3 national radio services and a number of international radio and television services, akin to the <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a>. NHK has also been an innovator in television, developing the world's first <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">high-definition television</a> technology in 1964 and launching high definition services in Japan in 1981. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Public_broadcasting" title="Special:EditPage/Public broadcasting">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The public broadcaster in Malaysia is the state-owned <a href="/wiki/Radio_Televisyen_Malaysia" title="Radio Televisyen Malaysia">Radio Televisyen Malaysia</a> (RTM) and <a href="/wiki/TV_Alhijrah" title="TV Alhijrah">TV Alhijrah</a>. RTM was previously funded publicly through money obtained from <a href="/wiki/Television_licence" title="Television licence">television licensing</a>, however it is currently state-subsidised, as television licences have been abolished. </p><p>As of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> RTM operates 6 national, 16 state and 11 district radio stations as well as 6 national terrestrial television channels: <a href="/wiki/TV1_(Malaysian_TV_network)" title="TV1 (Malaysian TV network)">TV1</a>, <a href="/wiki/TV2_(Malaysian_TV_network)" title="TV2 (Malaysian TV network)">TV2</a>, <a href="/wiki/TV_Okey" title="TV Okey">TV Okey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sukan_RTM" title="Sukan RTM">Sukan RTM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berita_RTM" title="Berita RTM">Berita RTM</a>, and TV6. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nepal">Nepal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Nepal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>History of public broadcasting in Nepal started from 1951.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Public_broadcasting" title="Special:EditPage/Public broadcasting">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In Pakistan, the public broadcasters are the state-owned <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation">Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation</a> (PBC), also known as <a href="/wiki/Radio_Pakistan" title="Radio Pakistan">Radio Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Television_Corporation" title="Pakistan Television Corporation">Pakistan Television</a>. In the past Radio Pakistan was partly funded through money obtained from License fees. In 1999, the Nawaz Sharif government abolished license fees for Radio Pakistan and also abolished its tax exempt status protected under PBC Act 1973. The license fees for Pakistan Television continued. The license fees collection for PTV was given to WAPDA during Musharraf government. Currently WAPDA collects Rs. 35 per house hold on electricity bills as PTV license fees. Television Broadcasting started in Pakistan with a small pilot TV Station established at Lahore Radio from where transmission was first beamed in black-and-white with effect from 26 November 1964. Television centres were established in Dhaka, Karachi and Rawalpindi/Islamabad in 1967 and in Peshawar and Quetta in 1974. PTV has various channels transmitting throughout the world including <a href="/wiki/PTV_National" title="PTV National">PTV National</a>, <a href="/wiki/PTV_World" title="PTV World">PTV World</a>, PTV 2, <a href="/wiki/PTV_Global" title="PTV Global">PTV Global</a>, <a href="/wiki/PTV_Bolan" class="mw-redirect" title="PTV Bolan">PTV Bolan</a> etc. Radio Pakistan has stations covering all the major cities, it covers 80% of the country serving 95.5 Million listeners. It has world service in eleven languages daily. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines">Philippines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Public_broadcasting" title="Special:EditPage/Public broadcasting">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Philippines' primary state television broadcaster is <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Television_Network" title="People's Television Network">People's Television Network</a> (PTV). Created in 1974 as Government Television (GTV), PTV is no longer state subsidised except for a one-time equity funding for capital outlay in 1992. Aside from PTV, the other public broadcaster is the <a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation">Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation</a> (IBC), which the government has already put up for sale. The government no longer holds a <a href="/wiki/Controlling_interest" title="Controlling interest">controlling interest</a> in the former state broadcaster, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Philippines_Network" title="Radio Philippines Network">Radio Philippines Network</a> (RPN). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Broadcasting Service">Philippine Broadcasting Service</a> (PBS) is the country's sole state radio broadcaster. Established in 1933 as KZFM by the US colonial <a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">Insular Government</a>, the radio station was passed to the Philippine government after the country <a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(Philippines)" title="Republic Day (Philippines)">became independent</a> in 1946. Currently, PBS broadcasts its flagship network <a href="/wiki/Radyo_Pilipinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Radyo Pilipinas">Radyo Pilipinas</a> (formerly Radyo ng Bayan) through its 32 stations and selected affiliates nationwide. </p><p>The government is currently planning to propose the creation of a law that will merge and integrate PTV and PBS into a single entity, to be called the People's Broadcasting Corporation (PBC). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Singapore">Singapore</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mediacorp" title="Mediacorp">Mediacorp</a> is the only public broadcaster in Singapore.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>South Korea's representative public broadcasting television network is meant to be <a href="/wiki/Korean_Broadcasting_System" title="Korean Broadcasting System">Korean Broadcasting System</a>, or KBS. Originally a government-controlled channel, it is now an independent broadcasting system. KBS began broadcasting radio in 1947 and opened up to television industry in 1961, and officially founded its own identity by 1973. Another public broadcasting channel is the <a href="/wiki/Munhwa_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation">Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation</a>, or MBC. Known to be the second channel of the country, it also shares the roles of being national television with the KBS. </p><p>South Korea also has another public broadcasting channel called <a href="/wiki/Educational_Broadcasting_System" title="Educational Broadcasting System">Educational Broadcasting System</a>, or EBS. Originally considered to be an extension channel of the KBS, it was spun-off as an educational channel but retained its public broadcasting tasks. KBS and EBS mainly are funded by the commercials that they provide in their channels, but due to growing competitions, this is becoming an issue for them as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Public_Television_Service" title="Public Television Service">Public Television Service</a>, also called Taiwan Public Television Service Foundation, is the first independent public broadcasting institution in Taiwan, which broadcasts the Public Television Service Taiwan. Since its creation in 1998, PTS has produced several critically acclaimed dramatic programmes and mini-series despite experiencing funding difficulties. PTS is bound up in speaking for the minorities, including the promotion of Hakka Chinese and Formosan-language programming, an effort that has contributed much to the "Taiwanization" movement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thailand">Thailand</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Thailand, there are two primary public broadcasters. First is the <a href="/wiki/Thai_Public_Broadcasting_Service" title="Thai Public Broadcasting Service">Thai Public Broadcasting Service</a> (TPBS), it was established by the Thai Public Broadcasting Service Act, BE 2551, which came into force on 15 January 2008. Under this act, TPBS holds the status of <a href="/wiki/State_agency" class="mw-redirect" title="State agency">state agency</a> with <a href="/wiki/Legal_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal personality">legal personality</a>, but is not a <a href="/wiki/Government_agency" title="Government agency">government agency</a> or <a href="/wiki/State_enterprise" class="mw-redirect" title="State enterprise">state enterprise</a>. TPBS operates Thai PBS (ไทยพีบีเอส), which was formerly known as <a href="/wiki/ITV_(Thailand)" title="ITV (Thailand)">iTV</a>, TITV and TV Thai television station. Thai PBS tested its broadcast by connecting to a temporary signal for broadcasting to the special programs chart which had been appropriated by <a href="/wiki/Television_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Television of Thailand">Television of Thailand</a> (TVT or TV 11 Thailand) at TVT New Phetchaburi Road Broadcasting Station. (presently National News Bureau of Thailand headquarters and NBT World TV Station and formerly UHF Channel 29, from 15 to 31 January 2008. Programs began on 1 February 2008.) </p><p>Second is the state-owned state media known as <a href="/wiki/National_Broadcasting_Services_of_Thailand" title="National Broadcasting Services of Thailand">National Broadcasting Services of Thailand</a> (NBT) is the public broadcasting arm of the Government Public Relations Department (PRD), a division of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Thailand" title="Government of Thailand">Thai Government</a>. It operates comprehensive media services comprising radio, public television networks (terrestrial and satellite), online services and social media.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NBT TV (or NBT (Digital) 2 HD), formerly TVT11, is the television division and free-to-air channel of NBT. The broadcasting of TVT11 began on 11 July 1988, when TV9 (currently known as <a href="/wiki/MCOT_HD" title="MCOT HD">MCOT HD</a>) split into two channels. It was firstly aimed at viewers in the countryside. Some elements such as sex and violence are censored as NBT is one of the government departments under direct control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Israel">Israel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Israel, the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Broadcasting_Authority" title="Israel Broadcasting Authority">Israeli Broadcasting Authority</a> was the country's main public broadcasting service until 2017, when it was replaced by <b><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Public_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Israeli Public Broadcasting Corporation">Kan</a></b> (Hebrew for "here"), the Israeli Public Broadcasting Corporation. </p><p>In Arabic, the IPBC is known by the name <b>Makan</b> (Arabic for "place"). </p><p>Kan has inherited the two main public TV channels in Israel: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_1_(Israel)" title="Channel 1 (Israel)">Channel 1</a>, as of 2017 "<b><a href="/wiki/KAN_11" class="mw-redirect" title="KAN 11">Kan 11</a></b>" – Main TV channel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_33_(Israel)" title="Channel 33 (Israel)">Channel 33 (Israel)</a>, as of 2017 "<b>Makan 33</b>" – Arabic language TV channel</li></ul> <p>Kan also includes the following 8 public radio stations, taken from IBA: </p> <ul><li>Reshet Alef (Network A), as of 2017 "<b>Kan Tarbut</b>" – Podcasts and talk programs related to culture</li> <li>Reshet Bet (Network B), as of 2017 "<b>Kan Bet</b>" – News and current affairs</li> <li>Reshet Gimel (Network C), as of 2017 "<b>Kan Gimel</b>" – Israeli music</li> <li>Reshet Dalet (Network D), as of 2017 "<b>MAKan Radio</b>" – Arabic language station</li> <li>Reshet Hey (Network E), as of 2017 "<b>Kan Farsi</b>" – Persian language station, internet only</li> <li>88FM, as of 2017 "<b>Kan 88</b>" – Alternative music</li> <li>Kol Hamusika ("The Sound of Music"), as of 2017 "<b>Kan Kol Hamusika</b>" – Classical music, jazz</li> <li>REKA - Reshet Klitat <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a> (Aliyah integration network), as of 2017 "<b>Kan Reka</b>" – Multilingual, mostly Russian language station</li> <li>Reshet Moreshet, as of 2017 "<b>Kan Moreshet</b>" – Jewish-related news and programming</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Defense_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Defense Forces">Israeli Defense Forces</a> owns its own broadcasting network known as IDF Waves which includes two radio stations: </p> <ul><li>IDF Waves (<a href="/wiki/Galey_Tzahal" class="mw-redirect" title="Galey Tzahal">Galey Tzahal</a>) – broadcasting news and current affairs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galgalatz" title="Galgalatz">Galgalatz</a> – broadcasting music and traffic reports</li></ul> <p>In addition, the ministry of education owns the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Educational_Television" title="Israeli Educational Television">Israeli Educational Television</a>, known as <b>Hinuchit</b>, the first Israeli television channel. It was created by the Rothschild fund to aid the ministry's work in teaching children from kindergarten to high school and to promote the television's use in Israel at a time the government considered the device a "cultural decadence". It is funded and operated by the ministry, and since the 1980s it has widened its orientation to adults as well as children. In August 2018, the Educational Television was shut down and replaced by <b>Kan Hinuchit</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">European Broadcasting Union</a></div> <p>In most countries in Europe, public broadcasters are funded through a mix of advertising and public finance, either through a license fee or directly from the government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Albania">Albania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Albania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Radio_Televizioni_Shqiptar" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Televizioni Shqiptar">Radio Televizioni Shqiptar</a> (RTSH) is the public broadcaster in <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>. </p><p><i>Analogue TV</i> </p> <ul><li><i>Televizioni Shqiptar</i> (TVSH) is the name of the first public channel of Albania. The domestic TV programme is distributed analogically throughout the country and digitally in Tirana through RTSH HD.</li> <li><i>TVSH 2</i> is the second public TV channel dedicated mainly to sports and live events launched in 2003.</li></ul> <p><i>Digital TV</i> </p> <ul><li><i>RTSH HD</i> a digital channel launched in 2012 broadcasts TVSH shows in high-definition quality.</li> <li><i>RTSH Sport</i></li> <li><i>RTSH Muzikë</i></li> <li><i>RTSH Art</i></li> <li><i>TVSH Sat</i>, is the international version of the domestic programme broadcast to Eurovision free to air via <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a>.</li></ul> <p><i>Radio</i> </p> <ul><li><i>Radio Tirana</i> (also, Radio Tirana 1) is the name of Albania's first radio programme, concentrating on news, talk, and features</li> <li><i>Radio Tirana 2</i> is the name of the second radio program, broadcasting chiefly music and targeted at youth</li> <li><i>Radio Tirana 3 (Programi i Tretë, Radio Tirana International)</i> is the name of the third programme, broadcasting the international service on short wave radio in Albanian, English, French. Greek, German, Italian, Serbian, and Turkish</li></ul> <p><i>Regional</i> </p> <ul><li><i>Radio Televizioni Gjirokastra</i> is the local version of RTSH in <a href="/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr" title="Gjirokastër">Gjirokastër</a></li> <li><i>Radio Televizioni Korça</i> is the local version of RTSH in <a href="/wiki/Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB" title="Korçë">Korçë</a></li> <li><i>Radio Kukësi</i> is the local version of RT in <a href="/wiki/Kuk%C3%ABs" title="Kukës">Kukës</a></li> <li><i>Radio Shkodra</i> is the local version of RT in <a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Shkodër</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Austria">Austria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/ORF_(broadcaster)" title="ORF (broadcaster)">ORF (broadcaster)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/ORF_(broadcaster)" title="ORF (broadcaster)">ORF</a> (<i>Österreichischer Rundfunk</i>) is the public broadcaster in Austria. Despite the fact that private broadcasting companies were allowed in Austria in the late 1990s, ORF is still <i>the</i> key player in the field. It has three nationwide radio channels (<a href="/wiki/%C3%961" title="Ö1">Ö1</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%963" class="mw-redirect" title="Ö3">Ö3</a>, <a href="/wiki/FM4" title="FM4">FM4</a>), nine regional ones (one for each <a href="/wiki/Bundesland_(Austria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesland (Austria)">Bundesland</a>). Its TV portfolio includes two general interest channels (<a href="/wiki/ORF_1" title="ORF 1">ORF 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/ORF_2" title="ORF 2">ORF 2</a>), one cultural-instructional channel (<a href="/wiki/ORF_III" title="ORF III">ORF III</a>), one Eurovision-wide version of ORF 2 and a sports channel (<a href="/wiki/ORF_Sport_%2B" title="ORF Sport +">ORF Sport +</a>). ORF also takes part in the German-language satellite TV network <a href="/wiki/3sat" title="3sat">3sat</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Belgium">Belgium</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Belgium has three networks, one for each linguistic community: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vlaamse_Radio-_en_Televisieomroeporganisatie" class="mw-redirect" title="Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroeporganisatie">VRT</a>, Dutch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTBF" title="RTBF">RTBF</a>, French</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgischer_Rundfunk" title="Belgischer Rundfunk">BRF</a>, German</li></ul> <p>Originally named INR  – <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationaal_Instituut_voor_de_Radio-omroep" class="extiw" title="nl:Nationaal Instituut voor de Radio-omroep"><i>Institut national belge de radiodiffusion</i></a> – the state-owned broadcasting organization was established by law on 18 June 1930. Television broadcasting from Brussels began in 1953, with two hours of programming each day. In 1960 the INR was subsumed into RTB (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Radio-Télévision Belge</i>) and BRT (lang-nl|Belgische Radio – en Televisieomroep). </p><p>On 1 October 1945 INR-NIR began to broadcast some programmes in German. In 1961 RTB-BRT began a German-language radio channel, broadcasting from <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a>. </p><p>In 1977, following Belgian <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalization</a> and the establishment of separate <a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">language communities</a>, the French-language section of RTB-BRT became RTBF (French: <i lang="fr">Radio-Télévision Belge de la Communauté française</i>), German-language section became <a href="/wiki/Belgischer_Rundfunk" title="Belgischer Rundfunk">BRF</a> (German: <i lang="de">Belgischer Rundfunk</i>) and Dutch-language stays BRT. </p><p>BRT was renamed in 1991 to BRTN (Dutch: <i lang="nl">Belgische Radio- en Televisieomroep Nederlandstalige Uitzendingen</i>) and again in 1998 to VRT (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Vlaamse Radio  – en Televisieomroeporganisatie</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Bulgaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two public media in Bulgaria - the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Television" title="Bulgarian National Television">Bulgarian National Television</a> (BNT) and the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Radio" title="Bulgarian National Radio">Bulgarian National Radio</a> (BNR). <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Television" title="Bulgarian National Television">Bulgarian National Television</a> was founded in 1959 and the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Radio" title="Bulgarian National Radio">Bulgarian National Radio</a> was founded in 1935. BNT broadcasts 4 national programs (BNT 1, BNT 2, BNT 3, BNT 4 - broadcasts internationally). The BNR broadcasts 2 national programs (Horizont and Hristo Botev Program), 9 regional programs and Internet Radio Binar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Croatia">Croatia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Croatia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Radiotelevision" title="Croatian Radiotelevision">Croatian Radiotelevision</a> (Croatian: <i lang="hr">Hrvatska radiotelevizija</i>, <i>HRT</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatian</a> public broadcasting company. It operates several radio and television channels, over a domestic transmitter network as well as satellite. As of 2002<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 70% of HRT's funding comes from broadcast user fees with each house in Croatia required to pay 79 HRK, kuna, per month for a single television (radio device, computer or smartphone), with the remainder being made up from advertising.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Czech Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Czech_Television" title="Czech Television">Czech Television</a> (<a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: <i lang="cs">Česká televize</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Czech_Radio" title="Czech Radio">Czech Radio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: <i lang="cs">Český rozhlas</i>) are public broadcasters formed in 1992 to take over the Czech operations of the state-ran <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovak Television">Czechoslovak Television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Czechoslovak Radio">Czechoslovak Radio</a>, respectively. Until the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">dissolution</a> of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> in 1993, both broadcasters coexisted with their federal Czechoslovak counterparts, after which they also took over the channels previously occupied by the common federal broadcasting. </p><p>Czech Television broadcasts from three studios in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brno" title="Brno">Brno</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ostrava" title="Ostrava">Ostrava</a> and operates several TV channels: <a href="/wiki/%C4%8CT1" title="ČT1">ČT1</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%8CT2" title="ČT2">ČT2</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%8CT24" title="ČT24">ČT24</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%8CT_sport&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ČT sport (page does not exist)">ČT sport</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%8CT_:D" class="mw-redirect" title="ČT :D">ČT :D</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C4%8CT_art" title="ČT art">ČT art</a>. Czech television is funded through a monthly fee of 135 <a href="/wiki/CZK" class="mw-redirect" title="CZK">CZK</a> which every household that owns a TV or a radio has to pay. Since October 2011 advertising on Czech TV is restricted to ČT 2 and ČT sport.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Czech Radio broadcasts four nationwide stations Radiožurnál, Dvojka, Vltava, and Plus, several regional and topical digital stations. It also provides an international service Radio Prague International, which broadcasts abroad in six languages. Czech Radio is funded through a monthly fee of 45 CZK. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Denmark">Denmark</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/DR_(broadcaster)" title="DR (broadcaster)">DR</a> is the national public service broadcaster. The organisation was founded in 1925, on principles similar to those of the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> in the United Kingdom. DR runs six nationwide television channels and eight radio channels. Financing comes primarily from a yearly licence fee, that everyone who owns either a television set, a computer or other devices that can access the internet, has to pay. A part of collected fees is also used to finance the network of <a href="/wiki/TV_2_(Denmark)#Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="TV 2 (Denmark)">regional public service stations</a> operating under the brand of TV 2. <a href="/wiki/TV_2_(Denmark)" class="mw-redirect" title="TV 2 (Denmark)">TV 2</a> itself, however, is a commercial government-owned television funded by subscriptions and advertising, with particular public service duties such as allowing regional stations to air their newscasts within specific timeslots of the main TV 2 channel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Faroe_Islands">Faroe Islands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Faroe Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kringvarp_F%C3%B8roya" title="Kringvarp Føroya">Kringvarp Føroya</a> is the organisation in Faroe Islands with public service obligations. Formed in 1957 as a radio broadcaster <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Atvarp_F%C3%B8roya" class="mw-redirect" title="Útvarp Føroya">Útvarp Føroya</a>. Merged with Sjónvarp Føroya TV station on 1 January 2007 to form <a href="/wiki/Kringvarp_F%C3%B8roya" title="Kringvarp Føroya">Kringvarp Føroya</a>. Funded by licence fees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Estonia">Estonia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Estonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Eesti_Rahvusringh%C3%A4%C3%A4ling" title="Eesti Rahvusringhääling">Estonian Public Broadcasting</a> (ERR) organises the public radio and television stations of Estonia. <a href="/wiki/Eesti_Televisioon" title="Eesti Televisioon">Eesti Televisioon</a> (ETV), the public television station, made its first broadcast in 1955, and together with its sister channel <a href="/wiki/ETV2" title="ETV2">ETV2</a> has about 20% audience share. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finland">Finland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Yle" title="Yle">Yle - The Finnish Broadcasting Company</a>, (pronounced /yle/) or Yleisradio (in <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>) and Rundradion (in <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>) is <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland's</a> national public service media company. Founded in 1926, it is a public limited company majority owned by the Finnish state, employing around 2,800 people. Yle is funded by a special Yle tax. Yle has four television channels, three television channel slots, six nationwide radio channels and three radio services.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yle_TV1" title="Yle TV1">Yle TV1</a> is the most viewed TV channel in Finland and <a href="/wiki/Yle_Radio_Suomi" title="Yle Radio Suomi">Yle Radio Suomi</a> the most popular radio channel.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yle was the first of the Nordic public broadcasters to implement the Eurovision's portability regulation on its online media service <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://areena.yle.fi/tv">Yle Areena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yle Areena is the most used streaming service in Finland, beating even Netflix that is the most popular streaming service everywhere else.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yle focuses highly on developing its digital services. In 2016 a Reuters Institute study of European public service companies show that Yle and BBC are the public service pioneers in digital development and performing the best while introducing innovative digital services in their news operations, developing mobile services and promoting the development of new digital approaches.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yle's Voitto robot based on machine learning is the first personal news assistant in the world to give recommendations directly on the lock screen in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=fi.yle.uutisvahti&hl=fi">the Yle NewsWatch</a> application.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1949 <a href="/wiki/Radiodiffusion-T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française">Radiodiffusion-télévision française</a> (RTF – French television and radio broadcasting) was created to take over from the earlier <a href="/wiki/Radiodiffusion_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiodiffusion française">Radiodiffusion française</a> responsibility for the operation of the country's three public radio networks and the introduction of a public television service. <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_France_Outre-mer" class="mw-redirect" title="Réseau France Outre-mer">RFO</a> and a fourth radio network was added in 1954 and a second television channel in 1963. </p><p>RTF was transformed into the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Office_de_radiodiffusion_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Office de radiodiffusion télévision française">Office de radiodiffusion télévision française</a></i></span> (ORTF), a more independent structure, in 1964. ORTF oversaw the introduction of a third television channel in 1972, two years before the dissolution of the structure in 1974. At that time a network of local and regional channels was created, nationally grouped under the <a href="/wiki/France_3" title="France 3">France 3</a> channel, and between this date and 2000, each national channel had its own direction structure, while being in <a href="/wiki/France_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision" class="mw-redirect" title="France Télévision">France Télévision</a> group. In 1984, the European channel <a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a> is created. The first channel (<a href="/wiki/TF1" title="TF1">TF1</a>) was sold to the private sector in 1987. (At the time, the channel with the largest audience was the other public channel <a href="/wiki/Antenne_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenne 2">Antenne 2</a>). </p><p>In 1986 <a href="/wiki/La_Sept" title="La Sept">La Sept</a>, another European channel, was created, before being eaten by the French/German public channel <a href="/wiki/Arte" title="Arte">ARTE</a> in 1991, originally broadcast on cable and satellite. In 1992, the fall of the private channel <a href="/wiki/La_Cinq" title="La Cinq">La Cinq</a> freed the frequencies that it had used, witch has been affected to <a href="/wiki/Arte" title="Arte">ARTE</a> each day from 19.00 to 3. In 1994 a new public channel, <a href="/wiki/France5" class="mw-redirect" title="France5">La cinquième</a> was created and used the remaining time on the same frequencies. La cinquième and ARTE subsequently shared the same channels with the exception of satellite, cable, and internet channels where both could be broadcast all day long. As 31 March 2005 <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Num%C3%A9rique_Terrestre&redirect=no%7Cdigital">broadcast</a> permitted to give plain channel to <a href="/wiki/France5" class="mw-redirect" title="France5">La cinquième</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arte" title="Arte">ARTE</a>, <a href="/wiki/France_%C3%94" title="France Ô">France Ô</a>, and <a href="/wiki/France_4" title="France 4">France 4</a>. Moreover, <a href="/wiki/Gulli" title="Gulli">Gulli</a>, a channel dedicated to kids, was partially owned by <a href="/wiki/France_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision" class="mw-redirect" title="France Télévision">France Télévision</a> between 2005 and 2014. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Beitragsservice_von_ARD,_ZDF_und_Deutschlandradio" class="mw-redirect" title="Beitragsservice von ARD, ZDF und Deutschlandradio">Beitragsservice von ARD, ZDF und Deutschlandradio</a></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, when regional broadcasters had been merged into one national network by the <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a> to create a powerful means of <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">the Allies</a> insisted on a de-centralised, independent structure for German public broadcasting and created regional public broadcasting agencies that, by and large, still exist today. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ARD_Karte.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/ARD_Karte.svg/220px-ARD_Karte.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/ARD_Karte.svg/330px-ARD_Karte.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/ARD_Karte.svg/440px-ARD_Karte.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Map of ARD-members</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norddeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Norddeutscher Rundfunk">NDR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a>), split from former <a href="/wiki/Nordwestdeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk">NWDR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rundfunk_Berlin-Brandenburg" title="Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg">RBB</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>), merged from SFB and ORB</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdwestrundfunk" title="Südwestrundfunk">SWR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a>), merged from SDR and SWF</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitteldeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk">MDR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>), established in 1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Westdeutscher Rundfunk">WDR</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>), split from former NWDR</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayerischer_Rundfunk" title="Bayerischer Rundfunk">BR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hessischer_Rundfunk" title="Hessischer Rundfunk">hr</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarl%C3%A4ndischer_Rundfunk" title="Saarländischer Rundfunk">SR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Bremen" title="Radio Bremen">RB</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a>)</li></ul> <p>In addition to these nine regional radio and TV broadcasters, which cooperate within <a href="/wiki/ARD_(broadcaster)" title="ARD (broadcaster)">ARD</a>, a second national television service – actually called Second German Television (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Zweites_Deutsches_Fernsehen" class="mw-redirect" title="Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen">Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen</a></i>, ZDF) – was later created in 1961 and a national radio service with two networks (<a href="/wiki/Deutschlandradio" title="Deutschlandradio">Deutschlandradio</a>) emerged from the remains of <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> propaganda stations in 1994. All services are mainly financed through licence fees paid by every household and are governed by councils of representatives of the "<a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">societally</a> relevant groups". Public TV and radio stations spend about 60% of the ≈10bn € spent altogether for broadcasting in Germany per year, making it the most well funded public broadcasting system in the world. </p><p>The <i>Hans-Bredow-Institut</i>, or Hans-Bredow-Institute for Media Research at the University of Hamburg (HBI) is an independent non-profit foundation with the mission on media research on public communication, particularly for radio and television <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasting</a> (including public service media providers) and other electronic media, in an interdisciplinary fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-Khabyuk2011_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khabyuk2011-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chen2001_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen2001-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-H2010_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H2010-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Germany foreign public broadcasters also exist. These are <a href="/wiki/American_Forces_Network" title="American Forces Network">AFN</a> for US-military staff in Germany, <a href="/wiki/BFBS" class="mw-redirect" title="BFBS">BFBS</a> for British military staff, Voice of Russia, RFE and Radio Liberty. </p><p>Eventually, <a href="/wiki/Arte" title="Arte">Arte</a> is a French/German cultural TV channel operated jointly by <a href="/wiki/France_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9visions" title="France Télévisions">France Télévisions</a>, <a href="/wiki/ZDF" title="ZDF">ZDF</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ARD_(broadcaster)" title="ARD (broadcaster)">ARD</a>. It is a binational channel broadcast in both countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greece">Greece</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ERT_logo_2020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/ERT_logo_2020.svg/170px-ERT_logo_2020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/ERT_logo_2020.svg/255px-ERT_logo_2020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/ERT_logo_2020.svg/340px-ERT_logo_2020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="203" /></a><figcaption>ERT's logo</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation">Hellenic Broadcasting Corporation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Ελληνική Ραδιοφωνία Τηλεόραση ή ERT) is the state-owned public broadcaster in Greece. It broadcasts five television channels: <a href="/wiki/ERT1" title="ERT1">ERT1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ERT2" title="ERT2">ERT2</a>, <a href="/wiki/ERT3" title="ERT3">ERT3</a> (located in Thessaloniki city), <a href="/wiki/ERT_HD" class="mw-redirect" title="ERT HD">ERT SPORTS HD</a> are the terrestrial broadcast channels, as well as ERT WORLD, a satellite channel focused to the Greek diaspora. ERT is broadcasting also five national (<a href="/wiki/First_Programme_(ERT)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Programme (ERT)">ERA 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Programme_(ERT)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Programme (ERT)">ERA 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Programme_(ERT)" title="Third Programme (ERT)">ERA 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosmos_(radio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmos (radio)">Kosmos</a>, <a href="/wiki/ERA_Sport" title="ERA Sport">ERA Sport</a>), and 21 local radio stations (two of them located in Thessaloniki, the second major city of Greece). All national television and radio stations are broadcast through ERT digital multiplexes across the country and through satellite, via the two digital platforms (NOVA and Cosmote). </p><p>ERT also operates a web-TV service with a live transmition of all the terrestrial and satellite channels as well as 4 independent OTT channels (ERT PLAY 1, 2, 3 and 4) that carries mostly sport events and older archived shows. </p><p>ERT operates 8 television studios in three buildings in Athens: five of them in the headquarters called "Radiomegaro" ("Ραδιομέγαρο" that means "radio palace") located in Agia Paraskevi area, two of them in Katehaki str. facility and one small one in the center of Athens near the Parliament, in the Mourouzi str. facility. In Thessaloniki, ERT operates two television studios in the L. Stratou avenue and another three studios in smaller cities (Heraclion, Patras and Corfu) that can be used only for television correspondences. </p><p>ERT operates several radio studios in "Radiomegaro", in Thessaloniki (located at Aggelaki str., besides International Exhibition facility) and in 19 Greek cities, as well as a national news web site. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iceland">Iceland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Iceland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/R%C3%9AV" title="RÚV">Ríkisútvarpið (RÚV)</a> ("The Icelandic National Broadcasting Service") is <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>'s national public-service broadcasting organisation. RÚV began radio broadcasting in 1930 and its first television transmissions were made in 1966. In both cases coverage quickly reached nearly every household in Iceland. RÚV is funded by a <a href="/wiki/Television_licence" title="Television licence">television licence</a> fee collected from every income taxpayer, as well as advertising revenue. RÚV has been a full active member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">European Broadcasting Union</a> since 1956. </p><p>RÚV – which by the terms of its charter is obliged to "promote the Icelandic language, Icelandic history, and Iceland's cultural heritage" and "honour basic democratic rules, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, and the freedom of speech and opinion"<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – carries a substantial amount of arts, media, and current affairs programming, in addition to which it also supplies general entertainment in the form of feature films and such internationally popular television drama series as <i><a href="/wiki/Lost_(2004_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost (2004 TV series)">Lost</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Desperate_Housewives" title="Desperate Housewives">Desperate Housewives</a></i>. RÚV's lineup also includes sports coverage, documentaries, domestically produced entertainment shows, and children's programming. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ireland">Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Ireland there are two state owned public service broadcasters, <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89" title="RTÉ">RTÉ</a> and <a href="/wiki/TG4" title="TG4">TG4</a>. RTÉ was established in 1960 with the merger of <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Raidió Éireann</i></span> (1926) and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Teilifís Éireann</i></span> (1960). TG4 was formed as a subsidiary of RTÉ in 1996 as <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Teilifís na Gaeilge</i></span> (TnaG), it was renamed TG4 in 1999, and was made independent of RTÉ in 2007. </p><p>Both Irish public service broadcasters receive part of the licence fee, with RTÉ taking the lion's share of the funding. Advertising makes up 50% of RTÉ's income and just 6% of TG4's income. 7% of the licence fee is provided to the <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_Authority_of_Ireland" title="Broadcasting Authority of Ireland">Broadcasting Authority of Ireland</a> since 2006. Up to 2006 the licence fee was given entirely to RTÉ. </p><p>RTÉ offers a range of free to air services on television; <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_1" class="mw-redirect" title="RTÉ 1">RTÉ 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_2" class="mw-redirect" title="RTÉ 2">RTÉ 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89jr" title="RTÉjr">RTÉjr</a>, and <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_News_Now" class="mw-redirect" title="RTÉ News Now">RTÉ News Now</a>. On radio; <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_Radio_1" title="RTÉ Radio 1">RTÉ Radio 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_2FM" class="mw-redirect" title="RTÉ 2FM">RTÉ 2FM</a>, <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_Lyric_FM" class="mw-redirect" title="RTÉ Lyric FM">RTÉ Lyric FM</a>, and <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_Raidi%C3%B3_na_Gaeltachta" title="RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta">RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta</a>, as well as a number of channels on <a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting" title="Digital Audio Broadcasting">DAB</a>. </p><p>The Sound and Vision Fund is operated by the <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_Authority_of_Ireland" title="Broadcasting Authority of Ireland">Broadcasting Authority of Ireland</a>, this fund receives 7% of the licence fee. The fund is used to assist broadcasters to commission public service broadcast programming. It is open to all independent producers provided they the backing of a free-to-air or community broadcaster, such as <a href="/wiki/TV3_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="TV3 (Ireland)">Virgin Media</a>, <a href="/wiki/Today_FM" title="Today FM">Today FM</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> Northern Ireland, <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89" title="RTÉ">RTÉ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/UTV_(TV_channel)" title="UTV (TV channel)">UTV</a>, etc. Pay TV broadcaster <a href="/wiki/Setanta_Sports" title="Setanta Sports">Setanta Sports</a> have also received funding for programming through the Fund provided they make that programming available on a <a href="/wiki/Free-to-view" title="Free-to-view">free-to-view</a> basis. </p><p><a href="/wiki/TG4" title="TG4">TG4</a> is an independent <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a> public service broadcaster that is funded by government subsidy, part of the licence fee, and through advertising revenue. </p><p><a href="/wiki/TV3_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="TV3 (Ireland)">Virgin Media</a> is the only independent broadcaster that has public service commitments.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_of_RAI_(2016).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Logo_of_RAI_%282016%29.svg/110px-Logo_of_RAI_%282016%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Logo_of_RAI_%282016%29.svg/165px-Logo_of_RAI_%282016%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Logo_of_RAI_%282016%29.svg/220px-Logo_of_RAI_%282016%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>RAI brand</figcaption></figure> <p>The Italian national broadcasting company is <a href="/wiki/RAI" title="RAI">RAI</a> – Radiotelevisione Italiana, founded as URI in <a href="/wiki/1924" title="1924">1924</a>. RAI transmits thirteen channels: <a href="/wiki/Rai_1" title="Rai 1">Rai 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rai_2" title="Rai 2">Rai 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rai_3" title="Rai 3">Rai 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rai_4" title="Rai 4">Rai 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rai_5" title="Rai 5">Rai 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rai_News24" class="mw-redirect" title="Rai News24">Rai News 24</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rai_Premium" title="Rai Premium">Rai Premium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rai_Movie" title="Rai Movie">Rai Movie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rai_Sport" title="Rai Sport">Rai Sport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rai_Storia" title="Rai Storia">Rai Storia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rai_Gulp" title="Rai Gulp">Rai Gulp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rai_YoYo" class="mw-redirect" title="Rai YoYo">Rai Yoyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rai_Scuola" title="Rai Scuola">Rai Scuola</a> (all available in high definition on DTT). RAI also broadcasts via satellite and is involved in radio, publishing and cinema. RAI has the largest audience share (45%) of any Italian television network. Funding used to be collected through a special yearly TV tax (the so-called <i>Canone</i>), but due to the high rates of evasion the government linked its payment to every household's electricity bill (90 euros for each household in 2017<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), as well as from advertising. The main competitors of RAI are <a href="/wiki/Mediaset" title="Mediaset">Mediaset</a>, the biggest national private broadcaster, divided in twelve channels (two of which are both SD and HD), <a href="/wiki/La7" title="La7">La7</a> and La7d, owned by Cairo Editore; other competitors are Sky Italia (with three FTA channels) and Discovery Italia (with seven FTA channels). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lithuania">Lithuania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Lithuania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Radio_and_Television" title="Lithuanian National Radio and Television">Lithuanian National Radio and Television</a> (LRT) is the national broadcaster of Lithuania. It was founded in 1926 as radio broadcaster, and opened a television broadcasting subdivision in 1957. LRT broadcasts three radio stations (<a href="/wiki/LRT_Radijas" title="LRT Radijas">LRT Radijas</a>, <a href="/wiki/LRT_Klasika" title="LRT Klasika">LRT Klasika</a>, and LRT Opus), and three TV channels (<a href="/wiki/LRT_televizija" title="LRT televizija">LRT televizija</a>, <a href="/wiki/LRT_Plius" title="LRT Plius">LRT Plius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/LRT_Lituanica" title="LRT Lituanica">LRT Lituanica</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malta">Malta</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Malta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Services" title="Public Broadcasting Services">Public Broadcasting Services</a> (PBS) is the national broadcaster of Malta. It operates three television services (<a href="/wiki/Television_Malta" title="Television Malta">TVM</a>, <a href="/wiki/TVM2" class="mw-redirect" title="TVM2">TVM2</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Parliament_TV_(Malta)" title="Parliament TV (Malta)">Parliament TV</a>) and three radio services (<a href="/wiki/Radio_Malta" title="Radio Malta">Radju Malta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radju_Malta_2" title="Radju Malta 2">Radju Malta 2</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magic_Malta" title="Magic Malta">Magic Malta</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Moldova">Moldova</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Moldova"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Teleradio-Moldova" title="Teleradio-Moldova">Teleradio-Moldova</a> (TRM) is the public funded radio-TV broadcaster in Moldova. It owns the TV channels <a href="/wiki/Moldova_1" title="Moldova 1">Moldova 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/TV_Moldova_Interna%C5%A3ional" class="mw-redirect" title="TV Moldova Internaţional">TVMI</a>, and the radio channels <a href="/wiki/Radio_Moldova" title="Radio Moldova">Radio Moldova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_Moldova_Interna%C5%A3ional" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Moldova Internaţional">Radio Moldova Internaţional</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Montenegro">Montenegro</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Montenegro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/RTCG" class="mw-redirect" title="RTCG">RTCG</a> (Radio Television of Montenegro) is the public broadcaster in Montenegro and maintains editorial independence from its government.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dutch_public_broadcasting_system" title="Dutch public broadcasting system">Dutch public broadcasting system</a></div> <p>The Netherlands uses a rather unusual system of public broadcasting. Public-broadcasting associations are allocated money and time to broadcast their programmes on the publicly owned television and radio channels, collectively known under the <a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Publieke_Omroep" class="mw-redirect" title="Nederlandse Publieke Omroep">NPO</a> name. The time and money is allocated in proportion to their membership numbers. The system is intended to reflect the diversity of all the groups composing the nation and maintains editorial independence from the government.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nordic_countries">Nordic countries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Nordic countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>National public broadcasters in Nordic countries were modeled after the BBC and established a decade later: Radioordningen (now <a href="/wiki/DR_(broadcaster)" title="DR (broadcaster)">DR</a>) in Denmark, Kringkastingselskapet (now <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation">NRK</a>) in Norway, and Radiotjänst (now <a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Radio" title="Sveriges Radio">Sveriges Radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Television" title="Sveriges Television">Sveriges Television</a>) in Sweden (all in 1925). In 1926 Yleisradio, (Swedish: Rundradion) now <a href="/wiki/Yle" title="Yle">Yle</a> was founded in Finland. <a href="/wiki/R%C3%9AV" title="RÚV">Ríkisútvarpið (RÚV)</a> is the official public broadcast service in Iceland. All five are funded from television licence fees costing (in 2007) around <span class="nowrap">€230</span> (<span style="white-space: nowrap">US$300</span>) per household per year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poland">Poland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Polskie_Radio" title="Polskie Radio">Polskie Radio</a> was seen to be the last remaining form of public broadcasting as <a href="/wiki/Telewizja_Polska" title="Telewizja Polska">Telewizja Polska</a> (TVP) has been seen as <a href="/wiki/State_media" title="State media">state media</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Justice_(Poland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Law and Justice (Poland)">PiS government</a> by various press freedom organisations due its strong bias in favour of the ruling party, with <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> calling it a government mouthpiece.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Polskie_Radio" title="Polskie Radio">Polskie Radio</a> operates four nationwide radio channels (which are also available via the broadcaster's website). There are also 17 public radio stations broadcasting in particular regions. Polish Radio (and TVP) are funded from several sources: state funding, advertising, obligatory tax on all TV and radio receivers, and money from authors/copyright associations. The public broadcaster offers a mix of commercial shows and programmes they are, by law, required to broadcast (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Non-commercial" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-commercial">non-commercial</a>, niche programmes; programmes for children; programmes promoting different points of view and diversity; programmes for different religious and national groups; live coverage of the parliament's session on its dedicated channel: TVP Parlament; etc.). It has to be politically neutral, although in the past there have been cases of political pressure on TVP and Polskie Radio from the governing party. Recently, a new law has been passed by the ruling Law & Justice party, that in public perception allowed the party to take a much larger control over the media that has been possible before. The party states this law to be the first step to a complete public media overdo. Many worry no such improvements are actually coming and that these recent laws are only another step in taking control over the whole country by the Law & Justice party. </p><p>There is an ongoing debate in Poland about the semi-commercial nature of TVP and PR. Many people fear that making them into totally non-commercial broadcasters would result in the licence fee payable by households being increased, and fewer people being interested in programmes they offer; others say that TVP in particular is too profit-driven and should concentrate on programming that benefits the society. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Portugal">Portugal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_e_Televis%C3%A3o_de_Portugal" title="Rádio e Televisão de Portugal">Rádio e Televisão de Portugal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%A1dio_e_Televis%C3%A3o_de_Portugal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/R%C3%A1dio_e_Televis%C3%A3o_de_Portugal.svg/220px-R%C3%A1dio_e_Televis%C3%A3o_de_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/R%C3%A1dio_e_Televis%C3%A3o_de_Portugal.svg/330px-R%C3%A1dio_e_Televis%C3%A3o_de_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/R%C3%A1dio_e_Televis%C3%A3o_de_Portugal.svg/440px-R%C3%A1dio_e_Televis%C3%A3o_de_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>RTP brand</figcaption></figure> <p>In Portugal, the national public broadcaster is <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_e_Televis%C3%A3o_de_Portugal" title="Rádio e Televisão de Portugal">Rádio e Televisão de Portugal</a> (RTP), which in 1957 began regular broadcasts of its first channel, now <a href="/wiki/RTP1" title="RTP1">RTP1</a> and maintains editorial independence from its government.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1968 its second channel appeared, then called "<i>segundo programa</i>", now <a href="/wiki/RTP2" title="RTP2">RTP2</a>. In the 1970s, TV arrived in the Portuguese islands of <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>, with the creation of two regional channels: <a href="/wiki/RTP_Madeira" title="RTP Madeira">RTP Madeira</a> in 1972 and <a href="/wiki/RTP_A%C3%A7ores" title="RTP Açores">RTP Açores</a> in 1976. </p><p>Until the 1990s the state had a monopoly on TV broadcasting, so RTP1 and RTP2 were the only Portuguese channels, both with similar <a href="/wiki/Generalist_channel" title="Generalist channel">generalist programmes</a>. In 1990, RTP1 was renamed "Canal 1", and in 1992 RTP2 was renamed "TV2". With the creation of the two private channels, <a href="/wiki/Sociedade_Independente_de_Comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Sociedade Independente de Comunicação">SIC</a> in 1992 and <a href="/wiki/Televis%C3%A3o_Independente" title="Televisão Independente">Televisão Independente</a> in 1993, the philosophy of the public service changed: in 1995, <i>TV2</i> was again renamed RTP2 and became an alternative channel dedicated to culture, science, arts, documentaries, sports (except football), minorities and children. Since then, RTP2 has carried no advertising. Canal 1, renamed back RTP1 also in 1995, remained the commercial channel of RTP group, focused on entertainment, information and major sport competitions. In 2004, after a great restructuring period, RTP started its current branding. That year the two thematic channels of the group were also created – RTPN, a 24 hour-news channel which became RTP Informação in 2011 and <a href="/wiki/RTP3" title="RTP3">RTP3</a> in 2015; and <a href="/wiki/RTP_Mem%C3%B3ria" title="RTP Memória">RTP Memória</a>, dedicated to classic RTP programming. In 2014 the headquarters of RTP2 were transferred from <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> to <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>. </p><p>The group also has two international channels: <a href="/wiki/RTP_Internacional" title="RTP Internacional">RTP Internacional</a>, founded in 1992 and dedicated to Eurovision, Asia and Americas, and <a href="/wiki/RTP_%C3%81frica" title="RTP África">RTP África</a>, founded in 1998 focused on Africa, mainly the <a href="/wiki/CPLP" class="mw-redirect" title="CPLP">CPLP</a> countries of <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a>. </p><p>The RTP group is financed by the advertising revenues from RTP1, RTP3, RTP Memória, RTP África, and RTP Internacional, and also by the <i>taxa de contribuição audiovisual</i> (broadcasting contribution tax), which is incorporated in electricity bills. Funding from the government budget ceased in 2014, during the <a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%9314_Portuguese_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2010–14 Portuguese financial crisis">Portuguese financial crisis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romania">Romania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Television">Romanian Television</a> (TVR) is the national public TV broadcaster in Romania. It operates five channels: <a href="/wiki/TVR1" class="mw-redirect" title="TVR1">TVR1</a>, <a href="/wiki/TVR2" class="mw-redirect" title="TVR2">TVR2</a>, <a href="/wiki/TVR3" class="mw-redirect" title="TVR3">TVR3</a>, <a href="/wiki/TVRi" title="TVRi">TVRi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/TVR_HD" title="TVR HD">TVR HD</a>, along with six regional studios in <a href="/wiki/TVR_Bucure%C8%99ti" title="TVR București">Bucharest</a>, <a href="/wiki/TVR_Cluj" title="TVR Cluj">Cluj-Napoca</a>, <a href="/wiki/TVR_Ia%C8%99i" title="TVR Iași">Iași</a>, <a href="/wiki/TVR_Timi%C8%99oara" title="TVR Timișoara">Timișoara</a>, <a href="/wiki/TVR_Craiova" title="TVR Craiova">Craiova</a>, and <a href="/wiki/TVR_T%C3%A2rgu_Mure%C8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="TVR Târgu Mureș">Târgu Mureș</a>. It does not have independence from its government.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The public radio broadcaster is <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Radio_Broadcasting_Company" title="Romanian Radio Broadcasting Company">Romanian Radio Broadcasting Company</a> (Radio Romania). It does not have independence from its government.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It operates <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting" title="FM broadcasting">FM</a> and <a href="/wiki/AM_broadcasting" title="AM broadcasting">AM</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Webcast" title="Webcast">internet</a> national, regional, and local radio channels. The regional and local stations are branded as <a href="/wiki/Radio_Rom%C3%A2nia_Regional" title="Radio România Regional">Radio România Regional</a>. Broadcasting in 12 languages, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Romania_International" title="Radio Romania International">Radio Romania International</a> is the company's international radio station. </p><p>TVR and Radio Romania are funded through a hybrid financing system, drawing from the state budget, a special tax (incorporated in electricity bills), and advertising too. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Serbia">Serbia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Serbia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Radio_Television_of_Serbia" title="Radio Television of Serbia">Radio Television of Serbia</a> (RTS) is the national public broadcaster in <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> that does not have editorial independence from its government.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It operates a total of five television channels (RTS1, RTS2, RTS Digital, RTS HD and RTS SAT) and five radio stations (Radio Belgrade 1, Radio Belgrade 2, Radio Belgrade 3, Radio Belgrade 202, and Stereorama). RTS is primarily funded through public television licence fees bundled with electricity bills paid monthly, as well as <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slovakia">Slovakia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Slovakia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Radio_and_Television_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio and Television Slovakia">Radio and Television Slovakia</a> (RTVS) is the national public broadcaster in <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, with headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a> that does not have editorial independence from its government.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This organisation was created in 2011 by merger of Slovak Television and Slovak Radio. RTVS broadcasts four television channels (STV1, STV2, RTVS 24, RTVS Šport), five FM radio stations (Rádio Slovensko, Rádio Devín, Rádio Regina, Rádio_FM and Rádio Patria), one satellite radio channel (<a href="/wiki/Radio_Slovakia_International" title="Radio Slovakia International">Radio Slovakia International</a>) and three digital only radio stations (Rádio Klasika, Rádio Litera and Rádio Junior). RTVS is funded through monthly fee of €4.64, which every household with electricity connection must pay. The director of RTVS is Václav Mika. RTVS is a full member of <a href="/wiki/European_broadcasting_union" class="mw-redirect" title="European broadcasting union">European broadcasting union</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain">Spain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Spain, being a highly decentralized country, two public broadcasting systems coexist: a national state-owned broadcasting corporation, <a href="/wiki/RTVE" title="RTVE">Radiotelevisión Española</a> (RTVE), that does not have editorial independence from the state,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many autonomic broadcasting corporations, owned by their respective <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous community">autonomous community</a>, which only broadcast within its own territory and many of which do have editorial independence.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>RTVE provides multi-station radio and television services with its divisions <a href="/wiki/Radio_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Radio Nacional de España">Radio Nacional de España</a> (RNE) and <span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Televisión Española">Televisión Española</a></span></span> (TVE), as well as online and streaming services. RNE was founded in 1937 and broadcasts five radio stations: <a href="/wiki/Radio_Nacional_(Spanish_radio_station)" title="Radio Nacional (Spanish radio station)">Radio Nacional</a> since 1937, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Cl%C3%A1sica" title="Radio Clásica">Radio Clásica</a> since 1965, <a href="/wiki/Radio_3_(Spanish_radio_station)" title="Radio 3 (Spanish radio station)">Radio 3</a> since 1979, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A0dio_4" title="Ràdio 4">Ràdio 4</a> since 1976, <a href="/wiki/Radio_5_(Spanish_radio_station)" title="Radio 5 (Spanish radio station)">Radio 5</a> since 1989 and its international worldwide service <a href="/wiki/Radio_Exterior" title="Radio Exterior">Radio Exterior</a> since 1942. TVE was founded in 1956 and broadcasts different television channels: <span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/La_1_(Spanish_TV_channel)" title="La 1 (Spanish TV channel)">La 1</a></span></span> (<i>La Primera</i> or <i>La uno</i>) since 1956, that is a generalist channel; <a href="/wiki/La_2_(Spanish_TV_channel)" title="La 2 (Spanish TV channel)">La 2</a> (<i>La dos</i>) since 1966, that offers cultural programming; <a href="/wiki/Teledeporte" title="Teledeporte">Teledeporte</a> sports channel since 1994; <a href="/wiki/24_Horas_(Spanish_TV_channel)" title="24 Horas (Spanish TV channel)">24 Horas</a> news channel since 1997; <a href="/wiki/Clan_(TV_channel)" title="Clan (TV channel)">Clan</a> children's channel since 2005; and its international worldwide service <a href="/wiki/TVE_Internacional" title="TVE Internacional">TVE Internacional</a> since 1989. <a href="/wiki/RTVE_Play" title="RTVE Play">RTVE Play</a> is its <a href="/wiki/Over-the-top_media_service" title="Over-the-top media service">over-the-top media service</a>, and replaced in 2021 its previous online <a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">video on demand</a> service created in 2008. Although almost all the programming is the same for all of Spain, RTVE has territorial centers in every autonomous community and produces and broadcasts some local programming in <a href="/wiki/Regional_variation" title="Regional variation">regional variations</a> in each of them. For most of its history, RNE and TVE were funded both from public sources and private advertising; however, from September 2009, RTVE have been funded by a mixture of public tax revenue and funds collected from Spain's private television stations, thus removing advertising from its channels. A TV licence fee has been suggested, but with little popular success.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, most autonomous communities have their own public broadcaster, almost all of these are members of <a href="/wiki/FORTA" title="FORTA">FORTA</a>, and they usually tend to reproduce the model set up by RTVE. In the Autonomous Communities that have their own official language besides (Castilian) Spanish, those channels may broadcast in that co-official language. For example, this occurs in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Corporaci%C3%B3_Catalana_de_Mitjans_Audiovisuals" title="Corporació Catalana de Mitjans Audiovisuals">CCMA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Catalunya_R%C3%A0dio" title="Catalunya Ràdio">Catalunya Ràdio</a> stations and <a href="/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3_de_Catalunya" title="Televisió de Catalunya">Televisió de Catalunya</a> channels broadcast in <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Valencian_Community" title="Valencian Community">Valencian Community</a>, <a href="/wiki/CVMC" class="mw-redirect" title="CVMC">CVMC</a> has a radio station and a television channel, both branded as À Punt<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and broadcast mainly in <a href="/wiki/Valencian_language" title="Valencian language">Valencian</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Country</a>, <a href="/wiki/EITB" title="EITB">EITB</a>'s Eusko Irratia stations and Euskal Telebista (ETB) channels broadcast in either <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> or Spanish. In <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corporaci%C3%B3n_Radio_e_Televisi%C3%B3n_de_Galicia" title="Corporación Radio e Televisión de Galicia">CRTVG</a>'s Radio Galega stations and <a href="/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_de_Galicia" title="Televisión de Galicia">Televisión de Galicia</a> (TVG) channels broadcast in <a href="/wiki/Galician_language" title="Galician language">Galician</a>. All the autonomous community networks are funded by a mixture of public subsidies and private advertising. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sweden">Sweden</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SVT_2016.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/SVT_2016.svg/170px-SVT_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/SVT_2016.svg/255px-SVT_2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/SVT_2016.svg/340px-SVT_2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption>The logo of SVT</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sveriges-Radio-Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sveriges-Radio-Logo.svg/220px-Sveriges-Radio-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sveriges-Radio-Logo.svg/330px-Sveriges-Radio-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sveriges-Radio-Logo.svg/440px-Sveriges-Radio-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="55" /></a><figcaption>The logo of Sveriges Radio</figcaption></figure> <p>Sweden has three public service broadcasters, namely <a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Television" title="Sveriges Television">Sveriges Television</a> (SVT),<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Utbildningsradio" class="mw-redirect" title="Sveriges Utbildningsradio">Sveriges Utbildningsradio</a> (UR),<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Radio" title="Sveriges Radio">Sveriges Radio</a> (SR),<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having previously had government monopoly. SVT is the national public television broadcaster with 4 channels (SVT 1, SVT 2, SVT BarnKanalen, and SVT 24). The aim is to make programmes for everybody. For example, Sweden has the historic <a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami</a> minority and SVT make programmes in their language for them to watch. There are also a Finnish minority in Sweden, thus SVT show news in Finnish on <a href="/wiki/SVT_Uutiset" title="SVT Uutiset">SVT Uutiset</a>. SR is the radio equivalent of SVT, with channels P1, P2, P3, P4, P5, and the Finnish channel SR Sisuradio. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Suspilne" title="Suspilne">Suspilne</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suspilne_movlennia_(2022).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Suspilne_movlennia_%282022%29.svg/170px-Suspilne_movlennia_%282022%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Suspilne_movlennia_%282022%29.svg/255px-Suspilne_movlennia_%282022%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Suspilne_movlennia_%282022%29.svg/340px-Suspilne_movlennia_%282022%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="159" /></a><figcaption>The logo of Suspilne</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Suspilne" title="Suspilne">Public Broadcasting Company of Ukraine</a> (Suspilne) is the national public broadcaster in Ukraine. It operates two national TV channels: <a href="/wiki/Pershyi" title="Pershyi">Pershyi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suspilne_Kultura" title="Suspilne Kultura">Suspilne Kultura</a>, along with 24 regional channels. Suspilne broadcasts on 3 national and 1 international radio channels: <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Radio">Ukrainian Radio</a>, Radio Promin, Radio Kultura and <a href="/wiki/Radio_Ukraine_International" title="Radio Ukraine International">Radio Ukraine International</a>. The regional branches have their broadcasting slots in the broadcast schedule of the Ukrainian Radio.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_service_broadcasting_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom">Public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>The United Kingdom has a strong tradition of public service broadcasting. In addition to the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, established in 1922, there is also <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a>, a publicly owned, commercially funded public service broadcaster, and <a href="/wiki/S4C" title="S4C">S4C</a>, a Welsh-language broadcaster in Wales. Furthermore, the two commercial broadcasters <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Channel_5_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel 5 (UK)">Channel 5</a> also have significant public service obligations imposed as part of their licence to broadcast. </p><p>In the UK there are also small community broadcasters. There are now 228 stations with FM broadcast licences (licensed by <a href="/wiki/Ofcom" title="Ofcom">Ofcom</a>). Community radio stations typically cover a small geographical area with a coverage radius of up to 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) and run on a nonprofit basis. They can cater for whole communities or for different areas of interest – such as a particular ethnic group, age group or interest group. Community radio stations reflect a diverse mix of cultures and interests. There are stations catering to urban or experimental music, while others are aimed at younger people, religious communities or the armed forces and their families. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Australia, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a> (ABC) is owned by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Australia">Australian Government</a> and is 100% taxpayer funded. The multicultural <a href="/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="Special Broadcasting Service">Special Broadcasting Service</a> (SBS), another public broadcaster, now accepts limited sponsorship and advertising. </p><p>In addition, there is a large Australian <a href="/wiki/Community_radio" title="Community radio">community radio</a> sector, funded in part by federal grants via the Community Broadcasting Foundation, but largely sustained via subscriptions, donations and business sponsorship. As of February 2020, there are 450+ fully licensed community radio stations <sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a number of <a href="/wiki/Community_television" title="Community television">community television</a> stations (most operating as <a href="/wiki/Channel_31_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel 31 (Australia)">Channel 31</a> despite being unrelated across different states). They are organised similarly to PBS and NPR stations in the United States, and take on the role that <a href="/wiki/Public_access_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Public access television">public access television</a> stations have in the US. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting_in_New_Zealand" title="Public broadcasting in New Zealand">Public broadcasting in New Zealand</a></div> <p>In New Zealand all broadcasters are given a small slice of public broadcasting responsibility, because of the state-funded agency <a href="/wiki/NZ_On_Air" title="NZ On Air">NZ On Air</a>. This is because of NZ On Air's requirement for public-service programmes across all channels and stations, instead of being put into one single network. The former public broadcaster BCNZ (formerly NZBC – <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation">New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation</a>) was broken up into separate state-owned corporations, <a href="/wiki/Television_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Television New Zealand">Television New Zealand</a> (TVNZ) and <a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand" title="Radio New Zealand">Radio New Zealand</a> (RNZ). While RNZ remains commercial-free, TVNZ is commercially funded through advertising.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TVNZ continues to be a public broadcaster; however like <a href="/wiki/CBC_Television" title="CBC Television">CBC Television</a> in Canada it is essentially a fully commercial network in continuous ratings battles with other stations, which continues to be a <a href="/wiki/TVNZ#Controversies" title="TVNZ">controversial issue</a> within New Zealand. With the shutdown of TVNZ 7, the only fully non-commercial public-service network in New Zealand is <a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand" title="Radio New Zealand">Radio New Zealand</a>. </p><p>Aside from television, New Zealand has a rich public radio culture, <a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand" title="Radio New Zealand">Radio New Zealand</a> being the main provider, with a varied network (<a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand_National" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio New Zealand National">Radio New Zealand National</a>) and a classical musical network (<a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand_Concert" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio New Zealand Concert">Radio New Zealand Concert</a>). RNZ also provides the Pacific with its <a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio New Zealand International">Radio New Zealand International</a>. Aside from RNZ almost all of <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_New_Zealand" title="Regions of New Zealand">New Zealand's 16 regions</a> has an "<a href="/wiki/Association_of_Community_Access_Broadcasters" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Community Access Broadcasters">access radio</a>" network. All these networks are commercial-free.<sup id="cite_ref-Te_Ara_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Te_Ara-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late January 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand" title="Sixth Labour Government of New Zealand">Labour-led coalition government</a> announced that they were planning to merge TVNZ and Radio New Zealand to create a new public broadcasting service.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the opposition <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party" title="New Zealand National Party">National Party</a> announced that it would oppose any plans to merge Radio NZ and TVNZ.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_media" title="Citizen media">Citizen media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editorial_independence" title="Editorial independence">Editorial independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_media" title="Independent media">Independent media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_broadcasting" title="International broadcasting">International broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatization_(media)" title="Mediatization (media)">Mediatization</a>, on the democratic role of the media</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Press freedom">Press freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Radio_Exchange" title="Public Radio Exchange">Public Radio Exchange</a>, non-profit distribution, peer review and licensing organization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public,_educational,_and_government_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Public, educational, and government access">Public, educational, and government access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_media" title="State media">State media</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-unesco-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unesco_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unesco_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001240/124058eo.pdf">"Public Broadcasting – Why, How?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. UNESCO & World Radio and Television Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120227154513/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0012/001240/124058eo.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+Broadcasting+%E2%80%93+Why%2C+How%3F&rft.pub=UNESCO+%26+World+Radio+and+Television+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0012%2F001240%2F124058eo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220321175801/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/media-development/public-service-broadcasting/">"Public Service Broadcasting"</a>. <i>UNESCO</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/media-development/public-service-broadcasting/">the original</a> on 2022-03-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=Public+Service+Broadcasting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fnew%2Fen%2Fcommunication-and-information%2Fmedia-development%2Fpublic-service-broadcasting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nosuch-research.co.uk/pppp.html">"BRU definition of public service broadcasting"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808194952/http://www.nosuch-research.co.uk/pppp.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BRU+definition+of+public+service+broadcasting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nosuch-research.co.uk%2Fpppp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-raboy-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-raboy_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-raboy_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-raboy_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaboy1995" class="citation book cs1">Raboy, Marc (1995). <i>Public broadcasting for the 21st century</i>. Indiana University Press. pp. 6–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86020-006-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-86020-006-0"><bdi>1-86020-006-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+broadcasting+for+the+21st+century&rft.pages=6-10&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-86020-006-0&rft.aulast=Raboy&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-psbGlobal-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-psbGlobal_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanerjee2006" class="citation book cs1">Banerjee, Indrajit (2006). <i>Public service broadcasting in the age of globalization</i>. Asian Media Information and Communication Centre (AMIC). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-4136-01-8" title="Special:BookSources/981-4136-01-8"><bdi>981-4136-01-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+service+broadcasting+in+the+age+of+globalization&rft.pub=Asian+Media+Information+and+Communication+Centre+%28AMIC%29&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=981-4136-01-8&rft.aulast=Banerjee&rft.aufirst=Indrajit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andcoate-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-andcoate_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-andcoate_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_P._AndersonStephen_Coate2005" class="citation journal cs1">Simon P. Anderson; Stephen Coate (October 2005). "Market Provision of Broadcasting: A Welfare Analysis". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Review_of_Economic_Studies" title="The Review of Economic Studies">The Review of Economic Studies</a></i>. <b>72</b> (4): 947–972. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0034-6527.00357">10.1111/0034-6527.00357</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Economic+Studies&rft.atitle=Market+Provision+of+Broadcasting%3A+A+Welfare+Analysis&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=947-972&rft.date=2005-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F0034-6527.00357&rft.au=Simon+P.+Anderson&rft.au=Stephen+Coate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Slaby2021" class="citation book cs1">Michael Slaby (2021). <i>For All the People</i>. Disruption Books. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63331-051-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63331-051-3"><bdi>978-1-63331-051-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+All+the+People&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Disruption+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-63331-051-3&rft.au=Michael+Slaby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charter of the Corporation (ABC). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/corp/pubs/ABCcharter.htm">Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983: Section 6</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071123121622/http://www.abc.net.au/corp/pubs/ABCcharter.htm">Archived</a> 2007-11-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/listen/programs/the-roundtable/13966736">"The Roundtable – What is the state of public media around the world?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_listen" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC listen">ABC listen</a></i>. 2022-07-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+listen&rft.atitle=The+Roundtable+%E2%80%93+What+is+the+state+of+public+media+around+the+world%3F&rft.date=2022-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Flisten%2Fprograms%2Fthe-roundtable%2F13966736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-isle-of-man-46541712">"Isle of Man's future of public service media report splits Tynwald"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 2018-12-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Isle+of+Man%27s+future+of+public+service+media+report+splits+Tynwald&rft.date=2018-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-isle-of-man-46541712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-agbr-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-agbr_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvo_de_Oliveira2021" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ivo de Oliveira, Pedro (7 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/geral/noticia/2021-05/ebc-inaugura-banda-estendida-fm-e-estreia-programacao-em-5-capitais">"EBC inaugura banda estendida FM e estreia programação em 5 capitais"</a>. <i>Agência Brasil</i> (in Brazilian Portuguese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220126001517/https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/geral/noticia/2021-05/ebc-inaugura-banda-estendida-fm-e-estreia-programacao-em-5-capitais">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ag%C3%AAncia+Brasil&rft.atitle=EBC+inaugura+banda+estendida+FM+e+estreia+programa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+em+5+capitais&rft.date=2021-05-07&rft.aulast=Ivo+de+Oliveira&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagenciabrasil.ebc.com.br%2Fgeral%2Fnoticia%2F2021-05%2Febc-inaugura-banda-estendida-fm-e-estreia-programacao-em-5-capitais&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fpa.com.br/cobertura/?_ga=2.197406502.884143948.1634790296-699539558.1634790296">"Cobertura"</a>. <i>Padre Anchieta Foundation</i> (in Brazilian Portuguese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211021051837/https://fpa.com.br/cobertura/?_ga=2.197406502.884143948.1634790296-699539558.1634790296">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Padre+Anchieta+Foundation&rft.atitle=Cobertura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffpa.com.br%2Fcobertura%2F%3F_ga%3D2.197406502.884143948.1634790296-699539558.1634790296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oglobo-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oglobo_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/ebc-virou-cabide-de-emprego-simbolo-de-aparelhamento-politico-diz-ministro-19487534">"EBC virou 'cabide de emprego' e símbolo de aparelhamento político, diz ministro"</a>. <i>O Globo</i> (in Brazilian Portuguese). 11 June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410023630/https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/ebc-virou-cabide-de-emprego-simbolo-de-aparelhamento-politico-diz-ministro-19487534">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=O+Globo&rft.atitle=EBC+virou+%27cabide+de+emprego%27+e+s%C3%ADmbolo+de+aparelhamento+pol%C3%ADtico%2C+diz+ministro&rft.date=2016-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foglobo.globo.com%2Fbrasil%2Febc-virou-cabide-de-emprego-simbolo-de-aparelhamento-politico-diz-ministro-19487534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://veja.abril.com.br/blog/tela-plana/com-desenho-animado-e-programas-chapa-branca-para-que-serve-a-tv-brasil/">"Com desenho animado e programas chapa-branca, para que serve a TV Brasil? | Tela Plana"</a>. <i>Veja</i> (in Brazilian Portuguese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410030441/https://veja.abril.com.br/blog/tela-plana/com-desenho-animado-e-programas-chapa-branca-para-que-serve-a-tv-brasil/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Veja&rft.atitle=Com+desenho+animado+e+programas+chapa-branca%2C+para+que+serve+a+TV+Brasil%3F+%7C+Tela+Plana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fveja.abril.com.br%2Fblog%2Ftela-plana%2Fcom-desenho-animado-e-programas-chapa-branca-para-que-serve-a-tv-brasil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://veja.abril.com.br/blog/radar-economico/promessa-de-campanha-privatizacao-da-ebc-fica-para-proximo-presidente/">"Promessa de campanha, privatização da EBC fica para depois de 2022 | Radar Econômico"</a>. <i>Veja</i> (in Brazilian Portuguese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410023729/https://veja.abril.com.br/blog/radar-economico/promessa-de-campanha-privatizacao-da-ebc-fica-para-proximo-presidente/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Veja&rft.atitle=Promessa+de+campanha%2C+privatiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o+da+EBC+fica+para+depois+de+2022+%7C+Radar+Econ%C3%B4mico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fveja.abril.com.br%2Fblog%2Fradar-economico%2Fpromessa-de-campanha-privatizacao-da-ebc-fica-para-proximo-presidente%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/radioagencia-nacional/politica/audio/2021-04/ebc-e-eletrobras-sao-incluidas-no-programa-de-privatizacao">"EBC e Eletrobras são incluídas no programa de privatização"</a>. <i>Agência Brasil</i> (in Brazilian Portuguese). EBC. 10 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410023634/https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/radioagencia-nacional/politica/audio/2021-04/ebc-e-eletrobras-sao-incluidas-no-programa-de-privatizacao">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ag%C3%AAncia+Brasil&rft.atitle=EBC+e+Eletrobras+s%C3%A3o+inclu%C3%ADdas+no+programa+de+privatiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.date=2021-04-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagenciabrasil.ebc.com.br%2Fradioagencia-nacional%2Fpolitica%2Faudio%2F2021-04%2Febc-e-eletrobras-sao-incluidas-no-programa-de-privatizacao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastro2015" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Castro, Daniel (19 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://noticiasdatv.uol.com.br/noticia/televisao/funcionarios-da-tv-cultura-entram-em-greve-por-aumento-e-abono-8332">"Funcionários da TV Cultura entram em greve por aumento e abono"</a>. <i>Notícias da TV</i> (in Brazilian Portuguese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410065929/https://noticiasdatv.uol.com.br/noticia/televisao/funcionarios-da-tv-cultura-entram-em-greve-por-aumento-e-abono-8332">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Not%C3%ADcias+da+TV&rft.atitle=Funcion%C3%A1rios+da+TV+Cultura+entram+em+greve+por+aumento+e+abono&rft.date=2015-06-19&rft.aulast=Castro&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnoticiasdatv.uol.com.br%2Fnoticia%2Ftelevisao%2Ffuncionarios-da-tv-cultura-entram-em-greve-por-aumento-e-abono-8332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://g1.globo.com/rs/rio-grande-do-sul/noticia/extincoes-da-fundacao-piratini-e-da-cientec-sao-publicadas-no-diario-oficial-do-rio-grande-do-sul.ghtml">"Extinções da Fundação Piratini e da Cientec são publicadas no Diário Oficial do Rio Grande do Sul"</a>. <i>G1</i> (in Brazilian Portuguese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410065926/https://g1.globo.com/rs/rio-grande-do-sul/noticia/extincoes-da-fundacao-piratini-e-da-cientec-sao-publicadas-no-diario-oficial-do-rio-grande-do-sul.ghtml">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=G1&rft.atitle=Extin%C3%A7%C3%B5es+da+Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Piratini+e+da+Cientec+s%C3%A3o+publicadas+no+Di%C3%A1rio+Oficial+do+Rio+Grande+do+Sul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fg1.globo.com%2Frs%2Frio-grande-do-sul%2Fnoticia%2Fextincoes-da-fundacao-piratini-e-da-cientec-sao-publicadas-no-diario-oficial-do-rio-grande-do-sul.ghtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.observatoriodaimprensa.com.br/tv-em-questao/televisoes-universitarias-e-a-forca-das-transmissoes/">"Televisões universitárias e a força das transmissões"</a>. <i>Observatório da Imprensa</i> (in Brazilian Portuguese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410065927/http://www.observatoriodaimprensa.com.br/tv-em-questao/televisoes-universitarias-e-a-forca-das-transmissoes/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Observat%C3%B3rio+da+Imprensa&rft.atitle=Televis%C3%B5es+universit%C3%A1rias+e+a+for%C3%A7a+das+transmiss%C3%B5es&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.observatoriodaimprensa.com.br%2Ftv-em-questao%2Ftelevisoes-universitarias-e-a-forca-das-transmissoes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upf.br/noticia/upftv-transmitira-a-programacao-da-tv-cultura">"UPFTV transmitirá a programação da TV Cultura"</a>. <i>University of Passo Fundo</i> (in Brazilian Portuguese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210410065929/https://www.upf.br/noticia/upftv-transmitira-a-programacao-da-tv-cultura">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABERT&rft.atitle=Radiodifus%C3%A3o%3A+licen%C3%A7as+e+outorgas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abert.org.br%2Fweb%2Findex.php%2Fdados-do-setor%2Festatisticas%2Fradiodifusao-licencas-e-outorgas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listing_and_histories/birth-and-death-canadian-radio-broadcasting-commission-1932-1936">"The Birth and Death of The Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission (1932–1936)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Communications_Foundation" title="Canadian Communications Foundation">Canadian Communications Foundation</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171017213904/https://www.broadcasting-history.ca/listing_and_histories/birth-and-death-canadian-radio-broadcasting-commission-1932-1936">Archived</a> from the original on October 17, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 23,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Communications+Foundation&rft.atitle=The+Birth+and+Death+of+The+Canadian+Radio+Broadcasting+Commission+%281932%E2%80%931936%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadcasting-history.ca%2Flisting_and_histories%2Fbirth-and-death-canadian-radio-broadcasting-commission-1932-1936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/sor-97-555/FullText.html#s-17">"Broadcast Distribution Regulations (ss. 17(d) and 17(f))"</a>. <i>Justice Laws Website</i>. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Justice_(Canada)" title="Department of Justice (Canada)">Department of Justice</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+Once+y+su+historia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcanalonce.mx%2Fsobre-canal-once%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinempa.unc.edu/history-of-public-broadcasting/">"The History of Public Broadcasting"</a>. <i>UNC-Chapel Hill Master of Public Administration</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNC-Chapel+Hill+Master+of+Public+Administration&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Public+Broadcasting&rft.date=2013-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinempa.unc.edu%2Fhistory-of-public-broadcasting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/retrieveECFR?gp=&SID=d39b27f095e10dca36d354445fd2b649&mc=true&n=sp47.4.73.d&r=SUBPART&ty=HTML#se47.4.73_1513">"Federal Regulations Title 47, Part 73, §73.501 Channels available for assignment"</a>. United States Government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170208141114/http://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/retrieveECFR?gp=&SID=d39b27f095e10dca36d354445fd2b649&mc=true&n=sp47.4.73.d&r=SUBPART&ty=HTML#se47.4.73_1513">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-02-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Ayer Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-405-11756-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-405-11756-6"><bdi>0-405-11756-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210628045326/https://books.google.com/books?id=FenfjvstLXUC">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Television+in+the+United+States&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F1513870%2FTelevision-in-the-United-States%2F283623%2FEducational-TV%3Fanchor%3Dref1057430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpb.org/files/act/PublicBroadcastingAct1967.pdf">"Public Broadcasting Act of 1967"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting" title="Corporation for Public Broadcasting">Corporation for Public Broadcasting</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171017214200/https://www.cpb.org/files/act/PublicBroadcastingAct1967.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 17, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=How+Public+Radio+Scotch-Taped+Its+Way+Into+Public+Broadcasting+Act&rft.date=2012-11-08&rft.aulast=Hellewell&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fnpr-extra%2F2012%2F11%2F08%2F164624162%2Fhow-public-radio-scotch-taped-its-way-into-public-broadcasting-act&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagey2010" class="citation web cs1">Hagey, Keach (October 23, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/story/2010/10/defunding-npr-its-not-that-easy-044056">"Defunding NPR? It's not that easy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Capitol_News_Company" title="Capitol News Company">Capitol News Company</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170717063427/http://www.politico.com/story/2010/10/defunding-npr-its-not-that-easy-044056">Archived</a> from the original on July 17, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Defunding+NPR%3F+It%27s+not+that+easy&rft.date=2010-10-23&rft.aulast=Hagey&rft.aufirst=Keach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2010%2F10%2Fdefunding-npr-its-not-that-easy-044056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeikle2002" class="citation book cs1">Meikle, Graham (2002). <i>Future Active: Media Activism and the Internet</i>. Psychology Press. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94322-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94322-2"><bdi>978-0-415-94322-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Future+Active%3A+Media+Activism+and+the+Internet&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-94322-2&rft.aulast=Meikle&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George H. Gibson, <i>Public Broadcasting; The Role of the Federal Government, 1919–1976</i> (Praeger Publishers, 1977).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010406090018/http://www.current.org/pbpb/documents/PBSarticles69.html">"Articles of Incorporation of Public Broadcasting Service"</a>. Public Broadcasting PolicyBase. <i><a href="/wiki/Current_(newspaper)" title="Current (newspaper)">Current</a></i>. January 14, 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.current.org/pbpb/documents/PBSarticles69.html">the original</a> on April 6, 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Current&rft.atitle=Articles+of+Incorporation+of+Public+Broadcasting+Service&rft.date=2000-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.current.org%2Fpbpb%2Fdocuments%2FPBSarticles69.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JARVIK-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JARVIK_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurence_Ariel_Jarvik1997" class="citation book cs1">Laurence Ariel Jarvik (1997). <i>PBS, behind the screen</i>. <a href="/wiki/Rocklin,_California" title="Rocklin, California">Rocklin, California</a>: Forum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0761506683" title="Special:BookSources/0761506683"><bdi>0761506683</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PBS%2C+behind+the+screen&rft.place=Rocklin%2C+California&rft.pub=Forum&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0761506683&rft.au=Laurence+Ariel+Jarvik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=SelHAAAAIBAJ&pg=805,469633&dq=hartford+public+broadcasting+television+gunn&hl=en">"Public TV Faces Fund Struggles"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Record-Journal" title="Record-Journal">The Morning Record</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906010404/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=SelHAAAAIBAJ&sjid=n_8MAAAAIBAJ&pg=805,469633&dq=hartford+public+broadcasting+television+gunn&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2013</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_News" title="Google News">Google News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Morning+Record&rft.atitle=Public+TV+Faces+Fund+Struggles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DSelHAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D805%2C469633%26dq%3Dhartford%2Bpublic%2Bbroadcasting%2Btelevision%2Bgunn%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Day1969" class="citation book cs1">James Day (September 16, 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dKYZynRiU6YC&q=hartford+n+gunn+jr&pg=PA137"><i>The Vanishing Vision: The Inside Story of Public Television</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2013</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vanishing+Vision%3A+The+Inside+Story+of+Public+Television&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1969-09-16&rft.isbn=978-0520086593&rft.au=James+Day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdKYZynRiU6YC%26q%3Dhartford%2Bn%2Bgunn%2Bjr%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5046080.stm">"Chavez bid to counter Hollywood"</a>. 2006-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.circom-regional.org/crdocs/european-benchmarking2002.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 9, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Funding+Arrangements&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.circom-regional.org%2Fcrdocs%2Feuropean-benchmarking2002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.financninoviny.cz/zpravy/ct-1-a-ct24-konci-s-reklamou-bude-posouvat-vysilani/704310">"Zprávy z ekonomiky – ČeskéNoviny.cz"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141022032452/http://www.financninoviny.cz/zpravy/ct-1-a-ct24-konci-s-reklamou-bude-posouvat-vysilani/704310">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zpr%C3%A1vy+z+ekonomiky+%E2%80%93+%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9Noviny.cz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.financninoviny.cz%2Fzpravy%2Fct-1-a-ct24-konci-s-reklamou-bude-posouvat-vysilani%2F704310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/about-yle/this-is-yle">"This is Yle"</a>. <i>yle.fi</i>. 24 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190901051524/https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/about-yle/this-is-yle">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-09-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yle.fi&rft.atitle=This+is+Yle&rft.date=2018-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyle.fi%2Faihe%2Fartikkeli%2Fabout-yle%2Fthis-is-yle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2019/04/23/the-most-used-contents-of-the-year">"The most used contents of the year"</a>. <i>yle.fi</i>. 23 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307034832/https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2019/04/23/the-most-used-contents-of-the-year">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yle.fi&rft.atitle=The+most+used+contents+of+the+year&rft.date=2019-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyle.fi%2Faihe%2Fartikkeli%2F2019%2F04%2F23%2Fthe-most-used-contents-of-the-year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2019/01/02/is-your-permanent-place-of-residence-in-finland-you-can-now-take-all-video">"Is your permanent place of residence in Finland? You can now take all video content on Areena with you when travelling within the EU"</a>. <i>yle.fi</i>. 2 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190603181529/https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2019/01/02/is-your-permanent-place-of-residence-in-finland-you-can-now-take-all-video">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-06-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yle.fi&rft.atitle=Is+your+permanent+place+of+residence+in+Finland%3F+You+can+now+take+all+video+content+on+Areena+with+you+when+travelling+within+the+EU&rft.date=2019-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyle.fi%2Faihe%2Fartikkeli%2F2019%2F01%2F02%2Fis-your-permanent-place-of-residence-in-finland-you-can-now-take-all-video&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.audienceproject.com/blog/key-insights/new-study-netflix-dominates-streaming-market/">"New study: Netflix continues to dominate the streaming market"</a>. 17 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190920113610/https://www.audienceproject.com/blog/key-insights/new-study-netflix-dominates-streaming-market/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+study%3A+Netflix+continues+to+dominate+the+streaming+market&rft.date=2019-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.audienceproject.com%2Fblog%2Fkey-insights%2Fnew-study-netflix-dominates-streaming-market%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/news/can-public-service-news-organisations-stay-competitive-digital-environment">"Can public service news organisations stay competitive in a digital environment?"</a>. <i>Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230306223247/https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/news/can-public-service-news-organisations-stay-competitive-digital-environment">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-03-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters+Institute+for+the+Study+of+Journalism&rft.atitle=Can+public+service+news+organisations+stay+competitive+in+a+digital+environment%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk%2Fnews%2Fcan-public-service-news-organisations-stay-competitive-digital-environment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2018/10/12/the-first-of-its-kind-in-the-world-yle-newswatchs-smart-voitto-assistant-shows">"The first of its kind in the world: Yle NewsWatch's smart Voitto assistant shows recommendations directly on the lock screen"</a>. <i>yle.fi</i>. 12 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604032143/https://yle.fi/aihe/artikkeli/2018/10/12/the-first-of-its-kind-in-the-world-yle-newswatchs-smart-voitto-assistant-shows">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Community+Broadcasting+Association+of+Australia&rft.atitle=About+Community+Broadcasting&rft.date=2014-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbaa.org.au%2Fabout%2Fabout-community-broadcasting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2003/0001/latest/whole.html">"Television New Zealand Act 2003 No 1 (as at 28 October 2021), Public Act – New Zealand Legislation"</a>. <i>legislation.govt.nz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418020705/https://legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2003/0001/latest/whole.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legislation.govt.nz&rft.atitle=Television+New+Zealand+Act+2003+No+1+%28as+at+28+October+2021%29%2C+Public+Act+%E2%80%93+New+Zealand+Legislation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegislation.govt.nz%2Fact%2Fpublic%2F2003%2F0001%2Flatest%2Fwhole.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Te_Ara-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Te_Ara_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMillan" class="citation web cs1">McMillan, Kate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teara.govt.nz/en/media-and-politics/page-2">"Media and politics - Ownership and Regulation"</a>. Te Ara - The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200130040916/https://teara.govt.nz/en/media-and-politics/page-2">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Media+and+politics+-+Ownership+and+Regulation&rft.pub=Te+Ara+-+The+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.aulast=McMillan&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteara.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fmedia-and-politics%2Fpage-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson2020" class="citation news cs1">Patterson, Jane (29 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/408355/new-details-revealed-as-cabinet-agrees-on-rnz-tvnz-public-broadcasting-decision">"New details revealed as Cabinet agrees on RNZ, TVNZ public broadcasting decision"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_New_Zealand" title="Radio New Zealand">Radio New Zealand</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200128215229/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/408355/new-details-revealed-as-cabinet-agrees-on-rnz-tvnz-public-broadcasting-decision">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=New+details+revealed+as+Cabinet+agrees+on+RNZ%2C+TVNZ+public+broadcasting+decision&rft.date=2020-01-29&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnz.co.nz%2Fnews%2Fpolitical%2F408355%2Fnew-details-revealed-as-cabinet-agrees-on-rnz-tvnz-public-broadcasting-decision&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/on-air/the-country/audio/jacinda-ardern-new-zealand-needs-a-public-broadcaster-to-tell-local-stories/">"PM: Potential RNZ-TVNZ merger would not harm commercial broadcasters"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Newstalk_ZB" title="Newstalk ZB">Newstalk ZB</a></i>. 29 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200130050059/https://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/on-air/the-country/audio/jacinda-ardern-new-zealand-needs-a-public-broadcaster-to-tell-local-stories/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newstalk+ZB&rft.atitle=PM%3A+Potential+RNZ-TVNZ+merger+would+not+harm+commercial+broadcasters&rft.date=2020-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstalkzb.co.nz%2Fon-air%2Fthe-country%2Faudio%2Fjacinda-ardern-new-zealand-needs-a-public-broadcaster-to-tell-local-stories%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12304374">"National threatens to drop RNZ-TVNZ merger if elected"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Herald">New Zealand Herald</a></i>. 29 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200129161933/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12304374">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Herald&rft.atitle=National+threatens+to+drop+RNZ-TVNZ+merger+if+elected&rft.date=2020-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzherald.co.nz%2Fnz%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fc_id%3D1%26objectid%3D12304374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: General and cited references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanerjeeSeneviratne2006" class="citation book cs1">Banerjee, Indrajit; Seneviratne, Kalinga, eds. (2006). <i>Public service broadcasting in the age of globalization</i>. Asian Media Information and Communication Centre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-4136-01-8" title="Special:BookSources/981-4136-01-8"><bdi>981-4136-01-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+service+broadcasting+in+the+age+of+globalization&rft.pub=Asian+Media+Information+and+Communication+Centre&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=981-4136-01-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaboy1995" class="citation book cs1">Raboy, Marc (1995). <i>Public broadcasting for the 21st century</i>. Acamedia research monographs. Vol. 17. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86020-006-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-86020-006-0"><bdi>1-86020-006-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+broadcasting+for+the+21st+century&rft.series=Acamedia+research+monographs&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-86020-006-0&rft.aulast=Raboy&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Linke, Benjamin (2016), <i>Public Financing of Public Service Broadcasting and its Qualification as State Aid</i>, Peter Lang, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-66568-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-66568-8">978-3-631-66568-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriceRaboy2003" class="citation web cs1">Price, Monroe Edwin; Raboy, Marc (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117172904/http://cgcs.asc.upenn.edu/fileLibrary/PDFs/PSB_in_Transition.pdf">"Public service broadcasting in transition: a documentary reader"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Kluwer Law International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-411-2212-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-411-2212-5"><bdi>90-411-2212-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cgcs.asc.upenn.edu/fileLibrary/PDFs/PSB_in_Transition.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-01-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+service+broadcasting+in+transition%3A+a+documentary+reader&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=90-411-2212-5&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Monroe+Edwin&rft.au=Raboy%2C+Marc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcgcs.asc.upenn.edu%2FfileLibrary%2FPDFs%2FPSB_in_Transition.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APublic+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://statemediamonitor.com/">State Media Monitor</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Media_and_Journalism_Research_Center" title="Media and Journalism Research Center">Media and Journalism Research Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pmcc.org">Public Media Content Collective</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051031032200/http://www.article19.org/pdfs/standards/modelpsblaw.pdf">A Model Public Service Broadcasting Law</a> (2005) by <a href="/wiki/Article_19" title="Article 19">Article 19</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airmedia.org">AIR, the Association for Independents in Radio</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_country">By country</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_broadcasting&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apts.org">America's Public Television Stations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanarchive.org">American Archive of Public Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radiopomost.pl">The Public Polish Radio Program Directors Association</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Broadcasting" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Broadcasting" title="Template:Broadcasting"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Broadcasting" title="Template talk:Broadcasting"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Broadcasting" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Broadcasting"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Broadcasting" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">Radio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_program" title="Radio program">Radio program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_radio" title="Cable radio">Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Satellite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_computing" title="Mobile computing">Mobile computing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_television" title="Mobile television">Mobile television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_show" title="Television show">Television show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">Analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">Digital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television" title="Digital terrestrial television">Digital terrestrial television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Satellite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet television">Internet television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">radio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Webcast" title="Webcast">Webcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Web television">Web television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2PTV" title="P2PTV">Peer-to-peer television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitTorrent#Film.2C_video.2C_and_music" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent television and movies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broadcasting<br />niche</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campus_radio" title="Campus radio">Campus radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">Commercial broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_radio" title="Community radio">Community radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television" title="Multichannel television">Multichannel television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">Pay television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay-per-view" title="Pay-per-view">Pay-per-view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_radio" title="Pirate radio">Pirate radio</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pirate_television" title="Pirate television">Pirate television</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Public broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_broadcasting" title="Religious broadcasting">Religious broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talk_radio" title="Talk radio">Talk radio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Specialty_channel" title="Specialty channel">Specialty<br />channels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adult_television_channels" title="List of adult television channels">Adult television channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_interest_channel" title="Children's interest channel">Children's interest channel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_television_series" title="Children's television series">Children's television series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_channel" title="Documentary channel">Documentary channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_interest_channel" title="Men's interest channel">Men's interest channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_movie_television_channels" title="List of movie television channels">Movie television channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_radio" title="Music radio">Music radio</a> / <a href="/wiki/Music_television" title="Music television">Music television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiz_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Quiz channel">Quiz channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_channel" title="Shopping channel">Shopping channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Business channels">Business channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_affairs_(broadcasting)" title="Public affairs (broadcasting)">Public affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestreamed_news" title="Livestreamed news">Livestreamed news</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports broadcasting">Sports broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_interest_channel" title="Women's interest channel">Women's interest channel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production<br />and funding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_network" title="Broadcast network">Broadcast network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast-safe" title="Broadcast-safe">Broadcast-safe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems" title="Broadcast television systems">Broadcast television systems</a></li> <li>Graphics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_on-screen_graphic" title="Digital on-screen graphic">Digital on-screen graphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_third" title="Lower third">Lower third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_ticker" title="News ticker">News ticker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-screen_display" title="On-screen display">On-screen display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Score_bug" title="Score bug">Score bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_news_screen_layout" title="Television news screen layout">Television news screen layout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_affiliate" title="Network affiliate">Network affiliate</a></li> <li>Occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_designer" title="Broadcast designer">Broadcast designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_license" title="Broadcast license">Broadcast license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_network_programming" title="Director of network programming">Director of network programming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outside_broadcasting" title="Outside broadcasting">Outside broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_box" title="Press box">Press box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_pool" title="Press pool">Press pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_licence" title="Television licence">Television licence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_studio" title="Television studio">Television studio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_services" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_services" title="Template:Public services"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_services" title="Template talk:Public services"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_services" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public services"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_services" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">Public services</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalization" title="Municipalization">Municipalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">Progressive tax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-culture_movement" title="Free-culture movement">Free-culture movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_newspaper" title="Free newspaper">Free newspaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_sample" title="Product sample">Product sample</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bad" title="Public bad">Public bad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" title="Public good (economics)">Public good (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">Public interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_land" title="Public land">Public land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">Public ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_rights" title="Public rights">Public rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_procurement" title="Government procurement">Public procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_trust" title="Public trust">Public trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_value" title="Public value">Public value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_access_to_education" title="Universal access to education">Universal access to education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_services" title="Universal basic services">Universal basic services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_department" title="Fire department">Fire department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">Postal service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postal_savings_system" title="Postal savings system">Savings system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Public broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_services" title="Universal basic services">Universal basic services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">Public utility</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_utility" title="Electric utility">Electric utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_oil_company" title="National oil company">Oil & gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal,_telegraph_and_telephone_service" title="Postal, telegraph and telephone service">Telecommunication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_broadband" title="Municipal broadband">Municipal broadband</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Public infrastructure">Public infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_water_system" title="Public water system">Public water system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">Public works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_fountain" title="Drinking fountain">Drinking fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_clinic" title="Free clinic">Free clinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">Free education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_and_syringe_programmes" title="Needle and syringe programmes">Needle and syringe programmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bank" title="Public bank">Public bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bookcase" title="Public bookcase">Public bookcase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_computer" title="Public computer">Public computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_hospital" title="Public hospital">Public hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">Public library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_open_space" title="Public open space">Public open space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">Public school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_space" title="Public space">Public space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_toilet" title="Public toilet">Public toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">Public university</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_injection_site" title="Supervised injection site">Supervised injection site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">Urban park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Publicly_funded_health_care" title="Publicly funded health care">Publicly funded health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing" title="Public housing">Public housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_creation" class="mw-redirect" title="Job creation">Job creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_guarantee" title="Job guarantee">Job guarantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-payer_health_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-payer health care">Single-payer health care</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_health_insurance" title="National health insurance">National health insurance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_insurance" title="Social insurance">Social insurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_pension" title="Social pension">Social pension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">Social security</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_services" title="Youth services">Youth services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_auction" title="Government auction">Government auction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_float" title="Public float">Public float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holiday" title="Public holiday">Public holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_offering" title="Public offering">Public offering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">Public sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_security" title="Public security">Public security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_use" title="Public use">Public use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_viewing_area" title="Public viewing area">Public viewing area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Public_services" title="Category:Public services">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Public_services" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Public services">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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