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id="toc-Alliance_with_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture_depictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture_depictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Popular culture depictions</span> 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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sergey Sazonov</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81" title="سيرجي سازونوف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيرجي سازونوف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Сяргей Дзмітрыевіч Сазонаў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сяргей Дзмітрыевіч Сазонаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Сергей Сазонов – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сергей Сазонов" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Dmitrijevi%C4%8D_Sazonov" title="Sergej Dmitrijevič Sazonov – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sergej Dmitrijevič Sazonov" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Dmitrijewitsch_Sasonow" title="Sergei Dmitrijewitsch Sasonow – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sergei Dmitrijewitsch Sasonow" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Sazonov_(Venemaa_v%C3%A4lisminister)" title="Sergei Sazonov (Venemaa välisminister) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sergei Sazonov (Venemaa välisminister)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AD%CE%B9_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%B6%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%86" title="Σεργκέι Σαζόνοφ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σεργκέι Σαζόνοφ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergu%C3%A9i_Saz%C3%B3nov" title="Serguéi Sazónov – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Serguéi Sazónov" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Sazonov" title="Sergej Sazonov – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sergej Sazonov" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Sazonov" title="Sergei Sazonov – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sergei Sazonov" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergue%C3%AF_Sazonov" title="Sergueï Sazonov – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sergueï Sazonov" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B5_%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Սերգեյ Սազոնով – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սերգեյ Սազոնով" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Dmitrievi%C4%8D_Sazonov" title="Sergej Dmitrievič Sazonov – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sergej Dmitrievič Sazonov" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%99_%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91" title="סרגיי סאזונוב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרגיי סאזונוב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergejus_Sazonovas" title="Sergejus Sazonovas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sergejus Sazonovas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szergej_Dmitrijevics_Szazonov" title="Szergej Dmitrijevics Szazonov – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szergej Dmitrijevics Szazonov" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%89_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81" title="سيرجى سازونوف – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيرجى سازونوف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Sazonov" title="Sergej Sazonov – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sergej Sazonov" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%82%BE%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8E%E3%83%95" title="セルゲイ・サゾーノフ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セルゲイ・サゾーノフ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Sazonov" title="Sergej Sazonov – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sergej Sazonov" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siergiej_Sazonow" title="Siergiej Sazonow – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Siergiej Sazonow" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serghei_Sazonov" title="Serghei Sazonov – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Serghei Sazonov" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Сазонов, Сергей Дмитриевич – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сазонов, Сергей Дмитриевич" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Sazonov" title="Sergei Sazonov – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sergei Sazonov" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Sazonov" title="Sergej Sazonov – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sergej Sazonov" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Sazonov" title="Sergey Sazonov – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sergey Sazonov" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Сазонов Сергій Дмитрович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сазонов Сергій Дмитрович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B0%A2%E5%B0%94%E7%9B%96%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E4%BD%90%E8%AF%BA%E5%A4%AB" title="谢尔盖·萨佐诺夫 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="谢尔盖·萨佐诺夫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q438489#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Russia)">Foreign Minister of the Russian Empire</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />11 October 1910 – 20 July 1916</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin" title="Pyotr Stolypin">Pyotr Stolypin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kokovtsov" title="Vladimir Kokovtsov">Vladimir Kokovtsov</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Goremykin" title="Ivan Goremykin">Ivan Goremykin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Boris_St%C3%BCrmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boris Stürmer">Boris Stürmer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Izvolsky" title="Alexander Izvolsky">Alexander Izvolsky</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Boris_St%C3%BCrmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boris Stürmer">Boris Stürmer</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1860-08-10</span>)</span>10 August 1860<br /><a href="/wiki/Ryazan_Governorate" title="Ryazan Governorate">Ryazan Governorate</a>, Russian Empire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">11 December 1927<span style="display:none">(1927-12-11)</span> (aged 67)<br /><a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Anna Neidhardt</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tsarskoye_Selo_Lyceum" title="Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum">Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Diplomat, Russian foreign minister</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sergei Dmitryevich Sazonov</b> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">GCB</a> (Russian: Сергей Дмитриевич Сазонов; 10 August 1860 in <a href="/wiki/Ryazan_Governorate" title="Ryazan Governorate">Ryazan Governorate</a>  – 11 December 1927) was a <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> statesman and diplomat who served as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Russia)">Foreign Minister</a> from November 1910 to July 1916. The degree of his involvement in the events leading up to the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> is a matter of keen debate, with some historians putting the blame for an early and provocative <a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">mobilization</a> squarely on Sazonov's shoulders, and others maintaining that his chief preoccupation was "to reduce the temperature of international relations, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Bourne_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bourne-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Sazonov&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of a lesser noble background, Sazonov was the brother-in-law of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin" title="Pyotr Stolypin">Pyotr Stolypin</a>, who did his best to further Sazonov's career. Sazonov was born into family of Dmitry Sazonov and Yermioniya Frederiks (Freedericksz). Having graduated from the <a href="/wiki/Tsarskoye_Selo_Lyceum" title="Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum">Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum</a>, Sazonov served in the London embassy and the diplomatic mission to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a>, of which he became the chief in March 1906. On 26 June 1909, Sazonov was recalled to <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a> and appointed Assistant Foreign Minister. Before long, he replaced <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Izvolsky" title="Alexander Izvolsky">Alexander Izvolsky</a> as Foreign Minister and followed a policy along the lines laid down by Stolypin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_minister">Foreign minister</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Sazonov&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Foreign minister"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potsdam_Agreement">Potsdam Agreement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Sazonov&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Potsdam Agreement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Just before he was officially appointed foreign minister, Sazonov attended a meeting between <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II of Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II of Germany">Wilhelm II of Germany</a> in <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a> on 4–6 November 1910. This move was intended to chastise the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> for their perceived betrayal of Russia's interests during the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a>. Indeed, Britain's <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary" title="Foreign Secretary">Foreign Secretary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Grey,_1st_Viscount_Grey_of_Fallodon" title="Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon">Sir Edward Grey</a>, was seriously alarmed by this token of a "German-Russian <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">Détente</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Siegel_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siegel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two monarchs discussed the ambitious German project of the <a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Railway">Baghdad Railway</a>, widely expected to give Berlin considerable geopolitical clout in the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>. Against the background of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution</a>, Russia was anxious to control the prospective railway branch from <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> to <a href="/wiki/Khanaqin" title="Khanaqin">Khanaqin</a>, on the Turco-Persian frontier, financed by Russian and German capital; and for Germany to link this branch to the Baghdad Railway. The two powers settled their differences in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Potsdam_Agreement_(1911)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potsdam Agreement (1911) (page does not exist)">Potsdam Agreement</a>, signed on 19 August 1911, Germany giving Russia a free hand in Northern Iran and Russia in turn recognizing Germany's rights on the Baghdad Railway.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sazonov was sick during that time, his office was led by <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Neratov" title="Anatoly Neratov">Anatoly Neratov</a> during his absence. However, as Sazonov hoped, the first railway connecting Persia to Europe would provide Russia with a lever of influence over its southern neighbour. </p><p>Notwithstanding the promising beginning, the Russian-German relations disintegrated in 1913, when the Kaiser sent <a href="/wiki/Otto_Liman_von_Sanders" title="Otto Liman von Sanders">one of his generals</a> to reorganize the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army_(1861%E2%80%931922)" title="Ottoman Army (1861–1922)">Turkish army</a> and to supervise the garrison in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> on request of the Ottomans, remarking that "the German flag will soon fly over the fortifications of the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a>", a vital trade artery which accounted for two fifths of Russia's exports.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alliance_with_Japan">Alliance with Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Sazonov&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Alliance with Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite his fixation on Russian-German affairs, Sazonov was also mindful of Russian interests in the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>. In the wake of the disastrous <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>, he steadily made friendly overtures toward <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>. As a result, a <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Russia_Secret_Agreements" title="Japan–Russia Secret Agreements">secret convention</a> was signed in St. Petersburg on 8 July 1912 concerning the <a href="/wiki/Delimitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Delimitation">delimitation</a> of spheres of interest in <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>. Both powers determined to keep Inner Mongolia politically separate from <a href="/wiki/Outer_Mongolia" title="Outer Mongolia">Outer Mongolia</a>. Four years later, Sazonov congratulated himself on concluding a <a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Empire_of_Japan_and_the_Russian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Relations between the Empire of Japan and the Russian Empire">Russian-Japanese defensive alliance</a> (3 July 1916) aimed at securing the interests of both powers in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Sazonov&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sergey_Sazonov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sergey_Sazonov.jpg/220px-Sergey_Sazonov.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sergey_Sazonov.jpg/330px-Sergey_Sazonov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Sergey_Sazonov.jpg/440px-Sergey_Sazonov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption>Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Sazonov</figcaption></figure> <p>In the run-up to a major military conflict in Europe, another concern of the Russian minister was to isolate <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, mainly by playing the Balkan card against the supposedly-dwindling power of the <a href="/wiki/Habsburgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburgs">Habsburgs</a>. Since Sazonov was moderate in his Balkan politics, his ministry "came under frequent nationalist fire for failing to conform to a rigid <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">pan-Slav</a> line".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While extremist agents like <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hartwig" title="Nicholas Hartwig">Nicholas Hartwig</a> aspired to solidify the conflicting South Slavic states into a confederacy under the aegis of the Tsar, there is no indication that Sazonov personally shared or encouraged these views. Regardless, both Austria-Hungary and Germany were persuaded that Russia fomented <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> and other Slavic capitals, a belligerent attitude in some measure responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_in_Sarajevo" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination in Sarajevo">Assassination in Sarajevo</a> and the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Great_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Great War">Great War</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a> was largely viewed as being within Russia's sphere of influence and there was significant support from the Russian political classes and the broader population for the Serbian cause. That caused Russia to defend Serbia against Austria-Hungary after the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">assassination of the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand</a>. Sazonov warned Austria-Hungary in 1914 that Russia, "would respond militarily to any action against the client state."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As World War I began, Sazonov worked to prevent <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> from joining the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> and wrested in March 1915 an acquiescence from Russia's allies to the post-war occupation of the Bosphorus, <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, and the European side of the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a>. On 1 October 1914 Sazonov gave a written guarantee to Romania that, if the country sided with the Entente, it would be enlarged at the expense of the Austro-Hungarian dominions in <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a>. In general, "his calm and courteous manner did much to maintain fruitful Allied relations".<sup id="cite_ref-Bourne_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bourne-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He accepted a request from the professor <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1%C5%A1_Masaryk" title="Tomáš Masaryk">Tomáš Masaryk</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for Russian army soldiers to refrain from firing on Czech refugees in October 1914. </p><p>Sazonov was viewed favourably in London, but the Germanophile<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> faction of Tsarina <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_of_Hesse" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandra of Hesse">Alexandra</a> fiercely urged his dismissal, which did materialize on 10 July 1916<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the minister had aired a proposal to grant autonomy to Poland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Sazonov&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9)._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%86%D0%B0,_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2_%28%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%29._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%86%D0%B0%2C_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2_%28%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%29._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%86%D0%B0%2C_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2_%28%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%29._%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%86%D0%B0%2C_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The grave of Sergey Sazonov</figcaption></figure> <p>Early in 1917, Sazonov was appointed ambassador to Great Britain, but found it necessary to remain in Russia, where he witnessed the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a>. </p><p>He was opposed to <a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a>, advised <a href="/wiki/Anton_Denikin" title="Anton Denikin">Anton Denikin</a> on international affairs,<sup id="cite_ref-pk_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pk-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was foreign minister in the anti-Bolshevik government of <a href="/wiki/Admiral_Kolchak" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral Kolchak">Admiral Kolchak</a>. In 1919 he represented the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_All-Russian_Government" title="Provisional All-Russian Government">Provisional All-Russian Government</a>, the Allied recognized government of Russia, at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a>. Sazonov spent his last years in France writing a book of memoirs. He died in <a href="/wiki/Nice,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Nice, France">Nice</a> in 1927. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture_depictions">Popular culture depictions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Sazonov&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Popular culture depictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sazonov was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Redgrave" title="Michael Redgrave">Michael Redgrave</a> in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_and_Alexandra" title="Nicholas and Alexandra">Nicholas and Alexandra</a></i> (1971).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Sazonov&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Russian entry into World War I">Russian entry into World War I</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Sazonov&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sergey_Sazonov" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sergey Sazonov">Sergey Sazonov</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Sergey_Sazonov" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Sergey Sazonov">Sergey Sazonov</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bourne-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bourne_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bourne_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">John M. Bourne. <i>Who's Who in World War One</i>. Routledge, 2001. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-14179-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-14179-6">0-415-14179-6</a>. Page 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siegel-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Siegel_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Siegel, Jennifer. <i>Endgame: Britain, Russia and the Final Struggle for Central Asia</i>. I.B. Tauris, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85043-371-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85043-371-2">1-85043-371-2</a>. Pages 90-92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan_Shuster" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Shuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgan Shuster">Morgan Shuster</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.magepublishers.com/the-strangling-of-persia-a-story-of-european-diplomacy-and-oriental-intrigue/">"The Strangling of Persia: A Story of European Diplomacy and Oriental Intrigue"</a>. Chapter X. The Potsdam Agreement and the secret understanding between Russia and Germany.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Strangling+of+Persia%3A+A+Story+of+European+Diplomacy+and+Oriental+Intrigue&rft.pages=Chapter+X.+The+Potsdam+Agreement+and+the+secret+understanding+between+Russia+and+Germany&rft.au=Morgan+Shuster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.magepublishers.com%2Fthe-strangling-of-persia-a-story-of-european-diplomacy-and-oriental-intrigue%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergey+Sazonov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lowe, John. <i>The Great Powers, Imperialism, and the German Problem, 1865-1925</i>. Routledge, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-10444-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-10444-0">0-415-10444-0</a>. page 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassels, Alan. <i>Ideology and International Relations in the Modern World</i>. Routledge, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-11926-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-11926-X">0-415-11926-X</a>. Page 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Clark, <i>The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914</i> (2012) p 481.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PRECLÍK, Vratislav. Masaryk a legie (Masaryk and legions), váz. kniha, 219 pages, vydalo nakladatelství Paris Karviná, Žižkova 2379 (734 01 Karviná) ve spolupráci s Masarykovým demokratickým hnutím, (Masaryk Democratic Movement, Prague) 2019, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-87173-47-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-87173-47-3">978-80-87173-47-3</a>, pages 8 – 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferro, Marc. <i>Nicholas II: Last of the Tsars</i>. Oxford University Press US, 1993. Page 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/der-erste-weltkrieg/frankfurter-zeitung-25-11-1916-russlands-ministerpraesident-zurueckgetreten-14305174.html">FAZ 25.11.1916 Russlands Ministerpräsident zurückgetreten</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pk-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pk_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenez2004" class="citation book cs1">Kenez, Peter (2004). <i>Red Attack, White Resistance; Civil War in South Russia 1918</i>. Washington, DC: New Academia Publishing. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780974493442" title="Special:BookSources/9780974493442"><bdi>9780974493442</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Attack%2C+White+Resistance%3B+Civil+War+in+South+Russia+1918&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=New+Academia+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780974493442&rft.aulast=Kenez&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergey+Sazonov" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Sazonov&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gooch, G.P. <i>Before the war: studies in diplomacy</i> (2 vol 1936, 1938) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.2275">online</a> vol 2 pp 289–370.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Sazonov&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/025040">Newspaper clippings about Sergey Sazonov</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Izvolski" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Izvolski">Alexander Izvolski</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Minister_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Minister of Russia">Foreign Minister of Russia</a> </b><br />September 1910 – 10 July 1916 (O.S.) </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Boris_St%C3%BCrmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Boris Stürmer">Boris Stürmer</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Nikita_Petrovich_Panin" title="Nikita Petrovich Panin">Nikita Petrovich Panin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Kochubey" title="Viktor Kochubey">Viktor Kochubey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vorontsov" title="Alexander Vorontsov">Alexander Vorontsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Jerzy_Czartoryski" title="Adam Jerzy Czartoryski">Adam Jerzy Czartoryski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Eberhard_von_Budberg" title="Andreas Eberhard von Budberg">Andreas Eberhard von Budberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Rumyantsev" title="Nikolay Rumyantsev">Nikolay Rumyantsev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Kapodistrias" title="Ioannis Kapodistrias">Ioannis Kapodistrias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Nesselrode" title="Karl Nesselrode">Karl Robert Nesselrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gorchakov" title="Alexander Gorchakov">Alexander Gorchakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Girs" title="Nikolay Girs">Nikolay Girs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Lobanov-Rostovsky" title="Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky">Aleksey Lobanov-Rostovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Shishkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolay Shishkin (page does not exist)">Nikolay Shishkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Nikolayevich_Muravyov" title="Mikhail Nikolayevich Muravyov">Mikhail Muravyov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lamsdorf" title="Vladimir Lamsdorf">Vladimir Lamsdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Izvolsky" title="Alexander Izvolsky">Alexander Izvolsky</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sergey Sazonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Shturmer" title="Boris Shturmer">Boris Shturmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Pokrovsky" title="Nikolai Pokrovsky">Nikolai Pokrovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Provisional Government</a></th><td 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href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Vyshinsky" title="Andrey Vyshinsky">Andrey Vyshinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shepilov" title="Dmitri Shepilov">Dmitri Shepilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Andrei Gromyko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Eduard Shevardnadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bessmertnykh_(politician)" title="Alexander Bessmertnykh (politician)">Aleksandr Bessmertnykh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boris_Pankin" title="Boris Pankin">Boris Pankin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Eduard Shevardnadze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kozyrev" title="Andrei Kozyrev">Andrei Kozyrev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Primakov" title="Yevgeny Primakov">Yevgeny Primakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Ivanov" title="Igor Ivanov">Igor Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lavrov" title="Sergey Lavrov">Sergey Lavrov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q438489#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q438489#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q438489#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000109474120">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/808538">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sazonov, Sergeĭ Dmitrievich, 1861-1927"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/252638/">FAST</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjmWkf8JbbXjyTKHVmPQq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118794612">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sazonov, Sergeĭ Dmitrievich, 1861-1927"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n89635406">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13012104x">France</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14978133w">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13012104x">BnF data</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14978133w">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sazonov, Sergej Dmitrijevič"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=uk20211107434&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074567934">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90196022">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000041708&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810579135805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007267638205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04137164?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118794612.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118794612">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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