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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenisme" title="Indigenisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Indigenisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenismo" title="Indigenismo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Indigenismo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianismo" title="Indianismo – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Indianismo" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenismo" title="Indigenismo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Indigenismo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenismo" title="Indigenismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Indigenismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenismo" title="Indigenismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Indigenismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indig%C3%A9nisme" title="Indigénisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Indigénisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indixenismo" title="Indixenismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Indixenismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenismo" title="Indigenismo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Indigenismo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenismo" title="Indigenismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Indigenismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="אינדיגניזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אינדיגניזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenisme" title="Indigenisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Indigenisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%98%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A2" title="インディヘニスモ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インディヘニスモ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indygenizm" title="Indygenizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Indygenizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenismo" title="Indigenismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Indigenismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Индихенизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Индихенизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Індіанізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Індіанізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89_(%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2)" title="原住民主义 (拉丁美洲) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="原住民主义 (拉丁美洲)" data-language-autonym="中文" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Latin American political ideology</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Latin American indigenous activism. For ethnic nationalism among indigenous peoples in general, see <a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenism</a>.</div> <p> <b><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Indigenismo</i></span></b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[indixeˈnismo]</a></span>) is a political ideology in several <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin American</a> countries which emphasizes the relationship between the nation state and <a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">indigenous nations and indigenous peoples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some contemporary uses, it refers to the pursuit of greater social and political inclusion for <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples in Latin America</a>, whether through nation-wide reforms or region-wide alliances.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In either case, this type of <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">indigenismo</i></span> seeks to vindicate indigenous cultural and linguistic difference, assert indigenous rights, and seek recognition and in some cases compensation for past wrongdoings of the colonial and republican states.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, some historical figures like <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mart%C3%AD" title="José Martí">José Martí</a> are classified as having been both indigenistas and hispanistas.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indigenismo_in_Mexico">Indigenismo in Mexico</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenismo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Indigenismo in Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indigenismo_in_Mexico" title="Indigenismo in Mexico">Indigenismo in Mexico</a></div> <p>Originally, <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">indigenismo</i></span> was a component of Mexican nationalism that consolidated after the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a>. This <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">indigenismo</i></span> lauded some aspects of indigenous cultural heritage, but primarily as a relic of the past. Within the larger national narrative of the Mexican nation as the product of European and Amerindian <i><a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizaje</a></i>, <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">indigenismo</i></span> was a component of Mexican <a href="/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">nation-building</a>, and an expression of freedom for an imagined, reclaimed identity that was stripped during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of Mexico</a>. </p><p>During the administration of <a href="/wiki/Plutarco_El%C3%ADas_Calles" title="Plutarco Elías Calles">Plutarco Elías Calles</a> (1924–28), <a href="/wiki/Mois%C3%A9s_S%C3%A1enz" title="Moisés Sáenz">Moisés Sáenz</a>, who held a doctorate from <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> and was a follower of <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a>'s educational methods, implemented aspects of <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">indigenismo</i></span> in the Department of Public Education. Sáenz had initially taken an assimilationist position on the "Indian problem," but after a period of residence in the <a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Purépecha people">Purépecha</a> community of Carapan, he shifted his stance to one focusing on the material conditions affecting the indigenous. He influenced the administration of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Lázaro Cárdenas</a> (1934–40), which established the cabinet-level position of the Department of Indigenous Affairs in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The department's main efforts were in the economic and educational spheres.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cárdenas valorized indigeneity, as indicated by the creation of the cabinet-level position and resources put into indigenous communities. In 1940, Mexico hosted a multinational meeting on <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">indigenismo</i></span>, The Congress of Inter-American Indigenism, held in <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1tzcuaro" title="Pátzcuaro">Pátzcuaro</a>, where Cárdenas himself addressed the gathering.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Alem%C3%A1n_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Miguel Alemán Valdés">Miguel Alemán</a> reorganized the Mexican government's policies directed at the indigenous by creating the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="National Institute of Indigenous Peoples">National Indigenist Institute</a> (<i>Instituto Nacional Indigenista</i> or INI). In the <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Fox" title="Vicente Fox">Vicente Fox</a> administration, the unit was reorganized and renamed. </p><p>The valorization of indigeneity was rarely carried over to contemporary indigenous people, who were targeted for assimilation into modern Mexican society. Though the authors of indigenist policies saw themselves as seeking to protect and relieve indigenous people, their efforts did not make a clean break from <a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">forced assimilation</a> practices of the pre-revolutionary past.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indigenismo_in_Peru">Indigenismo in Peru</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenismo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Indigenismo in Peru"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethnocacerism" title="Ethnocacerism">Ethnocacerism</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, it was initially associated with the <a href="/wiki/American_Popular_Revolutionary_Alliance" title="American Popular Revolutionary Alliance">APRA</a> movement founded by <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Ra%C3%BAl_Haya_de_la_Torre" title="Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre">Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre</a> (1924). The then left-wing APRA dominated Peruvian politics for decades as the singular well-organized political party in Peru not centered on one person. To some APRA or "Aprismo" in its initial form stood for the nationalization of foreign-owned enterprises and an end to the exploitation of the indigenous peoples. To others it was about the combining of modern economics and technology with the historical traditions of the countryside and indigenous populations to create a new and unique model for social and economic development.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ethnocacerism" title="Ethnocacerism">Ethnocacerism</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Peru" title="Indigenous peoples of Peru">indigenous</a> political movement in Peru associated with <a href="/wiki/Antauro_Humala" title="Antauro Humala">Antauro Humala</a>, brother of ex-president <a href="/wiki/Ollanta_Humala" title="Ollanta Humala">Ollanta Humala</a> with whom he carried out the <i><a href="/wiki/Andahuaylazo" class="mw-redirect" title="Andahuaylazo">Andahuaylazo</a></i>, a failed coup d'état. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenismo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenismo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEngle2010" class="citation book cs1">Engle, Karen (2010). <i>The Elusive Promise of Indigenous Development</i>. Duke University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elusive+Promise+of+Indigenous+Development&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Engle&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigenismo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See e.g. Alcida Rita Ramos, <i>Indigenism: Ethnic Politics in Brazil</i>, University of Wisconsin Press, 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontoya_Iriarte1988" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Montoya Iriarte, Urpi (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-77011998000100005">"Hispanismo e Indigenismo: o dualismo cultural no pensamento social peruano (1900-1930). Uma revisão necessária"</a>. <i>Revista de Antropologia</i> (in Portuguese). <b>41</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0034-77011998000100005">10.1590/S0034-77011998000100005</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2016</span> – via SciELO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+Antropologia&rft.atitle=Hispanismo+e+Indigenismo%3A+o+dualismo+cultural+no+pensamento+social+peruano+%281900-1930%29.+Uma+revis%C3%A3o+necess%C3%A1ria&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2FS0034-77011998000100005&rft.aulast=Montoya+Iriarte&rft.aufirst=Urpi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.br%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_arttext%26pid%3DS0034-77011998000100005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigenismo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerna2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Serna, Mercedes (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://institucional.us.es/revistas/philologia/25/art_12.pdf">"Hispanismo, indigenismo y americanismo en la construcción de la unidad nacional y los discursos identitarios de Bolívar, Martí, Sarmiento y Rodó"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Philologia Hispalensis</i> (in Spanish). <b>25</b> (15): 201–217. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12795%2FPH.2011.v25.i01.12">10.12795/PH.2011.v25.i01.12</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2445%2F144660">2445/144660</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philologia+Hispalensis&rft.atitle=Hispanismo%2C+indigenismo+y+americanismo+en+la+construcci%C3%B3n+de+la+unidad+nacional+y+los+discursos+identitarios+de+Bol%C3%ADvar%2C+Mart%C3%AD%2C+Sarmiento+y+Rod%C3%B3&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=201-217&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2445%2F144660&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12795%2FPH.2011.v25.i01.12&rft.aulast=Serna&rft.aufirst=Mercedes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finstitucional.us.es%2Frevistas%2Fphilologia%2F25%2Fart_12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndigenismo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander S. Dawson, "Moisés Sáenz", in <i>Encyclopedia of Mexico</i>, vol. 2, p. 1325. Chicago: Fitzroy and Dearborn 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Government of Mexico, <i>Seis Años de Gobierno al Servicio de México, 1934-40</i>. México: La Nacional Impresora 1940, pp. 351-382.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Seis Años</i>, p. 382.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan Knight, “Racism, Revolution, and Indigenismo", in <i>The Idea of Race in the Latin America, 1870-1940</i>, edited by Richard Graham, University of Texas Press, 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Latino Indigenismo in a Comparative Perspective Luis A. Marentes</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indigenismo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Barnet-Sánchez, Holly. "Indigenismo and Pre-Hispanic Revivals" in <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Culture</i>. vol. 2, pp. 42–44. Oxford University Press 2001.</li> <li>Baud, Michiel (2009). Indigenous peoples, civil society, and the neo-liberal state in Latin America. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 19–42. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1845455975" title="Special:BookSources/1845455975">1845455975</a>.</li> <li>Bonfil Batalla, Guillermo (1996). México profundo : reclaiming a civilization / by Guillermo Bonfil Batalla ; translated by Philip A. Dennis. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0292708440" title="Special:BookSources/0292708440">0292708440</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Brading" title="David Brading">Brading, D.A.</a> "Manuel Gamio and Official Indigenismo in Mexico" <i><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_Latin_American_Research" title="Bulletin of Latin American Research">Bulletin of Latin American Research</a></i> 7.1 (1988), 75–89.</li> <li>Coronado, Jorge (2009). Andes Imagined : Indigenismo, Society, and Modernity. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822973560" title="Special:BookSources/9780822973560">9780822973560</a>.</li> <li>Dawson, Alexander (May 1998). "From Models for the Nation to Model Citizens: Indigenismo and the 'Revindication' of the Mexican Indian, 1920-40". Journal of Latin American Studies. 30 (2): 279–308.</li> <li>Garcia, Maria Elena (2005). Making indigenous citizens: identities, education, and multicultural development in Peru. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804750157" title="Special:BookSources/0804750157">0804750157</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Knight_(historian)" title="Alan Knight (historian)">Knight, Alan</a>, “Racism, Revolution, and Indigenismo", in <i>The Idea of Race in the Latin America, 1870-1940</i>, edited by Richard Graham, University of Texas Press, 1990.</li> <li>Lewis, Stephen E. (2005). The ambivalent revolution: forging state and nation in Chiapas, 1910–1945. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0826336019" title="Special:BookSources/0826336019">0826336019</a>.</li> <li>Lopez, Rick Anthony (2010). Crafting Mexico: intellectuals, artisans, and the state after the Revolution. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0822347032" title="Special:BookSources/0822347032">0822347032</a>.</li> <li>Munoz, Maria L. O.; Kiddle, Amelia (2010). Populism in twentieth century Mexico: the presidencies of Lázaro Cárdenas and Luis Echeverría. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0816529183" title="Special:BookSources/0816529183">0816529183</a>.</li> <li>Postero, Nancy Grey; Zamosc, Leon (2004). The struggle for indigenous rights in Latin America. Brighton [England]; Portland, Or.: Sussex Academic Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1845190637" title="Special:BookSources/1845190637">1845190637</a>.</li> <li>Saldivar, Emiko (April 1, 2011). "Everyday Practices of Indigensimo: An Ethnography of Anthropology and the State in Mexico". The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology. 16 (1): 67–89. doi:10.1111/j.1935-4940.2011.01125.x.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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