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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Attempted murder and exile in Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempted_murder_and_exile_in_Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergence_as_guerrilla_leader" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_as_guerrilla_leader"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Emergence as guerrilla leader</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_as_guerrilla_leader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Marriage and family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declaring_war_on_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declaring_war_on_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Declaring war on the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declaring_war_on_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efforts_at_winning_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efforts_at_winning_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Efforts at winning recognition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Efforts_at_winning_recognition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Efforts at winning recognition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Efforts_at_winning_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Struggle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Struggle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>The Struggle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Struggle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solidarity_with_foreign_nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solidarity_with_foreign_nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Solidarity with foreign nations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solidarity_with_foreign_nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Year-long_exile_in_Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Year-long_exile_in_Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Year-long exile in Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Year-long_exile_in_Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EMECU" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EMECU"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>EMECU</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EMECU-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._withdrawal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._withdrawal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>U.S. withdrawal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._withdrawal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Quotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Augusto César Sandino</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88" title="أوغوستو سيزار ساندينو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوغوستو سيزار ساندينو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandino" title="Sandino – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sandino" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino" title="Augusto César Sandino – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Augusto César Sandino" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avqusto_Sandino" title="Avqusto Sandino – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avqusto Sandino" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Аўгуста Сесар Сандзіна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аўгуста Сесар Сандзіна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Аугусто Сесар Сандино – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аугусто Сесар Сандино" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino" title="Augusto César Sandino – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Augusto César Sandino" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino" title="Augusto César Sandino – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Augusto César Sandino" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino" title="Augusto César Sandino – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Augusto César Sandino" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino" title="Augusto César Sandino – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Augusto César Sandino" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino" title="Augusto César Sandino – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Augusto César Sandino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino" title="Augusto César Sandino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Augusto César Sandino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino" title="Augusto César Sandino – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Augusto César Sandino" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%B3%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88" title="اوگوستو سزار ساندینو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اوگوستو سزار ساندینو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Sandino" title="Augusto Sandino – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Augusto Sandino" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino" title="Augusto César Sandino – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Augusto César Sandino" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%9A%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0_%EC%84%B8%EC%82%AC%EB%A5%B4_%EC%82%B0%EB%94%94%EB%85%B8" title="아우구스토 세사르 산디노 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아우구스토 세사르 산디노" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8_%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B8" title="Աուգուստո Սանդինո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աուգուստո Սանդինո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino" title="Augusto César Sandino – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Augusto César Sandino" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE,_%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сандино, Аугусто Сесар – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сандино, Аугусто Сесар" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino" title="Augusto César Sandino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Augusto César Sandino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95_%D7%A1%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A8_%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95" title="אוגוסטו ססאר סנדינו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוגוסטו ססאר סנדינו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D" title="აუგუსტო სესარ სანდინო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აუგუსტო სესარ სანდინო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Аугусто Сесар Сандино – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аугусто Сесар Сандино" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Sesars_Sandino" title="Augusto Sesars Sandino – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Augusto Sesars Sandino" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino" title="Augusto César Sandino – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Augusto César Sandino" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88" title="اوجوستو نيكولاس كالديرون ساندينو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوجوستو نيكولاس كالديرون ساندينو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino" title="Augusto César Sandino – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Augusto César Sandino" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino" title="Augusto César Sandino – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Augusto César Sandino" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8E" title="アウグスト・セサル・サンディーノ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アウグスト・セサル・サンディーノ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino" title="Augusto César Sandino – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Augusto César Sandino" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino" title="Augusto César Sandino – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Augusto César Sandino" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Sandino" title="Augusto Sandino – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Augusto Sandino" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino" title="Augusto César Sandino – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Augusto César Sandino" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino" title="Augusto César Sandino – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Augusto César Sandino" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE,_%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сандино, Аугусто Сесар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сандино, Аугусто Сесар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino" title="Augusto César Sandino – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Augusto César Sandino" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Аугусто Сесар Сандино – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аугусто Сесар Сандино" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Augusto_Sandino" title="César Augusto Sandino – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="César Augusto Sandino" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino" title="Augusto César Sandino – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Augusto César Sandino" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino" title="Augusto César Sandino – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Augusto César Sandino" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino" title="Augusto César Sandino – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Augusto César Sandino" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Августо Сесар Сандіно – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Августо Сесар Сандіно" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino" title="Augusto César Sandino – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Augusto César Sandino" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%A1%91%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%BA" title="奥古斯托·塞萨尔·桑地诺 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奥古斯托·塞萨尔·桑地诺" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%A1%91%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%BA" title="奥古斯托·塞萨尔·桑地诺 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奥古斯托·塞萨尔·桑地诺" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sandino" redirects here. For the Cuban town, see <a href="/wiki/Sandino,_Cuba" title="Sandino, Cuba">Sandino, Cuba</a>. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Sandin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sandin (disambiguation)">Sandin</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Spanish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish name">Spanish name</a>, the first or paternal <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <i> Sandino</i> and the second or maternal family name is <i> Calderón</i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Augusto César Sandino</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino.jpg/220px-Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino.jpg/330px-Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino.jpg/440px-Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="845" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Sandino in 1929</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Augusto Nicolás Calderón Sandino<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1895-05-18</span>)</span>18 May 1895<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Niquinohomo" title="Niquinohomo">Niquinohomo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masaya_Department" title="Masaya Department">Masaya Department</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 February 1934<span style="display:none">(1934-02-21)</span> (aged 38)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Managua" title="Managua">Larreynaga, Managua</a>, Nicaragua</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Execution_by_firing_squad" title="Execution by firing squad">Execution by firing squad</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1927–1933</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Nicaraguan revolutionary leader</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Nicaragua)" title="Democratic Party (Nicaragua)">Liberal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movement</th><td class="infobox-data category">Army in Defense of the National Sovereignty of Nicaragua (<i>Ejército Defensor de la Soberanía Nacional de Nicaragua</i>, or EDSN)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Opponents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somoza_family" title="Somoza family">Somoza family</a></li><li>United States</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Blanca_Ar%C3%A1uz" title="Blanca Aráuz">Blanca Stella Aráuz Pineda</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Augusto_C._Sandino_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Augusto_C._Sandino_Signature.svg/150px-Augusto_C._Sandino_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Augusto_C._Sandino_Signature.svg/225px-Augusto_C._Sandino_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Augusto_C._Sandino_Signature.svg/300px-Augusto_C._Sandino_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Augusto César Sandino</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Latin American Spanish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-419-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[awˈɣusto<span class="wrap"> </span>se<span class="wrap"> </span>sanˈdino]</a></span>; 18 May 1895 – 21 February 1934), full name <b>Augusto Nicolás Calderón Sandino</b>, was a Nicaraguan <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">revolutionary</a> and leader of a <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">rebellion</a> between 1927 and 1933 against the <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">United States occupation of Nicaragua</a>. Despite being referred to as a "bandit" by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">United States government</a>, his exploits made him a hero throughout much of <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, where he became a symbol of resistance to <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sandino drew units of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a> into an undeclared <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla war</a>. The United States troops withdrew from the country in 1933 after overseeing the election and inauguration of President <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Sacasa" title="Juan Bautista Sacasa">Juan Bautista Sacasa</a>, who had returned from exile.<sup id="cite_ref-Musicant_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musicant-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sandino was executed in 1934 by National Guard forces of General <a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Somoza_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Anastasio Somoza García">Anastasio Somoza García</a>, who went on to seize power in a <i><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a></i> two years later. After being elected president by an overwhelming margin in 1936, Somoza García resumed control of the National Guard and established a dictatorship and <a href="/wiki/Somoza_family" title="Somoza family">Somoza family</a> dynasty that ruled Nicaragua for more than 40 years. Sandino's political legacy was claimed by the <a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">Sandinista National Liberation Front</a> (FSLN), which overthrew the Somoza government in 1979 and then ensconced itself in power for more than 40 years. </p><p>Sandino is revered in Nicaragua and in 2010 its congress unanimously named him a "national hero".<sup id="cite_ref-NYT2011_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His political descendants, the icons of his wide-brimmed hat and boots, and his writings from the years of warfare against the USMC continue to shape Nicaragua's national identity.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT2011_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Augusto Calderón was born 18 May 1895, in <a href="/wiki/Niquinohomo" title="Niquinohomo">Niquinohomo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masaya_Department" title="Masaya Department">Masaya Department</a>, Nicaragua. He was the <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)" title="Legitimacy (family law)">illegitimate</a> son of Gregorio Sandino, a wealthy landowner of Spanish descent, and Margarita Calderón, an indigenous servant with the Sandino family.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He lived with his mother until he was nine years old, when his father took him into his own home and arranged for his education.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was then that young Augusto took on his father's surname, retaining his maternal surname, Calderón, as a middle name represented by the initial C.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1912, when he was 17, Sandino witnessed an intervention of United States troops in Nicaragua to suppress an uprising against President <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_D%C3%ADaz" title="Adolfo Díaz">Adolfo Díaz</a>, regarded by many as a United States <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet</a>. General <a href="/wiki/Benjam%C3%ADn_Zeled%C3%B3n" title="Benjamín Zeledón">Benjamín Zeledón</a> of <a href="/wiki/La_Concordia,_Jinotega" class="mw-redirect" title="La Concordia, Jinotega">La Concordia</a> in the state of <a href="/wiki/Jinotega" title="Jinotega">Jinotega</a> died that year on 4 October during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Coyotepe_Hill" title="Battle of Coyotepe Hill">Battle of Coyotepe Hill</a>, when United States Marines recaptured Fort Coyotepe and the city of <a href="/wiki/Masaya" title="Masaya">Masaya</a> from rebels. The Marines carried Zeledón's body on an oxcart to be buried in <a href="/wiki/Catarina,_Masaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Catarina, Masaya">Catarina</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attempted_murder_and_exile_in_Mexico">Attempted murder and exile in Mexico</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Attempted murder and exile in Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1921 at the age of 26, Sandino shot but failed to kill Dagoberto Rivas, the son of a prominent conservative townsman, who had made disparaging comments about Sandino's mother. As a result, Sandino fled to <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> and eventually <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, where he found work at a <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a> refinery near the port of <a href="/wiki/Tampico" title="Tampico">Tampico</a>. At that time the military phase of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> was drawing to an end. A new "institutional revolutionary" regime was forming, driven by a wide array of popular movements to carry out the provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Mexico" title="Constitution of Mexico">1917 Constitution</a>. Sandino was involved with the <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">spiritist</a> gurus and <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-imperialist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> revolutionaries. He embraced the <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anti-clericalism</a> of Mexico's revolution and the ideology of <i><a href="/wiki/Indigenismo" title="Indigenismo">Indigenismo</a>,</i> which glorified the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous</a> heritage of Latin America. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emergence_as_guerrilla_leader">Emergence as guerrilla leader</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Emergence as guerrilla leader"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Sandino_(center)_and_Staff_enroute_to_Mexico._Siglo_XX.,_06-1929_-_NARA_-_532357.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/General_Sandino_%28center%29_and_Staff_enroute_to_Mexico._Siglo_XX.%2C_06-1929_-_NARA_-_532357.tif/lossy-page1-220px-General_Sandino_%28center%29_and_Staff_enroute_to_Mexico._Siglo_XX.%2C_06-1929_-_NARA_-_532357.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/General_Sandino_%28center%29_and_Staff_enroute_to_Mexico._Siglo_XX.%2C_06-1929_-_NARA_-_532357.tif/lossy-page1-330px-General_Sandino_%28center%29_and_Staff_enroute_to_Mexico._Siglo_XX.%2C_06-1929_-_NARA_-_532357.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/General_Sandino_%28center%29_and_Staff_enroute_to_Mexico._Siglo_XX.%2C_06-1929_-_NARA_-_532357.tif/lossy-page1-440px-General_Sandino_%28center%29_and_Staff_enroute_to_Mexico._Siglo_XX.%2C_06-1929_-_NARA_-_532357.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1869" /></a><figcaption>Sandino (center) Tony Eduardo Delduca 1910–1985, representing the Purple Gang (right) Mr. Delduca's body guard, Joe (far right) en route to Mexico</figcaption></figure> <p>Shortly after Sandino returned to Nicaragua, the <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalist_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutionalist War">Constitutionalist War</a> began when Liberal soldiers in the Caribbean port of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Cabezas" title="Puerto Cabezas">Puerto Cabezas</a> revolted against the Conservative President <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_D%C3%ADaz" title="Adolfo Díaz">Adolfo Díaz</a>, who had recently been installed after a coup with United States involvement. The leader of this revolt, General <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Moncada" title="José María Moncada">José María Moncada</a>, declared that he supported the claim of the exiled Liberal vice-president <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Sacasa" title="Juan Bautista Sacasa">Juan Bautista Sacasa</a>. </p><p>Sacasa returned to Nicaragua, arriving in Puerto Cabezas in December, and declared himself president of a "constitutional" government, which Mexico recognized. Sandino assembled a makeshift army composed largely of gold miners, and led a failed attack on the Conservative garrison nearest the San Albino mine. Afterward, he traveled to Puerto Cabezas to meet with Moncada. Because of the guerrilla's hit-and-run operations against Conservative forces, conducted independently of the Liberal army, Moncada distrusted Sandino and told Sacasa so.<sup id="cite_ref-iokjnm_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iokjnm-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sacasa denied the unknown Sandino's requests for weapons and a military commission. But after he captured some rifles from fleeing Conservative soldiers, the other Liberal commanders agreed to grant Sandino a commission. </p><p>By 1927 Sandino had returned to <i><a href="/wiki/Las_Segovias" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Segovias">Las Segovias</a></i>, where he recruited local peasants for his army and attacked government troops with increasing success. In April Sandino's forces played a vital role in assisting the principal Liberal Army column, which was advancing on <a href="/wiki/Managua" title="Managua">Managua</a>. Having received arms and funding from Mexico, Moncada's Liberal army seemed on the verge of seizing the capital. But the United States, using the threat of military intervention, forced the Liberal generals to agree to a ceasefire. </p><p>On 4 May 1927, representatives from the two warring factions signed the <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Espino_Negro" title="Pact of Espino Negro">Espino Negro accord</a>, negotiated by <a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Henry L. Stimson</a>, appointed by U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> as a special envoy to Nicaragua. Under the terms of the accord, both sides agreed to disarm, <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_D%C3%ADaz" title="Adolfo Díaz">Díaz</a> would be allowed to finish his term, and a new national army would be established, to be called the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(Nicaragua)" title="National Guard (Nicaragua)">Guardia Nacional</a> (National Guard). U.S. soldiers were to remain in the country to supervise the upcoming November presidential election. A battalion of U.S. Marines under the command of Major General <a href="/wiki/Logan_Feland" title="Logan Feland">Logan Feland</a> later arrived to enforce the agreement. </p><p>After the signing of the Espino Negro accord, Sandino refused to order his followers to surrender their weapons, and returned with them to the Segovia Mountains. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_family">Marriage and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Marriage and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During this period, Sandino married <a href="/wiki/Blanca_Ar%C3%A1uz" title="Blanca Aráuz">Blanca Stella Aráuz Pineda</a>, a young telegraphist of the village of <a href="/wiki/San_Rafael_del_Norte" title="San Rafael del Norte">San Rafael del Norte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jinotega" title="Jinotega">Jinotega</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Declaring_war_on_the_United_States">Declaring war on the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Declaring war on the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 1927, Sandino organised a group of 50 men to march to the San Albino mines in Nueva Segovia, where he was formerly employed by American businessman <a href="/wiki/Charles_Butters" title="Charles Butters">Charles Butters</a>. Sandino took over the mine, which held 500 pounds of dynamite he said was going to use to "kill Yankees", and forcibly drove out all foreigners. This led to foreigners criticizing America and how the Marines deployed in Nicaragua were ordered to protect only American property, not foreigners'.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the beginning of July 1927, Sandino issued a manifesto condemning the betrayal of the Liberal revolution by the <i>vendepatria</i> ("country-seller") Moncada. He declared war on the United States, which he called the "Colossus of the North" and "the enemy of our race".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the height of his guerrilla campaign, Sandino claimed to have 3,000 soldiers in his army; in later years, officials estimated the number at 300.<sup id="cite_ref-iokjnm_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iokjnm-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 July, Sandino's followers <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ocotal" title="Battle of Ocotal">attacked</a> a patrol of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Marines">U.S. Marines</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Guardia_Nacional" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaraguan Guardia Nacional">Nicaraguan Guardia Nacional</a> was sent to apprehend him at the village of <a href="/wiki/Ocotal" title="Ocotal">Ocotal</a>. Armed primarily with <a href="/wiki/Machete" title="Machete">machetes</a> and 19th-century rifles, they attempted to besiege the Marines, but were easily repulsed with the help of one of the first dive-bombing attacks in history, conducted by five Marine <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland" title="De Havilland">de Havilland</a> biplanes. The Marine commander estimated that 300 of Sandino's men died (the actual number was about 80), while the Marines suffered two casualties, one dead and one wounded, and the Guardia three dead and four taken prisoner.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite their heavy losses and the lopsided nature of these battles, the rebels made other attempts to swarm a small post guarded by 21 Marines and 25 guardsmen at <a href="/wiki/Telpaneca" title="Telpaneca">Telpaneca</a>. The 200 assaulting <a href="/wiki/Sandinistas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandinistas">Sandinistas</a> had 25 deaths and 50 wounded while killing one Marine, wounding another and seriously injuring a guardsman. </p><p>Later Sandino took the more official title Augusto César Sandino and renamed his insurgents "The Army in Defense of the National Sovereignty of Nicaragua". Efforts by the Marines to kill or capture him over the summer failed. In November 1927, U.S. aircraft succeeded in locating El Chipote, Sandino's remote mountain headquarters east of San Albino Mine. But when the Marines reached it, they found it abandoned and guarded by straw dummies. Sandino and his followers had long since escaped.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1928 U.S. Marines found Sandino's war base in <a href="/wiki/Quilal%C3%AD" title="Quilalí">Quilalí</a> and, though they were ambushed in their approach, the American and Nicaraguan troops had no trouble in routing the 400 rebels under Francisco Estrada's leadership. The Marines lost one man while killing 20. Sandino's penchant for exaggeration was evident in his personal report of the events: he claimed to have won the battle in three hours and that 97 Americans were killed and another 60 wounded. In reality only 66 Marines were in the operation. He further boasted the capture of six Lewis machine guns, three M1921 Thompsons and 46 Lewis automatic rifles. Also among these trophies was a codebook for communicating with aircraft. </p><p>After reaching the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Segovia_Department" title="Nueva Segovia Department">Nueva Segovia</a>, Sandino smuggled a message to Mexico City saying: </p> <blockquote><p>I will not abandon my resistance until the ... pirate invaders ... assassins of weak peoples ... are expelled from my country. ... I will make them realize that their crimes will cost them dear. ... There will be bloody combat. ... Nicaragua shall not be the patrimony of Imperialists. I will fight for my cause as long as my heart beats. ... If through destiny I should lose, there are in my arsenal five tons of dynamite which I will explode with my own hand. The noise of the cataclysm will be heard 250 miles. All who hear will be witness that Sandino is dead. Let it not be permitted that the hands of traitors or invaders shall profane his remains.<sup id="cite_ref-sazc_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sazc-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In April the Sandinistas destroyed the equipment of the <a href="/wiki/Bonanza,_North_Caribbean_Coast_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonanza, North Caribbean Coast Autonomous Region">Bonanza</a> and La Luz gold mines, the two largest mines in the country, both owned by three American brothers: James Gilmore, G. Fred, and D. Watson Fletcher, all of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, who were brothers of <a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Fletcher" title="Henry P. Fletcher">Henry P. Fletcher</a>, the United States Ambassador to Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-fletc_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fletc-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After destroying the Fletchers' mines, Sandino wrote that he was targeting not just U.S. Marines but also Americans in Nicaragua who "uphold the attitude of Coolidge."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With aerial support, the Marines made several riverine patrols from Nicaragua's east coast up the <a href="/wiki/Coco_River" title="Coco River">Coco River</a> during the height of the rainy season, often having to use native dugout canoes. While these patrols limited Sandino's forces' movements and secured tenuous control over northern Nicaragua's principal river, the Marines failed to find Sandino or to effect a decisive victory. By April 1928 the Marines reportedly thought Sandino was finished and trying to evade capture.<sup id="cite_ref-oni34_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oni34-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One month later, his army ambushed another Marine post and killed five troops.<sup id="cite_ref-oni34_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oni34-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1928 the Marines located Sandino's mother and convinced her to write a letter asking him to surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sandino announced that he would continue to fight until the Marines left Nicaragua.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite massive efforts, American forces never captured Sandino. His communiqués were regularly published in American media; for instance, he was frequently quoted during 1928 in <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine during the Marines' offensive. At one point he staged a fake funeral to throw off pursuers. The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a> did not share Coolidge's ambition to capture Sandino and declined to fund operations to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-pava_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pava-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Burton_K._Wheeler" title="Burton K. Wheeler">Burton K. Wheeler</a> of <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> argued that if American soldiers intended to "stamp out banditry, let's send them to <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> to stamp it out there ... I wouldn't sacrifice ... one American boy for all the damn Nicaraguans."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Efforts_at_winning_recognition">Efforts at winning recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Efforts at winning recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandinoflagusmc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sandinoflagusmc.jpg/220px-Sandinoflagusmc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sandinoflagusmc.jpg/330px-Sandinoflagusmc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Sandinoflagusmc.jpg/440px-Sandinoflagusmc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>A flag captured by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">U.S. marines</a> from Sandino's forces</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Struggle">The Struggle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Struggle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Having addressed his declaration of war to the whole of the "Indo-Hispanic race", Sandino saw his struggle in racial terms, as the defense not only of Nicaragua but of the whole of Latin America. At the beginning of his rebellion, Sandino appointed the <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduran</a> poet, journalist and diplomat, <a href="/wiki/Froyl%C3%A1n_Turcios" title="Froylán Turcios">Froylán Turcios</a>, as his official foreign representative. Residing in <a href="/wiki/Tegucigalpa" title="Tegucigalpa">Tegucigalpa</a>, Turcios received and distributed Sandino's communiques, manifests and reports; he also acted as his liaison to sympathizers who provided him with arms and volunteers. Working with a number of prominent Nicaraguan exiles, Turcios sought to build support for Sandino's struggle in other Central American nations and in Mexico, which had backed the Liberals during the Constitutionalist War. In Mexico, Sandino's principal representative was the Nicaraguan exile Pedro Zepeda, who had previously served as the liaison between <a href="/wiki/Sacasa" title="Sacasa">Sacasa</a> and the Mexican government. </p><p>Sandino's principal demands were the resignation of President Díaz, withdrawal of U.S. troops, new elections to be supervised by Latin American countries, and the abrogation of the <a href="/wiki/Bryan%E2%80%93Chamorro_Treaty" title="Bryan–Chamorro Treaty">Bryan–Chamorro Treaty</a> (which gave the United States the exclusive right to build a canal across Nicaragua). In October 1928, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Moncada" title="José María Moncada">José María Moncada</a> was elected as president, in a process supervised by the United States, which proved a major setback for Sandino's claim to be acting in defense of the Liberal revolution. </p><p>Prior to the election, Sandino had attempted, with three other marginal factions, to organize a <i><a href="/wiki/Junta_(governing_body)" title="Junta (governing body)">junta</a></i> to be headed by <a href="/wiki/Zepeda" title="Zepeda">Zepeda</a>. In an organizing pact, Sandino took the role of <i><a href="/wiki/Generalissimo" title="Generalissimo">Generalissimo</a></i> and the sole military authority of the republic. Following the election of Moncada, Sandino ruled out negotiations with his former rival and declared the elections unconstitutional. In an attempt to outmanoeuvre the general, Sandino expanded his demands to include the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Central_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United Provinces of Central America">United Provinces of Central America</a>. </p><p>He made this demand a central component of his political platform. In a letter he wrote in March 1929 to the Argentine President <a href="/wiki/Hip%C3%B3lito_Yrigoyen" title="Hipólito Yrigoyen">Hipólito Yrigoyen</a>, "Plan for Realizing Bolívar's Dream", Sandino outlined a more ambitious political project. He proposed a conference in <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> to be attended by all Latin American nations, which would work toward their political unification as an entity he called the "Indo-Latin American Continental and Antillean Federation". He proposed that the unified entity would resist further domination by the United States and be able to ensure that the proposed <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaragua Canal">Nicaragua Canal</a> would remain under Latin American control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solidarity_with_foreign_nations">Solidarity with foreign nations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Solidarity with foreign nations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Sandino's success grew, he began to receive symbolic gestures of support from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a>. The Pan-American Anti-Imperialist League, supervised by the South American Bureau of the Comintern, issued a number of statements in support of Sandino. Within the United States, the U.S. branch of the Anti-Imperialist League publicized opposition to the actions of the U.S. government in Nicaragua. Sandino's half-brother Sócrates, who lived in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, was featured as a speaker at several rallies against American involvement in Nicaragua, which were organized by the League and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Communist Party">U.S. Communist Party</a>. The Sixth World Congress of the Comintern, meeting in Moscow in the summer of 1928, issued a statement "expressing solidarity with the workers and peasants of Nicaragua and the heroic army of national emancipation of General Sandino". In China, a division of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> army that seized <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> in 1928 was named "the Sandino brigade."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following June, Sandino appointed a representative to the Second Congress of the World Anti-Imperialist League in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Year-long_exile_in_Mexico">Year-long exile in Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Year-long exile in Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sandino's relations with Turcios soured, as Turcios disliked the Junta proposal. Sandino criticized him for siding with Honduras in a border dispute with Guatemala, which Sandino saw as a distraction from the goal of Central American unification. Conflict between the two men led Turcios to resign in January 1929, which resulted in cutting off the flow of arms to Sandino's forces and leaving them increasingly isolated from potential supporters outside Nicaragua. Sandino's army suffered a major blow in February 1929 when Gen. Manuel María Jirón, who masterminded his raids, was captured by U.S. Marines.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More defeats for Sandino's army at the hands of the Marines soon followed.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an effort to secure military and financial support, Sandino wrote letters appealing to various Latin American leaders. Sandino looked for aid from revolutionary Mexico, but the country had taken an anti-communist turn under the <i>de facto</i> ruler <a href="/wiki/Plutarco_El%C3%ADas_Calles" title="Plutarco Elías Calles">Plutarco Elías Calles</a>. Sandino also wrote a letter that was sent to <a href="/wiki/Al_Capone" title="Al Capone">Al Capone</a> in Chicago. Mr. Capone was uninterested in personally helping Sandino. Mr. Capone then hand delivered the letter to Tony Eduardo Delduca leader of the Purple Gang 1929 to 1935. Mr. Delduca had followed the stories of Sandino in the press and was very proud and honored to help Sandino. The Packard car in the picture is a present for Sandino from Mr. Delduca. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Farabundo_marti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Farabundo_marti.jpg/220px-Farabundo_marti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Farabundo_marti.jpg/330px-Farabundo_marti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Farabundo_marti.jpg/440px-Farabundo_marti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>The Salvadoran revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Farabundo_Mart%C3%AD" title="Farabundo Martí">Farabundo Martí</a> (left) and the Nicaraguan revolutionary Augusto C. Sandino (right), on the roof of the Gran Hotel. Mérida, Mexico, 23 July 1929.</figcaption></figure> <p>After failing to negotiate his surrender in exchange for a withdrawal of U.S. troops, the Mexican President <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Portes_Gil" title="Emilio Portes Gil">Emilio Portes Gil</a> offered Sandino asylum. The leading guerrilla left Nicaragua in June 1929. In the political climate of the <i><a href="/wiki/Maximato" title="Maximato">Maximato</a>,</i> Sandino's radicalism was unwelcome. To appease the United States, the Mexican government confined Sandino to the city of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Mérida, Yucatán">Mérida</a>. Living at a hotel, Sandino was still able to maintain contact with his supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He traveled to <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> and met with Portes Gil, but his request for support was quickly rebuffed. The <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Communist_Party" title="Mexican Communist Party">Mexican Communist Party</a> offered to pay for Sandino to travel to Europe, but the offer was withdrawn after he refused to issue a statement condemning the Mexican government. In April 1930, as Sandino's relations with the Communists grew increasingly cool, they leaked information suggesting that Sandino was critical of Portes Gil's government. Put at risk in Mexico, Sandino left the country and returned to Nicaragua. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EMECU">EMECU</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: EMECU"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his period in Mexico, he had become a member of the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic-Spiritualist_School_of_the_Universal_Commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic-Spiritualist School of the Universal Commune">Magnetic-Spiritualist School of the Universal Commune</a> (EMECU). Founded in <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> in 1911 by <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Trincado" class="mw-redirect" title="Joaquín Trincado">Joaquín Trincado</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Basque_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque people">Basque</a> electrician, the EMECU blended the political ideals of anarchism with a cosmology which was an idiosyncratic synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritism</a>. Rejecting both capitalism and <a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a>, Trincado's brand of communism was based on a "spiritism of Light and Truth," which he believed would supersede all existing religions in the final stage of human history. This stage, which would arise from the political conflicts of the 20th century, would be the time of the founding of the "universal commune", in which private property and the state would be abolished, the hatred caused by false religions would disappear, and all of humanity would be part of one race (Hispanic) and speak one language (Spanish). </p><p>Although Sandino had communicated with Trincado only through a series of letters, after his return to Nicaragua, his manifests and his personal affiliations were increasingly shaped by his applying the ideals of the EMECU. He named Tricado as one of his official representatives and replaced the former seal (with an image of a campesino beheading a U.S. Marine) with the symbol of EMECU. His distrust of his former Communist associates led him to break off relations with <a href="/wiki/Farabundo_Mart%C3%AD" title="Farabundo Martí">Farabundo Martí</a>, a Salvadoran who was formerly one of his most trusted lieutenants, and accused Martí of spying for the Communists. In February 1931, Sandino issued his "Manifest of Light and Truth", which reflected a new millenarian tone in his beliefs. The manifest proclaimed the coming of the Last Judgment, a time of "the destruction of injustice on the earth and the reign of the Spirit of Light and Truth, that is, Love." He said that Nicaragua had been chosen to play a central role in this struggle, and his army was an instrument of divine justice. "The honor has fallen to us, brothers, that in Nicaragua we have been chosen by Divine Justice to begin the prosecution of injustice on earth."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._withdrawal">U.S. withdrawal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: U.S. withdrawal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Sandino had been unable to secure any outside aid for his forces, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> made overseas military expeditions too costly for the United States. In January 1931, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of State">U.S. Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stimson" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Stimson">Henry Stimson</a> announced that all U.S. soldiers in Nicaragua would be withdrawn after the 1932 election in the country. The newly created Nicaraguan <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(Nicaragua)" title="National Guard (Nicaragua)">National Guard</a> (<i>Guardia Nacional</i>), which continued to be commanded by U.S. officers, took over responsibility for controlling insurgencies. </p><p>In May 1931, an <a href="/wiki/1931_Nicaragua_earthquake" title="1931 Nicaragua earthquake">earthquake destroyed Managua</a>, killing over 2,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disruption and the losses the earthquake caused weakened the central government and gave Sandino leverage to revive his fight with the Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer of 1931, Sandinista bands were active in every department north of Managua and conducted raids into the southern and western parts of the country, the departments of <a href="/wiki/Estel%C3%AD" title="Estelí">Estelí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jinotega" title="Jinotega">Jinotega</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_(department)" class="mw-redirect" title="León (department)">León</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chontales_Department" title="Chontales Department">Chontales</a>. They briefly managed to occupy several towns along the nation's principal railroad, linking Managua to the Pacific coastal port of <a href="/wiki/Corinto_(Nicaragua)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corinto (Nicaragua)">Corinto</a>, but did not try to capture any of the nation's urban centers. They briefly occupied some smaller cities, such as <a href="/wiki/Chinandega" title="Chinandega">Chinandega</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandino_Somoza_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sandino_Somoza_1933.jpg/200px-Sandino_Somoza_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sandino_Somoza_1933.jpg/300px-Sandino_Somoza_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Sandino_Somoza_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Somoza and Sandino in February 1933.</figcaption></figure> <p>In accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Good Neighbor Policy">Good Neighbor Policy</a>, the last U.S. Marines left Nicaragua in January 1933, after <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Sacasa" title="Juan Bautista Sacasa">Juan Bautista Sacasa</a>'s inauguration as the country's president. During the Marines' tour of duty in Nicaragua, 130 of their men had been killed. After the Marines departed, Sandino said, "I salute the American people." He also vowed that he would never attack a working-class American who visited Nicaragua.<sup id="cite_ref-uippz_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uippz-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sandino met with Sacasa in Managua in February 1933, pledged his loyalty to him and agreed to order his forces to surrender their weapons within three months.<sup id="cite_ref-uippz_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uippz-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In exchange, Sacasa agreed to give the soldiers who surrendered arms <a href="/wiki/Squatters%27_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Squatters' rights">squatters' rights</a> on land in the Coco River Valley,<sup id="cite_ref-uippz_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uippz-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> require the area to be guarded by 100 Sandinista fighters under the government's orders,<sup id="cite_ref-uippz_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uippz-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and give preference in employment to Sandinistas on public works in northern Nicaragua.<sup id="cite_ref-uippz_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uippz-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sandino remained opposed to the Nicaraguan National Guard, which he considered unconstitutional because of its ties to the U.S. military,<sup id="cite_ref-iokjnm_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iokjnm-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and insisted on its dissolution.<sup id="cite_ref-iokjnm_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iokjnm-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His attitude toward General <a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Somoza_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Anastasio Somoza García">Anastasio Somoza García</a>, the National Guard leader, and his officers made Sandino unpopular with rank-and-file National Guard troops.<sup id="cite_ref-iokjnm_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iokjnm-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without consulting Sacasa,<sup id="cite_ref-iokjnm_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iokjnm-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Somoza García ordered Sandino's execution in the hope that it would help win him loyalty from the Guard's senior officers.<sup id="cite_ref-iokjnm_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iokjnm-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 21 February 1934, Sandino; his father; his brother Sócrates; two of his favorite generals, Estranda and Umanzor; and the poet Sofonías Salvatierra, Sacasa's Minister of Agriculture, attended a new round of talks with Sacasa. On leaving Sacasa's Presidential Palace, the six men were stopped in their car at the main gate by local <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(Nicaragua)" title="National Guard (Nicaragua)">National Guardsmen</a> and were ordered to leave their car.<sup id="cite_ref-ipkmp_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipkmp-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Guardsmen brushed aside Sandino's father and Salvatierra. They took Sandino, his brother Sócrates, and his two generals to a crossroads section in Larreynaga and executed them.<sup id="cite_ref-ipkmp_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipkmp-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sandino's remains were buried in the Larreynaga neighborhood of Managua by a detachment of National Guard troops under the command of Major <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rigoberto_Duarte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rigoberto Duarte (page does not exist)">Rigoberto Duarte</a>, one of General Somoza García's confidantes. Duarte was the father of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roberto_Duarte_Solis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roberto Duarte Solis (page does not exist)">Roberto Duarte Solis</a>, Minister of Social Communication during President <a href="/wiki/Arnoldo_Alem%C3%A1n" title="Arnoldo Alemán">Arnoldo Alemán</a>'s tenure. </p><p>The following day, the National Guard attacked Sandino's army in force and, over a month, destroyed it.<sup id="cite_ref-iokjnm_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iokjnm-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later, General Somoza García forced Sacasa to resign and declared himself President of Nicaragua. He established a dictatorship and dynasty that dominated Nicaragua for the next four decades. </p><p>Sandino's body has never been found, and the full details of his execution and what became of his remains are among Nicaragua's most enduring mysteries. Some theories about the disposition of Sandino’s body include: </p> <ul><li>Burial:<sup id="cite_ref-NYT2011_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> witnesses to the execution claimed to have seen the guardsmen force Sandino and the three other captives to the ground and shoot and bury them.<sup id="cite_ref-ipkmp_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipkmp-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sandino's followers are said to have later exhumed Sandino's body to rebury him in an undisclosed location.<sup id="cite_ref-ipkmp_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipkmp-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Cremated: in 1944, ten years after Sandino's execution, the remains that had been buried in the La Calavera pit were exhumed and taken near the south side of the Tiscapa lagoon to be burned, then their ashes thrown into <a href="/wiki/Lake_Xolotl%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Xolotlán">Lake Xolotlán</a>. This occurred due to the student protests of the Central University of Managua that took place that year, against the re-election of Somoza to the presidency.</li> <li>Trophy: according to Sandinista lore, Somoza's executors decapitated and dismembered Sandino and delivered his severed head to the U.S. government as a token of their loyalty.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT2011_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monumento_a_Sandino_en_Tiscapa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Monumento_a_Sandino_en_Tiscapa.jpg/220px-Monumento_a_Sandino_en_Tiscapa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="478" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Monumento_a_Sandino_en_Tiscapa.jpg/330px-Monumento_a_Sandino_en_Tiscapa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Monumento_a_Sandino_en_Tiscapa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="822" /></a><figcaption>Sandino's 59-foot silhouette at <a href="/wiki/Tiscapa_Lagoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiscapa Lagoon">Tiscapa Lagoon</a> in Managua is instantly recognizable by his emblematic broad-brimmed hat.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sandino became a hero to many in Nicaragua and much of Latin America as a <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood" title="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</a> figure who opposed domination from wealthy elites and foreigners, such as the United States. His opposition to U.S. control was tempered by the love he said he felt toward Americans<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> like himself. His picture and silhouette, complete with the oversized cowboy hat, were adopted as recognized symbols of the <a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">Sandinista National Liberation Front</a>, founded in 1961 by <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Fonseca" title="Carlos Fonseca">Carlos Fonseca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Borge" title="Tomás Borge">Tomás Borge</a>, among others, and later led by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ortega" title="Daniel Ortega">Daniel Ortega</a>. </p><p>Sandino has been idolized by notable Latin American figures including <a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a>. His brand of guerrilla warfare was effectively used by Castro, <a href="/wiki/FARC" class="mw-redirect" title="FARC">FARC</a> in Colombia, the Sandinistas, and the <a href="/wiki/FMLN" class="mw-redirect" title="FMLN">FMLN</a> in El Salvador. </p><p>In 1979 Somoza's son, <a href="/wiki/Anastasio_Somoza_Debayle" title="Anastasio Somoza Debayle">Anastasio Somoza Debayle</a>, was overthrown by the Sandinistas, political descendants of Sandino. In the 1980s, they renamed <a href="/wiki/Managua_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Managua International Airport">Managua International Airport</a> after him as "Augusto C. Sandino International Airport." Pro-Somoza President <a href="/wiki/Arnoldo_Alem%C3%A1n" title="Arnoldo Alemán">Arnoldo Alemán</a> renamed it Managua International Airport in 2001 after coming to power. </p><p>In 2007, President Daniel Ortega renamed again the airport in honor of Sandino. Nicaraguan artist <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3ger_P%C3%A9rez_de_la_Rocha" title="Róger Pérez de la Rocha">Róger Pérez de la Rocha</a> has created many portraits of Sandino—whose image was banned by the Somoza dictatorship—and of his associates, adding to the country's iconography.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chilean-Spanish biopic <i><a href="/wiki/Sandino_(film)" title="Sandino (film)">Sandino</a></i> (1990), directed by <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Littin" title="Miguel Littin">Miguel Littin</a>, was filmed in Nicaragua<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with an international cast including <a href="/wiki/Joaquim_de_Almeida" title="Joaquim de Almeida">Joaquim de Almeida</a> as Sandino, <a href="/wiki/Kris_Kristofferson" title="Kris Kristofferson">Kris Kristofferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dean_Stockwell" title="Dean Stockwell">Dean Stockwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Abril" title="Victoria Abril">Victoria Abril</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngela_Molina" title="Ángela Molina">Ángela Molina</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quotes">Quotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Quotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In an address delivered on 1 July 1927 (now referred to as the <i>San Albino Manifesto</i>) to the people of Nicaragua and to the American armed forces stationed in Nicaragua at that time:<sup id="cite_ref-Sandino1927_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sandino1927-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ramirez1984_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramirez1984-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><blockquote><p>Come, you pack of morphine addicts; come to kill us in our own land, and I will await you standing strong at the head of my patriotic soldiers, not caring about how many of you there are; bear in mind that when this happens, the destruction of your greatness will shake the Capitol in Washington, with your blood reddening the white sphere crowning your famous White House, the cavern where you plot your crimes.</p></blockquote></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front" title="Sandinista National Liberation Front">Sandinista National Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._United_States" title="Nicaragua v. United States">Nicaragua v. United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sandinorebellion.com/images/EDSNDocs/1927/950518-ACS-Birth.jpg">sandinorebellion.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilbert, Dennis, 1988. <i>Sandinistas: The Party and the Revolution</i>. Mass.: Basil Blackwell</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Musicant-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Musicant_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMusicant1990" class="citation book cs1">Musicant, Ivan (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bananawarshistor00musi"><i>The Banana Wars: A History of United States Military Intervention in Latin America from the Spanish–American War to the Invasion of Panama</i></a></span>. New York: MacMillan Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-588210-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-588210-2"><bdi>978-0-02-588210-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Banana+Wars%3A+A+History+of+United+States+Military+Intervention+in+Latin+America+from+the+Spanish%E2%80%93American+War+to+the+Invasion+of+Panama&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=MacMillan+Publishing&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-02-588210-2&rft.aulast=Musicant&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbananawarshistor00musi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugusto+C%C3%A9sar+Sandino" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT2011-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT2011_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT2011_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT2011_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT2011_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/16/world/americas/16nicaragua.html?pagewanted=print">Blake Schmidt, "Nourishing Family Roots to Help a Campaign Bloom"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, 15 February 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/group/arts/nicaragua/discovery_eng/history/sandino.html">Augusto Cesar Sandino</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130308141206/http://www.stanford.edu/group/arts/nicaragua/discovery_eng/history/sandino.html">Archived</a> 2013-03-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Expressions of Central America</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neill Macaulay, <i>The Sandino Affair</i>, (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1967) p. 49.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugusto_Lostanau_Moscol2023" class="citation web cs1">Augusto Lostanau Moscol (22 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://noticierolibre.com/220523/esteban-pavletich-y-augusto-cesar-sandino/">"Esteban Pavletich y Augusto César Sandino"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Esteban+Pavletich+y+Augusto+C%C3%A9sar+Sandino&rft.date=2023-05-22&rft.au=Augusto+Lostanau+Moscol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnoticierolibre.com%2F220523%2Festeban-pavletich-y-augusto-cesar-sandino%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugusto+C%C3%A9sar+Sandino" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iokjnm-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iokjnm_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iokjnm_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iokjnm_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iokjnm_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iokjnm_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iokjnm_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iokjnm_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iokjnm_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/nicaragua/10.htm">"US Intervention, 1909-1933"</a>, Tim Merrill, ed. <i>Nicaragua: A Country Study</i>, Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foreign Relations of the United States, 1927, Volume III, Assistance by the United States marines in the suppression of bandit activities in Nicaragua, United States, Department of State (U.S.G.P.O., 1942), Document 453.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/sandino/sandino7-1-27.htm">"<i>Augusto César Sandino's Manifesto</i>"</a>, 1 July 1927, Latin American Studies</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Max_Boot" title="Max Boot">Max Boot</a>, <i>The Savage Wars of Peace: Small Wars and the Rise of American Power</i>, p. 236, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-00721-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-00721-X">0-465-00721-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Neill_W._Macaulay,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Neill W. Macaulay, Jr.">Neill W. Macaulay, Jr.</a>, <i>Sandino Affair,</i> p. 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sazc-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sazc_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101121012549/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,731362,00.html">"Nicaragua: Defy!"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>, 16 January 1928, accessed 12 December 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fletc-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fletc_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101121000916/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,785909,00.html">"Nicaragua: Brothers' Plight"</a>, <i>Time</i>, 7 May 1928, accessed 12 December 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101121010212/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,785979,00.html">"Nicaragua: Pirates: Samaritans"</a> <i>Time</i>, 28 May 1928, accessed 12 December 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oni34-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oni34_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oni34_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101121004005/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,786273,00.html"><i>Time</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101121032347/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,928404,00.html"><i>Time</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101027182513/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,723590,00.html"><i>Time</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pava-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pava_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>American Foreign Relations: A History</i>, <i>Since 1895, Volume 2,</i> Thomas Paterson, J. Garry Clifford, et al., New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2004 (paperback edition), p. 163<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patterson (2004), <i>American Foreign Relations</i>, pp. 163–64<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Companion to Latin American History</i>. Thomas H. Holloway ed. (Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010). p. 409.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071128131924/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,737394,00.html"><i>Time</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101027214856/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,880489,00.html"><i>Time</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101027200920/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,737825,00.html"><i>Time</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sandino: <i>Testimony of a Nicaraguan Patriot, 1921–1934,</i> translated by Robert Edgar Conrad, pp. 105–06</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webserver2.ineter.gob.ni/sis/managua72/mallin/great06.htm">ineter.gob.ni</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080106121451/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,752790,00.html">"Nicaragua: End of a Capital"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. 13 April 1931. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,752790,00.html">the original</a> on 6 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Nicaragua%3A+End+of+a+Capital&rft.date=1931-04-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C752790%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugusto+C%C3%A9sar+Sandino" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081215032724/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,741427,00.html">"Nicaragua: Man after Nature"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 20 April 1931. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,741427,00.html">the original</a> on 15 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Nicaragua%3A+Man+after+Nature&rft.date=1931-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C741427%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugusto+C%C3%A9sar+Sandino" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081215032959/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,741476,00.html">"The Cabinet: Logtown and After"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 27 April 1931. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,741476,00.html">the original</a> on 15 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Cabinet%3A+Logtown+and+After&rft.date=1931-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C741476%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugusto+C%C3%A9sar+Sandino" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uippz-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uippz_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uippz_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uippz_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uippz_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uippz_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101122123647/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,745150,00.html"><i>Time</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ipkmp-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ipkmp_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ipkmp_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ipkmp_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ipkmp_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101125071138/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,747103,00.html">"Nicaragua: Murder at the Crossroads"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 5 March 1934. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,747103,00.html">the original</a> on 25 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Nicaragua%3A+Murder+at+the+Crossroads&rft.date=1934-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C747103%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugusto+C%C3%A9sar+Sandino" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archivo.elnuevodiario.com.ni/2000/febrero/19-febrero-2000/cultural/cultural7.html">"Cultural"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140409014106/http://archivo.elnuevodiario.com.ni/2000/febrero/19-febrero-2000/cultural/cultural7.html">Archived</a> 2014-04-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>El Nuevo Diario</i>, 19 February 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S89Z5gA1siY"><span class="plainlinks">Sandino (1990) Trailer VHS</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mblNOkimp6I"><span class="plainlinks">Sandino – Miguel Littin (1990, in Spanish)</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sandino1927-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sandino1927_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugusto_César_Sandino1927" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Augusto César Sandino (1 July 1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sandinovive.org/sandino/manifiesto7-27-27.htm">"<i>Manifesto a los Nicaragüenses, a los Centroamericanos, a la Raza Indohispana</i>"</a> (in Spanish). Mineral de San Albino, Nueva Segovia, Nicaragua: www.sandinovive.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2014</span>. <q><i>Venid, gleba de morfinómanos; venid a asesinarnos en nuestra propia tierra, que yo os espero a pie firme al frente de mis patriotas soldados, sin importarme el número de vosotros; pero tened presente que cuando esto suceda, la destrucción de vuestra grandeza trepidará en el Capitolio de Washington, enrojeciendo con vuestra sangre la esfera blanca que corona vuestra famosa White House, antro donde maquináis vuestros crímenes.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manifesto+a+los+Nicarag%C3%BCenses%2C+a+los+Centroamericanos%2C+a+la+Raza+Indohispana&rft.place=Mineral+de+San+Albino%2C+Nueva+Segovia%2C+Nicaragua&rft.pub=www.sandinovive.org&rft.date=1927-07-01&rft.au=Augusto+C%C3%A9sar+Sandino&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandinovive.org%2Fsandino%2Fmanifiesto7-27-27.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugusto+C%C3%A9sar+Sandino" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramirez1984-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ramirez1984_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandino1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sandino, Augusto César (1984). "Introduccion, Seleccion y Notas de Sergio Ramirez". In Ramirez, Sergio (ed.). <i>Augusto C. Sandino: el pensamiento vivo</i> (in Spanish). Vol. Tomo 1 (2nd ed.). Managua: Editorial Nueva Nicaragua.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduccion%2C+Seleccion+y+Notas+de+Sergio+Ramirez&rft.btitle=Augusto+C.+Sandino%3A+el+pensamiento+vivo&rft.place=Managua&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Editorial+Nueva+Nicaragua&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Sandino&rft.aufirst=Augusto+C%C3%A9sar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugusto+C%C3%A9sar+Sandino" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Texts">Texts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hodges, Donald C. <i>Sandino's Communism: Spiritual Politics For The Twenty-First Century.</i> University of Texas Press (1992)</li> <li>Macaulay, Neil. <i>The Sandino Affair.</i> Duke University Press. (1985) [1967].</li> <li>Navarro-Génie, Marco. <i>Augusto </i>César<i> Sandino: Messiah of Light and Truth.</i> Syracuse University Press (2002).</li> <li>Ramírez, Sergio and Conrad, Robert Edgar trans., <i>Sandino: The Testimony of a Nicaraguan Patriot 1921–1934,</i> Princeton University Press (1990)</li> <li>Woodward, Bob. <i>Veil: The Secret Wars of the CIA 1981–1987</i>: extensive discussion of Iran–Contra affair</li> <li>Wünderich, Volker. <i>Sandino: Una biografía política,</i> Editorial Nueva Nicaragua (1995). In Spanish.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmermann2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matilde_Zimmermann" title="Matilde Zimmermann">Zimmermann, M</a> (2001). "The Sandino Writings, 1970–1974". <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sandinistacarlos00zimm"><i>Sandinista: Carlos Fonseca and the Nicaraguan Revolution</i></a></span>. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sandinistacarlos00zimm/page/n153">143</a>–161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822325956" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822325956"><bdi>978-0822325956</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sandino+Writings%2C+1970%E2%80%931974&rft.btitle=Sandinista%3A+Carlos+Fonseca+and+the+Nicaraguan+Revolution&rft.place=Durham%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=143-161&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0822325956&rft.aulast=Zimmermann&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsandinistacarlos00zimm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugusto+C%C3%A9sar+Sandino" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeugebauer1988" class="citation journal cs1">Neugebauer, Rhonda L. (1988). "Augusto César Sandino, 1895–1934". <i>Reference Services Review</i>. <b>16</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">75–</span>91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2Feb049040">10.1108/eb049040</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0090-7324">0090-7324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reference+Services+Review&rft.atitle=Augusto+C%C3%A9sar+Sandino%2C+1895%E2%80%931934&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2Feb049040&rft.issn=0090-7324&rft.aulast=Neugebauer&rft.aufirst=Rhonda+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugusto+C%C3%A9sar+Sandino" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Augusto César Sandino">Augusto César Sandino</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040604150645/http://www.sandino.org/sandino.htm">Augusto C. Sandino, 1895–1934</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sandinovive.org/sandino/index.htm">A.C. Sandino Biography</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lewica.pl/index.php?id=9734">Article about Sandino</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/group/wais/Nicaragua/nicaragua_index.html">WAIS Forum on Nicaragua</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021211750/http://www.stanford.edu/group/wais/Nicaragua/nicaragua_index.html">Archived</a> 2012-10-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at Stanford University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/sandino.htm">Collection of articles and photos about Sandino</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sandinorebellion.com/"><i>The Sandino Rebellion in Nicaragua 1927–1934</i>: a collection of primary documents</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/024868">Newspaper clippings about Augusto César Sandino</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100258961">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/59254/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrckkMTMRqR9HfKkT78md">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118605399">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80104792">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11923617c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11923617c">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621428">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sandino, Augusto Cesar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV107234">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35960633">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0079264&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX950627">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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