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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Jean-Claude Risset</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Claude_Risset_au_StuStu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Jean-Claude_Risset_au_StuStu.jpg/220px-Jean-Claude_Risset_au_StuStu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Jean-Claude_Risset_au_StuStu.jpg/330px-Jean-Claude_Risset_au_StuStu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Jean-Claude_Risset_au_StuStu.jpg/440px-Jean-Claude_Risset_au_StuStu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Risset in 2008</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Jean-Claude Raoul Olivier Risset</div><br />13 March 1938<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Le_Puy-en-Velay" title="Le Puy-en-Velay">Le Puy-en-Velay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes">Rhone-Alpes region</a>, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 November 2016<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend dday deathdate">2016-11-22</span>)</span> (aged 78)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Marseille, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Normale_Sup%C3%A9rieure" class="mw-redirect" title="École Normale Supérieure">École Normale Supérieure</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Music_theory" title="Music theory">Music theory</a> (1961)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1961-2011</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employer</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Nokia Bell Labs</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Music">Computer Music</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jean-Claude Raoul Olivier Risset</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʁisɛ]</a></span>; 13 March 1938 – 21 November 2016) was a French <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composer</a>, best known for his pioneering contributions to <a href="/wiki/Computer_music" title="Computer music">computer music</a>. He was a former student of <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Jolivet" title="André Jolivet">André Jolivet</a> and former co-worker of <a href="/wiki/Max_Mathews" title="Max Mathews">Max Mathews</a> at Bell Labs.<sup id="cite_ref-IRCAM_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRCAM-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Claude_Risset&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Risset was born in <a href="/wiki/Le_Puy-en-Velay" title="Le Puy-en-Velay">Le Puy-en-Velay</a>, France. Arriving at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>, New Jersey in 1964, he used Max Mathews' <a href="/wiki/MUSIC-N" title="MUSIC-N">MUSIC IV</a> software to digitally recreate the sounds of brass instruments. He made digital recordings of trumpets and studied their timbral composition using "pitch-synchronous" spectrum analysis tools, revealing that the amplitude and frequency of the <a href="/wiki/Harmonic" title="Harmonic">harmonics</a> (more correctly, partials) of these instruments would differ depending on frequency, duration and amplitude. He is also credited with performing the first experiments on a range of <a href="/wiki/Sound_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound synthesis">synthesis</a> techniques including <a href="/wiki/FM_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="FM synthesis">FM synthesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waveshaper" title="Waveshaper">waveshaping</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IRCAM_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRCAM-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Shepard_tone" title="Shepard tone">discrete Shepard scale</a> Risset created a version of the scale where the steps between each tone are continuous, and it is appropriately called the continuous Risset scale or <a href="/wiki/Shepard_tone" title="Shepard tone">Shepard-Risset glissando</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CDM_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDM-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:DescenteInfinie.ogg" title="File:DescenteInfinie.ogg">A Shepard-Risset glissando</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="66" data-mwtitle="DescenteInfinie.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/DescenteInfinie.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/DescenteInfinie.ogg/DescenteInfinie.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Risset_accelerando_beat1_MCLD.ogg" title="File:Risset accelerando beat1 MCLD.ogg">Risset's rhythmic effect – a breakbeat that accelerates forever</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="296" data-mwtitle="Risset_accelerando_beat1_MCLD.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/Risset_accelerando_beat1_MCLD.ogg/Risset_accelerando_beat1_MCLD.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Risset_accelerando_beat1_MCLD.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>Risset also created a similar effect with <a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">rhythm</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Tempo" title="Tempo">tempo</a> seems to increase or decrease endlessly.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Risset was the head of the Computer Department at <a href="/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM">IRCAM</a> (1975–1979). At <a href="/wiki/MIT_Media_Lab" title="MIT Media Lab">MIT Media Labs</a>, he composed the first Duet for one pianist (1989).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his work in computer music and his 70 compositions, he received the first <a href="/wiki/Golden_Nica_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Nica Award">Golden Nica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ars_Electronica" title="Ars Electronica">Ars Electronica</a> Prize, 1987), the Giga-Hertz Grand Prize 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the highest French awards in both music (Grand Prix National de la Musique, 1990) and science (Gold Medal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1999).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in art (René Dumesnil Prize from the French Academy of Fine Arts, 2011).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Risset died in <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> on 21 November 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-CDM_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDM-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Claude_Risset&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Selected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Vocal music</b> </p> <ul><li>Dérives, for choir and magnetic tape (1985) 15'</li> <li>Inharmonique, for soprano and tape (1977) 15'</li></ul> <p><b>Orchestral music</b> </p> <ul><li>Escalas, for large orchestra (2001) 17'</li> <li>Mirages, for 16 musicians and tape (1978) 24'</li></ul> <p><b>Chamber music</b> </p> <ul><li>Profils, for 7 instruments and tape (1983) 18'</li> <li>Mutations II for ensemble and electronics (1973) 17'</li></ul> <p><b>Solo music</b> </p> <ul><li>Trois études en duo, for pianist (bidirectional MIDI piano with computer interaction) (1991) 10'</li> <li>Huit esquisses en duo, for pianist (bidirectional MIDI piano with computer interaction) (1989) 17'</li> <li>Voilements, for saxophone and tape (1987) 14'</li> <li>Passages for flute and tape (1982) 14'</li> <li>Variants for violin and digital processing (1995) 8'</li></ul> <p><b>Music for solo tape</b> </p> <ul><li>Invisible Irène (1995) 12'</li> <li>Sud (1985) 24'</li> <li>Songes (1979) 10'</li> <li>Trois mouvements newtoniens, for tape (1978) 13'</li> <li>Mutations (1969) 10'</li> <li>Computer Suite from Little Boy (1968) 13'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Claude_Risset&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brahms.ircam.fr/en/jean-claude-risset">"Jean Claude, Resources IRCAM"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jean+Claude%2C+Resources+IRCAM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrahms.ircam.fr%2Fen%2Fjean-claude-risset&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Claude+Risset" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IRCAM-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IRCAM_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IRCAM_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brahms.ircam.fr/en/jean-claude-risset">"Jean-Claude Risset (biography, works, resources)"</a> (in French and English). <a href="/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM">IRCAM</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jean-Claude+Risset+%28biography%2C+works%2C+resources%29&rft.pub=IRCAM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrahms.ircam.fr%2Fen%2Fjean-claude-risset&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Claude+Risset" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musicologie.org/Biographies/r/risset.html">"Jean-Claude Risset (1938-2016)"</a>. <i>www.musicologie.org</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.musicologie.org&rft.atitle=Jean-Claude+Risset+%281938-2016%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicologie.org%2FBiographies%2Fr%2Frisset.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Claude+Risset" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDM-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDM_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDM_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdm.link/2016/11/jean-claude-risset-reimagined-digital-sound-europe-abroad/">"Jean-Claude Risset, who reimagined digital synthesis, has died – CDM Create Digital Music"</a>. <i>CDM Create Digital Music</i>. 2016-11-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-23</span></span>. <q>The sound for which Risset is best known is perhaps the most emblematic of his contributions. Creating a sonic illusion much like M.C. Escher's optical ones, the Shepherd-Risset glissando / Risset scale, in its present form invented by the French composer, seems to ascend forever.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CDM+Create+Digital+Music&rft.atitle=Jean-Claude+Risset%2C+who+reimagined+digital+synthesis%2C+has+died+%E2%80%93+CDM+Create+Digital+Music&rft.date=2016-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcdm.link%2F2016%2F11%2Fjean-claude-risset-reimagined-digital-sound-europe-abroad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Claude+Risset" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisset1986" class="citation cs2">Risset, Jean-Claude (1986), "Pitch and rhythm paradoxes: comments on "Auditory paradox based on fractal waveform"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>", <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Acoustical_Society_of_America" title="Journal of the Acoustical Society of America">Journal of the Acoustical Society of America</a></i>, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 961–962, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.393919">10.1121/1.393919</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3760341">3760341</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Acoustical+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Pitch+and+rhythm+paradoxes%3A+comments+on+%22Auditory+paradox+based+on+fractal+waveform%22&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=961-962&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1121%2F1.393919&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3760341&rft.aulast=Risset&rft.aufirst=Jean-Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Claude+Risset" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStowell2010" class="citation cs2">Stowell, D (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs4fn.org/music/beatforever.php">"And the beat goes on...forever?"</a>, <i>Cs4fn Audio! Magazine</i>, no. 3</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cs4fn+Audio%21+Magazine&rft.atitle=And+the+beat+goes+on...forever%3F&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Stowell&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs4fn.org%2Fmusic%2Fbeatforever.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Claude+Risset" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/COMJ_e_00418?journalCode=comj">"News"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Music_Journal" title="Computer Music Journal">Computer Music Journal</a></i>. <b>41</b> (2): 7–14. June 2017. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fcomj_e_00418">10.1162/comj_e_00418</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0148-9267">0148-9267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Music+Journal&rft.atitle=News&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=7-14&rft.date=2017-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fcomj_e_00418&rft.issn=0148-9267&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mitpressjournals.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1162%2FCOMJ_e_00418%3FjournalCode%3Dcomj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Claude+Risset" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zkm.de/en/project/giga-hertz-award">"Giga-Hertz Award | 2007 to 2018 | ZKM"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Giga-Hertz+Award+%7C+2007+to+2018+%7C+ZKM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzkm.de%2Fen%2Fproject%2Fgiga-hertz-award&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Claude+Risset" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCNRS" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">CNRS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190503025425/https://www.cnrs.fr/en/research/awards/goldmedals.htm">"CNRS The National Center for Scientific Research – CNRS Gold medalists"</a>. <i>www.cnrs.fr</i> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnrs.fr/en/research/awards/goldmedals.htm">the original</a> on 2019-05-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cnrs.fr&rft.atitle=CNRS+The+National+Center+for+Scientific+Research+%E2%80%93+CNRS+Gold+medalists&rft.au=CNRS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnrs.fr%2Fen%2Fresearch%2Fawards%2Fgoldmedals.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Claude+Risset" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brahms.ircam.fr/en/jean-claude-risset">"Jean-Claude Risset"</a>. <i>brahms.ircam.fr</i>. 27 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=brahms.ircam.fr&rft.atitle=Jean-Claude+Risset&rft.date=2021-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrahms.ircam.fr%2Fen%2Fjean-claude-risset&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean-Claude+Risset" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Claude_Risset&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Baudouin, Olivier, <i>Pionniers de la musique numérique</i>, Sampzon, Delatour, 2012.</li> <li>Portrait polychrome n°2 : Jean-Claude Risset, INA/CDMC Publisher, 2001 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-86938-177-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-86938-177-8">2-86938-177-8</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean-Claude_Risset&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and 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Reynolds</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jean-Claude Risset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Roads" title="Curtis Roads">Curtis Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Spiegel" title="Laurie Spiegel">Laurie Spiegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hub_(band)" title="The Hub (band)">The Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimpin" title="Trimpin">Trimpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Vercoe" title="Barry Vercoe">Barry Vercoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iannis_Xenakis" title="Iannis Xenakis">Iannis Xenakis</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/CSIRAC" title="CSIRAC"><img alt="CSIRAC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/CSIRAC.jpg/80px-CSIRAC.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/CSIRAC.jpg/120px-CSIRAC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/CSIRAC.jpg/160px-CSIRAC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_centers_and_institutes#Center_for_Computer_Research_in_Music_and_Acoustics" title="Stanford University centers and institutes"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/CCRMA_%284%29%2C_June_13%2C_2011.jpg/80px-CCRMA_%284%29%2C_June_13%2C_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/CCRMA_%284%29%2C_June_13%2C_2011.jpg/120px-CCRMA_%284%29%2C_June_13%2C_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/CCRMA_%284%29%2C_June_13%2C_2011.jpg/160px-CCRMA_%284%29%2C_June_13%2C_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programs and<br />instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChucK" title="ChucK">ChucK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composers_Desktop_Project" title="Composers Desktop Project">Composers Desktop Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Csound" title="Csound">Csound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAUST_(programming_language)" title="FAUST (programming language)">FAUST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_Music_Specification_Language" title="Hierarchical Music Specification Language">HMSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyma_(sound_design_language)" title="Kyma (sound design language)">Kyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laptop_orchestra" title="Laptop orchestra">Laptop orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_(software)" title="Max (software)">Max/MSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI_controller" title="MIDI controller">MIDI controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_Mouse" title="Music Mouse">Music Mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Data" title="Pure Data">Pure Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUSIC-N" title="MUSIC-N">MUSIC-N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiodrum" title="Radiodrum">Radiodrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffusion" title="Riffusion">Riffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonic_Pi" title="Sonic Pi">Sonic Pi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperCollider" title="SuperCollider">SuperCollider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TidalCycles" title="TidalCycles">TidalCycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPIC" title="UPIC">UPIC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_centers_and_institutes#Center_for_Computer_Research_in_Music_and_Acoustics" title="Stanford University centers and institutes">CCRMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCMIX" title="CCMIX">CEMAMu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Music_Center" title="Computer Music Center">Computer Music Center at Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_Music_Studios" title="Experimental Music Studios">Experimental Music Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Confederation_of_Electroacoustic_Music" title="International Confederation of Electroacoustic Music">ICEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Computer_Music_Association" title="International Computer Music Association">ICMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM">IRCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_New_Music_and_Audio_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for New Music and Audio Technologies">Center for New Music and Audio Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Sound_Lab" title="Princeton Sound Lab">Princeton Sound Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIMARA" title="TIMARA">Oberlin TIMARA Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electronic_Music_and_Acoustics" title="Institute of Electronic Music and Acoustics">IEM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_composition" title="Algorithmic composition">Algorithmic composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_artificial_intelligence" title="Music and artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Sound synthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_synthesizer" title="Digital synthesizer">Digital synthesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Illiac_Suite" title="Illiac Suite">Illiac Suite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mortuos_Plango,_Vivos_Voco" title="Mortuos Plango, Vivos Voco">Mortuos Plango, Vivos Voco</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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.sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/21px-Audio_a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/32px-Audio_a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/42px-Audio_a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="460" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Classical music</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q524697#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q524697#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q524697#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121004367">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/32184502">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/35122/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkMMTPPvF4HpBFmrJVgrq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/128578009">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79052779">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13899029q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13899029q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36503876">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p107758237">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1032932">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000347615&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000082329&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/5264157c-3140-40f9-b742-b54d010ba602">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brahms.ircam.fr/jean-claude-risset">BRAHMS</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1262288">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/034761098">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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