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vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expiration_date"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Expiration date</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expiration_date-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Cost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strategies_to_limit_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategies_to_limit_drug_prices_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Strategies to limit drug prices in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategies_to_limit_drug_prices_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> 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href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%A9" title="دواء بوصفة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دواء بوصفة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%94%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A7" title="ব্যবস্থাপত্র সাপেক্ষে লভ্য ঔষধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্যবস্থাপত্র সাপেক্ষে লভ্য ঔষধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicament_receptat" title="Medicament receptat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Medicament receptat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verschreibungspflicht" title="Verschreibungspflicht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verschreibungspflicht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retseptiravim" title="Retseptiravim – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Retseptiravim" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicamento" title="Medicamento – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Medicamento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preskriba_kuracilo" title="Preskriba kuracilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Preskriba kuracilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AE%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="داروی نسخه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="داروی نسخه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9dicament_sur_ordonnance" title="Médicament sur ordonnance – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Médicament sur ordonnance" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oideas" title="Oideas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Oideas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obat_resep" title="Obat resep – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Obat resep" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%9D" title="תרופת מרשם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תרופת מרשם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82" title="Лек на рецепт – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лек на рецепт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%A6%E6%96%B9%E7%AE%8B%E5%8C%BB%E8%96%AC%E5%93%81" title="処方箋医薬品 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="処方箋医薬品" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reseptbelagt_legemiddel" title="Reseptbelagt legemiddel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Reseptbelagt legemiddel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicamento_sujeito_a_receita_m%C3%A9dica" title="Medicamento sujeito a receita médica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Medicamento sujeito a receita médica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdravilo_na_recept" title="Zdravilo na recept – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zdravilo na recept" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rskrivningsr%C3%A4tt" title="Förskrivningsrätt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Förskrivningsrätt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C3%A7eteli_ila%C3%A7" title="Reçeteli ilaç – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Reçeteli ilaç" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Рецептурні лікарські засоби – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рецептурні лікарські засоби" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thu%E1%BB%91c_theo_toa" title="Thuốc theo toa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thuốc theo toa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%84%E6%96%B9%E8%8D%AF" title="处方药 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="处方药" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/PLcodes.jpg/220px-PLcodes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="546" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/PLcodes.jpg/330px-PLcodes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/PLcodes.jpg/440px-PLcodes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1147" data-file-height="2847" /></a><figcaption>Photo of the packaging of four medicines registered in the UK, showing their <a href="/wiki/Product_Licence_Number" title="Product Licence Number">Product Licence Numbers</a> and symbols denoting if they are Prescription Only Medicine (POM) or Pharmacy Medicine (P)</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>prescription drug</b> (also <b>prescription medication</b>, <b>prescription medicine</b> or <b>prescription-only medication</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical drug">pharmaceutical drug</a> that is permitted to be dispensed only to those with a <a href="/wiki/Medical_prescription" title="Medical prescription">medical prescription</a>. In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" title="Over-the-counter drug">over-the-counter drugs</a> can be obtained without a prescription. The reason for this difference in <a href="/wiki/Controlled_substance" title="Controlled substance">substance control</a> is the potential scope of misuse, from <a href="/wiki/Drug_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug abuse">drug abuse</a> to <a href="/wiki/Practicing_without_a_license" title="Practicing without a license">practicing medicine without a license</a> and without sufficient education. Different jurisdictions have different definitions of what constitutes a prescription drug. </p><p>In North America, <b>℞</b>, usually printed as "Rx", is used as an abbreviation of the word "prescription". It is a contraction of the Latin word "<i>recipe</i>" (an imperative form of "recipere") meaning "take".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prescription drugs are often dispensed together with a <a href="/wiki/Medication_package_insert" title="Medication package insert">monograph</a> (in Europe, a Patient Information Leaflet or PIL) that gives detailed information about the drug. </p><p>The use of prescription drugs has been increasing since the 1960s. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prescription_drug&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Medical_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs more <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">reliable medical references</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a> or relies too heavily on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Primary_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Primary sources">primary sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please review the contents of the section and <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prescription_drug&action=edit">add the appropriate references</a> if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. <small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Prescription+drug%22">"Prescription drug"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Prescription+drug%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Prescription+drug%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Prescription+drug%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Prescription+drug%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Prescription+drug%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/52px-Star_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/77px-Star_of_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/103px-Star_of_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="192" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prescription_drug&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Standard_for_the_Uniform_Scheduling_of_Medicines_and_Poisons" title="Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons">Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons</a> (SUSMP) governs the manufacture and supply of drugs with several categories:<sup id="cite_ref-Home_Office_Poisons_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Home_Office_Poisons-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Schedule 1 – Defunct Drug.</li> <li>Schedule 2 – Pharmacy Medicine</li> <li>Schedule 3 – Pharmacist-Only Medicine</li> <li>Schedule 4 – Prescription-Only Medicine/Prescription Animal Remedy</li> <li>Schedule 5 – Caution/Poison.</li> <li>Schedule 6 – Poison</li> <li>Schedule 7 – Dangerous Poison</li> <li>Schedule 8 – Controlled Drug (Possession without authority illegal)</li> <li>Schedule 9 – Prohibited Substance (Possession illegal without a license legal only for research purposes)</li> <li>Schedule 10 – Controlled Poison.</li> <li>Unscheduled Substances.</li></ul> <p>As in other developed countries, the person requiring a prescription drug attends the clinic of a qualified <a href="/wiki/Health_practitioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Health practitioner">health practitioner</a>, such as a <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a>, who may write the prescription for the required drug. </p><p>Many prescriptions issued by health practitioners in Australia are covered by the <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_Benefits_Scheme" title="Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme">Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme</a>, a scheme that provides subsidised prescription drugs to residents of Australia to ensure that all Australians have affordable and reliable access to a wide range of necessary medicines. When purchasing a drug under the PBS, the consumer pays no more than the patient co-payment contribution, which, as of January 1, 2022, is <a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">A$</a>42.50 for general patients. Those covered by government entitlements (low-income earners, welfare recipients, Health Care Card holders, etc.) and or under the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Repatriation_Pharmaceutical_Benefits_Scheme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Repatriation Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (page does not exist)">Repatriation Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme</a> (RPBS) have a reduced co-payment, which is <a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">A$</a>6.80 in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-About_the_PBS_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_the_PBS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The co-payments are compulsory and can be discounted by pharmacies up to a maximum of <a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">A$</a>1.00 at cost to the pharmacy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prescription_drug&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Medicines_Act_1968" title="Medicines Act 1968">Medicines Act 1968</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1997/1830/made">Prescription Only Medicines (Human Use) Order 1997</a> contain regulations that cover the supply of sale, use, prescribing and production of medicines. There are three categories of medicine:<sup id="cite_ref-HPC_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HPC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Prescription-only medicines (POM), which may be dispensed (sold in the case of a private prescription) by a pharmacist only to those to whom they have been prescribed</li> <li>Pharmacy medicines (P), which may be sold by a pharmacist without a prescription</li> <li>General sales list (GSL) medicines, which may be sold without a prescription in any shop</li></ul> <p>The simple possession of a prescription-only medicine without a prescription is legal unless it is covered by the <a href="/wiki/Misuse_of_Drugs_Act_1971" title="Misuse of Drugs Act 1971">Misuse of Drugs Act 1971</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Home_Office_Laws_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Home_Office_Laws-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A patient visits a <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">medical practitioner</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dentist" title="Dentist">dentist</a>, who may prescribe drugs and certain other medical items, such as blood glucose-testing equipment for <a href="/wiki/Diabetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetic">diabetics</a>. Also, qualified and experienced nurses, paramedics and pharmacists may be independent prescribers. Both may prescribe all POMs (including controlled drugs), but may not prescribe Schedule 1 controlled drugs, and 3 listed controlled drugs for the treatment of addiction; which is similar to doctors, who require a special licence from the Home Office to prescribe schedule 1 drugs. Schedule 1 drugs have little or no medical benefit, hence their limitations on prescribing. <a href="/wiki/District_nurse" title="District nurse">District nurses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Health_visitor" title="Health visitor">health visitors</a> have had limited prescribing rights since the mid-1990s; until then, prescriptions for dressings and simple medicines had to be signed by a doctor. Once issued, a prescription is taken by the patient to a pharmacy, which dispenses the medicine. </p><p>Most prescriptions are <a href="/wiki/NHS_prescription" class="mw-redirect" title="NHS prescription">NHS prescriptions</a>, subject to a standard charge that is unrelated to what is dispensed. The <a href="/wiki/NHS" class="mw-redirect" title="NHS">NHS</a> prescription fee was increased to £9.90 for each item in <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service_(England)" title="National Health Service (England)">England</a> in May 2024;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prescriptions are free of charge if prescribed and dispensed in <a href="/wiki/NHS_Scotland" title="NHS Scotland">Scotland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/NHS_Wales" title="NHS Wales">Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Health_and_Social_Care_in_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Health and Social Care in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for some patients in England, such as inpatients, children, those over 60s or with certain medical conditions, and claimants of certain benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-NHS_Choices_help_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHS_Choices_help-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pharmacy charges the NHS the actual cost of the medicine, which may vary from a few pence to hundreds of pounds.<sup id="cite_ref-BMA_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BMA_2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMA_2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A patient can consolidate prescription charges by using a prescription payment certificate (informally a "season ticket"), effectively capping costs at £31.25 a quarter or £111.60 for a year.<sup id="cite_ref-NHS_Choices_help_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHS_Choices_help-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside the NHS, <a href="/wiki/Private_prescription" title="Private prescription">private prescriptions</a> are issued by private medical practitioner and sometimes under the NHS for medicines that are not covered by the NHS.<sup id="cite_ref-BMA_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BMA_2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMA_2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A patient pays the pharmacy the normal price for medicine prescribed outside the NHS. </p><p>Survey results published by <a href="/wiki/Ipsos_MORI" title="Ipsos MORI">Ipsos MORI</a> in 2008 found that around 800,000 people in England were not collecting prescriptions or getting them dispensed because of the cost, the same as in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prescription_drug&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Regulation of therapeutic goods in the United States</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ritalin-SR-20mg-1000x1000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ritalin-SR-20mg-1000x1000.jpg/220px-Ritalin-SR-20mg-1000x1000.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ritalin-SR-20mg-1000x1000.jpg/330px-Ritalin-SR-20mg-1000x1000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Ritalin-SR-20mg-1000x1000.jpg/440px-Ritalin-SR-20mg-1000x1000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="1168" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prescription drugs</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" title="Over-the-counter drug">Over-the-counter drugs</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Law</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Food,_Drug,_and_Cosmetic_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act">Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Drug_Abuse_Prevention_and_Control_Act_of_1970" title="Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970">CDAPCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act" title="Controlled Substances Act">Controlled Substances Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_Drug_Marketing_Act" title="Prescription Drug Marketing Act">Prescription Drug Marketing Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Price_Competition_and_Patent_Term_Restoration_Act" title="Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act">Hatch-Waxman Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatch-Waxman_exemption" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatch-Waxman exemption">exemptions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marihuana_Tax_Act_of_1937" title="Marihuana Tax Act of 1937">Marihuana Tax Act of 1937</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Government agencies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Process</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_discovery" title="Drug discovery">Drug discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_design" title="Drug design">Drug design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_development" title="Drug development">Drug development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Drug_Application" title="New Drug Application">New Drug Application</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigational_New_Drug" title="Investigational New Drug">Investigational New Drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research" title="Phases of clinical research">phases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">Randomized controlled trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacovigilance" title="Pharmacovigilance">Pharmacovigilance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbreviated_New_Drug_Application" title="Abbreviated New Drug Application">Abbreviated New Drug Application</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_track_(FDA)" title="Fast track (FDA)">Fast track approval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-label_use" title="Off-label use">Off-label use</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">International coordination</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Council_for_Harmonisation_of_Technical_Requirements_for_Pharmaceuticals_for_Human_Use" title="International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use">ICH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppsala_Monitoring_Centre" title="Uppsala Monitoring Centre">Uppsala Monitoring Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_International_Organizations_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences">CIOMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_Convention_on_Narcotic_Drugs" title="Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs">Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);padding-right:2em;background:transparent;text-align:left;">Non-governmental organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine" title="National Academy of Medicine">National Academy of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_on_Adverse_Drug_Events_and_Reports" title="Research on Adverse Drug Events and Reports">RADAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_the_Reform_of_Marijuana_Laws" title="National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws">NORML</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Regulation of therapeutic goods in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Regulation of therapeutic goods in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regulation of therapeutic goods in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Food,_Drug,_and_Cosmetic_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act">Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act</a> defines what substances, known as legend drugs, require a prescription for them to be dispensed by a pharmacy. The federal government authorizes physicians (of any specialty), <a href="/wiki/Physician_assistant" title="Physician assistant">physician assistants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nurse_practitioner" title="Nurse practitioner">nurse practitioners</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Advanced_practice_nurse" title="Advanced practice nurse">advanced practice nurses</a>, veterinarians, dentists, and optometrists to prescribe any controlled substance. They are issued unique <a href="/wiki/DEA_number" title="DEA number">DEA numbers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DEA_Diversion_Control_Division_2017_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DEA_Diversion_Control_Division_2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many other mental and physical health technicians, including basic-level <a href="/wiki/Registered_nurse" title="Registered nurse">registered nurses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_assistant" title="Medical assistant">medical assistants</a>, emergency medical technicians, most psychologists, and social workers, are not authorized to prescribe legend drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The federal <a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act" title="Controlled Substances Act">Controlled Substances Act</a> (CSA) was enacted in 1970. It regulates manufacture, importation, possession, use, and distribution of <i>controlled</i> substances, which are drugs with potential for abuse or addiction. The legislation classifies these drugs into five schedules, with varying qualifications for each schedule. The schedules are designated <a href="/wiki/List_of_Schedule_I_drugs_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Schedule I drugs (US)">schedule I</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Schedule_II_drugs_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Schedule II drugs (US)">schedule II</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Schedule_III_drugs_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Schedule III drugs (US)">schedule III</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Schedule_IV_drugs_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Schedule IV drugs (US)">schedule IV</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Schedule_V_drugs_(US)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Schedule V drugs (US)">schedule V</a>. Many drugs other than controlled substances require a prescription. </p><p>The safety and the effectiveness of prescription drugs in the US are regulated by the 1987 <a href="/wiki/Prescription_Drug_Marketing_Act" title="Prescription Drug Marketing Act">Prescription Drug Marketing Act</a> (PDMA). The <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) is charged with implementing the law. </p><p>As a general rule, <i><a href="/wiki/Over-the-counter_drug" title="Over-the-counter drug">over-the-counter drugs</a></i> (OTC) are used to treat a condition that does not need care from a healthcare professional if have been proven to meet higher safety standards for self-medication by patients. Often, a lower strength of a drug will be approved for OTC use, but higher strengths require a prescription to be obtained; a notable case is <a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">ibuprofen</a>, which has been widely available as an OTC <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">pain killer</a> since the mid-1980s, but it is available by prescription in doses up to four times the OTC dose for severe pain that is not adequately controlled by the OTC strength. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">Herbal preparations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">minerals</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Food_supplement" class="mw-redirect" title="Food supplement">food supplements</a> are regulated by the FDA as <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplements" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary supplements">dietary supplements</a>. Because specific health claims cannot be made, the consumer must make informed decisions when purchasing such products.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By law, American pharmacies operated by "membership clubs" such as <a href="/wiki/Costco" title="Costco">Costco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sam%27s_Club" title="Sam's Club">Sam's Club</a> must allow non-members to use their pharmacy services and may not charge more for these services than they charge as their members.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Physicians may legally prescribe drugs for uses other than those specified in the FDA approval, known as <a href="/wiki/Off-label_use" title="Off-label use">off-label use</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Drug companies, however, are prohibited from marketing their drugs for off-label uses.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some prescription drugs are commonly abused, particularly those marketed as <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesics</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">fentanyl</a> (Duragesic), <a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">hydrocodone</a> (Vicodin), <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">oxycodone</a> (OxyContin), <a href="/wiki/Oxymorphone" title="Oxymorphone">oxymorphone</a> (Opana), <a href="/wiki/Propoxyphene" class="mw-redirect" title="Propoxyphene">propoxyphene</a> (Darvon), <a href="/wiki/Hydromorphone" title="Hydromorphone">hydromorphone</a> (Dilaudid), <a href="/wiki/Meperidine" class="mw-redirect" title="Meperidine">meperidine</a> (Demerol), and <a href="/wiki/Diphenoxylate" title="Diphenoxylate">diphenoxylate</a> (Lomotil).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some prescription painkillers have been found to be addictive, and unintentional poisoning deaths in the United States have skyrocketed since the 1990s according to the <a href="/wiki/National_Safety_Council" title="National Safety Council">National Safety Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prescriber education guidelines as well as patient education, <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_monitoring_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Prescription drug monitoring program">prescription drug monitoring programs</a> and regulation of pain clinics are regulatory tactics which have been used to curtail opioid use and misuse.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expiration_date">Expiration date</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prescription_drug&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Expiration date"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The expiration date, required in several countries, specifies the date up to which the manufacturer guarantees the full potency and safety of a drug. In the United States, expiration dates are determined by regulations established by the FDA.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FDA advises consumers not to use products after their expiration dates.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study conducted by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration covered over 100 drugs, prescription and over-the-counter. The results showed that about 90% of them were safe and effective far past their original expiration date. At least one drug worked 15 years after its expiration date.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joel Davis, a former FDA expiration-date compliance chief, said that with a handful of exceptions—notably <a href="/wiki/Glyceryl_trinitrate_(pharmacology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glyceryl trinitrate (pharmacology)">nitroglycerin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a>, and some liquid antibiotics (outdated <a href="/wiki/Tetracyclines" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetracyclines">tetracyclines</a> can cause <a href="/wiki/Fanconi_syndrome" title="Fanconi syndrome">Fanconi syndrome</a>)—most expired drugs are probably effective.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a> issued a report and statement on Pharmaceutical Expiration Dates.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">Harvard Medical School</a> Family Health Guide notes that, with rare exceptions, "it's true the effectiveness of a drug may decrease over time, but much of the original potency still remains even a decade after the expiration date".<sup id="cite_ref-HHPExpiration_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HHPExpiration-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The expiration date is the final day that the manufacturer guarantees the full potency and safety of a medication. Drug expiration dates exist on most medication labels, including prescription, over-the-counter and dietary supplements. U.S. pharmaceutical manufacturers are required by law to place expiration dates on prescription products prior to marketing. For legal and liability reasons, manufacturers will not make recommendations about the stability of drugs past the original expiration date.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cost">Cost</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prescription_drug&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Prices_of_prescription_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prices of prescription drugs">Prices of prescription drugs</a> vary widely around the world. <a href="/wiki/Prescription_costs" class="mw-redirect" title="Prescription costs">Prescription costs</a> for <a href="/wiki/Biosimilar" title="Biosimilar">biosimilar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Generic_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Generic drugs">generic drugs</a> are usually less than brand names, but the cost is different from one pharmacy to another. </p><p>To lower prescription drug costs, some <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> states have sought federal approval to buy drugs in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, as of 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-cbs_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbs-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generics undergo strict scrutiny to meet the equal efficacy, safety, dosage, strength, stability, and quality of brand name drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generics are developed after the brand name has already been established, and so generic drug approval in many aspects has a shortened approval process because it replicates the brand name drug.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brand name drugs cost more due to time, money, and resources that drug companies invest in them to conduct development, including clinical trials that the FDA requires for the drug to be marketed.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because drug companies have to invest more in research costs to do this, brand name drug prices are much higher when sold to consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the patent expires for a brand name drug, generic versions of that drug are produced by other companies and are sold for lower price. By switching to generic prescription drugs, patients can save significant amounts of money: e.g. one study by the <a href="/wiki/FDA" class="mw-redirect" title="FDA">FDA</a> showed an example with more than 52% savings of a consumer's overall costs of their prescription drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strategies_to_limit_drug_prices_in_the_United_States">Strategies to limit drug prices in the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prescription_drug&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Strategies to limit drug prices in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States there are many resources available to patients to lower the costs of medication. These include copayments, coinsurance, and deductibles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view"><span title="This statement is possibly biased. (July 2024)">neutrality</span></a> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:Prescription_drug#Objection" title="Talk:Prescription drug">disputed</a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Medicaid_Drug_Rebate_Program" title="Medicaid Drug Rebate Program">Medicaid Drug Rebate Program</a> is another example.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generic drug programs lower the amount of money patients have to pay when picking up their prescription at the pharmacy. As their name implies, they only cover generic drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Co-pay assistance programs are programs that help patients lower the costs of specialty medications; i.e., medications that are on restricted formularies, have limited distribution, and/or have no generic version available. These medications can include drugs for HIV, hepatitis C, and multiple sclerosis. Patient Assistance Program Center (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rxassist.org/providers/resources">RxAssist</a>) has a list of foundations that provide co-pay assistance programs. Co-pay assistance programs are for under-insured patients. Patients without insurance are not eligible for this resource; however, they may be eligible for patient assistance programs. </p><p>Patient assistance programs are funded by the manufacturer of the medication. Patients can often apply to these programs through the manufacturer's website. This type of assistance program is one of the few options available to uninsured patients. </p><p>The out-of-pocket cost for patients enrolled in co-pay assistance or patient assistance programs is $0. It is a major resource to help lower costs of medications—however, many providers and patients are not aware of these resources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environment">Environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prescription_drug&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traces of prescription drugs—including <a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotics">antibiotics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anti-convulsants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mood_stabilizer" title="Mood stabilizer">mood stabilizers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sex_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex steroid">sex hormones</a>—have been detected in drinking water.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) discarded from human therapy and their metabolites may not be eliminated entirely by sewage treatment plants and have been detected at low concentrations in surface waters downstream from those plants.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The continuous discarding of incompletely treated water may interact with other environmental chemicals and lead to uncertain ecological effects.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to most pharmaceuticals being highly soluble, fish and other aquatic organisms are susceptible to their effects.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The long-term effects of pharmaceuticals in the environment may affect survival and reproduction of such organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, levels of medical drug waste in the water is at a low enough level that it is not a direct concern to human health. However, processes, such as <a href="/wiki/Biomagnification" title="Biomagnification">biomagnification</a>, are potential human health concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, there is clear evidence of harm to aquatic animals and fauna. Recent advancements in technology have allowed scientists to detect smaller, trace quantities of pharmaceuticals in the ng/ml range.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite being found at low concentrations, female hormonal contraceptives may cause feminizing effects on male vertebrate species, such as fish, frogs and crocodiles.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The FDA established guidelines in 2007 to inform consumers should dispose of prescription drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When medications do not include specific disposal instructions, patients should not flush medications in the toilet, but instead use medication take-back programs to reduce the amount of pharmaceutical waste in sewage and landfills.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If no take-back programs are available, prescription drugs can be discarded in household trash after they are crushed or dissolved and then mixed in a separate container or sealable bag with undesirable substances like cat litter or other unappealing material (to discourage consumption).<sup id="cite_ref-:6_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prescription_drug&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_Substances_Act" title="Controlled Substances Act">U.S. Controlled Substances Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-pay_card" title="Co-pay card">Co-pay card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Pharmaco-Therapeutic_Referrals" title="Classification of Pharmaco-Therapeutic Referrals">Classification of Pharmaco-Therapeutic Referrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy" title="Drug policy">Drug policy</a> – policy regulating drugs considered dangerous, rather than only medicinal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverse_benefit_law" title="Inverse benefit law">Inverse benefit law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharmaceutical_companies" title="List of pharmaceutical companies">List of pharmaceutical companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_insert" class="mw-redirect" title="Package insert">Package insert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_(shop)" title="Pharmacy (shop)">Pharmacy (shop)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy_automation" title="Pharmacy automation">Pharmacy automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pill_splitting" title="Pill splitting">Pill splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_therapeutic_goods" title="Regulation of therapeutic goods">Regulation of therapeutic goods</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prescription_drug&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=External+Medicine%3A+Discarded+Drugs+May+Contaminate+40+Million+Americans%27+Drinking+Water&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fpharmaceuticals-in-the-water%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrescription+drug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubick2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lubick, Naomi (May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2866706">"Drugs in the Environment: Do Pharmaceutical Take-Back Programs Make a Difference?"</a>. <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>. <b>118</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">A210 –</span> <span class="nowrap">A214</span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.118-a210">10.1289/ehp.118-a210</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-6765">0091-6765</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2866706">2866706</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20435558">20435558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Drugs+in+the+Environment%3A+Do+Pharmaceutical+Take-Back+Programs+Make+a+Difference%3F&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EA210+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EA214%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2010-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2866706%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0091-6765&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20435558&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.118-a210&rft.aulast=Lubick&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2866706&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrescription+drug" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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