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id="toc-Intersensory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Disorders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neuroscience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neuroscience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Neuroscience</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neuroscience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Illusion</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%87%D9%85" title="وهم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وهم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Պատրանք – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պատրանք" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AE" title="ভ্ৰম – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভ্ৰম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilusi%C3%B3n" title="Ilusión – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ilusión" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ll%C3%BCziya" title="İllüziya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İllüziya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Ілюзія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ілюзія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Илюзия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Илюзия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iluzija" title="Iluzija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Iluzija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%C2%B7lusi%C3%B3" title="Il·lusió – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Il·lusió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iluze" title="Iluze – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Iluze" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Illusion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusioon" title="Illusioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Illusioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Παραίσθηση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παραίσθηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilusi%C3%B3n" title="Ilusión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ilusión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iluzio" title="Iluzio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Iluzio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="خطای حسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خطای حسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Illusion" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seachmall" title="Seachmall – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Seachmall" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%A9%EA%B0%81" title="착각 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="착각" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Պատրանք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պատրանք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE" title="विभ्रम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विभ्रम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsjena" title="Opsjena – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Opsjena" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilusi" title="Ilusi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ilusi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusione" title="Illusione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Illusione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="אשליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אשליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Алдамшы көріністер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Алдамшы көріністер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Иллюзия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Иллюзия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliuzija" title="Iliuzija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Iliuzija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ill%C3%BAzi%C3%B3" title="Illúzió – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Illúzió" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Илузија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Илузија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilusi" title="Ilusi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ilusi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusie" title="Illusie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Illusie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8C%AF%E8%A6%9A" title="錯覚 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="錯覚" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusjon" title="Illusjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Illusjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Illusion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyuziya" title="Illyuziya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Illyuziya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C5%82udzenie_(psychologia)" title="Złudzenie (psychologia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Złudzenie (psychologia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilus%C3%A3o" title="Ilusão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ilusão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iluzie" title="Iluzie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Iluzie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Иллюзия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иллюзия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iluzioni" title="Iluzioni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Iluzioni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Illusion" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il%C3%BAzia" title="Ilúzia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ilúzia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iluzija" title="Iluzija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Iluzija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%95%DA%BE%D9%85" title="وەھم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وەھم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Илузија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Илузија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iluzija" title="Iluzija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Iluzija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuusio" title="Illuusio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Illuusio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Illusion" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="மாய உணர்ச்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாய உணர்ச்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94" title="การแปลสิ่งเร้าผิด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การแปลสิ่งเร้าผิด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Distortion of the perception of reality</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">Illustration</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about perception. For figures of speech, see <a href="/wiki/Allusion" title="Allusion">Allusion</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Illusion_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Illusion (disambiguation)">Illusion (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>An <b>illusion</b> is a distortion of the <a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">senses</a>, which can reveal how the <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a> normally organizes and interprets <a href="/wiki/Sensory_stimulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory stimulation">sensory stimulation</a>. Although illusions distort the human perception of <a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">reality</a>, they are generally shared by most people.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Illusions may occur with any of the human senses, but visual illusions (<a href="/wiki/Optical_illusion" title="Optical illusion">optical illusions</a>) are the best-known and understood. The emphasis on visual illusions occurs because <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">vision</a> often dominates the other senses. For example, individuals watching a <a href="/wiki/Ventriloquist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventriloquist">ventriloquist</a> will perceive the voice as coming from the dummy since they are able to see the dummy mouth the words.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some illusions are based on general assumptions the brain makes during <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a>. These assumptions are made using organizational principles (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Gestalt_psychology" title="Gestalt psychology">Gestalt</a> theory), an individual's capacity for <a href="/wiki/Depth_perception" title="Depth perception">depth perception</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motion_perception" title="Motion perception">motion perception</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Subjective_constancy" title="Subjective constancy">perceptual constancy</a>. Other illusions occur due to biological sensory structures within the <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">human body</a> or conditions outside the body within one's physical environment. </p><p>The term <i>illusion</i> refers to a specific form of sensory distortion. Unlike a <a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">hallucination</a>, which is a distortion in the absence of a <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)" title="Stimulus (physiology)">stimulus</a>, an illusion describes a misinterpretation of a true sensation. For example, hearing voices regardless of the environment would be a hallucination, whereas hearing voices in the sound of running water (or another auditory source) would be an illusion. So, it should not be wrong to consider that illusions are just "misinterpretations" on how our brain perceives something that exists (unlike a hallucination where a stimulus is absent). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Visual">Visual</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illusion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Visual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Optical_illusion" title="Optical illusion">Optical illusion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Living_gecko_hunting_the_pointer_of_a_mouse.webm/220px--Living_gecko_hunting_the_pointer_of_a_mouse.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="64" data-mwtitle="Living_gecko_hunting_the_pointer_of_a_mouse.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Living_gecko_hunting_the_pointer_of_a_mouse.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/Living_gecko_hunting_the_pointer_of_a_mouse.webm/Living_gecko_hunting_the_pointer_of_a_mouse.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/Living_gecko_hunting_the_pointer_of_a_mouse.webm/Living_gecko_hunting_the_pointer_of_a_mouse.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/Living_gecko_hunting_the_pointer_of_a_mouse.webm/Living_gecko_hunting_the_pointer_of_a_mouse.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Living_gecko_hunting_the_pointer_of_a_mouse.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/Living_gecko_hunting_the_pointer_of_a_mouse.webm/Living_gecko_hunting_the_pointer_of_a_mouse.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/Living_gecko_hunting_the_pointer_of_a_mouse.webm/Living_gecko_hunting_the_pointer_of_a_mouse.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/Living_gecko_hunting_the_pointer_of_a_mouse.webm/Living_gecko_hunting_the_pointer_of_a_mouse.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8e/Living_gecko_hunting_the_pointer_of_a_mouse.webm/Living_gecko_hunting_the_pointer_of_a_mouse.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Example of visual illusion: a real <a href="/wiki/Gecko" title="Gecko">gecko</a> hunts the <a href="/wiki/Mouse_pointer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouse pointer">pointer of a mouse</a>, confused with a <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">prey</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Checker_shadow_illusion.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Checker_shadow_illusion.svg/220px-Checker_shadow_illusion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Checker_shadow_illusion.svg/330px-Checker_shadow_illusion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Checker_shadow_illusion.svg/440px-Checker_shadow_illusion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="721" /></a><figcaption>An optical illusion. Square A is exactly the same shade of grey as Square B. (See <a href="/wiki/Checker_shadow_illusion" title="Checker shadow illusion">Checker shadow illusion</a>.)</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Visual_illusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual illusion">visual illusion</a> or optical illusion is characterized by <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">visually perceived</a> images that are deceptive or misleading. Therefore, the information gathered by the visual sense is processed to create a <a href="/wiki/Percept" class="mw-redirect" title="Percept">percept</a> that does not tally with information from other senses or physical measurements.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The visual system, which includes the eyes (namely the retinas) and the central nervous system (namely the brain's visual cortex), constructs reality through both perceptual and cognitive neural pathways. Visual illusions are (at least in part) thought to be caused by excessive competing stimuli. Each stimulus follows a dedicated neural path in the early stages of visual processing, and intense/repetitive activity or interaction with active adjoining channels (perceptual neural circuits, usually at the same level) causes a <a href="/wiki/Physiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological">physiological</a> imbalance that alters perception. During low-level visual processing, the retinal circuit arranges the information in the photoreceptors, by creating initial visual percepts from the patterns of light which fall on the retina. The Hermann <a href="/wiki/Grid_illusion" title="Grid illusion">grid illusion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mach_bands" title="Mach bands">Mach bands</a> are two illusions that are widely considered to be caused by a biological phenomenon named <a href="/wiki/Lateral_inhibition" title="Lateral inhibition">lateral inhibition</a>, where the receptor signal in the retina's <a href="/wiki/Receptive_field" title="Receptive field">receptive fields</a> from light and dark areas compete with one another.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The assembly of visual elements into a collective percept, that distinguishes objects from backgrounds, takes part during intermediate-level visual processing. Many common visual illusions are a consequence of the percept constructed during this processing stage, as the elements first captured during low-level processing might easily be interpreted to form an image that differs from objective reality. An example is when two objects of the same size are placed on a certain background which conditions us to believe that one object might be larger than the other, and when the background is removed or replaced our perception immediately changes to the correct scenario (effectively concluding that both objects have equal dimensions).<sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High-level visual processing consolidates information gathered from various sources to apply cognitive influences that create a conscious visual experience. Thus, allowing us to recognize the complex identity of different elements, and the disparate relations between them through cognitive processes. Visual illusions are also often a product of this processing stage, and it is during this stage that we might ultimately become conscious of any optical illusion. There are two crucial properties of our visual system related mostly to high-level visual processing, referred to as selectivity and invariance (which we have consistently attempted to replicate in image recognition computer algorithms). Selectivity refers to the identification of particular features that are relevant to recognize a specific element or object, while abstracting from other features that are not fundamental to performing the same recognition (e.g. when we see the shape of a house, certain contours that are essential for us to recognize it while other contours or image properties are not, such as color). On the other hand, invariance refers to the ability to be indifferent to small variations of a given feature, effectively identifying all those variations as simply being different versions of the same feature (e.g. we can recognize a given handwritten letter of the alphabet, written by different people with distinct styles of calligraphy).<sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The whole process that constructs our visual experience is extremely complex (with multiple qualities that are unmatched by any computer or digital system). It is organized by many sequential and parallel sub-processes, each of which is essential in building our conscious image of the world. Our whole visual system seeks to simplify and categorize the unstructured low-level visual information, through both selectivity and invariance. Thus, while trying to organize an image by "filling in the gaps" through assumptions, we become vulnerable to misinterpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:32_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Auditory">Auditory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illusion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Auditory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Auditory_illusion" title="Auditory illusion">Auditory illusion</a></div> <p>An auditory illusion is an illusion of <a href="/wiki/Hearing_(sense)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearing (sense)">hearing</a>, the auditory equivalent of a visual illusion: the listener hears either sounds which are not present in the stimulus, or "impossible" sounds. In short, audio illusions highlight areas where the human ear and brain, as organic, makeshift tools, differ from perfect audio receptors (for better or for worse). One example of an auditory illusion is a <a href="/wiki/Shepard_tone" title="Shepard tone">Shepard tone</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tactile">Tactile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illusion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tactile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tactile_illusion" title="Tactile illusion">Tactile illusion</a></div> <p>Examples of tactile illusions include <a href="/wiki/Phantom_limb" title="Phantom limb">phantom limb</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Thermal_grill_illusion" title="Thermal grill illusion">thermal grill illusion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_rabbit_illusion" title="Cutaneous rabbit illusion">cutaneous rabbit illusion</a> and a curious illusion that occurs when the crossed index and middle fingers are run along the bridge of the nose with one finger on each side, resulting in the perception of two separate noses. The brain areas activated during illusory tactile perception are similar to those activated during actual tactile stimulation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tactile illusions can also be elicited through haptic technology.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These "illusory" tactile objects can be used to create "virtual objects".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temporal">Temporal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illusion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Temporal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Time_perception#Types_of_temporal_illusions" title="Time perception">Time perception § Types of temporal illusions</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Time_perception#Types_of_temporal_illusions" title="Time perception">temporal illusion</a> is a distortion in the perception of time, which occurs when the time interval between two or more events is very narrow (typically less than a second). In such cases, a person may momentarily perceive time as slowing down, stopping, speeding up, or running backward. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intersensory">Intersensory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illusion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Intersensory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Illusions can occur with the other senses including those involved in food perception. Both sound<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and touch<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been shown to modulate the perceived staleness and crispness of food products. It was also discovered that even if some portion of the taste receptor on the tongue became damaged that illusory taste could be produced by tactile stimulation.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence of <a href="/wiki/Olfactory" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfactory">olfactory</a> (smell) illusions occurred when positive or negative verbal labels were given prior to olfactory stimulation.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/McGurk_effect" title="McGurk effect">McGurk effect</a> shows that what we hear is influenced by what we see as we hear the person speaking; the auditory component of one sound is paired with the visual component of another sound, leading to the perception of a third sound.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disorders">Disorders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illusion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Disorders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some illusions occur as a result of an illness or a disorder. While these types of illusions are not shared with everyone, they are typical of each condition. For example, people with migraines often report <a href="/wiki/Fortification_illusions" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortification illusions">fortification illusions</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illusion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Neuroscience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a> is linked to specific brain activity and so can be elicited by brain stimulation. The (illusory) percepts that can be evoked range from simple <a href="/wiki/Phosphene" title="Phosphene">phosphenes</a> (detections of lights in the <a href="/wiki/Visual_field" title="Visual field">visual field</a>) to high-level percepts.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a single-case study on a patient undergoing presurgical evaluation for epilepsy treatment, electrical stimulation at the left temporo-parietal junction evoked the percept of a nearby (illusory) person who "closely 'shadowed' changes in the patient's body position and posture".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hopkin_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkin-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illusion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_illusion" title="Aesthetic illusion">Aesthetic illusion</a> – A type of mental absorption.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altered_state_of_consciousness" title="Altered state of consciousness">Altered state of consciousness</a> – Any condition which is significantly different from a normal waking state.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporia" title="Aporia">Aporia</a> – State of puzzlement or expression of doubt, in philosophy and rhetoric.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_illusion" title="Argument from illusion">Argument from illusion</a> – Critique of direct realism in perception</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">Augmented reality</a> – View of the real world with computer-generated supplementary features.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance</a> – Stress from contradiction between beliefs and actions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delusion" title="Delusion">Delusion</a> – Psychological fixation of holding false beliefs in spite of clearly disqualifying proofs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_argument" title="Dream argument">Dream argument</a> – Postulation about the act of dreaming</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">Hallucination</a> – A vivid perception in the absence of external stimulus that has qualities of real perceptions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a> – Recording to reproduce a three-dimensional light field.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" title="List of cognitive biases">List of cognitive biases</a> – Systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_illusion" title="Moon illusion">Moon illusion</a> – Perceived variation in the moon's size.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradox" title="Paradox">Paradox</a> – Statement that apparently contradicts itself.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pareidolia" title="Pareidolia">Pareidolia</a> – Perception of meaningful patterns or images in random or vague stimuli.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_reality" title="Simulated reality">Simulated reality</a> – Concept of a false version of reality.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_illusion" title="User illusion">User illusion</a> – Concept in the philosophy of mind.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Illusion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol 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Boston: Allyn and Bacon. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-205-30937-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-205-30937-2">0-205-30937-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGurkMacDonald1976" class="citation journal cs1">McGurk, Hj.; MacDonald, J. 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"Hearing lips and seeing voices". <i>Nature</i>. <b>264</b> (5588): 746–748. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976Natur.264..746M">1976Natur.264..746M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F264746a0">10.1038/264746a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1012311">1012311</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4171157">4171157</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Hearing+lips+and+seeing+voices&rft.volume=264&rft.issue=5588&rft.pages=746-748&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F264746a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4171157%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1012311&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1976Natur.264..746M&rft.aulast=McGurk&rft.aufirst=Hj.&rft.au=MacDonald%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllusion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross2006" class="citation journal cs1">Gross, L. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1382017">"Classic Illusion Sheds New Light on the Neural Site of Tactile Perception"</a>. <i>PLOS Biol</i>. <b>4</b> (3): e96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0040096">10.1371/journal.pbio.0040096</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1382017">1382017</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20076548">20076548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biol&rft.atitle=Classic+Illusion+Sheds+New+Light+on+the+Neural+Site+of+Tactile+Perception.&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e96&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1382017%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20076548&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0040096&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1382017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllusion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kandel E.R., & Schwartz J.H., & Jessell T.M., & Siegelbaum S.A., & Hudspeth A.J., & Mack S(Eds.), (2014). <i>Principles of Neural Science, Fifth Edition</i>. McGraw Hill.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:22_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.technologyreview.com/read_article.aspx?id=17363&ch=biotech&sc=&pg=1">The Cutting Edge of Haptics</a> (MIT <a href="/wiki/Technology_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Technology Review">Technology Review</a> article)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:32-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:32_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061003225801/http://www.roblesdelatorre.com/gabriel/GR-VH-Nature2001.pdf">"Robles-De-La-Torre & Hayward 2001"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roblesdelatorre.com/gabriel/GR-VH-Nature2001.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-10-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robles-De-La-Torre+%26+Hayward+2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roblesdelatorre.com%2Fgabriel%2FGR-VH-Nature2001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIllusion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross2006" class="citation journal cs1">Gross, L. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roblesdelatorre.com/gabriel/GR-VH-Nature2001.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-10-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081226012037/http://www.sandlotscience.com/EyeonIllusions/whatisanillusion.htm">What is an Illusion?</a> by J.R. Block.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michaelbach.de/ot">Optical illusions and visual phenomena</a> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bach_(vision_scientist)" title="Michael Bach (vision scientist)">Michael Bach</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081227025626/http://www.brl.ntt.co.jp/IllusionForum/basics/auditory/index-e.html">Auditory illusions</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181026055948/http://www.roblesdelatorre.com/gabriel/haptics.htm">Haptic Perception of Shape</a> - touch illusions, forces and the geometry of objects, by Gabriel Robles-De-La-Torre.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visionlab.harvard.edu/silencing/">Silencing awareness of visual change by motion </a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sensation_and_perception" title="Template:Sensation and perception"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sensation_and_perception" title="Template talk:Sensation and perception"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sensation_and_perception" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sensation and perception"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sensation_and_perception" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">Sensation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive process">Processes <br />and <br />concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">Sensation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stimulus_(physiology)" title="Stimulus (physiology)">Stimulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_neuron" title="Sensory neuron">Sensory receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transduction_(physiology)" title="Transduction (physiology)">Transduction (physiology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_processing" title="Sensory processing">Sensory processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Active sensory system">Active sensory system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multimodal_integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Multimodal integration">Multimodal integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awareness" title="Awareness">Awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeling" title="Feeling">Feeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_perception" title="Motion perception">Motion perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Human</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exteroception" class="mw-redirect" title="Exteroception">External</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sensory_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory organ">Sensory organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">Ears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">Inner ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">Nose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory system">Sensory systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_system" title="Visual system">Visual system (sense of vision)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_system" title="Auditory system">Auditory system (sense of hearing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_system" title="Vestibular system">Vestibular system (sense of balance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_system" title="Olfactory system">Olfactory system (sense of smell)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustatory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustatory system">Gustatory system (sense of taste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_system" title="Somatosensory system">Somatosensory system (sense of touch)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sensory <a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerves" title="Cranial nerves">cranial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spinal_nerves" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal nerves">spinal nerves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optic_nerve" title="Optic nerve">Optic (II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibulocochlear_nerve" title="Vestibulocochlear nerve">Vestibulocochlear (VIII)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_nerve" title="Olfactory nerve">Olfactory (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_nerve" title="Facial nerve">Facial (VII)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossopharyngeal_nerve" title="Glossopharyngeal nerve">Glossopharyngeal (IX)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_nerve" title="Trigeminal nerve">Trigeminal (V)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_nerve" title="Spinal nerve">Spinal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sensory_cortex" title="Sensory cortex">Cerebral cortices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_cortex" title="Visual cortex">Visual cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_cortex" title="Auditory cortex">Auditory cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestibular_cortex" title="Vestibular cortex">Vestibular cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfactory cortex">Olfactory cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustatory_cortex" title="Gustatory cortex">Gustatory cortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_cortex" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatosensory cortex">Somatosensory cortex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perceptions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception (vision)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">Color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_perception" class="mw-redirect" title="Auditory perception">Auditory perception (hearing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equilibrioception" class="mw-redirect" title="Equilibrioception">Equilibrioception (balance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_smell" title="Sense of smell">Olfaction (smell)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">Gustation (taste or flavor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch" class="mw-redirect" title="Touch">Touch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mechanoreception" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanoreception">mechanoreception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nociception" title="Nociception">nociception (pain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoception" title="Thermoception">thermoception</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interoception" title="Interoception">Internal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">Proprioception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_(physiology)" title="Hunger (physiology)">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirst" title="Thirst">Thirst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffocation">Suffocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">Nausea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visceral_pain" title="Visceral pain">Visceral pain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonhuman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonhuman">Nonhuman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">Animal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electroreception" class="mw-redirect" title="Electroreception">Electroreception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetoreception" title="Magnetoreception">Magnetoreception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_echolocation" title="Animal echolocation">Echolocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_sensing_in_vampire_bats" title="Infrared sensing in vampire bats">Infrared sensing in vampire bats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_sensing_in_snakes" title="Infrared sensing in snakes">Infrared sensing in snakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_wave_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface wave detection">Surface wave detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_hearing_and_communication" title="Frog hearing and communication">Frog hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_in_toads" title="Vision in toads">Toad vision</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_perception_(physiology)" title="Plant perception (physiology)">Plant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photomorphogenesis" title="Photomorphogenesis">Photomorphogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitropism" title="Gravitropism">Gravitropism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Machine_perception" title="Machine perception">Artificial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_sensing" title="Robotic sensing">Robotic sensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_hearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine hearing">Machine hearing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of <br /><a href="/wiki/Sensory_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory receptor">sensory receptors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mechanoreceptor" title="Mechanoreceptor">Mechanoreceptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baroreceptor" title="Baroreceptor">Baroreceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanotransduction" title="Mechanotransduction">Mechanotransduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamellar_corpuscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamellar corpuscle">Lamellar corpuscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactile_corpuscle" title="Tactile corpuscle">Tactile corpuscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkel_nerve_ending" title="Merkel nerve ending">Merkel nerve ending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulbous_corpuscle" title="Bulbous corpuscle">Bulbous corpuscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaniform_sensilla" title="Campaniform sensilla">Campaniform sensilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slit_sensilla" title="Slit sensilla">Slit sensilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretch_receptor" title="Stretch receptor">Stretch receptor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Photoreceptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">Photoreceptor cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">Cone cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">Rod cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IpRGC" class="mw-redirect" title="IpRGC">ipRGC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photopigment" title="Photopigment">Photopigment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aureochromes" title="Aureochromes">Aureochrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chemoreceptor" title="Chemoreceptor">Chemoreceptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taste_receptor" title="Taste receptor">Taste receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_receptor" title="Olfactory receptor">Olfactory receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmoreceptor" title="Osmoreceptor">Osmoreceptor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thermoreceptor" title="Thermoreceptor">Thermoreceptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cilium#Sensing_the_extracellular_environment" title="Cilium">Cilium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRP_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="TRP channels">TRP channels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nociceptor" title="Nociceptor">Nociceptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nociceptin_receptor#Pain_circuitry" title="Nociceptin receptor">Nociceptin receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juxtacapillary_receptors" title="Juxtacapillary receptors">Juxtacapillary receptor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vision_disorder" title="Vision disorder">Visual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_impairment" title="Visual impairment">Visual impairment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_syndrome" title="Alice in Wonderland syndrome">Alice in Wonderland syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaurosis" title="Amaurosis">Amaurosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anopsia" title="Anopsia">Anopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">Color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplopia" title="Diplopia">Diplopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemeralopia" title="Hemeralopia">Hemeralopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nyctalopia" title="Nyctalopia">Nyctalopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optic_neuropathy" title="Optic neuropathy">Optic neuropathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscillopsia" title="Oscillopsia">Oscillopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palinopsia" title="Palinopsia">Palinopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papilledema" title="Papilledema">Papilledema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophobia" title="Photophobia">Photophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photopsia" title="Photopsia">Photopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebral_polyopia" title="Cerebral polyopia">Polyopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotoma" title="Scotoma">Scotoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereoblindness" title="Stereoblindness">Stereoblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_snow" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual snow">Visual snow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder" title="Auditory processing disorder">Auditory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amblyaudia" title="Amblyaudia">Amblyaudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_agnosia" title="Auditory agnosia">Auditory agnosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_hallucination" title="Auditory hallucination">Auditory hallucination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_verbal_agnosia" title="Auditory verbal agnosia">Auditory verbal agnosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortical_deafness" title="Cortical deafness">Cortical deafness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing_loss" title="Hearing loss">Hearing loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_auditory_effect" title="Microwave auditory effect">Microwave auditory effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music-specific_disorders" title="Music-specific disorders">Music-specific disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palinopsia" title="Palinopsia">Palinopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_hearing_loss" title="Spatial hearing loss">Spatial hearing loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinnitus" title="Tinnitus">Tinnitus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Balance_disorder" title="Balance disorder">Vestibular</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vertigo" title="Vertigo">Vertigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BPPV" class="mw-redirect" title="BPPV">BPPV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labyrinthine_fistula" title="Labyrinthine fistula">Labyrinthine fistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labyrinthitis" title="Labyrinthitis">Labyrinthitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9ni%C3%A8re%27s_disease" title="Ménière's disease">Ménière's disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Olfaction#Disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfaction">Olfactory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anosmia" title="Anosmia">Anosmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysosmia" title="Dysosmia">Dysosmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperosmia" title="Hyperosmia">Hyperosmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyposmia" title="Hyposmia">Hyposmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_reference_syndrome" title="Olfactory reference syndrome">Olfactory reference syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parosmia" title="Parosmia">Parosmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantosmia" title="Phantosmia">Phantosmia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taste_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste disorder">Gustatory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageusia" title="Ageusia">Ageusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergeusia" title="Hypergeusia">Hypergeusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypogeusia" title="Hypogeusia">Hypogeusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parageusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Parageusia">Parageusia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_disorder" title="Somatosensory disorder">Tactile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astereognosis" title="Astereognosis">Astereognosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcot%E2%80%93Marie%E2%80%93Tooth_disease" title="Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease">CMT disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formication" title="Formication">Formication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperesthesia" title="Hyperesthesia">Hyperesthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoesthesia" title="Hypoesthesia">Hypoesthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paresthesia" title="Paresthesia">Paresthesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactile_hallucination" title="Tactile hallucination">Tactile hallucination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nociception (pain)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperalgesia" title="Hyperalgesia">Hyperalgesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoalgesia" title="Hypoalgesia">Hypoalgesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_dissociation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pain dissociation">Pain dissociation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_pain" title="Phantom pain">Phantom pain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proprioception</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomatognosia" title="Asomatognosia">Asomatognosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_limb" title="Phantom limb">Phantom limb syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatoparaphrenia" title="Somatoparaphrenia">Somatoparaphrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernumerary_phantom_limb" title="Supernumerary phantom limb">Supernumerary phantom limb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multimodal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(symptom)" title="Aura (symptom)">Aura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosia" title="Agnosia">Agnosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allochiria" title="Allochiria">Allochiria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derealization" title="Derealization">Derealization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">Hallucination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSAN" class="mw-redirect" title="HSAN">HSAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_processing_disorder" title="Sensory processing disorder">Sensory processing disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synesthesia" title="Synesthesia">Synesthesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biases and errors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Illusion</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pareidolia" title="Pareidolia">Pareidolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mental_processes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mental_processes" title="Template:Mental processes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mental_processes" title="Template talk:Mental processes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mental_processes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mental processes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mental_processes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Mental processes</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#efefef;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_(psychology)" title="Association (psychology)">Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awareness" title="Awareness">Awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_flexibility" title="Cognitive flexibility">Cognitive flexibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forecasting" title="Forecasting">Forecasting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affective_forecasting" title="Affective forecasting">affective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foresight_(psychology)" title="Foresight (psychology)">Foresight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understanding" title="Understanding">Comprehension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">Decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagination" title="Imagination">Imagination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuition" title="Intuition">Intuition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_solving" title="Problem solving">Problem solving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Problem_solving#Problem-solving_methods" title="Problem solving">methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_solving#Problem-solving_strategies" title="Problem solving">strategies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospection" title="Prospection">Prospection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#efefef;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amodal_perception" title="Amodal perception">Amodal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">Color</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_perception" title="Depth perception">Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_perception" title="Form perception">Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptic_perception" title="Haptic perception">Haptic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Touch" class="mw-redirect" title="Touch">Touch</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">Perception as interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_vision" title="Peripheral vision">Peripheral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_perception" title="Social perception">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">Sound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic" title="Harmonic">Harmonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_perception" title="Speech perception">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#efefef;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_consolidation" title="Memory consolidation">Consolidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encoding_(memory)" title="Encoding (memory)">Encoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_(memory)" title="Storage (memory)">Storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recall_(memory)" title="Recall (memory)">Recall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#efefef;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">Attention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiential_avoidance" title="Experiential avoidance">Experiential avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Higher_Nervous_Activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Higher Nervous Activity">Higher nervous activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intention" title="Intention">Intention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironic_process_theory" title="Ironic process theory">Ironic process theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning" title="Learning">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatigue#Mental" title="Fatigue">Mental fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_frame_theory" title="Relational frame theory">Relational frame theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(psychology)" title="Set (psychology)">Mental set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thought" title="Thought">Thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thought_suppression" title="Thought suppression">Thought suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volition_(psychology)" title="Volition (psychology)">Volition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Auditory_illusions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Auditory_illusions" title="Template:Auditory illusions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Auditory_illusions" title="Template talk:Auditory illusions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Auditory_illusions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Auditory illusions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Auditory_illusions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Auditory_illusion" title="Auditory illusion">Auditory illusions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Examples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binaural_beats" class="mw-redirect" title="Binaural beats">Binaural beats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_spectrum_melody" title="Constant spectrum melody">Constant spectrum melody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsch%27s_scale_illusion" title="Deutsch's scale illusion">Deutsch's scale illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franssen_effect" title="Franssen effect">Franssen effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glissando_illusion" title="Glissando illusion">Glissando illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illusory_continuity_of_tones" title="Illusory continuity of tones">Illusory continuity of tones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illusory_discontinuity" title="Illusory discontinuity">Illusory discontinuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lossy_audio_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossy audio compression">Lossy audio compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGurk_effect" title="McGurk effect">McGurk effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_fundamental" title="Missing fundamental">Missing fundamental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octave_illusion" title="Octave illusion">Octave illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Risset" title="Jean-Claude Risset">Risset's rhythmic effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepard_tone" title="Shepard tone">Shepard-Risset tone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tritone_paradox" title="Tritone paradox">Deutsch tritone paradox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech-to-song_illusion" title="Speech-to-song illusion">Speech-to-song illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanny_or_Laurel" title="Yanny or Laurel">Yanny or Laurel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_illusion" title="Optical illusion">Optical illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactile_illusion" title="Tactile illusion">Tactile illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_perception" title="Time perception">Temporal illusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Optical_illusions_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Optical_illusions" title="Template:Optical illusions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Optical_illusions" title="Template talk:Optical illusions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Optical_illusions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Optical illusions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Optical_illusions_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Optical_illusion" title="Optical illusion">Optical illusions</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_optical_illusions" title="List of optical illusions">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Illusions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterimage" title="Afterimage">Afterimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambigram" title="Ambigram">Ambigram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambiguous_image" title="Ambiguous image">Ambiguous image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ames_room" title="Ames room">Ames room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autostereogram" title="Autostereogram">Autostereogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barberpole_illusion" title="Barberpole illusion">Barberpole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezold_effect" title="Bezold effect">Bezold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_wall_illusion" title="Café wall illusion">Café wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checker_shadow_illusion" title="Checker shadow illusion">Checker shadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chubb_illusion" title="Chubb illusion">Chubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornsweet_illusion" title="Cornsweet illusion">Cornsweet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delboeuf_illusion" title="Delboeuf illusion">Delboeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebbinghaus_illusion" title="Ebbinghaus illusion">Ebbinghaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehrenstein_illusion" title="Ehrenstein illusion">Ehrenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_lag_illusion" title="Flash lag illusion">Flash lag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_spiral_illusion" title="Fraser spiral illusion">Fraser spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_hill" title="Gravity hill">Gravity hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_illusion" title="Grid illusion">Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hering_illusion" title="Hering illusion">Hering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossible_trident" title="Impossible trident">Impossible trident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irradiation_illusion" title="Irradiation illusion">Irradiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastrow_illusion" title="Jastrow illusion">Jastrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilac_chaser" title="Lilac chaser">Lilac chaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mach_bands" title="Mach bands">Mach bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCollough_effect" title="McCollough effect">McCollough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller-Lyer_illusion" title="Müller-Lyer illusion">Müller-Lyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necker_cube" title="Necker cube">Necker cube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppel-Kundt_illusion" title="Oppel-Kundt illusion">Oppel-Kundt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbison_illusion" title="Orbison illusion">Orbison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penrose_stairs" title="Penrose stairs">Penrose stairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penrose_triangle" title="Penrose triangle">Penrose triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_drift_illusion" title="Peripheral drift illusion">Peripheral drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poggendorff_illusion" title="Poggendorff illusion">Poggendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponzo_illusion" title="Ponzo illusion">Ponzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubin_vase" title="Rubin vase">Rubin vase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sander_illusion" title="Sander illusion">Sander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schroeder_stairs" title="Schroeder stairs">Schroeder stairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepard_tables" title="Shepard tables">Shepard tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_dancer" title="Spinning dancer">Spinning dancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ternus_illusion" title="Ternus illusion">Ternus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical%E2%80%93horizontal_illusion" title="Vertical–horizontal illusion">Vertical–horizontal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White%27s_illusion" title="White's illusion">White's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wundt_illusion" title="Wundt illusion">Wundt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%B6llner_illusion" title="Zöllner illusion">Zöllner</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Optical_Illustion-Ambiguous_Patterns.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Optical_Illustion-Ambiguous_Patterns.svg/30px-Optical_Illustion-Ambiguous_Patterns.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Optical_Illustion-Ambiguous_Patterns.svg/45px-Optical_Illustion-Ambiguous_Patterns.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Optical_Illustion-Ambiguous_Patterns.svg/60px-Optical_Illustion-Ambiguous_Patterns.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="117" data-file-height="438" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Op_art" title="Op art">Op art</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">Trompe-l'œil</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spectropia" title="Spectropia">Spectropia</a></i> (1864 book)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ascending_and_Descending" title="Ascending and Descending">Ascending and Descending</a></i> (1960 drawing)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waterfall_(M._C._Escher)" title="Waterfall (M. C. Escher)">Waterfall</a></i> (1961 drawing)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_dress" title="The dress">The dress</a></i> (2015 photograph)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accidental_viewpoint" title="Accidental viewpoint">Accidental viewpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_illusion" title="Auditory illusion">Auditory illusions</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Illusions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactile_illusion" title="Tactile illusion">Tactile illusions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_perception" title="Time perception">Temporal illusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182593#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182593#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182593#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4161274-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="錯覚"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01034722">Japan</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=13239">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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