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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81" title="سيرجي سازونوف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيرجي سازونوف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Сяргей Дзмітрыевіч Сазонаў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сяргей Дзмітрыевіч Сазонаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Сергей Сазонов – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сергей Сазонов" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Dmitrijevi%C4%8D_Sazonov" title="Sergej Dmitrijevič Sazonov – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sergej Dmitrijevič Sazonov" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Dmitrijewitsch_Sasonow" title="Sergei Dmitrijewitsch Sasonow – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sergei Dmitrijewitsch Sasonow" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Sazonov_(Venemaa_v%C3%A4lisminister)" title="Sergei Sazonov (Venemaa välisminister) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sergei Sazonov (Venemaa välisminister)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AD%CE%B9_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%B6%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%86" title="Σεργκέι Σαζόνοφ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σεργκέι Σαζόνοφ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergu%C3%A9i_Saz%C3%B3nov" title="Serguéi Sazónov – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Serguéi Sazónov" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Sazonov" title="Sergej Sazonov – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sergej Sazonov" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Sazonov" title="Sergei Sazonov – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sergei Sazonov" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergue%C3%AF_Sazonov" title="Sergueï Sazonov – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sergueï Sazonov" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B5_%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Սերգեյ Սազոնով – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սերգեյ Սազոնով" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Dmitrievi%C4%8D_Sazonov" title="Sergej Dmitrievič Sazonov – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sergej Dmitrievič Sazonov" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%99_%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91" title="סרגיי סאזונוב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרגיי סאזונוב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergejus_Sazonovas" title="Sergejus Sazonovas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sergejus Sazonovas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szergej_Dmitrijevics_Szazonov" title="Szergej Dmitrijevics Szazonov – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szergej Dmitrijevics Szazonov" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%89_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81" title="سيرجى سازونوف – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيرجى سازونوف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Sazonov" title="Sergej Sazonov – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sergej Sazonov" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%82%BE%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8E%E3%83%95" title="セルゲイ・サゾーノフ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セルゲイ・サゾーノフ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Sazonov" title="Sergej Sazonov – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sergej Sazonov" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siergiej_Sazonow" title="Siergiej Sazonow – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Siergiej Sazonow" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serghei_Sazonov" title="Serghei Sazonov – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Serghei Sazonov" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Сазонов, Сергей Дмитриевич – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сазонов, Сергей Дмитриевич" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Sazonov" title="Sergei Sazonov – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sergei Sazonov" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Sazonov" title="Sergej Sazonov – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sergej Sazonov" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Sazonov" title="Sergey Sazonov – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sergey Sazonov" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Сазонов Сергій Дмитрович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сазонов Сергій Дмитрович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B0%A2%E5%B0%94%E7%9B%96%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E4%BD%90%E8%AF%BA%E5%A4%AB" title="谢尔盖·萨佐诺夫 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="谢尔盖·萨佐诺夫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q438489#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Russia)">Foreign Minister of the Russian Empire</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />11 October 1910 – 20 July 1916</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin" title="Pyotr Stolypin">Pyotr Stolypin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kokovtsov" title="Vladimir Kokovtsov">Vladimir Kokovtsov</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Goremykin" title="Ivan Goremykin">Ivan Goremykin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Boris_St%C3%BCrmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boris Stürmer">Boris Stürmer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Izvolsky" title="Alexander Izvolsky">Alexander Izvolsky</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boris_St%C3%BCrmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boris Stürmer">Boris Stürmer</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1860-08-10</span>)</span>10 August 1860<br /><a href="/wiki/Ryazan_Governorate" title="Ryazan Governorate">Ryazan Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">11 December 1927<span style="display:none">(1927-12-11)</span> (aged 67)<br /><a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Third French Republic">France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tsarskoye_Selo_Lyceum" title="Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum">Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Diplomat, Russian foreign minister</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sergei Dmitryevich Sazonov</b> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">GCB</a> (Russian: Сергей Дмитриевич Сазонов; 10 August 1860 in <a href="/wiki/Ryazan_Governorate" title="Ryazan Governorate">Ryazan Governorate</a>  – 11 December 1927) was a <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> statesman and diplomat who served as <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Minister">Foreign Minister</a> from November 1910 to July 1916. The degree of his involvement in the events leading up to the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> is a matter of keen debate, with some historians putting the blame for an early and provocative <a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">mobilization</a> squarely on Sazonov's shoulders, and others maintaining that his chief preoccupation was "to reduce the temperature of international relations, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Bourne_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bourne-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2></div> <p>Of lesser noble background, Sazonov was the brother-in-law of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin" title="Pyotr Stolypin">Pyotr Stolypin</a>, who did his best to further Sazonov's career. Having graduated from the <a href="/wiki/Tsarskoye_Selo_Lyceum" title="Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum">Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum</a>, Sazonov served in the London embassy, and the diplomatic mission to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a>, of which he became the chief in March 1906. On 26 June 1909 Sazonov was recalled to St. Petersburg and appointed Assistant Foreign Minister. Before long he replaced <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Izvolsky" title="Alexander Izvolsky">Alexander Izvolsky</a> as Foreign Minister and followed a policy along the lines laid down by Stolypin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_Minister">Foreign Minister</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potsdam_Agreement">Potsdam Agreement</h3></div> <p>Just before he was officially appointed foreign minister, Sazonov attended a meeting between <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II of Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II of Germany">Wilhelm II of Germany</a> in <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a> on 4–6 November 1910. This move was intended to chastise the British for their perceived betrayal of Russia's interests during the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian crisis">Bosnian crisis</a>. Indeed, Britain's <a href="/wiki/Edward_Grey,_1st_Viscount_Grey_of_Fallodon" title="Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon">Foreign Secretary</a> was seriously alarmed by this token of a "German-Russian <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Siegel_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siegel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two monarchs discussed the ambitious German project of the <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Railway">Baghdad Railway</a>, widely expected to give Berlin considerable geopolitical clout in the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>. Against the background of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution</a>, Russia was anxious to control the prospective <a href="/wiki/Khanaqin" title="Khanaqin">Khanaqin</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> branch of the railway. The two powers settled their differences in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Potsdam_Agreement_(1911)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potsdam Agreement (1911) (page does not exist)">Potsdam Agreement</a>, signed on 19 August 1911 and giving Russia a free hand in Northern Iran. Sazonov was sick during that time, his office was led by <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Neratov" title="Anatoly Neratov">Anatoly Neratov</a> during his absence. However, as Sazonov hoped, the first railway connecting Persia to Europe would provide Russia with a lever of influence over its southern neighbour. </p><p>Notwithstanding the promising beginning, the Russian-German relations disintegrated in 1913, when the Kaiser sent one of his generals to reorganize the Turkish army and to supervise the garrison in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> on request of the Ottomans, remarking that "the German flag will soon fly over the fortifications of the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a>", a vital trade artery which accounted for two fifths of Russia's exports.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alliance_with_Japan">Alliance with Japan</h3></div> <p>Despite his fixation on Russian-German affairs, Sazonov was also mindful of Russian interests in the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>. In the wake of the disastrous <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>, he steadily made friendly overtures toward Japan. As a result, a secret convention was signed in <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a> on 8 July 1912 concerning the <a href="/wiki/Delimitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Delimitation">delimitation</a> of spheres of interest in <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>. Both powers determined to keep Inner Mongolia politically separate from Outer Mongolia. Four years later, Sazonov congratulated himself on concluding a <a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Empire_of_Japan_and_the_Russian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Relations between the Empire of Japan and the Russian Empire">Russian-Japanese defensive alliance</a> (3 July 1916) aimed at securing the interests of both powers in China. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sergey_Sazonov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sergey_Sazonov.jpg/400px-Sergey_Sazonov.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sergey_Sazonov.jpg/600px-Sergey_Sazonov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Sergey_Sazonov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption>Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Sazonov</figcaption></figure> <p>In the run-up to a major military conflict in Europe, another concern of the Russian minister was to isolate <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, mainly by playing the Balkan card against the dwindling power of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburgs">Habsburgs</a>. Since Sazonov was moderate in his Balkan politics, his ministry "came under frequent nationalist fire for failing to conform to a rigid pan-Slav line".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the extremist agents like <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hartwig" title="Nicholas Hartwig">Nicholas Hartwig</a> aspired to solidify the conflicting South Slavic states into a confederacy under the aegis of the Tsar, there is no indication that Sazonov personally shared or encouraged these views. Regardless, both Austria and Germany were persuaded that Russia fomented <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> and other Slavic capitals, a belligerent attitude in some measure responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_in_Sarajevo" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination in Sarajevo">Assassination in Sarajevo</a> and the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Great_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Great War">Great War</a>. </p><p>Serbia was largely viewed as being within Russia's sphere of influence and there was significant support from the political class and the broader population for the Serbian cause. That caused Russia to defend Serbia against Austria after the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">assassination of the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand</a>. Sazonov warned Austria in 1914 that Russia, "would respond militarily to any action against the client state." <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As World War I unwound, Sazonov worked to prevent <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> from joining the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> and wrested in March 1915 an acquiescence from Russia's allies to the post-war occupation of the Bosphorus, Constantinople, and the European side of the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a>. On 1 October 1914 Sazonov gave a written guarantee to Romania that, if the country sided with the Entente, it would be enlarged at the expense of the Austrian dominions in <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a>. In general, "his calm and courteous manner did much to maintain fruitful Allied relations".<sup id="cite_ref-Bourne_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bourne-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He accepted an announcement of the professor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Garrigue_Masaryk" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Garrigue Masaryk">Thomas Garrigue Masaryk</a> <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for Russian army soldiers to not shoot on the Czech refugees in October 1914. </p><p>Sazonov was viewed favourably in London, but the Germanophile<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> faction of <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_of_Hesse" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandra of Hesse">Tsarina Alexandra</a> fiercely urged his dismissal, which did materialize on 10 July<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and only after the minister had aired a proposal to grant autonomy to Poland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9)._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%86%D0%B0,_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2_%28%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%29._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%86%D0%B0%2C_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2_%28%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%29._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%86%D0%B0%2C_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg/375px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2_%28%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%29._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%86%D0%B0%2C_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The grave of Sergey Sazonov</figcaption></figure> <p>Early in 1917, Sazonov was appointed ambassador in Great Britain, but found it necessary to remain in Russia, where he witnessed the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a>. He was opposed to <a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a>, advised <a href="/wiki/Anton_Denikin" title="Anton Denikin">Anton Denikin</a> on international affairs, and was foreign minister in the anti-Bolshevik government of <a href="/wiki/Admiral_Kolchak" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral Kolchak">Admiral Kolchak</a>. In 1919 he represented the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_All-Russian_Government" title="Provisional All-Russian Government">Provisional All-Russian Government</a>, the Allied recognized government of Russia, at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a>. Sazonov spent his last years in France writing a book of memoirs. He died in <a href="/wiki/Nice,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Nice, France">Nice</a> where he is <a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">buried</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sergey_Sazonov" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sergey Sazonov">Sergey Sazonov</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Sergey_Sazonov" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Sergey Sazonov">Sergey Sazonov</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bourne-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bourne_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bourne_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John M. Bourne. <i>Who's Who in World War One</i>. Routledge, 2001. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-14179-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-14179-6">0-415-14179-6</a>. Page 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siegel-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Siegel_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siegel, Jennifer. <i>Endgame: Britain, Russia and the Final Struggle for Central Asia</i>. I.B. Tauris, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85043-371-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85043-371-2">1-85043-371-2</a>. Pages 90-92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lowe, John. <i>The Great Powers, Imperialism, and the German Problem, 1865-1925</i>. Routledge, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-10444-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-10444-0">0-415-10444-0</a>. page 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassels, Alan. <i>Ideology and International Relations in the Modern World</i>. Routledge, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-11926-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-11926-X">0-415-11926-X</a>. Page 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Clark, <i>The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914</i> (2012) p 481.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PRECLÍK, Vratislav. Masaryk a legie (Masaryk and legions),, váz. kniha, 219 pages, vydalo nakladatelství Paris Karviná, Žižkova 2379 (734 01 Karviná) ve spolupráci s Masarykovým demokratickým hnutím, (Masaryk Democratic Movement, Prague) 2019, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-87173-47-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-87173-47-3">978-80-87173-47-3</a>, pages 8 – 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferro, Marc. <i>Nicholas II: Last of the Tsars</i>. Oxford University Press US, 1993. Page 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/der-erste-weltkrieg/frankfurter-zeitung-25-11-1916-russlands-ministerpraesident-zurueckgetreten-14305174.html">FAZ 25.11.1916 Russlands Ministerpräsident zurückgetreten</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/025040">Newspaper clippings about Sergey Sazonov</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Izvolski" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Izvolski">Alexander Izvolski</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Minister_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Minister of Russia">Foreign Minister of Russia</a> </b><br />September 1910 – 10 July 1916 (O.S.) </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Boris_St%C3%BCrmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boris Stürmer">Boris Stürmer</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Shishkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolay Shishkin (page does not exist)">Nikolay Shishkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Nikolayevich_Muravyov" title="Mikhail Nikolayevich Muravyov">Mikhail Muravyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lamsdorf" title="Vladimir Lamsdorf">Vladimir Lamsdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Izvolsky" title="Alexander Izvolsky">Alexander Izvolsky</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sergey Sazonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Shturmer" title="Boris Shturmer">Boris Shturmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Pokrovsky" title="Nikolai Pokrovsky">Nikolai Pokrovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Provisional Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 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href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Primakov" title="Yevgeny Primakov">Yevgeny Primakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Ivanov" title="Igor Ivanov">Igor Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/808538">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sazonov, Sergeĭ Dmitrievich, 1861-1927"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/252638/">FAST</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjmWkf8JbbXjyTKHVmPQq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118794612">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sazonov, Sergeĭ Dmitrievich, 1861-1927"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n89635406">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13012104x">France</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14978133w">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13012104x">BnF data</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14978133w">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sazonov, Sergej Dmitrijevič"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=uk20211107434&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074567934">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90196022">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000041708&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810579135805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007267638205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a 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