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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_names_and_meaning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Historical names and meaning </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_names_and_meaning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_antiquity_and_the_early_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_antiquity_and_the_early_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Classical antiquity and the early Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_antiquity_and_the_early_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Middle_Ages_and_Ottoman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Middle_Ages_and_Ottoman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Late Middle Ages and Ottoman period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Middle_Ages_and_Ottoman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution_of_meaning_in_the_19th_and_20th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_of_meaning_in_the_19th_and_20th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Evolution of meaning in the 19th and 20th centuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution_of_meaning_in_the_19th_and_20th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Southeast Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Current </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definitions_and_boundaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions_and_boundaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Definitions and boundaries </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definitions_and_boundaries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Definitions and boundaries subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Definitions_and_boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Balkan_Peninsula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balkan_Peninsula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Balkan Peninsula </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balkan_Peninsula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balkans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balkans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Balkans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balkans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Balkans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Balkans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Western Balkans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Balkans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_the_geographical_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_the_geographical_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Criticism of the geographical definition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_the_geographical_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nature_and_natural_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature_and_natural_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Nature and natural resources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature_and_natural_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_geopolitical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_geopolitical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 History and geopolitical significance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_and_geopolitical_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History and geopolitical significance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_geopolitical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages_and_Early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages_and_Early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Middle Ages and Early modern period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages_and_Early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Recent history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 World wars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Cold War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post–Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post–Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Post–Cold War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post–Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regional_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Regional organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Statistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urbanization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urbanization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Urbanization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urbanization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time_zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time_zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Time zones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time_zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Balkans</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 150 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-150" aria-hidden="true" > 150 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan" title="Balkan – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Balkan" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan" title="Balkan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Balkan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkanhalbinsel" title="Balkanhalbinsel – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Balkanhalbinsel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%88%8D%E1%8A%AB%E1%8A%96%E1%89%BD" title="ባልካኖች – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባልካኖች" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyricum" title="Illyricum – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Illyricum" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D3%99%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%8C%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B6%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Балкантәи адгьылбжьахабжа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Балкантәи адгьылбжьахабжа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86" title="البلقان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="البلقان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula_Balcanica" title="Peninsula Balcanica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Peninsula Balcanica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%AC%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B9%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B2%D5%A6%D5%AB" title="Պալքանեան Թերակղզի – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պալքանեան Թերակղզի" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balcans" title="Balcans – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Balcans" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2" title="বলকান অঞ্চল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বলকান অঞ্চল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balcanes" title="Balcanes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Balcanes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_yar%C4%B1madas%C4%B1" title="Balkan yarımadası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Balkan yarımadası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بالکان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بالکان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2" title="বলকান অঞ্চল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বলকান অঞ্চল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_po%C3%A0n-t%C3%B3" title="Balkan poàn-tó – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Balkan poàn-tó" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Балҡан ярымутрауы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Балҡан ярымутрауы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Балканскі паўвостраў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Балканскі паўвостраў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Балканскі паўвостраў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Балканскі паўвостраў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Балкански полуостров – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Балкански полуостров" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan" title="Balkan – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Balkan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkanio%C3%B9" title="Balkanioù – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Balkanioù" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balcans" title="Balcans – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Balcans" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_%C3%A7%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%C4%95" title="Балкан çурутравĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Балкан çурутравĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Peninsula" title="Balkan Peninsula – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Balkan Peninsula" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balk%C3%A1n" title="Balkán – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Balkán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balcanau" title="Balcanau – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Balcanau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkanhalv%C3%B8en" title="Balkanhalvøen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Balkanhalvøen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkannj%C3%A1rga" title="Balkannjárga – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Balkannjárga" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkanhalbinsel" title="Balkanhalbinsel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Balkanhalbinsel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balka%C5%84ska_po%C5%82kupa" title="Balkańska połkupa – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Balkańska połkupa" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkani_poolsaar" title="Balkani poolsaar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Balkani poolsaar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Βαλκάνια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βαλκάνια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen%C3%ADnsula_balc%C3%A1nica" title="Península balcánica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Península balcánica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkana_duoninsulo" title="Balkana duoninsulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Balkana duoninsulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkanak" title="Balkanak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Balkanak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بالکان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بالکان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkanh%C3%A1lvoyggin" title="Balkanhálvoyggin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Balkanhálvoyggin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Balkans" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan" title="Balkan – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Balkan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balcans" title="Balcans – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Balcans" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_Balc%C3%A1in" title="Na Balcáin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Na Balcáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny_%C3%87heeraghyn_Balkanagh" title="Ny Çheeraghyn Balkanagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ny Çheeraghyn Balkanagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan" title="Balkan – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Balkan" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_Balcain" title="Na Balcain – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Na Balcain" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balc%C3%A1ns" title="Balcáns – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Balcáns" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_pan-t%C3%B3" title="Balkan pan-tó – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Balkan pan-tó" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%EC%B9%B8%EB%B0%98%EB%8F%84" title="발칸반도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발칸반도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B2%D5%A6%D5%AB" title="Բալկանյան թերակղզի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բալկանյան թերակղզի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8" title="बाल्कन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बाल्कन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkanska_po%C5%82kupa" title="Balkanska połkupa – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Balkanska połkupa" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkanski_poluotok" title="Balkanski poluotok – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Balkanski poluotok" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan" title="Balkan – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Balkan" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan" title="Balkan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Balkan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkanes" title="Balkanes – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Balkanes" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%C3%A6%D1%80%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Балканы æрдæгсакъадах – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Балканы æрдæгсакъадах" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Peninsula_yaseBalkan" title="I-Peninsula yaseBalkan – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Peninsula yaseBalkan" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkanskagi" title="Balkanskagi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Balkanskagi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penisola_balcanica" title="Penisola balcanica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Penisola balcanica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%91%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%9F" title="חבל הבלקן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חבל הבלקן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan" title="Balkan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Balkan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ბალკანეთის ნახევარკუნძული – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბალკანეთის ნახევარკუნძული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Балқан түбегі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Балқан түбегі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkani" title="Balkani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Balkani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan" title="Balkan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Balkan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Балкан жарым аралы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Балкан жарым аралы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkanos" title="Balkanos – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Balkanos" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paeninsula_Balcanica" title="Paeninsula Balcanica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Paeninsula Balcanica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balk%C4%81nu_pussala" title="Balkānu pussala – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Balkānu pussala" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan" title="Balkan – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Balkan" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkanai" title="Balkanai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Balkanai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_(sjiereiland)" title="Balkan (sjiereiland) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Balkan (sjiereiland)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balcanes" title="Balcanes – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Balcanes" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balcan" title="Balcan – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Balcan" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balk%C3%A1n-f%C3%A9lsziget" title="Balkán-félsziget – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Balkán-félsziget" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Балкански Полуостров – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Балкански Полуостров" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkana" title="Balkana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Balkana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BB" title="ബാൾക്കൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബാൾക്കൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8" title="बाल्कन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बाल्कन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ბალკანეთიშ ჩქონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბალკანეთიშ ჩქონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86" title="البلقان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="البلقان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بالکان – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بالکان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan" title="Balkan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Balkan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B3" title="Балканы хойг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Балканы хойг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_(schiereiland)" title="Balkan (schiereiland) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Balkan (schiereiland)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan" title="Balkan – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Balkan" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA" title="बाल्कन प्रायद्वीप – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बाल्कन प्रायद्वीप" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8" title="बाल्कन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बाल्कन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="バルカン半島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バルカン半島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balcane" title="Balcane – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Balcane" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Балканийн ахгӀайре – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Балканийн ахгӀайре" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan" title="Balkan – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Balkan" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan" title="Balkan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Balkan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan" title="Balkan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Balkan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Balkans" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balcans" title="Balcans – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Balcans" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolqon_yarim_oroli" title="Bolqon yarim oroli – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bolqon yarim oroli" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A8" title="ਬਾਲਕਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਾਲਕਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بلقان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بلقان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بالکان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بالکان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Balkans" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3%C5%82wysep_Ba%C5%82ka%C5%84ski" title="Półwysep Bałkański – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Półwysep Bałkański" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BD_%CE%A7%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%83%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Βαλκανικόν Χερσόνησος – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Βαλκανικόν Χερσόνησος" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1lc%C3%A3s" title="Bálcãs – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bálcãs" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balqan_yar%C4%B1madas%C4%B1" title="Balqan yarımadası – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Balqan yarımadası" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula_Balcanic%C4%83" title="Peninsula Balcanică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Peninsula Balcanică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsla_dal_Balcan" title="Peninsla dal Balcan – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Peninsla dal Balcan" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palkanu_%C3%B1aqa_wat%27a" title="Palkanu ñaqa wat'a – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Palkanu ñaqa wat'a" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Балканскый полуостров – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Балканскый полуостров" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Балканский полуостров – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Балканский полуостров" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Балкаан – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Балкаан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balcanos" title="Balcanos – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Balcanos" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Balkans" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballkani" title="Ballkani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ballkani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin%C3%ACsula_balc%C3%A0nica" title="Pinìsula balcànica – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pinìsula balcànica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Balkans" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بلقان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بلقان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balk%C3%A1nsky_polostrov" title="Balkánsky polostrov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Balkánsky polostrov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan" title="Balkan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Balkan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Балкани – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Балкани" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%82kany" title="Bałkany – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Bałkany" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasiiradda_Balkaan" title="Jasiiradda Balkaan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jasiiradda Balkaan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بالکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بالکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Балкан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Балкан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan" title="Balkan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Balkan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan" title="Balkan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Balkan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkanhalv%C3%B6n" title="Balkanhalvön – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Balkanhalvön" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkanikong_Tangway" title="Balkanikong Tangway – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Balkanikong Tangway" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE" title="பால்கன் குடா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பால்கன் குடா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tazunegzirt_n_Balqan" title="Tazunegzirt n Balqan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tazunegzirt n Balqan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Балкан ярымутравы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Балкан ярымутравы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="బాల్కన్లు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బాల్కన్లు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="บอลข่าน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บอลข่าน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BC%D2%B7%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Нимҷазираи Балкан – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Нимҷазираи Балкан" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkanlar" title="Balkanlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Balkanlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_%C3%BDarymadasy" title="Balkan ýarymadasy – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Balkan ýarymadasy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1yaaba%CC%B1li%CC%B1kan" title="A̱yaaba̱li̱kan – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱yaaba̱li̱kan" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Балканський півострів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Балканський півострів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بلقان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بلقان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahwjgan_buendauj" title="Bahwjgan buendauj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Bahwjgan buendauj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen%C3%ACzo%C5%82a_balc%C3%A0nega" title="Penìzoła balcànega – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Penìzoła balcànega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan" title="Balkan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Balkan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%88%BE%E5%B9%B9%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="巴爾幹半島 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="巴爾幹半島" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan" title="Balkan – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Balkan" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan" title="Balkan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Balkan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%B9%B2%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="巴尔干半岛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴尔干半岛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="באלקאן לענדער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באלקאן לענדער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9D%A1%E5%8B%A4%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="坡勤半島 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="坡勤半島" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan%C4%81" title="Balkanā – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Balkanā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%B9%B2%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="巴尔干半岛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴尔干半岛" 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data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region of southeastern Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Balkan" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Balkan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Balkan (disambiguation)">Balkan (disambiguation)</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Baltics" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltics">Baltics</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129712854">.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-title-embed{background-color:#efefef;font-weight:bold;padding:0.3em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native>div{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-header{background-color:#efefef}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country{border-top:1px solid black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country2{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-below{text-align:left;border-top:#aaa 1px solid}</style><table class="infobox ib-islands vcard"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Geographic_map_of_Balkan_Peninsula.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Balkan Peninsula according to Prof. R. J. Crampton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Geographic_map_of_Balkan_Peninsula.svg/260px-Geographic_map_of_Balkan_Peninsula.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Geographic_map_of_Balkan_Peninsula.svg/390px-Geographic_map_of_Balkan_Peninsula.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Geographic_map_of_Balkan_Peninsula.svg/520px-Geographic_map_of_Balkan_Peninsula.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3118" data-file-height="2600" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Geographical map of the Balkan Peninsula</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="4" data-overlays="["_bce491fab15b8a6795ee35cc2af9526604254a9b"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,4,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Balkans&revid=1279111627&groups=_bce491fab15b8a6795ee35cc2af9526604254a9b" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,4,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Balkans&revid=1279111627&groups=_bce491fab15b8a6795ee35cc2af9526604254a9b 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">Southeastern <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">2,925 m (9596 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest point</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Musala" title="Musala">Musala</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Administration</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div><a href="#Definitions_and_boundaries">See below</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Balkans (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbɔːlkənz/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">BAWL-kənz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbɒlkənz/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">BOL-kənz</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>), corresponding partially with the Balkan Peninsula (Peninsula of Haemus, Haemaic Peninsula), is a geographical area in southeastern <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> with various geographical and historical definitions.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schaefer2008-4">[4]</a> The region takes its name from the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Mountains" title="Balkan Mountains">Balkan Mountains</a> (Haemus Mountains) that stretch throughout the whole of <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-5">[5]</a> The Balkan Peninsula is bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> in the northwest, the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a> in the southwest, the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> in the south, the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_straits" title="Turkish straits">Turkish straits</a> in the east, and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> in the northeast. The northern border of the <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsula</a> is variously defined.<a href="#cite_note-DaskalovMishkova2017-6">[6]</a> The highest point of the Balkans is <a href="/wiki/Musala" title="Musala">Musala</a>, 2,925 metres (9,596 ft), in the <a href="/wiki/Rila" title="Rila">Rila</a> mountain range, Bulgaria. The concept of the Balkan Peninsula was created by the German geographer <a href="/wiki/August_Zeune" title="August Zeune">August Zeune</a> in 1808,<a href="#cite_note-Tomic2006-7">[7]</a> who mistakenly considered the Balkan Mountains the dominant mountain system of Southeast Europe spanning from the Adriatic Sea to the Black Sea. In the 19th century the term Balkan Peninsula was a synonym for <a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Rumelia</a>, the parts of Europe that were provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> at the time. It had a geopolitical rather than a geographical definition, which was further promoted during the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> in the early 20th century. The definition of the Balkan Peninsula's natural borders does not coincide with the technical definition of a peninsula; hence modern geographers reject the idea of a Balkan Peninsula, while historical scholars usually discuss the Balkans as a region. The term has acquired a stigmatized and pejorative meaning related to the process of <a href="/wiki/Balkanization" title="Balkanization">Balkanization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DaskalovMishkova2017-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-BideleuxJeffries2007-8">[8]</a> The alternative term used for the region is <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a>. The borders of the Balkans are, due to many contrasting definitions, disputed. There exists no universal agreement on the region's components. The term by most definitions fully encompasses <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greece#Mainland" title="Geography of Greece">mainland</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="European Turkey">European Turkey</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Dobruja" title="Northern Dobruja">Romanian coast</a>, most of <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and large parts of <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>. The term sometimes includes all of <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, Serbia and Croatia, and southern parts of <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>. Although they have no territory on the peninsula, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> are sometimes incorporated into the Balkans region due to cultural and historical affiliations. The <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Trieste" title="Province of Trieste">Province of Trieste</a> in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, although by some definitions considered part of the Balkan Peninsula, is generally excluded from the Balkans region. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div> The origin of the word Balkan is obscure; it may be related to <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> bālk 'mud' (from Proto-Turkic *bal 'mud, clay; thick or gluey substance', cf. also Turkic <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/b%E1%BA%A1l" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/bạl">bal</a> 'honey'), and the Turkish suffix -an 'swampy forest'<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> or Persian bālā-khāna 'big high house'.<a href="#cite_note-Todorova_1997_27-10">[10]</a> It was used mainly during the time of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. In both <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">modern Turkish</a>, balkan means 'chain of wooded mountains'.<a href="#cite_note-Balkan.-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_names_and_meaning">Historical names and meaning</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classical_antiquity_and_the_early_Middle_Ages">Classical antiquity and the early Middle Ages</h4></div> From <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the Balkan Mountains were called by the local <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracian</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> name <a href="/wiki/Haemus" title="Haemus">Haemus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> According to Greek mythology, the <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thracian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Haemus" title="Haemus">Haemus</a> was turned into a mountain by <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> as a punishment and the mountain has remained with his name.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> A reverse name scheme has also been suggested. D. Dechev considers that Haemus (Αἷμος) is derived from a <a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a> word *saimon, 'mountain ridge'.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> A third possibility is that "Haemus" (Αἵμος) derives from the Greek word haima (αἷμα) meaning 'blood'. The myth relates to a fight between <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> and the monster/titan <a href="/wiki/Typhon" title="Typhon">Typhon</a>. Zeus injured Typhon with a thunder bolt and Typhon's blood fell on the mountains, giving them their name.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_Middle_Ages_and_Ottoman_period">Late Middle Ages and Ottoman period</h4></div> The earliest mention of the name appears in an early 14th-century Arab map, in which the <a href="/wiki/Haemus_Mons" class="mw-redirect" title="Haemus Mons">Haemus Mountains</a> are referred to as Balkan.<a href="#cite_note-Dobrev_1989-19">[19]</a> The first attested time the name "Balkan" was used in the West for the mountain range in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> was in a letter sent in 1490 to Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII" title="Pope Innocent VIII">Innocent VIII</a> by <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Buonaccorsi" title="Filippo Buonaccorsi">Buonaccorsi Callimaco</a>, an Italian humanist, writer and diplomat.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottomans</a> first mention it in a document dated from 1565.<a href="#cite_note-Todorova_1997_27-10">[10]</a> There has been no other documented usage of the word to refer to the region before that, although other Turkic tribes had already settled in or were passing through the region.<a href="#cite_note-Todorova_1997_27-10">[10]</a> There is also a claim about an earlier <a href="/wiki/Oghuric_languages" title="Oghuric languages">Bulgar</a> Turkic origin of the word popular in Bulgaria, however it is only an unscholarly assertion.<a href="#cite_note-Todorova_1997_27-10">[10]</a> The word was used by the Ottomans in <a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Rumelia</a> in its general meaning of mountain, as in Kod̲j̲a-Balkan, Čatal-Balkan, and Ungurus-Balkani̊, but it was especially applied to the Haemus mountain.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The name is still preserved in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Daglary" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Daglary">Balkan Daglary</a> (Balkan Mountains)<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Region" title="Balkan Region">Balkan Region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>. The English traveler <a href="/wiki/John_Bacon_Sawrey_Morritt" title="John Bacon Sawrey Morritt">John Bacon Sawrey Morritt</a> introduced this term into English literature at the end of the 18th century, and other authors started applying the name to the wider area between the Adriatic and the Black Sea. The concept of the "Balkans" was created by the German geographer <a href="/wiki/August_Zeune" title="August Zeune">August Zeune</a> in 1808,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> who mistakenly considered it as the dominant central mountain system of Southeast Europe spanning from the Adriatic Sea to the Black Sea.<a href="#cite_note-Somek15-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Altić11-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-DaskalovMishkova2017-6">[6]</a> During the 1820s, "Balkan became the preferred although not yet exclusive term alongside Haemus among British travelers... Among Russian travelers not so burdened by classical toponymy, Balkan was the preferred term".<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In European books printed until late 1800s it was also known as Illyrian Peninsula or Illyrische Halbinsel in German.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution_of_meaning_in_the_19th_and_20th_centuries">Evolution of meaning in the 19th and 20th centuries</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkan_topo_blank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Balkan_topo_blank.jpg/330px-Balkan_topo_blank.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Balkan_topo_blank.jpg/500px-Balkan_topo_blank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Balkan_topo_blank.jpg/960px-Balkan_topo_blank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1278" /></a><figcaption>A definition of the Balkan Peninsula from 1918 largely according to <a href="/wiki/Jovan_Cviji%C4%87" title="Jovan Cvijić">Jovan Cvijić</a> with the north-west demarcation <a href="/wiki/So%C4%8Da" title="Soča">Soča</a>-<a href="/wiki/Vipava,_Vipava" title="Vipava, Vipava">Vipava</a>-<a href="/wiki/Postojna" title="Postojna">Postojna</a>-<a href="/wiki/Krka_(Sava)" title="Krka (Sava)">Krka</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sava" title="Sava">Sava</a>, i.e. the border between the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dinaric_Alps" title="Dinaric Alps">Dinaric Mountains</a></figcaption></figure>The term was not commonly used in geographical literature until the mid-19th century because, already then, scientists like <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ritter" title="Carl Ritter">Carl Ritter</a> warned that only the part south of the Balkan Mountains could be considered as a peninsula and considered it to be renamed as "Greek peninsula". Other prominent geographers who did not agree with Zeune were <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Wagner_(geographer)" title="Hermann Wagner (geographer)">Hermann Wagner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theobald_Fischer" title="Theobald Fischer">Theobald Fischer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marion_Newbigin" title="Marion Newbigin">Marion Newbigin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Penck" title="Albrecht Penck">Albrecht Penck</a>, while Austrian diplomat <a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_von_Hahn" title="Johann Georg von Hahn">Johann Georg von Hahn</a>, in 1869, for the same territory, used the term Südosteuropäische Halbinsel ('Southeastern European peninsula'). Another reason it was not commonly accepted as the definition of then <a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">European Turkey</a> had a similar land extent. However, after the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a> (1878) there was a political need for a new term and gradually "the Balkans" was revitalized, but in the maps, the northern border was in Serbia and Montenegro and Greece was not included (it only depicted the Ottoman occupied parts of Europe), while Yugoslavian maps also included Croatia and Bosnia. The term Balkan Peninsula was a synonym for European Turkey, the political borders of former Ottoman Empire provinces.<a href="#cite_note-DaskalovMishkova2017-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Altić11-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-VezenkovIWM06-29">[29]</a> The usage of the term changed in the very end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, when it was embraced by Serbian geographers, most prominently by <a href="/wiki/Jovan_Cviji%C4%87" title="Jovan Cvijić">Jovan Cvijić</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Somek15-25">[25]</a> It was done with political reasoning as affirmation for <a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian nationalism</a> on the whole territory of the <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a>, and also included anthropological and ethnological studies of the South Slavs through which were claimed various nationalistic and racialist theories.<a href="#cite_note-Somek15-25">[25]</a> Through such policies and Yugoslavian maps the term was elevated to the modern status of a geographical region.<a href="#cite_note-Altić11-26">[26]</a> The term acquired political nationalistic connotations far from its initial geographic meaning,<a href="#cite_note-DaskalovMishkova2017-6">[6]</a> arising from political changes from the late 19th century to the creation of post–<a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> (initially the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a> in 1918).<a href="#cite_note-Altić11-26">[26]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">dissolution of Yugoslavia</a> beginning in June 1991, the term Balkans acquired a negative political meaning, especially in Croatia and Slovenia, as well in worldwide casual usage for war conflicts and fragmentation of territory (see <a href="/wiki/Balkanization" title="Balkanization">Balkanization</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Somek15-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Altić11-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Europe">Southeast Europe</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a></div> In part due to the historical and political connotations of the term Balkans,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> especially since the military conflicts of the 1990s in Yugoslavia in the western half of the region, the term <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a> is becoming increasingly popular.<a href="#cite_note-Altić11-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> A <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> initiative of 1999 is called the <a href="/wiki/Stability_Pact_for_Southeastern_Europe" title="Stability Pact for Southeastern Europe">Stability Pact for Southeastern Europe</a>. The online newspaper Balkan Times renamed itself <a href="/wiki/Southeast_European_Times" title="Southeast European Times">Southeast European Times</a> in 2003.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current">Current</h3></div> In other languages of the region, the region is known as: <ul><li>Slavic languages: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>: Балкански Полуостров, transliterated: Balkanski Poluostrov</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>: Balkansko poluostrvo / Балканско полуострво</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>: Balkanski poluotok</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>: Balkanski polotok</li></ul></li> <li>Romance languages: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a>: Peninsula Balcanicã or Balcani</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: Peninsula Balcanică or Balcani</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Penisola balcanica or Balcani</li></ul></li> <li>Other languages: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: Gadishulli Ballkanik and Siujdhesa e Ballkanit</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Βαλκανική χερσόνησος, transliterated: Valkaniki chersonisos</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Balkan Yarımadası or Balkanlar</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions_and_boundaries">Definitions and boundaries</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkan_Peninsula.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Balkan_Peninsula.svg/265px-Balkan_Peninsula.svg.png" decoding="async" width="265" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Balkan_Peninsula.svg/398px-Balkan_Peninsula.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Balkan_Peninsula.svg/530px-Balkan_Peninsula.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Balkan Peninsula as defined by the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sava" title="Sava">Sava</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kupa" title="Kupa">Kupa</a> line</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balkan_Peninsula">Balkan Peninsula</h3></div> The Balkan Peninsula is bounded by the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> to the west, the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a> seas) and the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a> to the south and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> to the east. Its northern boundary is often given as the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sava" title="Sava">Sava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kupa" title="Kupa">Kupa</a> Rivers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJelavich1983a1-32">[32]</a> The Balkan Peninsula has a combined area of about 470,000 km2 (181,000 sq mi). The peninsula is generally encompassed in the region known as <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Italy currently holds a small area around <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> that is by some older definitions considered a part of the Balkan Peninsula. However, the regions of Trieste and Istria are not usually considered part of the Balkans by Italian geographers, due to their definition of the Balkans that limits its western border to the Kupa River.<a href="#cite_note-Agostini,_2004,_p.78-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balkans">Balkans</h3></div> The borders of the Balkans are due to many contrasting definitions disputed. There exists no universal agreement on the region's components. The term by most definitions fully encompasses <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">European Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Dobruja" title="Northern Dobruja">Romanian coast</a>, most of <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and large parts of <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>. Sometimes the term also includes Romania as a whole and southern parts of Slovenia. <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> are sometimes included in discussions of the Balkans due to cultural and historical affiliation.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Trieste" title="Province of Trieste">Province of Trieste</a> in Italy, although by some definitions on the peninsula, is generally excluded from the Balkans. The term <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a> is also used for the region, with various definitions. Individual Balkan states can also be considered part of other regions, including <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>. Turkey, including its European territory, is generally included in <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Balkans">Western Balkans</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2015_Western_Balkans_Summit,_Vienna" title="2015 Western Balkans Summit, Vienna">2015 Western Balkans Summit, Vienna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strategy_for_the_Western_Balkans" title="Strategy for the Western Balkans">Strategy for the Western Balkans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Balkans.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Western_Balkans.PNG/220px-Western_Balkans.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Western_Balkans.PNG/330px-Western_Balkans.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Western_Balkans.PNG/440px-Western_Balkans.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1606" data-file-height="1494" /></a><figcaption>Western Balkan countries – <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>. Croatia (yellow) joined the EU in 2013</figcaption></figure> The Western Balkans is a political neologism coined to refer to Albania and the territory of the former Yugoslavia, except <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, since the early 1990s.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_furtherreading2">[e]</a> The region of the Western Balkans, a coinage exclusively used in pan-European parlance, roughly corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/Dinaric_Alps" title="Dinaric Alps">Dinaric Alps</a> territory. The institutions of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> have generally used the term Western Balkans to mean the Balkan area that includes countries that are not members of the European Union, while others refer to the geographical aspects.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><a href="#endnote_furtherreading1">[d]</a> Each of these countries aims to be part of the <a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">future enlargement of the European Union</a> and reach democracy and transmission scores but, until then, they will be strongly connected with the pre-EU waiting program <a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">Central European Free Trade Agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Croatia, considered part of the Western Balkans, joined the EU in July 2013.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_the_geographical_definition">Criticism of the geographical definition</h3></div> The term is criticized for having a geopolitical, rather than a geographical meaning and definition, as a multiethnic and political area in the southeastern part of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Altić11-26">[26]</a> The geographical term of a <a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">peninsula</a> defines that the sea border must be longer than the land border, with the land side being the shortest in the triangle, but that is not the case for the Balkan Peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-Somek15-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Altić11-26">[26]</a> Both the eastern and western sea catheti from <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Matapan" title="Cape Matapan">Cape Matapan</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1230–1350 km) and from <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> to Cape Matapan (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1270–1285 km) are shorter than the land cathetus from Trieste to Odesa (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1330–1365 km).<a href="#cite_note-Somek15-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Altić11-26">[26]</a> The land has too long a land border to qualify as a peninsula – <a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a> (920 km) and <a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a> (950 km) at the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> are closer to Trieste than Odesa yet it is not considered as another European peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-Somek15-25">[25]</a> Since the late 19th and early 20th century no exact northern border has been clear,<a href="#cite_note-Somek15-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Altić11-26">[26]</a> with an issue, whether the rivers are usable for its definition.<a href="#cite_note-DaskalovMishkova2017-6">[6]</a> In studies the Balkans' natural borders, especially the northern border, are often avoided to be addressed, considered as a problème fastidieux (delicate problem) by André Blanc in Géographie des Balkans (1965),<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> while John Lampe and Marvin Jackman in Balkan Economic History (1971) noted that "modern geographers seem agreed in rejecting the old idea of a Balkan Peninsula".<a href="#cite_note-DaskalovMishkova2017-6">[6]</a> Another issue is the name: the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Mountains" title="Balkan Mountains">Balkan Mountains</a>, mostly in Northern Bulgaria, do not dominate the region by length and area as do the <a href="/wiki/Dinaric_Alps" title="Dinaric Alps">Dinaric Alps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Somek15-25">[25]</a> An eventual Balkan peninsula can be considered a territory south of the Balkan Mountains, with a possible name "Greek-Albanian Peninsula."<a href="#cite_note-DaskalovMishkova2017-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Altić11-26">[26]</a> The term influenced the meaning of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a> which again is not properly defined by geographical factors.<a href="#cite_note-Altić11-26">[26]</a> Croatian geographers and academics are highly critical of inclusion of Croatia within the broad geographical, social-political and historical context of the Balkans, while the neologism Western Balkans is perceived as a humiliation of Croatia by the European political powers.<a href="#cite_note-Somek15-25">[25]</a> According to M. S. Altić, the term has two different meanings, "geographical, ultimately undefined, and cultural, extremely negative, and recently strongly motivated by the contemporary political context".<a href="#cite_note-Altić11-26">[26]</a> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Croatia" title="President of Croatia">President of Croatia</a> <a href="/wiki/Kolinda_Grabar-Kitarovi%C4%87" title="Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović">Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović</a> stated that the use of the term "Western Balkans" should be avoided because it does not imply only a geographic area, but also negative connotations, and instead must be perceived as and called Southeast Europe because it is part of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Slovenian philosopher <a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Slavoj Žižek</a> said of the definition,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">This very alibi confronts us with the first of many paradoxes concerning Balkan: its geographic delimitation was never precise. It is as if one can never receive a definitive answer to the question, "Where does it begin?" For Serbs, it begins down there in Kosovo or Bosnia, and they defend the Christian civilization against this Europe's Other. For Croats, it begins with the Orthodox, despotic, Byzantine Serbia, against which Croatia defends the values of democratic Western civilization. For Slovenes, it begins with Croatia, and we Slovenes are the last outpost of the peaceful Mitteleuropa. For Italians and Austrians, it begins with Slovenia, where the reign of the Slavic hordes starts. For Germans, Austria itself, on account of its historic connections, is already tainted by Balkanic corruption and inefficiency. For some arrogant Frenchmen, Germany is associated with the Balkanian Eastern savagery—up to the extreme case of some conservative anti-European-Union Englishmen for whom, in an implicit way, it is ultimately the whole of continental Europe itself that functions as a kind of Balkan Turkish global empire with Brussels as the new Constantinople, the capricious despotic center threatening English freedom and sovereignty. So Balkan is always the Other: it lies somewhere else, always a little bit more to the southeast, with the paradox that, when we reach the very bottom of the Balkan peninsula, we again magically escape Balkan. Greece is no longer Balkan proper, but the cradle of our Western civilization.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nature_and_natural_resources">Nature and natural resources</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marichin_cirkus_IMG_1452.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Marichin_cirkus_IMG_1452.jpg/250px-Marichin_cirkus_IMG_1452.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Marichin_cirkus_IMG_1452.jpg/330px-Marichin_cirkus_IMG_1452.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Marichin_cirkus_IMG_1452.jpg/500px-Marichin_cirkus_IMG_1452.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>View toward <a href="/wiki/Rila" title="Rila">Rila</a>, the highest mountain range of the Balkans and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a> (2,925 m)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NP001_nacionalni_park_sutjeska_perucica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/NP001_nacionalni_park_sutjeska_perucica.jpg/220px-NP001_nacionalni_park_sutjeska_perucica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/NP001_nacionalni_park_sutjeska_perucica.jpg/330px-NP001_nacionalni_park_sutjeska_perucica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/NP001_nacionalni_park_sutjeska_perucica.jpg/440px-NP001_nacionalni_park_sutjeska_perucica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sutjeska_National_Park" title="Sutjeska National Park">Sutjeska National Park</a> contains <a href="/wiki/Peru%C4%87ica" title="Perućica">Perućica</a>, which is the largest <a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">primeval forest</a> in the Balkans, and one of the last remaining in Europe</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Skadar,_Montenegro_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lake_Skadar%2C_Montenegro_2.jpg/220px-Lake_Skadar%2C_Montenegro_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lake_Skadar%2C_Montenegro_2.jpg/330px-Lake_Skadar%2C_Montenegro_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lake_Skadar%2C_Montenegro_2.jpg/440px-Lake_Skadar%2C_Montenegro_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lake_Skadar" title="Lake Skadar">Lake Skadar</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Largest_lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest lake">largest lake</a> in the Balkans and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a></figcaption></figure> Most of the area is covered by mountain ranges running from the northwest to southeast. The main ranges are the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Mountains" title="Balkan Mountains">Balkan Mountains</a> (Stara Planina in <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian language</a>), running from the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coast in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> to the border with <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rila" title="Rila">Rila</a>-<a href="/wiki/Rhodope_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodope mountains">Rhodope</a> <a href="/wiki/Massif" title="Massif">massif</a> in southern Bulgaria, the <a href="/wiki/Dinaric_Alps" title="Dinaric Alps">Dinaric Alps</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Korab" title="Korab">Korab</a>-<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ar_Mountains" title="Šar Mountains">Šar</a> mountains which spreads from <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> to <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pindus" title="Pindus">Pindus</a> range, spanning from southern Albania into central Greece and the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Alps">Albanian Alps</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Julian_Alps" title="Julian Alps">Alps</a> at the northwestern border. The highest mountain of the region is <a href="/wiki/Rila" title="Rila">Rila</a> in Bulgaria, with <a href="/wiki/Musala" title="Musala">Musala</a> at 2,925 m, second being <a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus_(Mountain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Olympus (Mountain)">Mount Olympus</a> in Greece, with <a href="/wiki/Mytikas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mytikas">Mytikas</a> at 2,917 m, and <a href="/wiki/Pirin" title="Pirin">Pirin</a> mountain with <a href="/wiki/Vihren" title="Vihren">Vihren</a>, also in Bulgaria, being the third at 2915 m.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">karst</a> field or <a href="/wiki/Polje" title="Polje">polje</a> is a common feature of the landscape. On the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a> coasts, the climate is <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean</a>, on the Black Sea coast the climate is <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic</a>, and inland it is <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental</a>. In the northern part of the peninsula and on the mountains, winters are frosty and snowy, while summers are hot and dry. In the southern part, winters are milder. The humid continental climate is predominant in Bosnia and Herzegovina, northern Croatia, Bulgaria, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, northern Montenegro, the Republic of North Macedonia, and the interior of Albania and <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>. Meanwhile, the other less common climates, the humid subtropical and oceanic climates, are seen on the Black Sea coast of Bulgaria and <a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">Balkan Turkey (European Turkey)</a>. The Mediterranean climate is seen on the Adriatic coasts of Albania, Croatia and Montenegro, as well as the Ionian coasts of Albania and Greece, in addition to the Aegean coasts of Greece and <a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">Balkan Turkey (European Turkey)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica_2020-50">[50]</a> Over the centuries, forests have been cut down and replaced with <a href="/wiki/Bush_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bush (plant)">bush</a>. In the southern part and on the coast there is <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> vegetation. Inland there are woods typical of Central Europe (<a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a>, and in the mountains, <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">fir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Tree_line" title="Tree line">tree line</a> in the mountains lies at the height of 1,800–2,300 m. The land provides <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a> for numerous <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a> species, including extraordinarily abundant insects and reptiles that serve as food for a variety of <a href="/wiki/Birds_of_prey" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds of prey">birds of prey</a> and rare <a href="/wiki/Vulture" title="Vulture">vultures</a>. The soils are generally poor, except on the <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">plains</a>, where areas with natural grass, fertile soils and warm summers provide an opportunity for tillage. Elsewhere, land cultivation is mostly unsuccessful because of the mountains, hot summers and poor soils, although certain cultures such as <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olive</a> and grape flourish. Resources of energy are scarce, except in <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, where considerable <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> deposits are located.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Other deposits of <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, especially in Bulgaria, Serbia and Bosnia, also exist. <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">Lignite</a> deposits are widespread in Greece. <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a> scarce reserves exist in Greece, Serbia and Albania. Natural gas deposits are scarce. <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a> is in wide use, from over 1,000 dams. The often relentless <a href="/wiki/Bora_wind" class="mw-redirect" title="Bora wind">bora wind</a> is also being harnessed for power generation. Metal ores are more usual than other raw materials. Iron ore is rare, but in some countries there is a considerable amount of copper, zinc, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromite" title="Chromite">chromite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesite" title="Magnesite">magnesite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a>. Some metals are exported. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_geopolitical_significance">History and geopolitical significance</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans" title="History of the Balkans">History of the Balkans</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Language_influence_border_between_Latin_and_Hellenic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Language_influence_border_between_Latin_and_Hellenic.png/220px-Language_influence_border_between_Latin_and_Hellenic.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Language_influence_border_between_Latin_and_Hellenic.png/330px-Language_influence_border_between_Latin_and_Hellenic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Language_influence_border_between_Latin_and_Hellenic.png/440px-Language_influence_border_between_Latin_and_Hellenic.png 2x" data-file-width="3763" data-file-height="2557" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Jire%C4%8Dek_Line" title="Jireček Line">Jireček Line</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_new_old_amphitheater_in_Pula_Istria_(19629095974).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_new_old_amphitheater_in_Pula_Istria_%2819629095974%29.jpg/220px-The_new_old_amphitheater_in_Pula_Istria_%2819629095974%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_new_old_amphitheater_in_Pula_Istria_%2819629095974%29.jpg/330px-The_new_old_amphitheater_in_Pula_Istria_%2819629095974%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_new_old_amphitheater_in_Pula_Istria_%2819629095974%29.jpg/440px-The_new_old_amphitheater_in_Pula_Istria_%2819629095974%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4443" data-file-height="2962" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pula_Arena" title="Pula Arena">Pula Arena</a>, the only remaining Roman amphitheatre to have four side towers and with all three Roman architectural orders entirely preserved</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Felix_Romuliana,_built_in_298_AD_by_Emperor_Galerius,_Dacia_Ripensis,_Serbia_(42905999032).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Felix_Romuliana%2C_built_in_298_AD_by_Emperor_Galerius%2C_Dacia_Ripensis%2C_Serbia_%2842905999032%29.jpg/250px-Felix_Romuliana%2C_built_in_298_AD_by_Emperor_Galerius%2C_Dacia_Ripensis%2C_Serbia_%2842905999032%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Felix_Romuliana%2C_built_in_298_AD_by_Emperor_Galerius%2C_Dacia_Ripensis%2C_Serbia_%2842905999032%29.jpg/330px-Felix_Romuliana%2C_built_in_298_AD_by_Emperor_Galerius%2C_Dacia_Ripensis%2C_Serbia_%2842905999032%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Felix_Romuliana%2C_built_in_298_AD_by_Emperor_Galerius%2C_Dacia_Ripensis%2C_Serbia_%2842905999032%29.jpg/500px-Felix_Romuliana%2C_built_in_298_AD_by_Emperor_Galerius%2C_Dacia_Ripensis%2C_Serbia_%2842905999032%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Gamzigrad" title="Gamzigrad">Felix Romuliana Imperial Palace</a>, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></figcaption></figure> The Balkan region was the first area in Europe to experience the arrival of farming cultures in the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> era. The Balkans have been inhabited since the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> and are the route by which farming from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> spread to Europe during the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> (7th millennium BC).<a href="#cite_note-Borza-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The practices of growing grain and raising livestock arrived in the Balkans from the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a> by way of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and spread west and north into Central Europe, particularly through <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>. Two early culture-complexes have developed in the region, <a href="/wiki/Star%C4%8Devo_culture" title="Starčevo culture">Starčevo culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vin%C4%8Da_culture" title="Vinča culture">Vinča culture</a>. The Balkans are also the location of the first advanced civilizations. Vinča culture developed a form of <a href="/wiki/Proto-writing" title="Proto-writing">proto-writing</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minoans" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoans">Minoans</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Old_European_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Old European script">Old European script</a>, while the bulk of the symbols had been created in the period between 4500 and 4000 BC, with the ones on the Tărtăria clay tablets even dating back to around 5300 BC.<a href="#cite_note-GdS-54">[54]</a> The identity of the Balkans is dominated by its geographical position; historically the area was known as a crossroads of cultures. It has been a juncture between the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> bodies of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, the destination of a massive influx of pagan <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>, an area where <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> Christianity met, as well as the meeting point between <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Albanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanic">Albanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Palaeo-Balkan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeo-Balkan languages">Palaeo-Balkan languages</a>, had their formative core in the Balkans after the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a> in the region.<a href="#cite_note-Friedman-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lazaridis_et_al.-57">[57]</a> In pre-classical and <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, this region was home to <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paeonians" title="Paeonians">Paeonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a>, and other ancient groups. The <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Persian Empire</a> incorporated parts of the Balkans comprising <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> (parts of present-day eastern <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coastal region of Romania beginning in 512 BC.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Following the Persian defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a> in 479 BC, they abandoned all of their European territories, which regained their independence. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a> (359-336 BC), <a href="/wiki/Expansion_of_Macedonia_under_Philip_II" title="Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II">Macedonia rose to become the most powerful state in the Balkans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-King_2017-59">[59]</a> In the second century BC, the Roman Empire conquered the region and spread Roman culture and the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> language, but significant parts still remained under <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">classical Greek</a> influence. The only <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan languages</a> that survived are <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Friedman-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lazaridis_et_al.-57">[57]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> considered the <a href="/wiki/Rhodope_Mountains" title="Rhodope Mountains">Rhodope Mountains</a> to be the northern limit of the Peninsula of Haemus and the same limit applied approximately to the border between Greek and Latin use in the region (later called the <a href="/wiki/Jire%C4%8Dek_Line" title="Jireček Line">Jireček Line</a>).<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> However large spaces south of Jireček Line were and are inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlachs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aromanians" title="Aromanians">Aromanians</a>), the Romance-speaking heirs of Roman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">Slavs</a> arrived in the sixth-century and began assimilating and displacing already-assimilated (through Romanization and Hellenization) older inhabitants of the northern and central Balkans.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> This migration brought about the formation of distinct <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups">ethnic groups</a> amongst the South Slavs, which included the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Curta_2019_pp._65–77-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stanoyevich_1919_pp._91–97-65">[65]</a> Prior to the Slavic landing, parts of the western peninsula have been home to the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanians</a>. Including cities like <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Nish</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0tip" title="Štip">Shtip</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shkup" class="mw-redirect" title="Shkup">Shkup</a>. This can be proven through the development of the names, for example Naissos > Nish and Astibos > Shtip follow Albanian phonetic sound rules and have entered Slavic, indicating that Proto-Albanian was spoken prior to the Slavic invasion of the Balkans.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian_language" title="Proto-Albanian language">Proto-Albanian</a> speakers were Christianized under the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> sphere of influence, specifically in the 4th century CE, as shown by the basic <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> terms in Albanian, which are of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> origin and entered Proto-Albanian before the <a href="/wiki/Gheg_Albanian" title="Gheg Albanian">Gheg</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tosk_Albanian" title="Tosk Albanian">Tosk</a> dialectal diversification.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages_and_Early_modern_period">Middle Ages and Early modern period</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southeastern_Europe_Late_Ninth_Century.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Southeastern_Europe_Late_Ninth_Century.png/250px-Southeastern_Europe_Late_Ninth_Century.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Southeastern_Europe_Late_Ninth_Century.png/500px-Southeastern_Europe_Late_Ninth_Century.png 1.5x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption>The Balkans in 850 AD</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hagia_Sophia_81.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hagia_Sophia_81.JPG/220px-Hagia_Sophia_81.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hagia_Sophia_81.JPG/330px-Hagia_Sophia_81.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Hagia_Sophia_81.JPG/440px-Hagia_Sophia_81.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>, built in the 6th century <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey) as an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox cathedral</a>, later it became a mosque, then a museum, and now its both a mosque and a museum</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golubac_Fortress_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%86).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Golubac_Fortress_%28%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%86%29.jpg/220px-Golubac_Fortress_%28%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%86%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Golubac_Fortress_%28%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%86%29.jpg/330px-Golubac_Fortress_%28%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%86%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Golubac_Fortress_%28%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%86%29.jpg/440px-Golubac_Fortress_%28%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%86%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10368" data-file-height="7776" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Golubac_Fortress" title="Golubac Fortress">Golubac Fortress</a>, built in the 14th century to overlook the strategically important <a href="/wiki/Iron_Gates" title="Iron Gates">Iron Gates</a> gorge, was one of the many Balkan fortresses built in the Middle Ages to resist invading forces</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>, The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> was the dominant state in the region, both military and culturally. Their cultural strength became particularly evident in the second half of the 9th century when the <a href="/wiki/Population_of_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Population of the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian missionaries">missionaries</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyril_and_Methodius" title="Cyril and Methodius">Cyril and Methodius</a> managed to spread the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Byzantine variant</a> of Christianity to the majority of the Balkans inhabitants who were <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> beforehand. Initially, it was adopted by the Bulgarians and Serbs, with the <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> joining a bit later.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica_1998_m541-72">[72]</a> The lack of <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a> terms in Albanian Christian terminology shows that the missionary activities during the <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Slavs" title="Christianization of the Slavs">Christianization of the Slavs</a> did not involve Albanian-speakers, indeed, the Christian belief among Albanians had survived through the centuries and already become an important cultural element in their ethnic identity.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The emergence of the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a> and the constant <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Bulgarian_wars" title="Byzantine–Bulgarian wars">conflicts</a> between the Byzantine Empire and the First Bulgarian Empire significantly weakened the Byzantine control over the Balkans by the end of the 10th century. The Byzantines further lost power in the Balkans after the resurgence of the Bulgarians in the late 12th century, with the forming of their <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Western_Civilization_s859-74">[74]</a> After the collapse of the Second Bulgarian Empire, the Byzantine's Empire grip on power was prolonged by the inability of the Slavs to unite, which was caused by frequent infighting amongst themselves. Bulgaria in the first half of the 14th century was then overshadowed by the new rising regional power of Serbia, which was a result of <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Du%C5%A1an" title="Stefan Dušan">Stefan Dušan</a> rising up and conquering much of the Balkans to create the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a>. The Serbian and Byzantine empires continued to be the dominant forces in the region until the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottomans</a> several decades later.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica_1999_p824-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">Ottoman</a> expansion in the region began in the second half of the 14th century, as the Byzantine Empire continued to lose its grip on the region after <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Ottoman_wars" title="Byzantine–Ottoman wars">several defeats</a> to the Ottomans. In 1362, the Ottoman Turks conquered <a href="/wiki/Adrianople" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrianople">Adrianople</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a>, Turkey). This was the start of their conquest of the Balkan Peninsula, which lasted for more than a century. Other states in the area starting falling like Serbia after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Smederevo_(1459)" title="Siege of Smederevo (1459)">Siege of Smederevo</a> in 1459, Bulgaria in 1396, Byzantine Empire in 1453, Bosnia in 1463, Herzegovina in 1482, and Montenegro in 1496. The conquest was made easier for the Ottomans due to existing divisions among the Orthodox peoples and by the even deeper rift that had existed at the time between the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Christians">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Christians">Western Christians</a> of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica_1998_v596-76">[76]</a> The Albanians under <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg">Skanderbeg's</a> leadership resisted the Ottomans for a time (1443–1468) by using <a href="/wiki/Guerilla_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerilla warfare">guerilla warfare</a>. Skanderbeg's achievements, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albulena" title="Battle of Albulena">Battle of Albulena</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kruj%C3%AB_(1450)" title="Siege of Krujë (1450)">First Siege of Krujë</a> won him fame across Europe. The Ottomans eventually conquered the near entirety of the Balkans and reached central Europe by the early 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-Sedlar1994-77">[77]</a> Some smaller countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Montenegro" title="Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> managed to retain some autonomy by managing their own internal affairs, since the territory was too mountainous to completely subdue.<a href="#cite_note-Stephen_Clissold_1966-78">[78]</a> Another small country that retained its independence, both <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> and <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> in this case, was the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a> trading hub of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Ragusa</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a>, Croatia).<a href="#cite_note-Birnbaum_2018_o633-79">[79]</a> By the end of the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire had become the controlling force in the region after expanding from Anatolia through <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> to the Balkans. Many people in the Balkans place their greatest folk heroes in the era of either the onslaught or the retreat of the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> As examples, for Greeks, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodoros_Kolokotronis" title="Theodoros Kolokotronis">Kolokotronis</a>; and for Serbs, <a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Obili%C4%87" title="Miloš Obilić">Miloš Obilić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lazar_Hrebeljanovi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Lazar Hrebeljanović">Tsar Lazar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kara%C4%91or%C4%91e" title="Karađorđe">Karađorđe</a>; for Albanians, George Kastrioti Skanderbeg; for <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Macedonians">ethnic Macedonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Karev" title="Nikola Karev">Nikola Karev</a><a href="#cite_note-Considered_a_Bulgarian_in_Bulgaria-81">[81]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goce_Del%C4%8Dev" class="mw-redirect" title="Goce Delčev">Goce Delčev</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Considered_a_Bulgarian_in_Bulgaria-81">[81]</a> for Bulgarians, <a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski" title="Vasil Levski">Vasil Levski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Sava_Rakovski" title="Georgi Sava Rakovski">Georgi Sava Rakovski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hristo_Botev" title="Hristo Botev">Hristo Botev</a> and for <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikola_%C5%A0ubi%C4%87_Zrinjski" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikola Šubić Zrinjski">Nikola Šubić Zrinjski</a>. In the past several centuries, because of the frequent <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">Ottoman wars in Europe</a> fought in and around the Balkans and the comparative Ottoman isolation from the mainstream of economic advance (reflecting the shift of Europe's commercial and political centre of gravity towards the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a>), the Balkans have been the least developed part of Europe. According to <a href="/wiki/Halil_%C4%B0nalc%C4%B1k" title="Halil İnalcık">Halil İnalcık</a>, "The population of the Balkans, according to one estimate, <a href="/wiki/Population_decline" title="Population decline">fell from a high of 8 million</a> in the late 16th-century to only 3 million by the mid-eighteenth. This estimate is based on Ottoman documentary evidence."<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Most of the Balkan nation-states emerged during the 19th and early 20th centuries as they gained independence from the Ottoman or <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg</a> empires: Greece in 1821, Serbia and Montenegro in 1878, Romania in 1881, Bulgaria in 1908 and Albania in 1912. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_history">Recent history</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkans_Animation_1800-2008.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Balkans_Animation_1800-2008.gif/220px-Balkans_Animation_1800-2008.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Balkans_Animation_1800-2008.gif/330px-Balkans_Animation_1800-2008.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Balkans_Animation_1800-2008.gif/440px-Balkans_Animation_1800-2008.gif 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption>Modern political history of the Balkans from 1796 onwards</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_wars">World wars</h4></div> In 1912–1913, the <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> broke out when the nation-states of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece_(Gl%C3%BCcksburg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> united in an <a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">alliance</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. As a result of the war, almost all remaining European territories of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> were captured and partitioned among the allies. Ensuing events also led to the creation of an independent <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albanian</a> state. Bulgaria insisted on its status quo territorial integrity, divided and shared by the Great Powers next to the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%9378)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)</a> in other boundaries and on the pre-war Bulgarian-Serbian agreement. Bulgaria was provoked by the backstage deals between its former allies, Serbia and Greece, on the allocation of the spoils at the end of the First Balkan War. At the time, Bulgaria was fighting at the main Thracian Front. Bulgaria marks the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> when it attacked them. The Serbs and the Greeks repulsed single attacks, but when the Greek army invaded Bulgaria together with an unprovoked Romanian intervention in the back, Bulgaria collapsed. The Ottoman Empire used the opportunity to recapture <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Thrace">Eastern Thrace</a>, establishing its new western borders that still stand today as part of modern Turkey. <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> was sparked in the Balkans in 1914 when members of <a href="/wiki/Young_Bosnia" title="Young Bosnia">Young Bosnia</a>, a revolutionary organization with predominantly Serb and pro-Yugoslav members, <a href="/wiki/Assassination_in_Sarajevo" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination in Sarajevo">assassinated</a> the Austro-Hungarian heir <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria</a> in Bosnia and Herzegovina's capital, <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>. That caused a war between Austria-Hungary and Serbia, which—through the existing <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">chains of alliances</a>—led to the World War I. The Ottoman Empire soon joined the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> becoming one of the three empires participating in that alliance. The next year Bulgaria joined the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> attacking Serbia, which was successfully fighting Austro-Hungary to the north for a year. That led to Serbia's defeat and the intervention of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente</a> in the Balkans which sent an expeditionary force to establish a new <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">front</a>, the third one of that war, which soon also became static. The participation of Greece in the war three years later, in 1918, on the part of the Entente finally altered the balance between the opponents leading to the collapse of the common German-Bulgarian front there, which caused the exit of Bulgaria from the war, and in turn, the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, ending the First World War.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Between the two wars, in order to maintain the geopolitical status quo in the region after the end of World War I, the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Pact" title="Balkan Pact">Balkan Pact</a>, or Balkan Entente, was formed by a treaty between <a href="/wiki/Second_Hellenic_Republic" title="Second Hellenic Republic">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a>, Turkey and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> on 9 February 1934 in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> With the start of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, all Balkan countries, with the exception of Greece, were allies of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, having bilateral military agreements or being part of the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Pact">Axis Pact</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Fascist Italy</a> expanded the war in the Balkans by using its protectorate Albania to <a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">invade Greece</a>. After repelling the attack, the Greeks counterattacked, invading Italy-held Albania and causing Nazi Germany's intervention in the Balkans to help its ally.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Days before the German invasion, a successful <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> in Belgrade by neutral military personnel seized power.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Although the new government reaffirmed its intentions to fulfill its obligations as a member of the Axis,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiberStegemannVogel1995484-87">[87]</a> Germany, with Bulgaria, invaded both Greece and Yugoslavia. Yugoslavia immediately disintegrated when those loyal to the Serbian King and the Croatian units mutinied.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchreiberStegemannVogel1995521-88">[88]</a> Greece resisted, but, after two months of fighting, collapsed and was occupied. The two countries were partitioned between the three Axis allies, Bulgaria, Germany and Italy, and the <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a>, a puppet state of Italy and Germany. During the occupation, the population suffered considerable hardship due to repression and starvation, to which the population reacted by creating a mass resistance movement.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Together with the early and extremely heavy winter of that year (which caused hundreds of thousands of deaths among the poorly fed population), the German invasion had disastrous effects in the timetable of the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">planned invasion in Russia</a> causing a significant delay,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> which had major consequences during the course of the war.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Finally, at the end of 1944, the Soviets entered Romania and Bulgaria forcing the Germans out of the Balkans. They left behind a region largely ruined as a result of wartime exploitation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h4></div> During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, most of the countries on the Balkans were governed by communist governments. Greece became the first battleground of the emerging Cold War. The <a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a> was the US response to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">civil war</a>, which raged from 1944 to 1949. This civil war, unleashed by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Greece" title="Communist Party of Greece">Communist Party of Greece</a>, backed by communist volunteers from neighboring countries (Albania, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia), led to massive American assistance for the non-communist Greek government. With this backing, Greece managed to defeat the partisans and, ultimately, remained one of the two only non-communist countries in the region with Turkey. However, despite being under communist governments, <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> (1948) and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a> (1961) fell out with the Soviet Union. Yugoslavia, led by Marshal <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> (1892–1980), first propped up then rejected the idea of merging with <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> and instead sought closer relations with the West, later even spearheaded, together with India and Egypt the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>. Albania on the other hand gravitated toward Communist <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, later adopting an <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolationist</a> position. On 28 February 1953, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a>, Turkey and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> signed the treaty of Agreement of Friendship and Cooperation in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Pact_(1953)" title="Balkan Pact (1953)">the Balkan Pact of 1953</a>. The treaty's aim was to deter <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> expansion in the Balkans and eventual creation of a joint military staff for the three countries. When the pact was signed, Turkey and Greece were members of the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO), while Yugoslavia was a non-aligned communist state. With the Pact, Yugoslavia was able to indirectly associate itself with NATO. Though it was planned for the pact to remain in force for 20 years, it dissolved in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-Balkan_Pact_of_1953-92">[92]</a> As the only non-communist countries, Greece and Turkey were (and still are) part of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> composing the southeastern wing of the alliance. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post–Cold_War">Post–Cold War</h4></div> In the 1990s, the transition of the regions' ex-Eastern bloc countries towards democratic free-market societies went peacefully. While in the non-aligned <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Wars between the former Yugoslav republics</a> broke out after Slovenia and Croatia held free elections and their people voted for independence on their respective countries' referendums. Serbia, in turn, declared the dissolution of the union as unconstitutional and the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_People%27s_Army" title="Yugoslav People's Army">Yugoslav People's Army</a> unsuccessfully tried to maintain the status quo. Slovenia and Croatia declared independence on 25 June 1991, which prompted the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence</a> in Croatia and the <a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Ten-Day War</a> in Slovenia. The Yugoslav forces eventually withdrew from Slovenia in 1991 while the war in Croatia continued <a href="/wiki/Operation_Storm" title="Operation Storm">until late 1995</a>. The two were followed by Macedonia and later Bosnia and Herzegovina, with <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnia being the most affected</a> by the fighting. The wars prompted the United Nations' intervention and <a href="/wiki/NATO_intervention_in_Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO intervention in Bosnia">NATO</a> ground and air forces <a href="/wiki/1995_NATO_bombing_campaign_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="1995 NATO bombing campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina">took action against Serb forces</a> in Bosnia and Herzegovina and <a href="/wiki/1999_NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">FR Yugoslavia</a> (i.e. Serbia and Montenegro). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_Yugoslavia_2008.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Former_Yugoslavia_2008.PNG/250px-Former_Yugoslavia_2008.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Former_Yugoslavia_2008.PNG/500px-Former_Yugoslavia_2008.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="1887" data-file-height="1242" /></a><figcaption>State entities on the former territory of <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, 2008</figcaption></figure> From the dissolution of Yugoslavia, six states achieved internationally recognized sovereignty: <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>; all of them are traditionally included in the Balkans which is often a controversial matter of dispute. In 2008, while under UN administration, Kosovo <a href="/wiki/2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence" title="2008 Kosovo declaration of independence">declared independence</a> (according to the official Serbian policy, Kosovo is still an internal autonomous region). In July 2010, the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a>, ruled that the declaration of independence was legal.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Most UN member states recognise Kosovo. After the end of the wars a <a href="/wiki/Overthrow_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Overthrow of Slobodan Milošević">revolution</a> broke in Serbia and <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a>, the Serbian communist leader (elected president between 1989 and 2000), was overthrown and handed for a trial to the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal</a> for crimes against the <a href="/wiki/International_Humanitarian_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="International Humanitarian Law">International Humanitarian Law</a> during the Yugoslav wars. Milošević died of a heart attack in 2006 before a verdict could have been released. Ιn 2001 an <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia">Albanian uprising</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">Macedonia</a> (North Macedonia) forced the country to give local autonomy to the <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in Macedonia">ethnic Albanians</a> in the areas where they predominate. With the dissolution of <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, an issue emerged over the name under which the former (federated) republic of Macedonia would internationally be recognized, between the new country and Greece. Being the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonian part of Yugoslavia</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Vardar_Macedonia" title="Vardar Macedonia">Vardar Macedonia</a>), the federated republic under the Yugoslav identity had the name <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Socialist Republic of Macedonia">(Socialist) Republic of Macedonia</a> on which it declared its sovereignty in 1991. Greece, having a large homonymous region (see <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonia</a>), opposed the usage of the name as an indication of a nationality and ethnicity. Thus dubbed <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_naming_dispute" title="Macedonia naming dispute">Macedonia naming dispute</a> was resolved under UN mediation in the June 2018 <a href="/wiki/Prespa_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Prespa agreement">Prespa agreement</a> was reached, which saw the country's renaming into North Macedonia in 2019. Balkan countries control the direct <a href="/wiki/European_route" class="mw-redirect" title="European route">land routes</a> between Western Europe and South-West Asia (<a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> and the Middle East). Since 2000, all Balkan countries are friendly towards the EU and the US.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Greece has been a member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> since 1981, while <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> is a member since 2004, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> and Romania are members since 2007, and <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> is a member since 2013. In 2005, the European Union decided to start accession negotiations with candidate countries; Turkey, and <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> were accepted as candidates for EU membership. In 2012, Montenegro started <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Montenegro_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Montenegro to the European Union">accession negotiations</a> with the EU. In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Albania_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Albania to the European Union">official candidate</a> for accession to the EU. In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> was expected to start <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Serbia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Serbia to the European Union">accession negotiations</a> with the EU, however this process has been stalled over the recognition of <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> as an independent state by existing EU member states.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Greece and Turkey have been <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> members since 1952. In March 2004, Bulgaria, Romania and Slovenia have become members of NATO. As of April 2009,<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Albania and Croatia are members of NATO. <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> joined in June 2017.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The most recent member state to be added to NATO was <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> on 27 March 2020. Almost all other countries have expressed a desire to join the EU, NATO, or both at some point in the future.<a href="#cite_note-European_Parliament-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sveti_Stefan_(06).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sveti_Stefan_%2806%29.jpg/220px-Sveti_Stefan_%2806%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sveti_Stefan_%2806%29.jpg/330px-Sveti_Stefan_%2806%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sveti_Stefan_%2806%29.jpg/440px-Sveti_Stefan_%2806%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4674" data-file-height="2629" /></a><figcaption>A view towards <a href="/wiki/Sveti_Stefan" title="Sveti Stefan">Sveti Stefan</a> in Montenegro, <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Montenegro" title="Tourism in Montenegro">tourism</a> makes up a significant portion of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Montenegro" title="Economy of Montenegro">Montenegrin economy</a><a href="#cite_note-International_Trade_Administration_2022_r955-99">[99]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belgrade_iz_balona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Belgrade_iz_balona.jpg/220px-Belgrade_iz_balona.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Belgrade_iz_balona.jpg/330px-Belgrade_iz_balona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Belgrade_iz_balona.jpg/440px-Belgrade_iz_balona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1207" /></a><figcaption>A view above <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> in Serbia, which is the capital of Serbia and a major <a href="/wiki/Industrial_city" title="Industrial city">industrial city</a> that accounts for a large component of the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian economy">Serbian economy</a><a href="#cite_note-Ralev_2021_b421-100">[100]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pargapanorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pargapanorama.jpg/220px-Pargapanorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pargapanorama.jpg/330px-Pargapanorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Pargapanorama.jpg/440px-Pargapanorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1267" /></a><figcaption>A view towards <a href="/wiki/Parga" title="Parga">Parga</a> in Greece, <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Greece" title="Tourism in Greece">tourism</a> plays a crucial role in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek economy">Greek economy</a><a href="#cite_note-Ελληνική_Δημοκρατία_-_Υπουργείο_Εξωτερικών_2023_h221-101">[101]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg/220px-Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg/330px-Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg/440px-Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3301" data-file-height="1595" /></a><figcaption>A view towards European part of Istanbul, which plays an important part for the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish economy">Turkish economy</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%9B%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%9B%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_2.jpg/220px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%9B%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%9B%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_2.jpg/330px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%9B%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%9B%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_2.jpg/440px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%9B%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>A view towards <a href="/wiki/Andri%C4%87grad" title="Andrićgrad">Andrićgrad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Pa%C5%A1a_Sokolovi%C4%87_Bridge" title="Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge">Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge</a> in Bosnia and Herzegovina, <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Tourism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">tourism</a> is a rapidly growing sector of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian economy</a><a href="#cite_note-U.S._Agency_for_International_Development_2023_f963-102">[102]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dubrovnik_june_2011..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Dubrovnik_june_2011..JPG/220px-Dubrovnik_june_2011..JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Dubrovnik_june_2011..JPG/330px-Dubrovnik_june_2011..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Dubrovnik_june_2011..JPG/440px-Dubrovnik_june_2011..JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>A view of <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a> in Croatia, <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Croatia" title="Tourism in Croatia">tourism</a> contributes substantially to the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian economy">Croatian economy</a><a href="#cite_note-OECD_iLibrary_c995-103">[103]</a></figcaption></figure> Currently, all of the states are republics, but until World War II all countries were monarchies. Most of the republics are <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary</a>, excluding Romania and Bosnia which are <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential</a>. All the states have <a href="/wiki/Open_economy" title="Open economy">open</a> <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economies</a>, most of which are in the upper-middle-income range ($4,000–12,000 p.c.), except <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, Romania, Greece, and <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> that have <a href="/wiki/High_income_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="High income economy">high income economies</a> (over $12,000 p.c.), and are classified with very high <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a>, along with Bulgaria, in contrast to the remaining states, which are classified with high HDI. The states from the former <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> that formerly had <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned economy</a> system and Turkey mark gradual economic growth each year. The gross domestic product per capita is highest in Slovenia (over $29,000), followed by Croatia<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> and Greece (~$20,000), Romania, Bulgaria (over $11,000), Turkey, Montenegro, Serbia (between $10,000 and $9,000), and Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, North Macedonia (~$7,000) and Kosovo ($5,000).<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini coefficient</a>, which indicates the level of difference by monetary welfare of the layers, is on the second level at the highest monetary equality in Albania, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, and Serbia, on the third level in Greece, Montenegro and Romania, on the fourth level in North Macedonia, on the fifth level in Turkey, and the most unequal by Gini coefficient is Bosnia at the eighth level which is the penultimate level and one of the highest in the world. The unemployment is lowest in Romania and Bulgaria (around 5%), followed by Serbia and Albania (11–12%), Turkey, Greece, Bosnia, North Macedonia (13–16%), Montenegro (~18%), and Kosovo (~25%).<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> As nations in the Western Balkans opened up to private investment in the 1990s, newly created enterprises (mostly <a href="/wiki/Small_and_medium-sized_enterprises" class="mw-redirect" title="Small and medium-sized enterprises">SMEs</a>) fueled regional economic development by facilitating the transition from a massive <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">state-owned structure</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> SMEs now account for 99% of all active businesses, up to 81% of total value created, and 72% of total employment in the Western Balkans.<a href="#cite_note-:02-107">[107]</a> The Western Balkans are mostly bank-based economies, with bank credit serving as the primary source of external capital for all enterprises, including SMEs. Despite this, the region's bank credit supply is limited and undeveloped. A recent analysis from the <a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank</a> estimated the funding deficit to be at US$2.8 billion, or around 2.5% of nominal GDP.<a href="#cite_note-:02-107">[107]</a> In most Western Balkan markets, international banks have a market share of 70% to 90%.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> At the end of 2023, the macroeconomic environment in the Western Balkans indicates that risks are increasing, threatening to worsen the financial imbalance. Recent survey findings give conflicting data on enterprises' funding circumstances. While supply has fallen as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and interest rate increasers, it has showed progressive recovery.<a href="#cite_note-:02-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_organizations">Regional organizations</h3></div> <table style="width:500px"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southeast_European_Cooperation_Process_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Southeast_European_Cooperation_Process_Map.svg/280px-Southeast_European_Cooperation_Process_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Southeast_European_Cooperation_Process_Map.svg/420px-Southeast_European_Cooperation_Process_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Southeast_European_Cooperation_Process_Map.svg/560px-Southeast_European_Cooperation_Process_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Southeast_European_Cooperation_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast European Cooperation Process">Southeast European Cooperation Process</a> (SEECP) member states</figcaption></figure></td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SP_for_SEE_members.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/SP_for_SEE_members.png/280px-SP_for_SEE_members.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/SP_for_SEE_members.png/420px-SP_for_SEE_members.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/SP_for_SEE_members.png/560px-SP_for_SEE_members.png 2x" data-file-width="14907" data-file-height="12522" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stability_Pact_for_South_Eastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe">Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  members</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  observers</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  supporting partners</div></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SECI_members.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/SECI_members.png/280px-SECI_members.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/SECI_members.png/420px-SECI_members.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/SECI_members.png/560px-SECI_members.png 2x" data-file-width="14907" data-file-height="12522" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Southeast_European_Cooperative_Initiative" title="Southeast European Cooperative Initiative">Southeast European Cooperative Initiative</a> (SECI) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  members</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  observers</div></figcaption></figure></td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BSEC_members.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/BSEC_members.png/280px-BSEC_members.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/BSEC_members.png/420px-BSEC_members.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/BSEC_members.png/560px-BSEC_members.png 2x" data-file-width="14907" data-file-height="12522" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Black Sea Economic Cooperation</a> (BSEC) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  members</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  observers</div></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> See also the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea#Trans-sea_cooperation" title="Black Sea">Black Sea regional organizations</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2></div> <div class="left" style="max-width:100%; overflow:auto;"> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; border-collapse:collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Flag </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/68px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/90px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><img alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/68px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/90px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/68px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/90px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/68px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/90px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/68px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/90px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo"><img alt="Kosovo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/68px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/90px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro"><img alt="Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/45px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/68px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/90px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/45px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/68px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/90px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/68px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/90px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/68px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/90px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/68px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/90px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/68px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/90px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Coat of arms </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/68px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="383" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><img alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Coat_of_arms_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Coat_of_arms_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/68px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Coat_of_arms_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="584" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bulgaria"><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg/68px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="679" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg/68px-Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="1844" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Greece"><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg/68px-Coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="286" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo"><img alt="Kosovo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.svg/45px-Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.svg/68px-Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.svg/90px-Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="729" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Montenegro"><img alt="Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro.svg/68px-Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="622" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_North_Macedonia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Coat_of_arms_of_North_Macedonia.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Coat_of_arms_of_North_Macedonia.svg/68px-Coat_of_arms_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Coat_of_arms_of_North_Macedonia.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="799" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg/68px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="970" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_small.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_small.svg/68px-Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_small.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="565" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg/45px-Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg/68px-Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="511" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Capital </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Independence </th> <td>28 November, 1912 </td> <td>3 March, 1992 </td> <td>5 October, 1908 </td> <td>26 June, 1991 </td> <td>25 March, 1821 </td> <td>17 February, 2008 </td> <td>3 June, 2006 </td> <td>17 November, 1991 </td> <td>9 May, 1878 </td> <td>5 June, 2006 </td> <td>25 June, 1991 </td> <td>29 October, 1923 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Head of state </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Bajram_Begaj" title="Bajram Begaj">Bajram Begaj</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljka_Cvijanovi%C4%87" title="Željka Cvijanović">Željka Cvijanović</a> <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_Kom%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Željko Komšić">Željko Komšić</a> <a href="/wiki/Denis_Be%C4%87irovi%C4%87" title="Denis Bećirović">Denis Bećirović</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rumen_Radev" title="Rumen Radev">Rumen Radev</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zoran_Milanovi%C4%87" title="Zoran Milanović">Zoran Milanović</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Katerina_Sakellaropoulou" title="Katerina Sakellaropoulou">Katerina Sakellaropoulou</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vjosa_Osmani" title="Vjosa Osmani">Vjosa Osmani</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jakov_Milatovi%C4%87" title="Jakov Milatović">Jakov Milatović</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gordana_Siljanovska-Davkova" title="Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova">Gordana Siljanovska-Davkova</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Iohannis" title="Klaus Iohannis">Klaus Iohannis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Vu%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Aleksandar Vučić">Aleksandar Vučić</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nata%C5%A1a_Pirc_Musar" title="Nataša Pirc Musar">Nataša Pirc Musar</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Head of government </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Edi_Rama" title="Edi Rama">Edi Rama</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Borjana_Kri%C5%A1to" title="Borjana Krišto">Borjana Krišto</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosen_Zhelyazkov" title="Rosen Zhelyazkov">Rosen Zhelyazkov</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andrej_Plenkovi%C4%87" title="Andrej Plenković">Andrej Plenković</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kyriakos_Mitsotakis" title="Kyriakos Mitsotakis">Kyriakos Mitsotakis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Albin_Kurti" title="Albin Kurti">Albin Kurti</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Milojko_Spaji%C4%87" title="Milojko Spajić">Milojko Spajić</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hristijan_Mickoski" title="Hristijan Mickoski">Hristijan Mickoski</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Ciolacu" title="Marcel Ciolacu">Marcel Ciolacu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Vu%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Miloš Vučević">Miloš Vučević</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Golob" title="Robert Golob">Robert Golob</a> </td> <td>Office abolished in 2018 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Population (2023)<a href="#cite_note-European_Commission_f167-111">[111]</a> </th> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2,761,785 </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 3,502,550 </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 6,447,710 </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 3,850,894 </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 10,394,055 </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1,798,188 </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 616,695 </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 1,829,954 </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 19,051,562 </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 6,664,449<a href="#cite_note-Without_Kosovo_and_Metohija-112">[112]</a> </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 2,116,792 </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 85,279,553 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Area </th> <td>28,749 km2 </td> <td>51,197 km2 </td> <td>111,900 km2 </td> <td>56,594 km2 </td> <td>131,117 km2 </td> <td>10,908 km2 </td> <td>13,812 km2 </td> <td>25,713 km2 </td> <td>238,391 km2 </td> <td>77,474 km2<a href="#cite_note-Without_Kosovo_and_Metohija-112">[112]</a> </td> <td>20,273 km2 </td> <td>781,162 km2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Density </th> <td>96/km2 </td> <td>68/km2 </td> <td>58/km2 </td> <td>68/km2 </td> <td>79/km2 </td> <td>159/km2 </td> <td>45/km2 </td> <td>71/km2 </td> <td>80/km2 </td> <td>85/km2 </td> <td>102/km2 </td> <td>101/km2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Water area (%) </th> <td>4.7% </td> <td>0.02% </td> <td>2.22% </td> <td>1.1% </td> <td>0.99% </td> <td>1.00% </td> <td>2.61% </td> <td>1.09% </td> <td>2.97% </td> <td>0.13% </td> <td>0.6% </td> <td>1.3% </td></tr> <tr> <th>GDP (nominal, 2019)<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEOBALKANS-113">[113]</a> </th> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $15.418 bln </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $20.106 bln </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $66.250 bln </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $60.702 bln </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $214.012 bln </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $8.402 bln </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $5.424 bln </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $12.672 bln </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $243.698 bln </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $55.437 bln </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $54.154 bln </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $774.708 bln </td></tr> <tr> <th>GDP (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>, 2018)<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEOBALKANS-113">[113]</a> </th> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $38.305 bln </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $47.590 bln </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $162.186 bln </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $107.362 bln </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $312.267 bln </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $20.912 bln </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $11.940 bln </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $32.638 bln </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $516.359 bln </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $122.740 bln </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $75.967 bln </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $2,300 bln </td></tr> <tr> <th>GDP per capita (nominal, 2019)<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEOBALKANS-113">[113]</a> </th> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $5,373 </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $5,742 </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $9,518 </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $14,950 </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $19,974 </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $4,649 </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $8,704 </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $6,096 </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $12,483 </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $7,992 </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $26,170 </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $8,958 </td></tr> <tr> <th>GDP per capita (PPP, 2018)<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEOBALKANS-113">[113]</a> </th> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $13,327 </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $13,583 </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $23,169 </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $26,256 </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $29,072 </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $11,664 </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $19,172 </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $15,715 </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $26,448 </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $17,552 </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $36,741 </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $28,044 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini Index</a> (2018)<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> </th> <td>29.0 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>low (2012)<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> </td> <td>33.0 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />medium (2011)<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> </td> <td><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 39.6 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />medium </td> <td><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 29.7 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />low </td> <td><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 32.3 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />medium </td> <td><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 29.0 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />low (2017)<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> </td> <td><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 36.7 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />medium (2017) </td> <td><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 31.9 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />medium </td> <td><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 35.1 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />medium </td> <td><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 35.6 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />medium </td> <td><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 23.4 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />low </td> <td><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 43.0 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />medium </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2018)<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> </th> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.791 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />high </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.769 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />high </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.816 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />very high </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.837 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />very high </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.872 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />very high </td> <td>0.739 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />high (2016) </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.816 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />very high </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.759 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />high </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.816 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />very high </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.799 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />high </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.902 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />very high </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.806 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />very high </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_inequality-adjusted_HDI" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI">IHDI</a> (2018)<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> </th> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.705 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />high </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.658 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />medium </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.713 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />high </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.768 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />high </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.766 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />high </td> <td><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> N/A </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.746 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />high </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.660 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />medium </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.725 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />high </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.710 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />high </td> <td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.858 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />very high </td> <td><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.676 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />medium </td></tr> <tr> <th>Internet <a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">TLD</a> </th> <td>.al </td> <td>.ba </td> <td>.bg </td> <td>.hr </td> <td>.gr </td> <td>Doesn't have </td> <td>.me </td> <td>.mk </td> <td>.ro </td> <td>.rs </td> <td>.si </td> <td>.tr </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_country_calling_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of country calling codes">Calling code</a> </th> <td>+355 </td> <td>+387 </td> <td>+359 </td> <td>+385 </td> <td>+30 </td> <td>+383<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> </td> <td>+382 </td> <td>+389 </td> <td>+40 </td> <td>+381 </td> <td>+386 </td> <td>+90 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> The region is inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aromanians" title="Aromanians">Aromanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorani_people" title="Gorani people">Gorani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanians" title="Istro-Romanians">Istro-Romanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(ethnic_group)" title="Macedonians (ethnic group)">Macedonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Magyars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanians" title="Megleno-Romanians">Megleno-Romanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegrins" title="Montenegrins">Montenegrins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>, and other ethnic groups which present minorities in certain countries like the <a href="/wiki/Romani_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani People">Romani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashkali" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkali">Ashkali</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB-121">[121]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"> <tbody><tr> <th>State</th> <th>Population (2023)<a href="#cite_note-epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu-122">[122]</a></th> <th>Density/km2 (2018)<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></th> <th>Life expectancy (2018)<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /> Albania </td> <td>2,761,785 </td> <td>100 </td> <td>78.3 years </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /> Bosnia and Herzegovina </td> <td>3,502,550 </td> <td>69 </td> <td>77.2 years </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> Bulgaria </td> <td>6,447,710 </td> <td>64 </td> <td>79.9 years </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Croatia </td> <td>3,850,894 </td> <td>73 </td> <td>78.2 years </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> Greece </td> <td>10,394,055 </td> <td>82 </td> <td>80.1 years </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /> Kosovo </td> <td>1,798,188 </td> <td>165 </td> <td>77.7 years </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Montenegro </td> <td>616,695 </td> <td>45 </td> <td>76.4 years </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> North Macedonia </td> <td>1,829,954 </td> <td>81 </td> <td>76.2 years </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> Romania </td> <td>19,051,562 </td> <td>82 </td> <td>76.3 years </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /> Serbia </td> <td>6,664,449 </td> <td>90 </td> <td>76.5 years </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Slovenia </td> <td>2,116,792 </td> <td>102 </td> <td>80.3 years </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> Turkey </td> <td>11,929,013<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><a href="#endnote_European_Turkey">[c]</a> </td> <td>101 </td> <td>78.5 years </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AtlBalkrelig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/AtlBalkrelig.jpg/250px-AtlBalkrelig.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/AtlBalkrelig.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="327" /></a><figcaption>Map showing religious denominations</figcaption></figure> The region is a meeting point of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-okey-126">[126]</a> Eastern Orthodoxy is the majority religion in both the Balkan Peninsula and the Balkan region, The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> has played a prominent role in the history and culture of Eastern and <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Southeastern Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWare19938-127">[127]</a> A variety of different traditions of each faith are practiced, with each of the Eastern Orthodox countries having its own national church. A part of the population in the Balkans defines itself as irreligious. Islam has a significant history in the region where Muslims make up a large percentage of the population. A 2013 estimate placed the total Muslim population of the Balkans at around eight million.<a href="#cite_note-:0-128">[128]</a> Islam is the largest religion in nations like Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Kosovo with significant minorities in Bulgaria, North Macedonia and Montenegro. Smaller populations of Muslims are also found in Romania, Serbia and Greece.<a href="#cite_note-:0-128">[128]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albania_confessional_map_with_regions_circa_1900.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Albania_confessional_map_with_regions_circa_1900.PNG/220px-Albania_confessional_map_with_regions_circa_1900.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Albania_confessional_map_with_regions_circa_1900.PNG/330px-Albania_confessional_map_with_regions_circa_1900.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Albania_confessional_map_with_regions_circa_1900.PNG/440px-Albania_confessional_map_with_regions_circa_1900.PNG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption>Approximate distribution of religions in <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Territories in which the principal religion is <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> (with national churches in parentheses)<a href="#cite_note-religion-129">[129]</a> </th> <th>Religious minorities of these territories<a href="#cite_note-religion-129">[129]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Bulgaria: 59% (<a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgarian Orthodox Church</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bulgaria" title="Islam in Bulgaria">Islam</a> (8%) and undeclared (27%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Greece: 81–90% (<a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Greece" title="Islam in Greece">Islam</a> (2%), <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Greece">Catholicism</a>, other and undeclared </td></tr> <tr> <td>Montenegro: 72% (<a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Montenegro" title="Islam in Montenegro">Islam</a> (19%), <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Montenegro">Catholicism</a> (3%), other and undeclared (5%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>North Macedonia: 64% (<a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church" title="Macedonian Orthodox Church">Macedonian Orthodox Church</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_North_Macedonia" title="Islam in North Macedonia">Islam</a> (33%), <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_North_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in North Macedonia">Catholicism</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Romania: 81% (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romanian Orthodox Church</a>) </td> <td>Protestantism (6%), <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Romania" title="Catholic Church in Romania">Catholicism</a> (5%), other and undeclared (8%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Serbia: 84% (<a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Serbia">Catholicism</a> (5%), <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Serbia" title="Islam in Serbia">Islam</a> (3%), <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Serbia" title="Protestantism in Serbia">Protestantism</a> (1%), other and undeclared (6%) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Territories in which the principal religion is <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a><a href="#cite_note-religion-129">[129]</a> </th> <th>Religious minorities of these territories<a href="#cite_note-religion-129">[129]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Croatia">Croatia</a> (86%) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodoxy in Croatia">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> (4%), <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Croatia" title="Islam in Croatia">Islam</a> (1%), other and undeclared (7%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Slovenia">Slovenia</a> (57%) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Slovenia" title="Islam in Slovenia">Islam</a> (2%), Orthodox (2%), other and undeclared (36%) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Territories in which the principal religion is <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a><a href="#cite_note-religion-129">[129]</a> </th> <th>Religious minorities of these territories<a href="#cite_note-religion-129">[129]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Albania" title="Islam in Albania">Albania</a> (58%) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Albania">Catholicism</a> (10%), <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodoxy in Albania">Orthodoxy</a> (7%), other and undeclared (24%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Islam in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (51%) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodoxy in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Orthodoxy</a> (31%), <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Catholicism</a> (15%), other and undeclared (4%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kosovo" title="Islam in Kosovo">Kosovo</a> (95%) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Kosovo">Catholicism</a> (2%), Orthodoxy (2%), other and undeclared (1%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Turkey</a> (90–99%<a href="#cite_note-religion-129">[129]</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Orthodoxy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Turkey" title="Irreligion in Turkey">Irreligious (5%–10%)</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> communities of the Balkans were some of the oldest in Europe and date back to ancient times. These communities were <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi Jews</a>, except in <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, where the Jewish communities were mainly <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, the small and close-knit Jewish community is 90% <a href="/wiki/Sephardic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic">Sephardic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> is still spoken among the elderly. The Sephardi Jewish cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a> has tombstones of a unique shape and inscribed in ancient Ladino.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Sephardi Jews used to have a large presence in the city of <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, and by 1900, some 80,000, or more than half of the population, were Jews.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> The Jewish communities in the Balkans suffered immensely during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and the vast majority were killed during the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a>. An exception were the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian Jews">Bulgarian Jews</a> who <a href="/wiki/Boris_III_of_Bulgaria" title="Boris III of Bulgaria">Boris III of Bulgaria</a> sent to forced labor camps instead of Nazi concentration camps. Almost all of the few survivors have emigrated to the (then) newly founded state of Israel and elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Almost no Balkan country today has a significant Jewish minority. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Balkans" title="Languages of the Balkans">Languages of the Balkans</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Balkan_sprachbund" title="Balkan sprachbund">Balkan sprachbund</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernst-Ravenstein-Balkans-Ethnic-Map-1880.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ernst-Ravenstein-Balkans-Ethnic-Map-1880.jpg/200px-Ernst-Ravenstein-Balkans-Ethnic-Map-1880.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ernst-Ravenstein-Balkans-Ethnic-Map-1880.jpg/300px-Ernst-Ravenstein-Balkans-Ethnic-Map-1880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ernst-Ravenstein-Balkans-Ethnic-Map-1880.jpg/400px-Ernst-Ravenstein-Balkans-Ethnic-Map-1880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic map of the Balkans (1880)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transhumance_ways_of_the_Vlachs.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Transhumance_ways_of_the_Vlachs.jpeg/200px-Transhumance_ways_of_the_Vlachs.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Transhumance_ways_of_the_Vlachs.jpeg/300px-Transhumance_ways_of_the_Vlachs.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Transhumance_ways_of_the_Vlachs.jpeg/400px-Transhumance_ways_of_the_Vlachs.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2950" data-file-height="2836" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">Transhumance</a> ways of the Romance-speaking <a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlach</a> shepherds in the past</figcaption></figure> The Balkan region today is a very diverse ethnolinguistic region, being home to multiple <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> and others. <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> is spoken by a large portion of the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romanis</a> living throughout the Balkan countries. Throughout history, many other ethnic groups with their own languages lived in the area, among them <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a>. All of the aforementioned languages from the present and from the past belong to the wider <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> language family, with the exception of the Turkic languages (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a>) and Hungarian. <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>State</th> <th>Most spoken language<a href="#cite_note-languages-133">[133]</a> </th> <th>Linguistic minorities<a href="#cite_note-languages-133">[133]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /> Albania </td> <td>98% <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> </td> <td>2% other </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /> Bosnia and Herzegovina </td> <td>53% <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a> </td> <td>31% Serbian (official), 15% Croatian (official), 2% other </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> Bulgaria </td> <td>86% <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> </td> <td>8% Turkish, 4% Romani, 1% other, 1% unspecified </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Croatia </td> <td>96% <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a> </td> <td>1% Serbian, 3% other </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> Greece </td> <td>99% <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> </td> <td>1% other </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /> Kosovo </td> <td>94% Albanian </td> <td>2% Bosnian, 2% Serbian (official), 1% Turkish, 1% other </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Montenegro </td> <td>43% <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> </td> <td>37% <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_language" title="Montenegrin language">Montenegrin</a> (official), 5% Albanian, 5% Bosnian, 5% other, 4% unspecified </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> North Macedonia </td> <td>67% <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a> </td> <td>25% Albanian (official), 4% Turkish, 2% Romani, 1% Serbian, 2% other </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> Romania </td> <td>85% <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> </td> <td>6% <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, 1% <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /> Serbia </td> <td>88% Serbian </td> <td>3% Hungarian, 2% Bosnian, 1% Romani, 3% other, 2% unspecified </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> Slovenia </td> <td>91% <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> </td> <td>5% Serbo-Croatian, 4% other </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> Turkey </td> <td>85% <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a><a href="#cite_note-milliyet-languages-134">[134]</a> </td> <td>12% <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>, 3% other and unspecified<a href="#cite_note-milliyet-languages-134">[134]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urbanization">Urbanization</h3></div> Most of the states in the Balkans are predominantly urbanized, with the lowest number of urban population as % of the total population found in Bosnia and Herzegovina at 49%, Kosovo at 50% and Slovenia at 55%.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:760px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramic view of Istanbul"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg/750px-Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg" decoding="async" width="750" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg/1125px-Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg/1500px-Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="1123" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_panorama_and_skyline.jpg" title="File:Istanbul panorama and skyline.jpg"> </a></div>Panoramic view of Istanbul</div></div></div> A list of largest cities: <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>City</th> <th>Country</th> <th data-sort-type="number">Agglomeration</th> <th data-sort-type="number">City proper</th> <th>Year </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><a href="#endnote_reference_name_Bb">[b]</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>10,097,862</td> <td>10,097,862</td> <td>2019<a href="#cite_note-Istanbul-137">[137]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td> <td>3,753,783</td> <td>664,046</td> <td>2018<a href="#cite_note-Greek-138">[138]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>2,272,163</td> <td>1,887,485</td> <td>2018<a href="#cite_note-Romanian-139">[139]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></td> <td>1,995,950</td> <td>1,313,595</td> <td>2018<a href="#cite_note-Bulgarian-140">[140]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></td> <td>1,659,440</td> <td>1,119,696</td> <td>2018<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></td> <td>1,217,150</td> <td>767,131</td> <td>2021<a href="#cite_note-:1-142">[142]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tekirda%C4%9F" title="Tekirdağ">Tekirdağ</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td>1,055,412 </td> <td>1,055,412 </td> <td>2019<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></td> <td>1,012,297</td> <td>325,182</td> <td>2018<a href="#cite_note-Greek-138">[138]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></td> <td>912,000</td> <td>418,495</td> <td>2018<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></td> <td>537,712</td> <td>292,988</td> <td>2018<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></td> <td>506,926</td> <td>444,800</td> <td>2018<a href="#cite_note-Macedonian-146">[146]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>425,916</td> <td>283,872</td> <td>2018<a href="#cite_note-Romanian-139">[139]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Craiova" title="Craiova">Craiova</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>420,000</td> <td>269,506</td> <td>2018<a href="#cite_note-Romanian-139">[139]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td>413,903 </td> <td>306,464 </td> <td>2019<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></td> <td>413,593</td> <td>275,524</td> <td>2018 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cluj-Napoca" title="Cluj-Napoca">Cluj-Napoca</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>411,379</td> <td>324,576</td> <td>2018<a href="#cite_note-Romanian-139">[139]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></td> <td>396,092</td> <td>411,567</td> <td>2018<a href="#cite_note-Bulgarian-140">[140]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Varna</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></td> <td>383,075</td> <td>395,949</td> <td>2018<a href="#cite_note-Bulgarian-140">[140]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i" title="Iași">Iași</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>382,484</td> <td>290,422</td> <td>2018<a href="#cite_note-Romanian-139">[139]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov" title="Brașov">Brașov</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>369,896</td> <td>253,200</td> <td>2018<a href="#cite_note-Romanian-139">[139]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1rklareli" title="Kırklareli">Kırklareli</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> </td> <td>361,836 </td> <td>259,302 </td> <td>2019<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara" title="Timișoara">Timișoara</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></td> <td>356,443</td> <td>319,279</td> <td>2018<a href="#cite_note-Romanian-139">[139]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></td> <td>341,625</td> <td>277,522</td> <td>2018<a href="#cite_note-Serbian-149">[149]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Split,_Croatia" title="Split, Croatia">Split</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> </td> <td>325,600 </td> <td>161,312 </td> <td>2021<a href="#cite_note-:1-142">[142]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><a href="#ref_reference_name_Bb">b</a> Only the European part of Istanbul is a part of the Balkans.<a href="#cite_note-Crampton-150">[150]</a> It is home to two-thirds of the city's 15,519,267 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-Istanbul-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Time_zones">Time zones</h2></div> The time zones in the Balkans are defined as the following: <ul><li>Territories in the time zone of <a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a>: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia and Slovenia</li> <li>Territories in the time zone of <a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a>: Bulgaria, Greece, and Romania</li> <li>Territories in the time zone of <a href="/wiki/UTC%2B03:00" title="UTC+03:00">UTC+03:00</a>: Turkey</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Cuisine of the Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_music" title="Balkan music">Balkan music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Athletics_Championships" title="Balkan Athletics Championships">Balkan Athletics Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Athletics_Indoor_Championships" title="Balkan Athletics Indoor Championships">Balkan Athletics Indoor Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagining_the_Balkans" title="Imagining the Balkans">Imagining the Balkans</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Slavic_studies_journals" title="List of Slavic studies journals">List of Slavic studies journals</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Insight" title="Balkan Insight">Balkan Insight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Universities_Network" title="Balkan Universities Network">Balkan Universities Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkanization" title="Balkanization">Balkanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans" title="History of the Balkans">History of the Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Balkans" title="Languages of the Balkans">Languages of the Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_sprachbund" title="Balkan sprachbund">Balkan sprachbund</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_music" title="Balkan music">Balkan music</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <table style="margin-left:13px; line-height:150%"> <tbody><tr> <td align="right" valign="top">b.   </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><a href="#ref_location">^</a> As The World Factbook <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110073821/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey">cites</a>, regarding Turkey and Southeastern Europe; "that portion of Turkey west of the Bosphorus is geographically part of Europe." </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin-left:13px; line-height:150%"> <tbody><tr> <td align="right" valign="top">c.   </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><a href="#ref_European_Turkey">^</a> The population only of <a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">European Turkey</a>, that excludes the <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolian Peninsula</a>, which otherwise has a population of 75,627,384 and a density of 97. </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin-left:13px; line-height:150%"> <tbody><tr> <td align="right" valign="top">d.   </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><a href="#ref_furtherreading1">^</a> See:<a href="#cite_note-WBSummit-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-Centre_for_Regional_Studies-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-eesc.europa.eu-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-bmeia.gv.at-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-wbif.eu-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-158">[158]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin-left:13px; line-height:150%"> <tbody><tr> <td align="right" valign="top">e.   </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><a href="#ref_furtherreading2">^</a> See:<a href="#cite_note-Altić11-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-Centre_for_Regional_Studies-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-eesc.europa.eu-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-eeas.europa.eu-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-Redaktion:_PT-DLR-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-bmeia.gv.at-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-wbif.eu-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-ec.europa.eu-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-158">[158]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWells2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (2000). "Balkan". Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (2nd ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-36467-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-36467-1"><bdi>0-582-36467-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Balkan&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-582-36467-1&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGraySloan2014" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Colin S.; Sloan, Geoffrey (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7BakAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA116">Geopolitics, Geography and Strategy</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135265021" title="Special:BookSources/9781135265021"><bdi>9781135265021</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geopolitics%2C+Geography+and+Strategy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781135265021&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Colin+S.&rft.au=Sloan%2C+Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7BakAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Balkans">"Balkans"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 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Sage. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-2694-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-2694-2"><bdi>978-1-4129-2694-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Race%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+Society&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-2694-2&rft.au=Richard+T.+Schaefer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYMUola6pDnkC%26pg%3DPT181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-5"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNiktalab2024" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Poopak_NikTalab" title="Poopak NikTalab">Niktalab, Poopak</a> (2024). Over the Alps: History of Children and Youth Literature in Europe (in Persian) (1st ed.). Tehran, Iran: Faradid Publisher. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786225740457" title="Special:BookSources/9786225740457"><bdi>9786225740457</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Over+the+Alps%3A+History+of+Children+and+Youth+Literature+in+Europe&rft.place=Tehran%2C+Iran&rft.pages=6&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Faradid+Publisher&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9786225740457&rft.aulast=Niktalab&rft.aufirst=Poopak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DaskalovMishkova2017-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DaskalovMishkova2017_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DaskalovMishkova2017_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DaskalovMishkova2017_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DaskalovMishkova2017_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DaskalovMishkova2017_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DaskalovMishkova2017_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DaskalovMishkova2017_6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DaskalovMishkova2017_6-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Vezenkov2017" class="citation book cs1">Alexander Vezenkov (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R3cEDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA141">"Entangled Geographies of the Balkans: The Boundaries of the Region and the Limits of the Discipline"</a>. In Roumen Dontchev Daskalov, Tchavdar Marinov (ed.). Entangled Histories of the Balkans – Volume Four: Concepts, Approaches, and (Self-) Representations. Brill. pp. 115–256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33782-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33782-4"><bdi>978-90-04-33782-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Entangled+Geographies+of+the+Balkans%3A+The+Boundaries+of+the+Region+and+the+Limits+of+the+Discipline&rft.btitle=Entangled+Histories+of+the+Balkans+%E2%80%93+Volume+Four%3A+Concepts%2C+Approaches%2C+and+%28Self-%29+Representations&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E115-%3C%2Fspan%3E256&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-90-04-33782-4&rft.au=Alexander+Vezenkov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR3cEDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tomic2006-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Tomic2006_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlga_M._Tomic2006" class="citation book cs1">Olga M. Tomic (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MFWOYUHULgsC&pg=PA35">Balkan Sprachbund Morpho-Syntactic Features</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4488-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4488-5"><bdi>978-1-4020-4488-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+Sprachbund+Morpho-Syntactic+Features&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-4488-5&rft.au=Olga+M.+Tomic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMFWOYUHULgsC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BideleuxJeffries2007-8"><a href="#cite_ref-BideleuxJeffries2007_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobert_BideleuxIan_Jeffries2007" class="citation book cs1">Robert Bideleux; Ian Jeffries (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balkanspostcommu0000bide">The Balkans: A Post-Communist History</a>. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balkanspostcommu0000bide/page/n22">1</a>–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-58328-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-58328-7"><bdi>978-1-134-58328-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans%3A+A+Post-Communist+History&rft.pages=1-3&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-134-58328-7&rft.au=Robert+Bideleux&rft.au=Ian+Jeffries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbalkanspostcommu0000bide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Current Trends in Altaic Linguistics; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/5693478/European%20Balkan%20s%20Turkic%20bal%20yk%20and%20the%20problem%20of%20their%20original%20meanings">European Balkan(s), Turkic bal(yk) and the Problem of Their Original Meanings</a>, Marek Stachowski, Jagiellonian University, p. 618. </li> <li id="cite_note-Todorova_1997_27-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Todorova_1997_27_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Todorova_1997_27_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Todorova_1997_27_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Todorova_1997_27_10-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTodorova1997" class="citation book cs1">Todorova, Maria N. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-EuFwLQhvYMC&pg=PA27">Imagining the Balkans</a>. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195087512" title="Special:BookSources/9780195087512"><bdi>9780195087512</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagining+the+Balkans&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780195087512&rft.aulast=Todorova&rft.aufirst=Maria+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-EuFwLQhvYMC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balkan.-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Balkan._11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070110000315/http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_/balkan.html">"Balkan"</a>. Encarta World English Dictionary. Microsoft Corporation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_/balkan.html">the original</a> on 10 January 2007. Retrieved 31 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Balkan&rft.btitle=Encarta+World+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Microsoft+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fdictionary_%2Fbalkan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110825034714/http://www.tdkterim.gov.tr/bts/">"balkan"</a>. Büyük Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish). Türk Dil Kurumu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tdkterim.gov.tr/bts/">the original</a> on 25 August 2011. <q>Sarp ve ormanlık sıradağ</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=balkan&rft.btitle=B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk+T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e+S%C3%B6zl%C3%BCk&rft.pub=T%C3%BCrk+Dil+Kurumu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdkterim.gov.tr%2Fbts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKélékian1911" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kélékian, Diran (1911). "بالقان balqan". Dictionnaire Turc-Français (in French). Mihran. p. 247. <q>Chaîne de montagnes couveres de forêts. Geogr. Le mont Hæmus; le Balkan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86+balqan&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+Turc-Fran%C3%A7ais&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Mihran&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=K%C3%A9l%C3%A9kian&rft.aufirst=Diran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VDoQAQAAMAAJ&q=hemus+thracian+name">"Bulgaria"</a>. Hemus – a Thracian name. Indiana University. 1986. p. 54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hemus+%E2%80%93+a+Thracian+name&rft.atitle=Bulgaria&rft.pages=54&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVDoQAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dhemus%2Bthracian%2Bname&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UEJpAAAAMAAJ&q=thracian+sama+greek+haemus">Balkan Studies</a>. 1986.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+Studies&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUEJpAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dthracian%2Bsama%2Bgreek%2Bhaemus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a> 6.87–89 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDecev1986" class="citation book cs1">Decev, D (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UEJpAAAAMAAJ&q=thracian+sama+greek+haemus">Balkan Studies</a>. University of Michigan. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+Studies&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Decev&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUEJpAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dthracian%2Bsama%2Bgreek%2Bhaemus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFApollodorus1976" class="citation book cs1">Apollodorus (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900870232069">Gods and Heroes of the Greeks: The Library of Apollodorus</a>. Univ of Massachusetts Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900870232069/page/20">20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0870232060" title="Special:BookSources/978-0870232060"><bdi>978-0870232060</bdi></a>. 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New York: Oxford University Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508750-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508750-5"><bdi>978-0-19-508750-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagining+the+Balkans&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-508750-5&rft.aulast=Todorova&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKolstø2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kolstø, Pål (8 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09668136.2016.1219979">"'Western Balkans' as the New Balkans: Regional Names as Tools for Stigmatisation and Exclusion"</a>. Europe-Asia Studies. 68 (7): 1245–1263. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668136.2016.1219979">10.1080/09668136.2016.1219979</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0966-8136">0966-8136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europe-Asia+Studies&rft.atitle=%27Western+Balkans%27+as+the+New+Balkans%3A+Regional+Names+as+Tools+for+Stigmatisation+and+Exclusion&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1245-%3C%2Fspan%3E1263&rft.date=2016-08-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668136.2016.1219979&rft.issn=0966-8136&rft.aulast=Kolst%C3%B8&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A5l&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F09668136.2016.1219979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDjurdjevic" class="citation web cs1">Djurdjevic, Maria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iemed.org/publication/the-balkans-past-and-present-of-cultural-pluralism/">"The Balkans: Past and Present of Cultural Pluralism"</a>. 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Retrieved 1 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Institute+of+the+Mediterranean&rft.atitle=The+Balkans%3A+Past+and+Present+of+Cultural+Pluralism&rft.aulast=Djurdjevic&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iemed.org%2Fpublication%2Fthe-balkans-past-and-present-of-cultural-pluralism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDetrez2001" class="citation web cs1">Detrez, Raymond (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kakanien-revisited.at/beitr/theorie/RDetrez1.pdf">"Colonialism in the Balkans"</a> (PDF). pp. 1–2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colonialism+in+the+Balkans&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Detrez&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kakanien-revisited.at%2Fbeitr%2Ftheorie%2FRDetrez1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJuhász2015" class="citation journal cs1">Juhász, József (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.desklight-4acf4d74-0230-4935-89ff-5cd70c155701">"Hungary and the Balkans in the 20th Century — From the Hungarian Perspective"</a>. Prague Papers on the History of International Relations (1): 114–119 – via CEJSH. <q>After 1918, with the massive reduction of Hungary's territory and influence, many Western observers held Hungary to be one of the nations of the Balkans.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prague+Papers+on+the+History+of+International+Relations&rft.atitle=Hungary+and+the+Balkans+in+the+20th+Century+%E2%80%94+From+the+Hungarian+Perspective&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E114-%3C%2Fspan%3E119&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Juh%C3%A1sz&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B3zsef&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcejsh.icm.edu.pl%2Fcejsh%2Felement%2Fbwmeta1.element.desklight-4acf4d74-0230-4935-89ff-5cd70c155701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Balkans">"Balkans"</a>. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 11 August 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2024. <q>Moldova—although located north of the Danube River, which is frequently cited as the region's northeastern geographic dividing line—is included in the Balkans under some definitions by virtue of its long-standing historical and cultural connections with Romania.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Balkans&rft.date=2024-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FBalkans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130904001128/http://transatlantic.sais-jhu.edu/publications/books/Unfinished%20Business%20Pdf/ch01_Bieber.pdf">"Perspectives on the Region"</a> (PDF). 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781009115773" title="Special:BookSources/9781009115773"><bdi>9781009115773</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Balkans&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Handbook+of+Language+Contact%3A+Volume+1%3A+Population+Movement+and+Language+Change&rft.series=Cambridge+Handbooks+in+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781009115773&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjWB2EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lazaridis_et_al.-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lazaridis_et_al._57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lazaridis_et_al._57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLazaridisAlpaslan-Roodenberg2022" class="citation journal cs1">Lazaridis, Iosif; Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Songül; et al. 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Science. 377 (6609): eabm4247. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abm4247">10.1126/science.abm4247</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10064553">10064553</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36007055">36007055</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251843620">251843620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+genetic+history+of+the+Southern+Arc%3A+A+bridge+between+West+Asia+and+Europe&rft.volume=377&rft.issue=6609&rft.pages=eabm4247&rft.date=2022-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10064553%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251843620%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36007055&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.abm4247&rft.aulast=Lazaridis&rft.aufirst=Iosif&rft.au=Alpaslan-Roodenberg%2C+Song%C3%BCl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10064553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> pp. 1, 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Joseph Roisman, Ian Worthington <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QsJ183uUDkMC&pg=PA345">A Companion to Ancient Macedonia</a> pp. 135–138, 342–345 John Wiley & Sons, 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5163-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5163-7">978-1-4443-5163-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-King_2017-59"><a href="#cite_ref-King_2017_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKing2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">King, C.J. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lJ0uDwAAQBAJ">Ancient Macedonia</a> (in Spanish). Taylor & Francis. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-71032-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-71032-9"><bdi>978-1-351-71032-9</bdi></a>. 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The Classical Review. 32 (2): 216–218. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0009840X00114982">10.1017/S0009840X00114982</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3063446">3063446</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161691285">161691285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Romans+and+the+Greek+Language&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E216-%3C%2Fspan%3E218&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161691285%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3063446%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0009840X00114982&rft.aulast=MacLeod&rft.aufirst=M.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Thede_Kahl" title="Thede Kahl">Kahl, Thede</a> - "Istoria aromânilor", Editura Tritonic, București, 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> A.N. Haciu – "Aromânii. Comerț, industrie, arte, expansiune, civilizație", ediția I, 1936; ediția a II-a, Editura Cartea Armână, Constanța, 2003, 598 p.; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/973-8299-25-X" title="Special:BookSources/973-8299-25-X">973-8299-25-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f1F39vRlERAC&pg=PA125">Twenty Years of Balkan Tangle</a>. Mary Edith Durham (2007). p. 125. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4346-3426-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-4346-3426-4">1-4346-3426-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Curta_2019_pp._65–77-64"><a href="#cite_ref-Curta_2019_pp._65–77_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCurta2019" class="citation book cs1">Curta, Florin (25 June 2019). "Migrations—Real and Imagined: Croats, Serbs, and Bulgars (600–800)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/9789004395190/BP000013.xml">Chapter 5 Migrations—Real and Imagined: Croats, Serbs, and Bulgars (600–800)</a>. Brill. pp. 65–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004395190_006">10.1163/9789004395190_006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-39519-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-39519-0"><bdi>978-90-04-39519-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:203297381">203297381</a>. Retrieved 23 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Migrations%E2%80%94Real+and+Imagined%3A+Croats%2C+Serbs%2C+and+Bulgars+%28600%E2%80%93800%29&rft.btitle=Chapter+5+Migrations%E2%80%94Real+and+Imagined%3A+Croats%2C+Serbs%2C+and+Bulgars+%28600%E2%80%93800%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2019-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A203297381%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004395190_006&rft.isbn=978-90-04-39519-0&rft.aulast=Curta&rft.aufirst=Florin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2F9789004395190%2FBP000013.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanoyevich_1919_pp._91–97-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Stanoyevich_1919_pp._91–97_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStanoyevich1919" class="citation journal cs1">Stanoyevich, Milivoy S. 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Retrieved 23 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geographical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Ethnography+of+the+Yugo-Slavs&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=1919&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F207774&rft.issn=0016-7428&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F207774%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1919GeoRv...7...91S&rft.aulast=Stanoyevich&rft.aufirst=Milivoy+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F207774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatzinger2006" class="citation book cs1">Matzinger, Joachim (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65166691">Der altalbanische Text Mbsuame e krështerë (Dottrina cristiana) des Lekë Matrënga von 1592 : eine Einführung in die albanische Sprachwissenschaft</a>. Dettelbach: J.H. Röll. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89754-117-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-89754-117-3"><bdi>3-89754-117-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/65166691">65166691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+altalbanische+Text+Mbsuame+e+kr%C3%ABshter%C3%AB+%28Dottrina+cristiana%29+des+Lek%C3%AB+Matr%C3%ABnga+von+1592+%3A+eine+Einf%C3%BChrung+in+die+albanische+Sprachwissenschaft&rft.place=Dettelbach&rft.pub=J.H.+R%C3%B6ll&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F65166691&rft.isbn=3-89754-117-3&rft.aulast=Matzinger&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F65166691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1#CITEREFGenişMaynard2009" title="Niš">Geniş & Maynard 2009</a>, p. 557 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Katičić, Radoslav (1976). Ancient Languages of the Balkans. Mouton. p. 186. ISBN 9789027933157. "On the other hand Niš from Ναϊσσός, Štip from Ἄστιβος, Šar from Scardus, and Ohrid from Lychnidus presuppose the sound development characteristic for Albanian." </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Curtis, Matthew Cowan (2012). Slavic-Albanian Language Contact, Convergence, and Coexistence (Thesis). The Ohio State University. p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm1998" class="citation book cs1">Malcolm, Noel (1998). Kosovo: A Short History. pp. 36–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3304-1224-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3304-1224-7"><bdi>978-0-3304-1224-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E36-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-3304-1224-7&rft.aulast=Malcolm&rft.aufirst=Noel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFischerSchmitt2022" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Bernd J.; Schmitt, Oliver Jens (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KbqVEAAAQBAJ">A Concise History of Albania</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781009254908" title="Special:BookSources/9781009254908"><bdi>9781009254908</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Albania&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781009254908&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Bernd+J.&rft.au=Schmitt%2C+Oliver+Jens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKbqVEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica_1998_m541-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_1998_m541_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Balkans/In-the-Roman-Empire#ref43533">"Roman Empire, Geography, Culture"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. 5 August 1998. Retrieved 21 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Roman+Empire%2C+Geography%2C+Culture&rft.date=1998-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FBalkans%2FIn-the-Roman-Empire%23ref43533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDemiraj2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Bardhyl_Demiraj" title="Bardhyl Demiraj">Demiraj, Bardhyl</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.albanologie.uni-muenchen.de/downloads/publikationen-demiraj/rrenje-dhe-dege.pdf">"Rrënjë dhe degë të krishterimit ndër shqiptarë"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Hylli_i_Drit%C3%ABs" title="Hylli i Dritës">Hylli i Dritës</a> (in Albanian). 2. Shkodër: 58–78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hylli+i+Drit%C3%ABs&rft.atitle=Rr%C3%ABnj%C3%AB+dhe+deg%C3%AB+t%C3%AB+krishterimit+nd%C3%ABr+shqiptar%C3%AB&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E58-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Demiraj&rft.aufirst=Bardhyl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.albanologie.uni-muenchen.de%2Fdownloads%2Fpublikationen-demiraj%2Frrenje-dhe-dege.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-Western_Civilization_s859-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Western_Civilization_s859_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-herkimer-westerncivilization/chapter/the-byzantine-bulgarian-wars/">"The Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars"</a>. Western Civilization. Retrieved 22 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Western+Civilization&rft.atitle=The+Byzantine-Bulgarian+Wars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcourses.lumenlearning.com%2Fatd-herkimer-westerncivilization%2Fchapter%2Fthe-byzantine-bulgarian-wars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica_1999_p824-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_1999_p824_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Bulgaria/The-second-Bulgarian-empire">"Medieval, Orthodox, Balkan"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. 26 July 1999. Retrieved 22 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Medieval%2C+Orthodox%2C+Balkan&rft.date=1999-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FBulgaria%2FThe-second-Bulgarian-empire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica_1998_v596-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_1998_v596_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Balkans/The-Ottomans">"Ottoman Empire, Southeastern Europe, Conflict"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. 5 August 1998. Retrieved 21 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Ottoman+Empire%2C+Southeastern+Europe%2C+Conflict&rft.date=1998-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FBalkans%2FThe-Ottomans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sedlar1994-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Sedlar1994_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJean_W_Sedlar1994" class="citation book cs1">Jean W Sedlar (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3o5lrvuwOVwC&pg=PA393">East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500</a>. University of Washington Press. pp. 393–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97291-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97291-6"><bdi>978-0-295-97291-6</bdi></a>. <q>A rare example of successful Christian resistance to the Turks in the 15th century, although in a fairly remote part of Europe, was provided by Skanderbeg, the Albanian mountain chieftain who became the leader of a national revolt. For over a quarter-century until his death in 1468, he led the Albanians in surprisingly effective guerrilla warfare against the Turkish occupiers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Central+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages%2C+1000-1500&rft.pages=393-&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-295-97291-6&rft.au=Jean+W+Sedlar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3o5lrvuwOVwC%26pg%3DPA393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stephen_Clissold_1966-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Stephen_Clissold_1966_78-0">^</a> Stephen Clissold (1966). A short history of Yugoslavia from earliest times to 1966, chapter III </li> <li id="cite_note-Birnbaum_2018_o633-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Birnbaum_2018_o633_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBirnbaum2018" class="citation book cs1">Birnbaum, Marianna D. (6 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.openedition.org/ceup/2138?lang=en">Chapter 6. In business with Ragusa</a>. Central European University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-615-5053-79-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-615-5053-79-5"><bdi>978-615-5053-79-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chapter+6.+In+business+with+Ragusa&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2018-11-06&rft.isbn=978-615-5053-79-5&rft.aulast=Birnbaum&rft.aufirst=Marianna+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fceup%2F2138%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWasti2004" class="citation journal cs1">Wasti, Syed Tanvir (July 2004). "The 1912–13 Balkan War and the Siege of Edirne". 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Retrieved 16 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Kosovo+independence+declaration+deemed+legal&rft.date=2010-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-serbia-kosovo-idUSTRE66L01720100722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unodc.org/southeasterneurope/">"UNODC South Eastern Europe"</a>. www.unodc.org. 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Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council. 5 March 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080409004701/http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/balkans_communication/western_balkans_communication_050308_en.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 April 2008. Retrieved 8 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Western+Balkans%3A+Enhancing+the+European+Perspective&rft.pub=Communication+from+the+Commission+to+the+European+Parliament+and+the+Council&rft.date=2008-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fenlargement%2Fpdf%2Fbalkans_communication%2Fwestern_balkans_communication_050308_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPond2006" class="citation book cs1">Pond, Elizabeth (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/endgameinbalkans00eliz">Endgame in the Balkans: Regime Change, European Style</a>. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/endgameinbalkans00eliz/page/5">5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-7160-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-7160-9"><bdi>978-0-8157-7160-9</bdi></a>. <q>western balkans minus slovenia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endgame+in+the+Balkans%3A+Regime+Change%2C+European+Style&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-7160-9&rft.aulast=Pond&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fendgameinbalkans00eliz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-eeas.europa.eu-160"><a href="#cite_ref-eeas.europa.eu_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eeas.europa.eu/western_balkans/index_en.htm">"European Union External Action – EU relations with the Western Balkans"</a>. Retrieved 12 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Union+External+Action+%E2%80%93+EU+relations+with+the+Western+Balkans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feeas.europa.eu%2Fwestern_balkans%2Findex_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Redaktion:_PT-DLR-161"><a href="#cite_ref-Redaktion:_PT-DLR_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRedaktion:_PT-DLR" class="citation web cs1">Redaktion: PT-DLR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006141017/http://www.internationales-buero.de/en/2114.php">"Federal Ministry of Education and Research of Germany – Western Balkan Countries"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internationales-buero.de/en/2114.php">the original</a> on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Ministry+of+Education+and+Research+of+Germany+%E2%80%93+Western+Balkan+Countries&rft.au=Redaktion%3A+PT-DLR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationales-buero.de%2Fen%2F2114.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGray1999" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Colin S. (1999). Geopolitics, Geography and Strategy. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-8053-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-8053-8"><bdi>978-0-7146-8053-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geopolitics%2C+Geography+and+Strategy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-8053-8&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Colin+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBanac1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ivo_Banac" title="Ivo Banac">Banac, Ivo</a> (October 1992). "Historiography of the Countries of Eastern Europe: Yugoslavia". <a href="/wiki/American_Historical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="American Historical Review">American Historical Review</a>. 97 (4): 1084–1104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2165494">10.2307/2165494</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2165494">2165494</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Historiography+of+the+Countries+of+Eastern+Europe%3A+Yugoslavia&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1084-%3C%2Fspan%3E1104&rft.date=1992-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2165494&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2165494%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Banac&rft.aufirst=Ivo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBanac1984" class="citation book cs1">Banac, Ivo (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationalquestion0000bana">The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics</a>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9493-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9493-2"><bdi>978-0-8014-9493-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+Question+in+Yugoslavia%3A+Origins%2C+History%2C+Politics&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-9493-2&rft.aulast=Banac&rft.aufirst=Ivo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationalquestion0000bana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein1999" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Ivo (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/croatia00ivog">Croatia: A History</a>. Montreal, Quebec: McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2017-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2017-2"><bdi>978-0-7735-2017-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Croatia%3A+A+History&rft.place=Montreal%2C+Quebec&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2017-2&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Ivo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcroatia00ivog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Carter, Francis W., ed. (1977). An Historical Geography of the Balkans Academic Press. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Dvornik" title="Francis Dvornik">Dvornik, Francis</a> (1962). The Slavs in European History and Civilization Rutgers University Press. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V._A._Fine,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John V. A. Fine, Jr.">Fine, John V. A., Jr.</a> The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century [1983]; The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, [1987]. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Forbes, Nevill (1915). The Balkans: A History of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Rumania, Turkey Clarendon Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balkanshistoryof00forbuoft">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJelavich1983a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jelavich" title="Barbara Jelavich">Jelavich, Barbara</a> (1983a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qR4EeOrTm-0C">History of the Balkans: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries</a>. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521274586" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521274586"><bdi>978-0521274586</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Balkans%3A+Eighteenth+and+Nineteenth+Centuries&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0521274586&rft.aulast=Jelavich&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqR4EeOrTm-0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJelavich1983b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jelavich" title="Barbara Jelavich">Jelavich, Barbara</a> (1983b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd-or3qtqrsC">History of the Balkans: Twentieth Century</a>. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521274593" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521274593"><bdi>978-0521274593</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Balkans%3A+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0521274593&rft.aulast=Jelavich&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHd-or3qtqrsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJelavichJelavich1963" class="citation book cs1">Jelavich, Charles; Jelavich, Barbara, eds. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balkansintransit0000jela">The Balkans in Transition: Essays on the Development of Balkan Life and Politics Since the Eighteenth Century</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans+in+Transition%3A+Essays+on+the+Development+of+Balkan+Life+and+Politics+Since+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbalkansintransit0000jela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKitsikis2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Kitsikis" title="Dimitri Kitsikis">Kitsikis, Dimitri</a> (2008). La montée du national-bolchevisme dans les Balkans. Le retour à la Serbie de 1830. Paris: Avatar.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+mont%C3%A9e+du+national-bolchevisme+dans+les+Balkans.+Le+retour+%C3%A0+la+Serbie+de+1830&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Avatar&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Kitsikis&rft.aufirst=Dimitri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Lampe, John R., and Marvin R. Jackson (1982). Balkan Economic History, 1550–1950: From Imperial Borderlands to Developing Nations Indiana University Press. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Király, Béla K., ed. (1984). East Central European Society in the Era of Revolutions, 1775–1856. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKomlos1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Komlos" title="John Komlos">Komlos, John</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economicdevelopm0000unse_o8u2">Economic Development in the Habsburg Monarchy and in the Successor States</a>. East European Monographs No. 28. East European Monographs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-177-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88033-177-7"><bdi>978-0-88033-177-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Development+in+the+Habsburg+Monarchy+and+in+the+Successor+States&rft.series=East+European+Monographs+No.+28&rft.pub=East+European+Monographs&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-88033-177-7&rft.aulast=Komlos&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feconomicdevelopm0000unse_o8u2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMazower2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Mazower" title="Mark Mazower">Mazower, Mark</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balkansshorthist00mazo">The Balkans: A Short History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Modern_Library_Chronicles" title="Modern Library Chronicles">Modern Library Chronicles</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-64087-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-64087-5"><bdi>978-0-679-64087-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans%3A+A+Short+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Modern+Library+Chronicles&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-679-64087-5&rft.aulast=Mazower&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbalkansshorthist00mazo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchreiberStegemannVogel1995" class="citation book cs1">Schreiber, Gerhard; Stegemann, Bernd; Vogel, Detlef (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GO3_aoOzTi4C">The Mediterranean, south-east Europe, and north Africa, 1939–1941</a>. Germany and the 2nd World War. Vol. III. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822884-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822884-4"><bdi>978-0-19-822884-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean%2C+south-east+Europe%2C+and+north+Africa%2C+1939%E2%80%931941&rft.series=Germany+and+the+2nd+World+War&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822884-4&rft.aulast=Schreiber&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft.au=Stegemann%2C+Bernd&rft.au=Vogel%2C+Detlef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGO3_aoOzTi4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStavrianos2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/L._S._Stavrianos" title="L. S. Stavrianos">Stavrianos, L. S.</a> (2000) [1958]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balkanssince145300lsst">The Balkans since 1453</a>. with Traian Stoianovich. New York: NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9766-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9766-2"><bdi>978-0-8147-9766-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans+since+1453&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-9766-2&rft.aulast=Stavrianos&rft.aufirst=L.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbalkanssince145300lsst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balkanssince145300lsst">online free to borrow</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStoianovich1994" class="citation book cs1">Stoianovich, Traian (1994). Balkan Worlds: The First and Last Europe. Sources and Studies in World History. New York: M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-032-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-032-4"><bdi>978-1-56324-032-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+Worlds%3A+The+First+and+Last+Europe&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Sources+and+Studies+in+World+History&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-56324-032-4&rft.aulast=Stoianovich&rft.aufirst=Traian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edna_W._Underwood" title="Edna W. Underwood">Underwood, E. W.</a> (1919), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73663">Short stories from the Balkans</a>, Boston: Marshall Jones Company</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWare1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kallistos_Ware" title="Kallistos Ware">Ware, Bishop Kallistos (Timothy)</a> (29 April 1993). The Orthodox Church (new ed.). New York: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014656-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014656-1"><bdi>978-0-14-014656-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Church&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=new&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1993-04-29&rft.isbn=978-0-14-014656-1&rft.aulast=Ware&rft.aufirst=Bishop+Kallistos+%28Timothy%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABalkans" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Zametica, John (2017). Folly and malice: the Habsburg empire, the Balkans and the start of World War One London: Shepheard–Walwyn. 416 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0856835131" title="Special:BookSources/978-0856835131">978-0856835131</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Balkans" class="extiw" title="wikt:Balkans">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Balkans" class="extiw" title="c:Balkans">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Balkans" class="extiw" title="q:Balkans">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Balkan_Peninsula" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Balkan Peninsula">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Balkans" class="extiw" title="voy:Balkans">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balkaninsight.com/">Balkan Insight – Analysis from Balkans</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060617145859/http://balkanalysis.com/">Balkanalysis, in-depth research on Balkan geopolitics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/WesternBalkans">Western Balkans Photo impression</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/18698805/Shared_Pasts_in_Central_and_Southeast_Europe_17th_21st_Centuries_Hungarian_and_Bulgarian_Approaches._Eds._G%C3%A1bor_Demeter_Penka_Peykovska._Sofia-Budapest_2015_440_p/">Shared Pasts in Central and Southeast Europe, 17th–21st Centuries</a>. Eds. G. Demeter, P. Peykovska. 2015.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Balkan_countries" title="Template:Balkan countries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Balkan_countries" title="Template talk:Balkan countries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Balkan_countries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Balkan countries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_on_the_Balkan_Peninsula147" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries on the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Balkan Peninsula</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographically fully located</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f6f6f6;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Balkan_topo_en.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Balkan_topo_en.jpg/100px-Balkan_topo_en.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Balkan_topo_en.jpg/150px-Balkan_topo_en.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Balkan_topo_en.jpg/200px-Balkan_topo_en.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="767" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Significantly located</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (<a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greece#Mainland" title="Geography of Greece">mainland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Serbia" title="Central Serbia">Central Serbia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Partially located</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f6f6f6;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BiH" class="mw-redirect" title="BiH">BiH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mostly outside the peninsula</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinaridi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinaridi (page does not exist)">Dinaridi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenija" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenija">Slovenija</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinaridi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinaridi (page does not exist)">Dinaridi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monfalcone" title="Monfalcone">Monfalcone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Dobruja" title="Northern Dobruja">Northern Dobruja</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">East Thrace</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f6f6f6;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Balkans" title="Languages of the Balkans">Balkan languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Balkan_sprachbund" title="Balkan sprachbund">Sprachbund</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkanization" title="Balkanization">Balkanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans" title="History of the Balkans">History of the Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe1244" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe1244" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>4</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Special areas of internal sovereignty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_convention" title="Åland convention">Åland convention</a> of 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated area</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country of the United Kingdom</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">British-Irish Agreement</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.</li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">Oceanic islands</a> within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.</li> <li>4 Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> which has sovereignty over Vatican City.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Europe_articles591" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topics" title="Template:Europe topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topics" title="Template talk:Europe topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Europe_articles591" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Europaea" title="Pax Europaea">Pax Europaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_situations_and_unrest_in_Europe_since_2000" title="Crisis situations and unrest in Europe since 2000">Crisis situations and unrest since 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta</a><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">cron</a> hybrid variant (2020–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_date_of_formation#Europe" title="List of sovereign states by date of formation">Sovereignty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_predecessors_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="List of predecessors of sovereign states in Europe">predecessor states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Europe" title="Geography of Europe">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_and_population_of_European_countries" title="Area and population of European countries">Areas and populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_area" title="List of European countries by area">Countries by area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_microstates" title="European microstates">European microstates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Europe" title="List of metropolitan areas in Europe">Largest metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cities_in_Europe" title="Lists of cities in Europe">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Europe" title="Climate of Europe">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Europe" title="Extreme points of Europe">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Europe" title="Geology of Europe">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes#Europe" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#Europe" title="List of mountain ranges">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Europe" title="Regions of Europe">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Europe" title="List of rivers of Europe">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Sovereign states and dependent territories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe#Population_by_country" title="Demographics of Europe">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Europe" title="List of villages in Europe">Villages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Europe" title="Politics of Europe">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurosphere" title="Eurosphere">Eurosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_membership_in_international_organisations" title="List of European countries by membership in international organisations">International organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_in_Europe" title="Law in Europe">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_relations" title="Transatlantic relations">Transatlantic relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Intergovernmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe (CoE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community (EPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" title="GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development">GUAM Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Balkan" title="Open Balkan">Open Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe_statistics" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe statistics">statistics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_European_Union" title="Economy of the European Union">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third-country_economic_relationships_with_the_European_Union" title="Third-country economic relationships with the European Union">relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_European_Union" title="Free trade agreements of the European Union">free trade agreements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_policies_and_initiatives_of_the_European_Union" title="Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area (EEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronest_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="Euronest Parliamentary Assembly">Euronest Parliamentary Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">European Union Customs Union (EUCU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_European_Union" title="Foreign relations of the European Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">enlargement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union" title="Politics of the European Union">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Schengen_Area" title="Visa policy of the Schengen Area">Visa policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_statistics" title="European Union statistics">Statistics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Europe" title="Economy of Europe">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Europe_(1000_AD%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of Europe (1000 AD–present)">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_and_social_rankings_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="Financial and social rankings of sovereign states in Europe">Financial (and social) rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_areas_in_Europe" title="Free trade areas in Europe">Free trade areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Europe" title="Energy in Europe">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_European_Union" title="Telecommunications in the European Union">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Europe" title="Transport in Europe">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Europe" title="Rail transport in Europe">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_E-road_network" title="International E-road network">Road</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Intergovernmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Union_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Customs Union (EACU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Community" title="Eurasian Economic Community">Eurasian Economic Community (EAEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association (EFTA)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Sovereign states by</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of European countries by average wage">Average wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_budget_revenues" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by budget revenues">Budget revenues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_budget_revenues_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by budget revenues per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)">GDP (nominal)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP)">GDP (PPP)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GNI_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GNI (nominal) per capita">GNI (nominal) per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GNI_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GNI (PPP) per capita">GNI (PPP) per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by Human Development Index">HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_number_of_Internet_users" title="List of European countries by number of Internet users">Internet users (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_minimum_wage" title="List of European countries by minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_Press_Freedom_Index" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by unemployment rate">Unemployment rate (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_health_expense_per_person" title="European countries by health expense per person">Health expense per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_military_expenditure_as_a_percentage_of_government_expenditure" title="European countries by military expenditure as a percentage of government expenditure">Military spending (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_percentage_of_urban_population" title="European countries by percentage of urban population">Urban population (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_electricity_consumption_per_person" title="European countries by electricity consumption per person">Electricity use per capita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Europe" title="Category:Society of Europe">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ages_of_consent_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ages of consent in Europe">Ages of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_Europe" title="Etiquette in Europe">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_and_social_rankings_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="Financial and social rankings of sovereign states in Europe">Social (and financial) rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_Europe" title="List of endangered languages in Europe">endangered</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_tattooing_in_European_countries" title="Legal status of tattooing in European countries">Tattooing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_universities" title="History of European universities">Universities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Programme" title="Erasmus Programme">Erasmus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Europe" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture#Europe" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">Capital of Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Europe" title="Cinema of Europe">Cinema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_film_festivals_in_Europe" title="List of film festivals in Europe">film festivals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">Classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_dances" title="European dances">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_folklore" title="European folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_literature" title="Western literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Europe" title="Christianity in Europe">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Europe" title="Sport in Europe">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Europe" title="Symbols of Europe">Symbols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Europe" title="Armorial of Europe">Armorial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Europe" title="Flags of Europe">Flags</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe" title="Demographics of Europe">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageing_of_Europe" title="Ageing of Europe">Ageing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_countries_by_percent_of_population_aged_0-14" title="European countries by percent of population aged 0-14">Childhood population (%)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">genetic history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Europe" title="Immigration to Europe">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European countries by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European regions by life expectancy">by region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_in_Europe" title="Retirement in Europe">Retirement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Europe" title="Outline of Europe">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maps_of_present-day_countries_and_dependencies" title="Maps of present-day countries and dependencies">Maps</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_of_Southeastern_Europe_(the_Balkans)128" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_of_Southeastern_Europe_(the_Balkans)" title="Template:Music of Southeastern Europe (the Balkans)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_of_Southeastern_Europe_(the_Balkans)" title="Template talk:Music of Southeastern Europe (the Balkans)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_of_Southeastern_Europe_(the_Balkans)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music of Southeastern Europe (the Balkans)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_of_Southeastern_Europe_(the_Balkans)128" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Balkan_music" title="Balkan music">Music of Southeastern Europe</a> (the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Balkans</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Folk_music15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Folk music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(Turkish_music)" title="Arabesque (Turkish music)">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Calgija" title="Čalgija">Čalgija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysiakos" title="Dionysiakos">Dionysiakos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantezi" title="Fantezi">Fantezi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music#Balkan_music" title="Folk music">Folk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk music">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian folk music">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian folk music">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian folk music">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_traditional_music" title="Greek traditional music">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia#Folk_music" title="Music of North Macedonia">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrin folk music">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_music" title="Romani music">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian folk music">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_folk_music" title="Serbian folk music">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian folk music">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folk_music" title="Turkish folk music">Turkish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk-pop" title="Folk-pop">Folk-pop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalga" title="Chalga">Chalga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFko" title="Laïko">Laïko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manele" title="Manele">Manele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallava" title="Tallava">Tallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbo-folk" title="Turbo-folk">Turbo-folk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisiotika" title="Nisiotika">Nisiotika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebetiko" title="Rebetiko">Rebetiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_music" title="Romani music">Romani music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevdalinka" title="Sevdalinka">Sevdalinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starogradska_muzika" title="Starogradska muzika">Starogradska muzika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsifteteli" title="Tsifteteli">Tsifteteli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_brass" title="Balkan brass">Balkan brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_root_music" title="Bosnian root music">Bosnian root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganga_(music)" title="Ganga (music)">Ganga music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Primitivism" title="New Primitivism">New Primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novokompovana_narodna_muzika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Novokompovana narodna muzika (page does not exist)">Newly composed folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarajevo_school_of_pop_rock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarajevo school of pop rock (page does not exist)">Sarajevo school of pop rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music_in_Yugoslavia" title="New wave music in Yugoslavia">Yugoslav New wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Yugoslav pop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country and ethnicity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Albania</a> (<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Artist_of_Albania#Music" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Artist of Albania">performers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_music" title="Aromanian music">Aromanians</a> (stateless)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Music of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_people#Music" title="List of Bosnia and Herzegovina people">performers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bulgaria" title="Music of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Bulgarian_musicians_and_singers" title="List of Bulgarian musicians and singers">performers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Croatia" title="Music of Croatia">Croatia</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Croatia#Music" title="List of people from Croatia">performers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cyprus" title="Music of Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cyprus_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest#Contestants" title="Cyprus in the Eurovision Song Contest">performers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Greece</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Greece#Musicians" title="List of people from Greece">performers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kosovo" title="Music of Kosovo">Kosovo</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Kosovo_Albanians#Arts_and_entertainment" title="List of Kosovo Albanians">performers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Moldova" title="Music of Moldova">Moldova</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Moldovans#Musicians" title="List of Moldovans">performers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Montenegrins#Music" title="List of Montenegrins">performers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia" title="Music of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Macedonians_(ethnic_group)#Music" title="List of Macedonians (ethnic group)">performers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Romania" title="Music of Romania">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Romanian_singers" title="List of Romanian singers">performers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Serbia" title="Music of Serbia">Serbia</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Serbia#Music" title="List of people from Serbia">performers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovenia" title="Music of Slovenia">Slovenia</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Slovenian_singers" title="List of Slovenian singers">performers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Turkey</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_musicians" title="List of Turkish musicians">performers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yugoslavia" title="Music of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Yugoslav_musicians" title="Category:Yugoslav musicians">performers</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Folk dances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Circle dances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daychovo_horo" title="Daychovo horo">Daychovo horo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaitanaki" title="Gaitanaki">Gaitanaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halay" title="Halay">Halay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasapiko" title="Hasapiko">Hasapiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hora_(dance)" title="Hora (dance)">Hora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikariotikos" title="Ikariotikos">Ikariotikos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidikhtos" title="Pidikhtos">Pidikhtos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khigga" title="Khigga">Khigga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochari" title="Kochari">Kochari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolo_(dance)" title="Kolo (dance)">Kolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamatianos" title="Kalamatianos">Kalamatianos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrtos" title="Syrtos">Syrtos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirtaki" title="Sirtaki">Sirtaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sousta" title="Sousta">Sousta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamzara" title="Tamzara">Tamzara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsamiko" title="Tsamiko">Tsamiko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antikristos" title="Antikristos">Antikristos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipatitis" title="Antipatitis">Antipatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Co%C4%8Dek" title="Čoček">Čoček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karsilamas" title="Karsilamas">Karsilamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oro_(eagle_dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oro (eagle dance)">Oro (eagle dance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeibekiko" title="Zeibekiko">Zeibekiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeybek_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeybek dance">Zeybek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Albanian_dances" title="List of Albanian dances">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bosnian_dances&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bosnian dances (page does not exist)">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_dances" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian dances">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_dances" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian dances">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_dances" title="Greek dances">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montenegrin_dances&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montenegrin dances (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macedonian_dances&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macedonian dances (page does not exist)">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Romanian_dances&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Romanian dances (page does not exist)">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_dances" title="Serbian dances">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slovene_dances&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slovene dances (page does not exist)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish dance">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable musicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aca_Lukas" title="Aca Lukas">Aca Lukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aco_Pejovi%C4%87" title="Aco Pejović">Aco Pejović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_S%C3%AEn%C4%83" title="Adrian Sînă">Adrian Sînă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parni_Valjak" title="Parni Valjak">Aki Rahimovski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al%27_Dino" title="Al' Dino">Al' Dino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alban_Sk%C3%ABnderaj" title="Alban Skënderaj">Alban Skënderaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alen_Islamovi%C4%87" title="Alen Islamović">Alen Islamović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandra_Prijovi%C4%87" title="Aleksandra Prijović">Aleksandra Prijović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Stan" title="Alexandra Stan">Alexandra Stan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alka_Vuica" title="Alka Vuica">Alka Vuica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_Bekuta" title="Ana Bekuta">Ana Bekuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_Koki%C4%87" title="Ana Kokić">Ana Kokić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_Nikoli%C4%87" title="Ana Nikolić">Ana Nikolić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreea_B%C4%83nic%C4%83" title="Andreea Bănică">Andreea Bănică</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_(Bulgarian_singer)" title="Andrea (Bulgarian singer)">Andrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Odobescu" title="Anna Odobescu">Anna Odobescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Vissi" title="Anna Vissi">Anna Vissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antypas" title="Antypas">Antypas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxhela_Peristeri" title="Anxhela Peristeri">Anxhela Peristeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardian_Bujupi" title="Ardian Bujupi">Ardian Bujupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsen_Dedi%C4%87" title="Arsen Dedić">Arsen Dedić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurela_Ga%C3%A7e" title="Aurela Gaçe">Aurela Gaçe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avni_Mula" title="Avni Mula">Avni Mula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azis" title="Azis">Azis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mom%C4%8Dilo_Bajagi%C4%87_Bajaga" title="Momčilo Bajagić Bajaga">Bajaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beba_Selimovi%C4%87" title="Beba Selimović">Beba Selimović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebe_Rexha" title="Bebe Rexha">Bebe Rexha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebi_Dol" title="Bebi Dol">Bebi Dol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleona" title="Bleona">Bleona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boban_Rajovi%C4%87" title="Boban Rajović">Boban Rajović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora_%C4%90or%C4%91evi%C4%87" title="Bora Đorđević">Bora Đorđević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora_Spu%C5%BEi%C4%87_Kvaka" title="Bora Spužić Kvaka">Bora Spužić Kvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Novkovi%C4%87" title="Boris Novković">Boris Novković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%BEo_Vre%C4%87o" title="Božo Vrećo">Božo Vrećo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branimir_%C5%A0tuli%C4%87" title="Branimir Štulić">Branimir Štulić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_T" title="Capital T">Capital T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceca_(singer)" title="Ceca (singer)">Ceca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coby_(musician)" title="Coby (musician)">Coby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costas_Andreou" title="Costas Andreou">Costas Andreou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dado_Polumenta" title="Dado Polumenta">Dado Polumenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dado_Topi%C4%87" title="Dado Topić">Dado Topić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dafina_Zeqiri" title="Dafina Zeqiri">Dafina Zeqiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(Montenegrin_singer)" title="Daniel (Montenegrin singer)">Daniel Popović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danijela_Martinovi%C4%87" title="Danijela Martinović">Danijela Martinović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dara_Bubamara" title="Dara Bubamara">Dara Bubamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darko_Rundek" title="Darko Rundek">Darko Rundek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davorin_Popovi%C4%87" title="Davorin Popović">Davorin Popović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deen_(singer)" title="Deen (singer)">Deen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_Slava" title="Desi Slava">Desi Slava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despina_Vandi" title="Despina Vandi">Despina Vandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dino_Dvornik" title="Dino Dvornik">Dino Dvornik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dino_Merlin" title="Dino Merlin">Dino Merlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Dragovi%C4%87" title="Doris Dragović">Doris Dragović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr_Iggy" title="Dr Iggy">Dr Iggy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragan_Koji%C4%87_Keba" title="Dragan Kojić Keba">Dragan Kojić Keba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragana_Mirkovi%C4%87" title="Dragana Mirković">Dragana Mirković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dua_Lipa" title="Dua Lipa">Dua Lipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1ko_Kuli%C5%A1" title="Duško Kuliš">Duško Kuliš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90or%C4%91e_Bala%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Đorđe Balašević">Đorđe Balašević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%BEej_Ramadanovski" title="Džej Ramadanovski">Džej Ramadanovski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_Maajka" title="Edo Maajka">Edo Maajka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftheria_Eleftheriou" title="Eleftheria Eleftheriou">Eleftheria Eleftheriou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Risteska" title="Elena Risteska">Elena Risteska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleni_Foureira" title="Eleni Foureira">Eleni Foureira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elhaida_Dani" title="Elhaida Dani">Elhaida Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvana_Gjata" title="Elvana Gjata">Elvana Gjata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvir_Lakovi%C4%87_Laka" title="Elvir Laković Laka">Elvir Laković Laka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuela_(singer)" title="Emanuela (singer)">Emanuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emina_Jahovi%C4%87" title="Emina Jahović">Emina Jahović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_Istrefi" title="Era Istrefi">Era Istrefi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esma_Red%C5%BEepova" title="Esma Redžepova">Esma Redžepova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazla" title="Fazla">Fazla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiki" title="Fiki">Fiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flori_Mumajesi" title="Flori Mumajesi">Flori Mumajesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frenkie" title="Frenkie">Frenkie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galena_(singer)" title="Galena (singer)">Galena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gashi_(rapper)" title="Gashi (rapper)">Gashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dalaras" title="George Dalaras">George Dalaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gergana_(Bulgarian_singer)" title="Gergana (Bulgarian singer)">Gergana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zlatan_Stipi%C5%A1i%C4%87_Gibonni" title="Zlatan Stipišić Gibonni">Gibonni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_(Bulgarian_singer)" title="Gloria (Bulgarian singer)">Gloria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goca_Tr%C5%BEan" title="Goca Tržan">Goca Tržan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goran_Bregovi%C4%87" title="Goran Bregović">Goran Bregović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gru_(rapper)" title="Gru (rapper)">Gru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadise" title="Hadise">Hadise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halid_Be%C5%A1li%C4%87" title="Halid Bešlić">Halid Bešlić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Vare%C5%A1anovi%C4%87" title="Hari Varešanović">Hari Varešanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haris_D%C5%BEinovi%C4%87" title="Haris Džinović">Haris Džinović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasiba_Agi%C4%87" title="Hasiba Agić">Hasiba Agić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Paparizou" title="Helena Paparizou">Helena Paparizou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himzo_Polovina" title="Himzo Polovina">Himzo Polovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_(Serbian_band)" title="Hurricane (Serbian band)">Hurricane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilira" title="Ilira">Ilira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Levak" title="Indira Levak">Indira Levak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Radi%C4%87" title="Indira Radić">Indira Radić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inna" title="Inna">Inna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inva_Mula" title="Inva Mula">Inva Mula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Zajc" title="Ivan Zajc">Ivan Zajc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivana_Peters" title="Ivana Peters">Ivana Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivi_Adamou" title="Ivi Adamou">Ivi Adamou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivo_Pogoreli%C4%87" title="Ivo Pogorelić">Ivo Pogorelić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Houdek" title="Jacques Houdek">Jacques Houdek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jana_(singer)" title="Jana (singer)">Jana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelena_Karleu%C5%A1a" title="Jelena Karleuša">Jelena Karleuša</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelena_Rozga" title="Jelena Rozga">Jelena Rozga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelena_Toma%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Jelena Tomašević">Jelena Tomašević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josipa_Lisac" title="Josipa Lisac">Josipa Lisac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jura_Stubli%C4%87" title="Jura Stublić">Jura Stublić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurica_Pa%C4%91en" title="Jurica Pađen">Jurica Pađen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliopi" title="Kaliopi">Kaliopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalomira" title="Kalomira">Kalomira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamelia" title="Kamelia">Kamelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karolina_Go%C4%8Deva" title="Karolina Gočeva">Karolina Gočeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katy_Garbi" title="Katy Garbi">Katy Garbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_Monteno" title="Kemal Monteno">Kemal Monteno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenan_Do%C4%9Fulu" title="Kenan Doğulu">Kenan Doğulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki%C4%87o_Slabinac" title="Kićo Slabinac">Kićo Slabinac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kir_Joakim" title="Kir Joakim">Kir Joakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knez_(singer)" title="Knez (singer)">Knez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstrakta" title="Konstrakta">Konstrakta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semir_Ceri%C4%87_Koke" title="Semir Cerić Koke">Koke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornelije_Kova%C4%8D" title="Kornelije Kovač">Kornelije Kovač</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lefteris_Pantazis" title="Lefteris Pantazis">Lefteris Pantazis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepa_Brena" title="Lepa Brena">Lepa Brena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepa_Luki%C4%87" title="Lepa Lukić">Lepa Lukić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_(singer)" title="Louis (singer)">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Black" title="Luke Black">Luke Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnifico_(musician)" title="Magnifico (musician)">Magnifico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maksim_Mrvica" title="Maksim Mrvica">Maksim Mrvica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malina_(Bulgarian_singer)" title="Malina (Bulgarian singer)">Malina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Elena_Kyriakou" title="Maria Elena Kyriakou">Maria Elena Kyriakou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marija_%C5%A0erifovi%C4%87" title="Marija Šerifović">Marija Šerifović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinella" title="Marinella">Marinella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marko_Kon" title="Marko Kon">Marko Kon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marta_Savi%C4%87" title="Marta Savić">Marta Savić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Savi%C4%87" title="Massimo Savić">Massimo Savić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maja_%C5%A0uput" title="Maja Šuput">Maja Šuput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Berovi%C4%87" title="Maya Berović">Maya Berović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Sar" title="Maya Sar">Maya Sar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merima_Njegomir" title="Merima Njegomir">Merima Njegomir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miladin_%C5%A0obi%C4%87" title="Miladin Šobić">Miladin Šobić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Stankovi%C4%87" title="Milan Stanković">Milan Stanković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mile_Kiti%C4%87" title="Mile Kitić">Mile Kitić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milica_Pavlovi%C4%87" title="Milica Pavlović">Milica Pavlović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Bojani%C4%87" title="Miloš Bojanić">Miloš Bojanić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Ili%C4%87" title="Miroslav Ilić">Miroslav Ilić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitar_Miri%C4%87" title="Mitar Mirić">Mitar Mirić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C5%A1a_Aleksi%C4%87" title="Miša Aleksić">Miša Aleksić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%C5%A1o_Kova%C4%8D" title="Mišo Kovač">Mišo Kovač</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muharem_Serbezovski" title="Muharem Serbezovski">Muharem Serbezovski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Sandal" title="Mustafa Sandal">Mustafa Sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nada_Mamula" title="Nada Mamula">Nada Mamula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nada_Top%C4%8Dagi%C4%87" title="Nada Topčagić">Nada Topčagić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natasa_Theodoridou" title="Natasa Theodoridou">Natasa Theodoridou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nata%C5%A1a_Bekvalac" title="Nataša Bekvalac">Nataša Bekvalac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neda_Ukraden" title="Neda Ukraden">Neda Ukraden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedeljko_Baji%C4%87_Baja" title="Nedeljko Bajić Baja">Nedeljko Bajić Baja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nele_Karajli%C4%87" title="Nele Karajlić">Nele Karajlić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neno_Belan" title="Neno Belan">Neno Belan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevena_Bo%C5%BEovi%C4%87" title="Nevena Božović">Nevena Božović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexhmije_Pagarusha" title="Nexhmije Pagarusha">Nexhmije Pagarusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Rokvi%C4%87" title="Nikola Rokvić">Nikola Rokvić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolija_(singer)" title="Nikolija (singer)">Nikolija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Vertis" title="Nikos Vertis">Nikos Vertis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Badri%C4%87" title="Nina Badrić">Nina Badrić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nino_Pr%C5%A1e%C5%A1" title="Nino Pršeš">Nino Pršeš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nino_Re%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Nino Rešić">Nino Rešić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noizy" title="Noizy">Noizy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_Istrefi" title="Nora Istrefi">Nora Istrefi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Dragojevi%C4%87" title="Oliver Dragojević">Oliver Dragojević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osman_Had%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Osman Hadžić">Osman Hadžić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paola_(Greek_singer)" title="Paola (Greek singer)">Paola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poli_Genova" title="Poli Genova">Poli Genova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predrag_Gojkovi%C4%87-Cune" class="mw-redirect" title="Predrag Gojković-Cune">Predrag Gojković-Cune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predrag_%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87_Tozovac" title="Predrag Živković Tozovac">Predrag Živković Tozovac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preslava" title="Preslava">Preslava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rambo_Amadeus" title="Rambo Amadeus">Rambo Amadeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasta_(singer)" title="Rasta (singer)">Rasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayna_(singer)" title="Rayna (singer)">Rayna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Ora" title="Rita Ora">Rita Ora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safet_Isovi%C4%87" title="Safet Isović">Safet Isović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakis_Rouvas" title="Sakis Rouvas">Sakis Rouvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanja_Vu%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Sanja Vučić">Sanja Vučić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Jovanovi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Sara Jovanović">Sara Jo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%C5%A1a_Kova%C4%8Devi%C4%87_(singer)" title="Saša Kovačević (singer)">Saša Kovačević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%C5%A1a_Lo%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Saša Lošić">Saša Lošić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%C5%A1a_Mati%C4%87" title="Saša Matić">Saša Matić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sead_Lipova%C4%8Da" title="Sead Lipovača">Sead Lipovača</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejo_Sexon" title="Sejo Sexon">Sejo Sexon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seka_Aleksi%C4%87" title="Seka Aleksić">Seka Aleksić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_Bajrami" title="Selma Bajrami">Selma Bajrami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serdar_Orta%C3%A7" title="Serdar Ortaç">Serdar Ortaç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergej_%C4%86etkovi%C4%87" title="Sergej Ćetković">Sergej Ćetković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertab_Erener" title="Sertab Erener">Sertab Erener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severina_(singer)" title="Severina (singer)">Severina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvana_Armenuli%C4%87" title="Silvana Armenulić">Silvana Armenulić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinan_Saki%C4%87" title="Sinan Sakić">Sinan Sakić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sla%C4%91ana_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slađana Milošević">Slađana Milošević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sne%C5%BEana_%C4%90uri%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Snežana Đurišić">Snežana Đurišić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofi_Marinova" title="Sofi Marinova">Sofi Marinova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoja" title="Stoja">Stoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stojan_Stojkov" title="Stojan Stojkov">Stojan Stojkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Todevska" title="Tamara Todevska">Tamara Todevska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_Ribi%C4%8D" title="Tanja Ribič">Tanja Ribič</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_Savi%C4%87" title="Tanja Savić">Tanja Savić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tereza_Kesovija" title="Tereza Kesovija">Tereza Kesovija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tijana_Dap%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Tijana Dapčević">Tijana Dapčević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mladen_Voji%C4%8Di%C4%87_Tifa" title="Mladen Vojičić Tifa">Tifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toma_Zdravkovi%C4%87" title="Toma Zdravković">Toma Zdravković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Cetinski" title="Tony Cetinski">Tony Cetinski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ton%C4%8Di_Hulji%C4%87" title="Tonči Huljić">Tonči Huljić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To%C5%A1e_Proeski" title="Toše Proeski">Toše Proeski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasilis_Karras" title="Vasilis Karras">Vasilis Karras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesna_Pisarovi%C4%87" title="Vesna Pisarović">Vesna Pisarović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesna_Zmijanac" title="Vesna Zmijanac">Vesna Zmijanac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viki_Miljkovi%C4%87" title="Viki Miljković">Viki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlado_Georgiev" title="Vlado Georgiev">Vlado Georgiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiannis_Parios" title="Yiannis Parios">Yiannis Parios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaim_Imamovi%C4%87" title="Zaim Imamović">Zaim Imamović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zdravko_%C4%8Coli%C4%87" title="Zdravko Čolić">Zdravko Čolić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiki_Lesendri%C4%87" title="Kiki Lesendrić">Zoran Lesendrić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorica_Brunclik" title="Zorica Brunclik">Zorica Brunclik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljuba_Ali%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Ljuba Aličić">Ljuba Aličić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0aban_%C5%A0auli%C4%87" title="Šaban Šaulić">Šaban Šaulić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eebnem_Paker" title="Şebnem Paker">Şebnem Paker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0emsa_Suljakovi%C4%87" title="Šemsa Suljaković">Šemsa Suljaković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0erif_Konjevi%C4%87" title="Šerif Konjević">Šerif Konjević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_Bebek" title="Željko Bebek">Željko Bebek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_Joksimovi%C4%87" title="Željko Joksimović">Željko Joksimović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_Samard%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Željko Samardžić">Željko Samardžić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeljko_%C5%A0a%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Željko Šašić">Željko Šašić</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions550" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template talk:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of the world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_primary_regions_and_subregions550" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s primary <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme" title="United Nations geoscheme">regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subregion" title="Subregion">subregions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World" title="World">Worlds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab World">Arab World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_Under" title="Down Under">Down Under</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-world_model" title="Three-world model">Three/Four Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_World" title="Fourth World">Fourth World</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemispheres_of_Earth" title="Hemispheres of Earth">Hemispheres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Land Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_and_water_hemispheres" title="Land and water hemispheres">Water Hemisphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">Landmasses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Africa-Eurasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">submerged</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">Tectonic plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau" title="Antarctic Plateau">Antarctic Plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains" title="Transantarctic Mountains">Transantarctic Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Southeastern31" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeastern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of South Asia">Subregions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subregion#Asia" title="Subregion">Other regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Himalayan27" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_Rim" title="Himalayan Rim">Himalayan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_states" title="Himalayan states">Himalayan states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Himalayan_Region" title="Indian Himalayan Region">Indian region</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">South-eastern</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Balkan Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">South-western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern Am.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern USA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">West South Central United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle Am.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Caribbean" title="Greater Caribbean">Greater Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central Am.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Australasia15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin_(sedimentary_basin)" title="Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin)">Amazon Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands" title="Brazilian Highlands">Brazilian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">Caribbean South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">The Guianas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">Supercontinents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Americas12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_America" title="Portuguese America">Portuguese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands" title="Lists of islands">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Africa" title="List of islands of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands_of_the_Americas" title="Lists of islands of the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_North_America" title="List of islands of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Central_America" title="List of islands of Central America">Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_America" title="List of islands of South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_area" title="List of European islands by area">by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_population" title="List of European islands by population">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Arctic Ocean">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Baltic_Sea" title="List of islands in the Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Black_Sea" title="List of islands in the Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Irish_Sea" title="List of islands in the Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Adriatic" title="List of islands in the Adriatic">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aegean_Islands" title="List of Aegean Islands">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Sea</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="List of islands in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_East_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Southern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean#World_Ocean" title="Ocean">World Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">waterbodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lakes" title="Lists of lakes">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">Seas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rim_regions" title="Category:Rim regions">Rim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic Rim">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Rim">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean Rim">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Rim">Mediterranean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">Polar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_regions" title="Category:Global regions">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By direction: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_East" title="Global East">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History#The_Heartland" title="The Geographical Pivot of History">Heartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Northwest" title="Global Northwest">Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southeast" title="Global Southeast">Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southwest" title="Global Southwest">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">West</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Continents_of_Earth" title="Template:Continents of Earth">Continents of Earth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_seas" title="Template:List of seas">List of seas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Earth" title="Template:Earth">Physical Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" 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[\"CITEREFDe_Munter2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDecev1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemiraj2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDetrez2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDjurdjevic\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDobrev1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEuropean_Investment_Bank.2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFederal_Ministry_for_Europe,_Integration_and_Foreign_Affairs\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischerSchmitt2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedman2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldstein,_I.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldstein1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraySloan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaarmann2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHajdú2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIMF\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInalcık2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJean_W_Sedlar1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJelavich1983a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJelavich1983b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJelavichJelavich1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuhász2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKitsikis2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKolstø2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKomlos1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKélékian1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLampe2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLazaridisAlpaslan-Roodenberg2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacLeod1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalcolm1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatzinger2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazower2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiktalab2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOkey2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlga_M._Tomic2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPavic2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerlès2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPond2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRalev2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedaktion:_PT-DLR\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_T._Schaefer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_BideleuxIan_Jeffries2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchreiberStegemannVogel1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlavoj_Zizek1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSomek2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanoyevich1919\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStavrianos2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoianovich1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTodorova1997\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTodorova2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFVezenkov2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWare1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWasti2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZoltan_Hajdu2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŠvob-Ðokic,_Nada2001\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"ALB\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"BIH\"] = 1,\n [\"BUL\"] = 3,\n [\"Balkan Countries\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"CRO\"] = 2,\n [\"Circa\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite LPD\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 50,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 71,\n [\"Coat of arms\"] = 6,\n [\"Colbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Colend\"] = 1,\n [\"Color\"] = 35,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"Countries of Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Decrease\"] = 23,\n [\"DecreasePositive\"] = 6,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Europe topics (small)\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 12,\n [\"Flagu\"] = 24,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"GRE\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"ISBN?\"] = 5,\n [\"Increase\"] = 59,\n [\"IncreaseNegative\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox peninsulas\"] = 1,\n [\"Isbn\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 11,\n [\"Langx\"] = 10,\n [\"Legend\"] = 7,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Music of Southeastern Europe (the Balkans)\"] = 1,\n [\"NMK\"] = 1,\n [\"Note\"] = 4,\n [\"Note label\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"ROU\"] = 7,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Ref label\"] = 4,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Regions of the world\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 2,\n [\"SLO\"] = 1,\n [\"SRB\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Steady\"] = 1,\n [\"TUR\"] = 4,\n [\"Update\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","25.5"],["?","220","21.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","7.8"],["dataWrapper 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Balkans","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Balkans","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q23522","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q23522","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-12-17T08:24:43Z","dateModified":"2025-03-06T16:41:49Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/16\/Geographic_map_of_Balkan_Peninsula.svg","headline":"geopolitical and cultural region of Southeast Europe"}</script> </body> </html>