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(2015)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galucio_et_al._(2015)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tupian languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tup%C3%AD-tale" title="Tupí-tale – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tupí-tale" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_tup%C3%ADs" title="Llingües tupís – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües tupís" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupi_%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Tupi ñe'ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tupi ñe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="توپیان دیللری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="توپیان دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_toupiek" title="Yezhoù toupiek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù toupiek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_tup%C3%AD" title="Llengües tupí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües tupí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tup%C3%ADjsk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Tupíjské jazyky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tupíjské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tup%C3%AD-Sprachen" title="Tupí-Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tupí-Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupiske_r%C4%9Bcy" title="Tupiske rěcy – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Tupiske rěcy" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_tup%C3%ADes" title="Lenguas tupíes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas tupíes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupia_lingvaro" title="Tupia lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tupia lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های توپیایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های توپیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_tupi" title="Langues tupi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues tupi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_tup%C3%ADs" title="Linguas tupís – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas tupís" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%88%AC%ED%94%BC%EC%96%B4%EC%A1%B1" title="투피어족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="투피어족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupiske_r%C4%9B%C4%8De" title="Tupiske rěče – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Tupiske rěče" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupian" title="Tupian – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tupian" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_tupi" title="Linguas tupi – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Linguas tupi" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_tupi" title="Lingue tupi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue tupi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99" title="שפות טופי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפות טופי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupi%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Tupių kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tupių kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_tupian" title="Linguas tupian – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas tupian" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Туписки јазици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Туписки јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="ടുപ്പിയൻ ഭാഷകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടുപ്പിയൻ ഭാഷകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupi_(taal)" title="Tupi (taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tupi (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%83%94%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="トゥピ語族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トゥピ語族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tup%C3%AD_spriaken" title="Tupí spriaken – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tupí spriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupianske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Tupianske språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tupianske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupianske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Tupianske språk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tupianske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_tupi" title="Lenghe tupi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghe tupi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_tupi" title="Języki tupi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki tupi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tronco_tupi" title="Tronco tupi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tronco tupi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupi_rimaykuna" title="Tupi rimaykuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tupi rimaykuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Языки тупи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Языки тупи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Тупијски језици – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тупијски језици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupian" title="Tupian – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tupian" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupi-kielet" title="Tupi-kielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tupi-kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupianska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Tupianska språk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tupianska språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupi_dilleri" title="Tupi dilleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tupi dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Тупійські мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тупійські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%AF_h%E1%BB%87_Tupi" title="Ngữ hệ Tupi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngữ hệ Tupi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #c0dde6;">Tupian</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, North-East <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, Southern <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, Northern <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Je%E2%80%93Tupi%E2%80%93Carib_languages" title="Je–Tupi–Carib languages">Je-Tupi-Carib</a>?<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Tupian</b></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proto-language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tupian_language" title="Proto-Tupian language">Proto-Tupian</a></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tupi%E2%80%93Guarani_languages" title="Tupi–Guarani languages">Tupi–Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikem_languages" title="Arikem languages">Arikem</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aweti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aweti language">Awetï</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mawe_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mawe language">Mawé</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monde_languages" title="Monde languages">Mondé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munduruku_languages" title="Munduruku languages">Mundurukú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purubora_language" title="Purubora language">Puruborá</a>–<a href="/wiki/Ramarama_languages" title="Ramarama languages">Ramarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupari_languages" title="Tupari languages">Tuparí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuruna_languages" title="Yuruna languages">Yurúna</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">5</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/tup" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:tup">tup</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/tupi1275">tupi1275</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tupi_languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tupi_languages.png/300px-Tupi_languages.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tupi_languages.png/450px-Tupi_languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Tupi_languages.png/600px-Tupi_languages.png 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="566" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Tupi–Guarani (medium pink), other Tupian (violet), and probable range ca. 1500 (pink-grey)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Tupi</b> or <b>Tupian language family</b> comprises some 70 languages spoken in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>, of which the best known are <a href="/wiki/Tupi_language" title="Tupi language">Tupi</a> proper and <a href="/wiki/Guarani_language" title="Guarani language">Guarani</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Homeland_and_urheimat">Homeland and <i>urheimat</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupian_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Homeland and urheimat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rodrigues (2007) considers the Proto-Tupian <a href="/wiki/Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Urheimat">urheimat</a> to be somewhere between the <a href="/wiki/Guapor%C3%A9_River" title="Guaporé River">Guaporé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aripuan%C3%A3_River" title="Aripuanã River">Aripuanã</a> rivers, in the <a href="/wiki/Madeira_River" title="Madeira River">Madeira River</a> basin.<sup id="cite_ref-SouthAmerica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SouthAmerica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of this area corresponds to the modern-day state of <a href="/wiki/Rond%C3%B4nia" title="Rondônia">Rondônia</a>, Brazil. Five of the ten Tupian branches are found in this area, as well as some <a href="/wiki/Tupi%E2%80%93Guarani_languages" title="Tupi–Guarani languages">Tupi–Guarani languages</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Kawah%C3%ADb_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawahíb language">Kawahíb</a>), making it the probable <a href="/wiki/Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Urheimat">urheimat</a> of these languages and maybe of its speaking peoples. Rodrigues believes the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Tupian_language" title="Proto-Tupian language">Proto-Tupian language</a> dates back to around 3,000 BC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_contact">Language contact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupian_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Language contact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tupian languages have extensively influenced many language families in South America. Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the <a href="/wiki/Arawa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawa languages">Arawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bora-Muinane_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bora-Muinane languages">Bora-Muinane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guato_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Guato language">Guato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jivaro_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Jivaro languages">Jivaro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karib_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Karib languages">Karib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kayuvava_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayuvava language">Kayuvava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mura-Matanawi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Mura-Matanawi languages">Mura-Matanawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taruma_language" title="Taruma language">Taruma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yanomami_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanomami languages">Yanomami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harakmbet_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Harakmbet languages">Harakmbet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katukina-Katawixi_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Katukina-Katawixi languages">Katukina-Katawixi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arawak_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawak languages">Arawak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bororo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bororo languages">Bororo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karaja_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Karaja languages">Karaja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macro-Mataguayo-Guaykuru_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Macro-Mataguayo-Guaykuru languages">Macro-Mataguayo-Guaykuru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takana_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Takana languages">Takana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Puinave-Kak_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Puinave-Kak languages">Puinave-Kak</a> language families due to contact.<sup id="cite_ref-Jolkesky-2016_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jolkesky-2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History,_members_and_classification"><span id="History.2C_members_and_classification"></span>History, members and classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupian_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History, members and classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> arrived in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, they found that wherever they went along the vast coast of South America, most of the indigenous peoples spoke similar languages. <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> missionaries took advantage of these similarities, systematizing <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">common standards</a> then named <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_geral" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingua geral">línguas gerais</a></i> ("general languages"), which were spoken in that region until the 19th century. The best known and most widely spoken of these languages was <a href="/wiki/Old_Tupi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Tupi language">Old Tupi</a>, a modern descendant of which is still used today by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">indigenous peoples</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Negro_(Amazon)" title="Rio Negro (Amazon)">Rio Negro</a> region, where it is known as <i><a href="/wiki/Nheengatu_language" title="Nheengatu language">Nheengatu</a></i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɲɛʔẽŋaˈtu]</span>), or the "good language". However, the Tupi family also comprises other languages. </p><p>In the neighbouring Spanish colonies, <a href="/wiki/Guarani_language" title="Guarani language">Guarani</a>, another Tupian language closely related to Old Tupi, had a similar history, but managed to resist the spread of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> more successfully than Tupi resisted <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>. Today, Guarani has seven million speakers, and is one of the official languages of <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>. The Tupian family also includes several other languages with fewer speakers. These share irregular morphology with the <a href="/wiki/J%C3%AA_languages" title="Jê languages">Je</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carib_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Carib languages">Carib</a> families, and Rodrigues connects them all as a <a href="/wiki/Je%E2%80%93Tupi%E2%80%93Carib" class="mw-redirect" title="Je–Tupi–Carib">Je–Tupi–Carib</a> family.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rodrigues_&_Cabral_(2012)"><span id="Rodrigues_.26_Cabral_.282012.29"></span>Rodrigues & Cabral (2012)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupian_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rodrigues & Cabral (2012)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rodrigues & Cabral (2012) list ten branches of Tupian, which cluster into Western Tupian and Eastern Tupian.<sup id="cite_ref-SouthAmerica_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SouthAmerica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within Western and Eastern Tupian, the most divergent branches are listed first, followed by the core branches. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Tupian</b> <ul><li>Western Tupian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arikem_languages" title="Arikem languages">Arikém</a> (2 languages)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupar%C3%AD_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuparí languages">Tuparí</a> (6 languages)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monde_languages" title="Monde languages">Mondé</a> (6 languages)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purubora_language" title="Purubora language">Puruborá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramarama_languages" title="Ramarama languages">Ramaráma</a> (Rondônia) (2 languages)</li></ul></li> <li>Eastern Tupian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuruna_languages" title="Yuruna languages">Yurúna</a> (Jurúna) (3 languages)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munduruku_languages" title="Munduruku languages">Mundurukú</a> (2 languages)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maw%C3%A9_language" title="Mawé language">Mawé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awet%C3%AF_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Awetï language">Awetï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupi%E2%80%93Guarani_languages" title="Tupi–Guarani languages">Tupi–Guarani</a> (50 languages: <a href="/wiki/Tupi_language" title="Tupi language">Tupí</a> [extinct], <a href="/wiki/Guarani_language" title="Guarani language">Guaraní</a> (5 million speakers), etc.)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <p>Meira and Drude (2015) posit a branch uniting Mawé and Aweti with Tupi-Guarani, also known as <a href="/wiki/Maweti%E2%80%93Guarani_languages" title="Maweti–Guarani languages">Maweti-Guarani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MAG_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MAG-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Purubora_language" title="Purubora language">Purubora</a> may form a branch together with <a href="/wiki/Ramarama_languages" title="Ramarama languages">Ramarama</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jolkesky_(2016)"><span id="Jolkesky_.282016.29"></span>Jolkesky (2016)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupian_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jolkesky (2016)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):<sup id="cite_ref-Jolkesky-2016_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jolkesky-2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>(† = extinct) </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Tupi family</b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Arikem_languages" title="Arikem languages">Arikem</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arikem_language" title="Arikem language">Arikem</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karitiana_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karitiana language">Karitiana</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Monde_languages" title="Monde languages">Monde</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Paiter_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Paiter language">Paiter</a></i></li> <li>Monde, Nuclear <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Monde_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Monde language">Monde</a></i></li> <li>Cinta-Larga-Zoro <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aru%C3%A1shi_language" title="Aruáshi language">Arua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cinta-Larga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinta-Larga language">Cinta-Larga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gavi%C3%A3o_of_Jiparan%C3%A1" title="Gavião of Jiparaná">Gavião</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Zoro_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoro language">Zoro</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>Ramarama-Purubora</b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Purubora_language" title="Purubora language">Purubora</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramarama_languages" title="Ramarama languages">Ramarema</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Karo_language_(Brazil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karo language (Brazil)">Karo</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Urumi_language" title="Urumi language">Urumi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupar%C3%AD_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuparí languages">Tupari</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Makurap_language" title="Makurap language">Makurap</a></i></li> <li>Tupari, Nuclear <ul><li>Sakurabiat-Akuntsu <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Akuntsu_language" title="Akuntsu language">Akuntsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sakurabiat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakurabiat language">Sakurabiat</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kepkiriwat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepkiriwat language">Kepkiriwat</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tupari_language" title="Tupari language">Tupari</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wayoro_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayoro language">Wayoro</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>Tupi, Nuclear</b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Yuruna_languages" title="Yuruna languages">Juruna</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Juruna_language" title="Juruna language">Juruna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manitsawa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manitsawa language">Manitsawa</a></i> <abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shipaya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipaya language">Shipaya</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Munduruku_languages" title="Munduruku languages">Munduruku</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuruaya_language" title="Kuruaya language">Kuruaya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Munduruku_language" title="Munduruku language">Munduruku</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maweti%E2%80%93Guarani_languages" title="Maweti–Guarani languages">Mawe-Aweti-Tupi-Guarani</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Satere-Mawe_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Satere-Mawe language">Satere-Mawe</a></i></li> <li>Aweti-Tupi-Guarani <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aweti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aweti language">Aweti</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupi-Guarani_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tupi-Guarani languages">Tupi-Guarani</a></b> (see)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Galucio_et_al._(2015)"><span id="Galucio_et_al._.282015.29"></span>Galucio et al. (2015)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupian_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Galucio et al. (2015)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Galucio et al. (2015) give the following <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogenetic tree</a> of Tupian, based on a <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_comparative_linguistics" title="Quantitative comparative linguistics">computational phylogenetic</a> analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-Galucio-Meira-2015_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galucio-Meira-2015-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Tupian</b> <ul><li><b>Western</b> (40.6% probability) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Karo_language_(Brazil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karo language (Brazil)">Karo</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Purubor%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Puruborá language">Puruborá</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mond%C3%A9_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Mondé languages">Mondé</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Suru%C3%AD_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Suruí language">Suruí</a></i></li> <li>Nuclear Mondé <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Salam%C3%A3y_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Salamãy language">Salamãy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aru%C3%A1shi_language" title="Aruáshi language">Aruá</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Gavi%C3%A3o_of_Jiparan%C3%A1" title="Gavião of Jiparaná">Gavião</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Zor%C3%B3_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoró language">Zoró</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>Eastern</b> (40.6% probability) <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Arik%C3%A9m_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arikém languages">Arikém</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kariti%C3%A1na_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karitiána language">Karitiána</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupar%C3%AD_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuparí languages">Tuparí</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Makur%C3%A1p_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Makuráp language">Makuráp</a></i></li> <li>Nuclear Tuparí <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Akunts%C3%BA_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Akuntsú language">Akuntsú</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mek%C3%A9ns_language" title="Mekéns language">Mekéns</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wayor%C3%B3_language" title="Wayoró language">Wayoró</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tupar%C3%AD_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuparí language">Tuparí</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Munduruk%C3%BA_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Mundurukú languages">Mundurukú</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Munduruk%C3%BA_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mundurukú language">Mundurukú</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuru%C3%A1ya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuruáya language">Kuruáya</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jur%C3%BAna_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurúna languages">Jurúna</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jur%C3%BAna_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurúna language">Jurúna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xip%C3%A1ya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Xipáya language">Xipáya</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mawet%C3%AD%E2%80%93Guaran%C3%AD_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Mawetí–Guaraní languages">Mawetí–Guaraní</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Maw%C3%A9_language" title="Mawé language">Mawé</a></i></li> <li>Awetí–Guaraní <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Awet%C3%AD_language" title="Awetí language">Awetí</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tup%C3%AD%E2%80%93Guaran%C3%AD_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tupí–Guaraní languages">Tupí–Guaraní</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Parintint%C3%ADn_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Parintintín language">Parintintín</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tapirap%C3%A9_language" title="Tapirapé language">Tapirapé</a></i>; <i><a href="/wiki/Urub%C3%BA-Ka%27ap%C3%B3r_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urubú-Ka'apór language">Urubú-Ka'apór</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Guaran%C3%AD_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraguayan Guaraní language">Paraguayan Guaraní</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupian_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr_Loukotka" title="Čestmír Loukotka">Loukotka</a> (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.<sup id="cite_ref-Loukotka_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loukotka-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Language</th> <th>Branch</th> <th>head</th> <th>ear</th> <th>tooth</th> <th>hand</th> <th>one</th> <th>two</th> <th>three </th></tr> <tr> <td>Tupi</td> <td>Tupi</td> <td>a-kang</td> <td>nambi</td> <td>táña</td> <td>pó</td> <td>peteĩ</td> <td>mokoĩ</td> <td>mbohapüi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tupinamba</td> <td>Tupi</td> <td>a-kán</td> <td>nambü</td> <td>ráña</td> <td>pó</td> <td>angepé</td> <td>mokoin</td> <td>musaput </td></tr> <tr> <td>Potiguára</td> <td>Tupi</td> <td>a-kanga</td> <td>nambi</td> <td>tañha</td> <td>in-bó</td> <td>oyepe</td> <td>mokoy</td> <td>mosapür </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ñeéngatu</td> <td>Tupi</td> <td>a-kanga</td> <td>namü</td> <td>taña</td> <td>pó</td> <td>yepé</td> <td>mokoin</td> <td>musapeire </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guaraní</td> <td>Guaraní</td> <td>ãkan</td> <td>nambi</td> <td>apen-kun</td> <td>pó</td> <td>peteí</td> <td>mokói</td> <td>mbhápira </td></tr> <tr> <td>Apapokúva</td> <td>Guaraní</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>pó</td> <td>aépi</td> <td>mokõi</td> <td>moapi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chiripá</td> <td>Guaraní</td> <td>rakã</td> <td>nambi</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>aépi</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cainguá</td> <td>Guaraní</td> <td>aká</td> <td>nambi</td> <td>kú</td> <td>pó</td> <td>petein</td> <td>mókoin</td> <td>mbohapi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mbyhá</td> <td>Guaraní</td> <td>che-ahká</td> <td>chen-nambüh</td> <td>che-rain</td> <td>cheh-pó</td> <td>peteí</td> <td>mokoi</td> <td>mboapü </td></tr> <tr> <td>Canoeiros</td> <td>Guaraní</td> <td>eaushmã</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>de-pó</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shetá</td> <td>Guaranized</td> <td>sh-aka</td> <td>che-nambi</td> <td>tienai</td> <td>che-pó</td> <td>matinkam</td> <td>mokoi</td> <td>ñiiru </td></tr> <tr> <td>S. Dourados</td> <td>Guaranized</td> <td>ñ-ãka</td> <td>elaːme</td> <td>nénai</td> <td>eː-po</td> <td>uaːi</td> <td>moːgai</td> <td>mágatei </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guayaquí</td> <td>Guaranized</td> <td>ni-aka</td> <td>nambi</td> <td>ã</td> <td>i-pá</td> <td>eteyã</td> <td>meno</td> <td>tanã </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tapirapé</td> <td>Tapirapé</td> <td>dzyane-akánga</td> <td>dzyane-inamí</td> <td>dzyane-roi</td> <td>dzyane-pó</td> <td>anchepé</td> <td>mukúi</td> <td>mãpít </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kamayurá</td> <td>Kamayurá</td> <td>ye-akang</td> <td>ye-nami</td> <td>ye-nai</td> <td>ye-po</td> <td>yepete</td> <td>mokoi</td> <td>moapit </td></tr> <tr> <td>Awití</td> <td>Kamayurá</td> <td>apot</td> <td>inte-yambe</td> <td>inte-ngu</td> <td>i-po</td> <td>mayepete</td> <td>monkói</td> <td>munitaruka </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arawiné</td> <td>Kamayurá</td> <td></td> <td>ne-nami</td> <td></td> <td>ye-po</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Anambé</td> <td>Pará</td> <td>a-kánga</td> <td>hä-nambi</td> <td>se-raña</td> <td>pó</td> <td>yanäpo</td> <td>mukuẽ</td> <td>muhapi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Takuñapé</td> <td>Pará</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guajajára</td> <td>Northern</td> <td>akã</td> <td>sane-inamú</td> <td>e-rai</td> <td>sane-pó</td> <td>metéi</td> <td>mukúi</td> <td>nairúi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tembé</td> <td>Northern</td> <td>he-akã</td> <td>he-nami</td> <td>he-rái</td> <td>he-pó</td> <td>petei</td> <td>mokui</td> <td>moãpi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manajé</td> <td>Northern</td> <td>he-akü</td> <td>he-namí</td> <td>he-rĩ</td> <td>he-pó</td> <td>chipei</td> <td>mokú</td> <td>moapi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Turiwára</td> <td>Northern</td> <td>ne-akánga</td> <td>ne-nami</td> <td>ne-ráĩ</td> <td>ne-pó</td> <td>petei</td> <td>mokoi</td> <td>moapiri </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kaapor</td> <td>Northern</td> <td>ne-kang</td> <td>nambi</td> <td>ne-roi</td> <td>n-pó</td> <td>petei</td> <td>mukoin</td> <td>oapíre </td></tr> <tr> <td>Makirí</td> <td>Central I</td> <td>ai-akáng</td> <td>ái-namí</td> <td>ái-ráing</td> <td>ái-pó</td> <td>aipité</td> <td>mokoíng</td> <td>moapét </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kayabí</td> <td>Central I</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>parmió</td> <td>oyepa</td> <td>mokoi</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kawahyb</td> <td>Central I</td> <td>ae-akáng</td> <td>ae-namí</td> <td>ae-rái</td> <td>ae-po</td> <td>oyepé</td> <td>mokõi</td> <td>irumaé </td></tr> <tr> <td>Parintintin</td> <td>Central II</td> <td>ae-akáng</td> <td>ae-nambí</td> <td>ae-rai</td> <td>ae-po</td> <td>eyepé</td> <td>mokoĩ</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wiraféd</td> <td>Central II</td> <td>ai-akán</td> <td>ai-namí</td> <td>ai-rai</td> <td>aí-po</td> <td>ayipe</td> <td>mokoi</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Takwatíp</td> <td>Central II</td> <td>ai-kánga</td> <td>ai-nami</td> <td>ai-rain</td> <td>ai-pó</td> <td>ayepeːi</td> <td>mokoːin</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dawahib</td> <td>Central II</td> <td>ay-akan</td> <td>ay-nambí</td> <td>ay-rãi</td> <td>ay-põãpká</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Catuquinarú</td> <td>Central II</td> <td>taka-sú</td> <td></td> <td>saña</td> <td>punü</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oyampi</td> <td>Guiana</td> <td>ea-kang</td> <td>i-nami</td> <td>e-ráñ</td> <td>né-po</td> <td>pesi</td> <td>mukugue</td> <td>mapur </td></tr> <tr> <td>Emerillon</td> <td>Guiana</td> <td>é-ankang</td> <td>é-námi</td> <td>é-rai</td> <td>é-po</td> <td>mozepé</td> <td>mokoñe</td> <td>maʔapuit </td></tr> <tr> <td>Apiaká</td> <td>Guiana</td> <td>ai-kana</td> <td>ai-nembía</td> <td>ai-raña</td> <td>ai-poa</td> <td>mayupé</td> <td>mokõñ</td> <td>boapui </td></tr> <tr> <td>Omagua</td> <td>Amazonas</td> <td>yakó</td> <td>námi</td> <td>sáy</td> <td>póa</td> <td>wépi</td> <td>mokwéshe</td> <td>mosapröke </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cocama</td> <td>Amazonas</td> <td>yakö</td> <td>námi</td> <td>dzái</td> <td>púwa</td> <td>wípi</td> <td>mokoíka</td> <td>motsapwöka </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cocamilla</td> <td>Amazonas</td> <td>yákö</td> <td>námi</td> <td>tsái</td> <td>púa</td> <td>uípi</td> <td>mokuíka</td> <td>motsapölika </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chiriguano</td> <td>Chiriguano</td> <td>ankã</td> <td>námbi</td> <td>hai</td> <td>de-pó</td> <td>penti</td> <td>mbokui</td> <td>mbapui </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guarayo</td> <td>Chiriguano</td> <td>che-ãka</td> <td>che-nambí</td> <td>che-raí</td> <td>che-pó</td> <td>nyepeĩ</td> <td>nyuenió</td> <td>mosapĩ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pauserna</td> <td>Chiriguano</td> <td>aká</td> <td>nambi</td> <td>rahü</td> <td>póo</td> <td>monopedo</td> <td>mokóe</td> <td>hebü </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tapieté</td> <td>Chiriguano</td> <td>y-anka</td> <td>ya-nimbi</td> <td>ya-ninay</td> <td>ya-ndepo</td> <td>penté</td> <td>monké</td> <td>maʔap </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chané</td> <td>Chiriguano</td> <td>se-ãká</td> <td>se-ndambí</td> <td>se-rãi</td> <td>se-pó</td> <td>mompetí</td> <td>mokoi</td> <td>mboapi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Siriono</td> <td>Chiriguano</td> <td>e-ãnkĩ</td> <td>e-isa</td> <td>e-rẽy</td> <td>e-o</td> <td>ekomiĩ</td> <td>nedemu</td> <td>dedemu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Joka</td> <td>Chiriguano</td> <td>ãcha</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ká</td> <td>déchatu</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yuruna</td> <td>Yuruna</td> <td>se-tabá</td> <td>yashiugá</td> <td>se-yan</td> <td>uvá</td> <td>duáyo</td> <td>nauá</td> <td>nauámbo </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shipaya</td> <td>Yuruna</td> <td>tabá</td> <td>enshugá</td> <td>oayá</td> <td>uvuá</td> <td>memé</td> <td>bidá</td> <td>mévau </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manitsauá</td> <td>Yuruna</td> <td></td> <td>naibuá</td> <td>huangá</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mundurucú</td> <td>Mundurucú</td> <td>waá</td> <td>wa-naibé</td> <td>woi-noi</td> <td>wo-ipo</td> <td>pantá</td> <td>shepsheptá</td> <td>chebapitá </td></tr> <tr> <td>Curuaya</td> <td>Mundurucú</td> <td>uása</td> <td>uampí</td> <td>ñai</td> <td>bi</td> <td>dá</td> <td>porákã</td> <td>teboazem </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mawé</td> <td>Mawé</td> <td>u-yakída</td> <td>u-yahapé</td> <td>u-háĩ</td> <td>u-ipó</td> <td>endup</td> <td>tépui</td> <td>muén </td></tr> <tr> <td>Itogapúc</td> <td>Itogapúc</td> <td>n-aká</td> <td>n-akiribe</td> <td>yãi</td> <td>parobé</td> <td>mutírem</td> <td>yagarekóm</td> <td>pairóbtem </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ramarama</td> <td>Itogapúc</td> <td></td> <td>n-akiribé</td> <td>niãng</td> <td>i-pabé</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Urumí</td> <td>Itogapúc</td> <td>in-aká</td> <td>in-akurape</td> <td></td> <td>i-pabe</td> <td>uenakaveu</td> <td>ishirange</td> <td>itamaiun </td></tr> <tr> <td>Urukú</td> <td>Itogapúc</td> <td>óña-áká</td> <td>on-aküravé</td> <td></td> <td>i-pábe</td> <td>motírem</td> <td>yegárokum</td> <td>pagodnóbtem </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arara</td> <td>Itogapúc</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>motürem</td> <td>yegárkom</td> <td>koirẽm </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arikém</td> <td>Arikém</td> <td>a</td> <td>risába</td> <td>ñãya</td> <td>pu</td> <td>mundápa</td> <td>patám</td> <td>moyúm </td></tr> <tr> <td>Caritiana</td> <td>Arikém</td> <td></td> <td>risopo</td> <td>noñno</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Macuráp</td> <td>Macuráp</td> <td>wakaräte</td> <td>ua-pishevéta</td> <td>u-ñamñem</td> <td>owõte</td> <td>uéreːket</td> <td>nemtuté</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kanua</td> <td>Macuráp</td> <td>ki-aneːm</td> <td>uwa-pitát</td> <td>ki-nyai</td> <td>o-po</td> <td>kitsä</td> <td>türü</td> <td>kwaikärum </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guratégaja</td> <td>Macuráp</td> <td>ki-anäm</td> <td>kí-apitát</td> <td>ki-nyai</td> <td>ki-puaná</td> <td>kitsä</td> <td>teːre</td> <td>kwaikiä </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kabishiana</td> <td>Macuráp</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>niaín</td> <td>o-popí</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wayoro</td> <td>Macuráp</td> <td>yá</td> <td>ne-vapáp</td> <td>o-nyain</td> <td>o-pitab</td> <td>kiét</td> <td>derät</td> <td>wärehät </td></tr> <tr> <td>Apichum</td> <td>Macuráp</td> <td></td> <td>o-pitab</td> <td>o-nyon</td> <td>o-nebo</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tupari</td> <td>Macuráp</td> <td>ápaba</td> <td>ábtsi</td> <td>ñain</td> <td>poː</td> <td>kíäm</td> <td>hürü</td> <td>hürünoːm </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kepkeriwát</td> <td>Kepkeriwát</td> <td>u-akãin</td> <td>u-apiá</td> <td>i-ñãin</td> <td>ba</td> <td>pangue</td> <td>xatéte</td> <td>sete-pangue </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mondé</td> <td>Mondé</td> <td>a-ndará</td> <td>u-nanimbé</td> <td>u-im</td> <td>amba-bé</td> <td>amakim</td> <td>parasherám</td> <td>paiwutwuy </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sanamaica</td> <td>Mondé</td> <td>hũ-ndáa</td> <td>nambiap</td> <td>h'-ĩn</td> <td>hũ-mábé</td> <td>mún</td> <td>palisharú</td> <td>waikun </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aruá</td> <td>Mondé</td> <td>pan-at</td> <td>pan-itiwä</td> <td>pan-yĩn</td> <td>pan-awä</td> <td>miːn</td> <td>busá</td> <td>wauːm </td></tr> <tr> <td>Digüt</td> <td>Mondé</td> <td>pan-dát</td> <td>ním-piab</td> <td>nĩ</td> <td>babé</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aruáshi</td> <td>Mondé</td> <td></td> <td>sham-yaküb</td> <td>shon-yain</td> <td>bu</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Language</th> <th>Branch</th> <th>woman</th> <th>water</th> <th>fire</th> <th>stone</th> <th>maize</th> <th>tapir </th></tr> <tr> <td>Tupi</td> <td>Tupi</td> <td>kuñá</td> <td>ü</td> <td>tatá</td> <td>itá</td> <td>abai</td> <td>tapüíra </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tupinamba</td> <td>Tupi</td> <td>kuñá</td> <td>ü</td> <td>tatá</td> <td>itá</td> <td>auvati</td> <td>tapirusu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Potiguára</td> <td>Tupi</td> <td>kuña</td> <td>üü</td> <td>tataː</td> <td>itaː</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ñeéngatu</td> <td>Tupi</td> <td>kuñan</td> <td>üüg</td> <td>tatá</td> <td>itá</td> <td>auati</td> <td>tapira </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guaraní</td> <td>Guaraní</td> <td>kuñá</td> <td>ü</td> <td>tatá</td> <td>itá</td> <td>avatí</td> <td>tapií </td></tr> <tr> <td>Apapokúva</td> <td>Guaraní</td> <td>kuña</td> <td>ü</td> <td>tatá</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chiripá</td> <td>Guaraní</td> <td></td> <td>ü</td> <td>tata</td> <td></td> <td>avati</td> <td>mborevi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cainguá</td> <td>Guaraní</td> <td>koñá</td> <td>ü</td> <td>tatá</td> <td>itá</td> <td>avachi</td> <td>mborevi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mbyhá</td> <td>Guaraní</td> <td>kuña</td> <td>ü</td> <td>tatá</td> <td>itá</td> <td>avachi</td> <td>tapií </td></tr> <tr> <td>Canoeiros</td> <td>Guaraní</td> <td>uainvi</td> <td>üg</td> <td></td> <td>itá</td> <td>avashi</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shetá</td> <td>Guaranized</td> <td>kuñá</td> <td>ü</td> <td>tată</td> <td>itá</td> <td>avachi</td> <td>tapi </td></tr> <tr> <td>S. Dourados</td> <td>Guaranized</td> <td>koːña</td> <td>hoːñe</td> <td>agel'á</td> <td>iːtá</td> <td>nutya</td> <td>telaːgoi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guayaquí</td> <td>Guaranized</td> <td>kuña</td> <td>ü</td> <td>dadá</td> <td>itá</td> <td>waté</td> <td>mberevi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tapirapé</td> <td>Tapirapé</td> <td>kudzá</td> <td>ü</td> <td>tatá</td> <td>itá</td> <td>awachí</td> <td>tapiíra </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kamayurá</td> <td>Kamayurá</td> <td>kuña</td> <td>ü</td> <td>tata</td> <td>ita</td> <td>avatsi</td> <td>tapiít </td></tr> <tr> <td>Awití</td> <td>Kamayurá</td> <td>kuñá</td> <td>ü</td> <td>tara</td> <td>ita</td> <td>avachi</td> <td>tapií </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arawiné</td> <td>Kamayurá</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Anambé</td> <td>Pará</td> <td>kuña</td> <td>ü</td> <td>tata</td> <td>ita</td> <td>awat</td> <td>tapiri </td></tr> <tr> <td>Takuñapé</td> <td>Pará</td> <td>kuñá</td> <td></td> <td>tatá</td> <td>ika</td> <td></td> <td>tapií </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guajajára</td> <td>Northern</td> <td>kuñã</td> <td>ü</td> <td>tatá</td> <td>itá</td> <td>awachí</td> <td>tapiíra </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tembé</td> <td>Northern</td> <td>kuzá</td> <td>ü</td> <td>tatá</td> <td>itá</td> <td>awachi</td> <td>tapihir </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manajé</td> <td>Northern</td> <td>kuyi</td> <td>ü</td> <td>tatá</td> <td>itá</td> <td>awachí</td> <td>tapihi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Turiwára</td> <td>Northern</td> <td>kuñá</td> <td>üa</td> <td>tatá</td> <td>itá</td> <td>awachi</td> <td>tapiíra </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kaapor</td> <td>Northern</td> <td>kuza</td> <td>üg</td> <td>tata</td> <td>itá</td> <td></td> <td>tapira </td></tr> <tr> <td>Makirí</td> <td>Central I</td> <td>kuñá</td> <td>ih</td> <td>tatá</td> <td></td> <td>avatí</td> <td>tapiít </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kayabí</td> <td>Central I</td> <td>kuñá</td> <td>auü</td> <td>tatá</td> <td></td> <td>uachi</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kawahyb</td> <td>Central I</td> <td>kuñá</td> <td>ü</td> <td>tatá</td> <td></td> <td>abachi</td> <td>tapiít </td></tr> <tr> <td>Parintintin</td> <td>Central II</td> <td>kuñá</td> <td>iü</td> <td>tatá</td> <td>itakí</td> <td>avaté</td> <td>tapiíd </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wiraféd</td> <td>Central II</td> <td>kuñá</td> <td>üü</td> <td>tatá</td> <td>itá</td> <td>abasí</td> <td>tapiít </td></tr> <tr> <td>Takwatíp</td> <td>Central II</td> <td>kuñá</td> <td>üa</td> <td>tatá</td> <td></td> <td>abatí</td> <td>tapi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dawahib</td> <td>Central II</td> <td>kunya</td> <td>üü</td> <td>tatá</td> <td>itá</td> <td></td> <td>tapiíra </td></tr> <tr> <td>Catuquinarú</td> <td>Central II</td> <td></td> <td>uhehü</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oyampi</td> <td>Guiana</td> <td>nimene</td> <td>heː</td> <td>tata</td> <td>ita</td> <td>abati</td> <td>tapiira </td></tr> <tr> <td>Emerillon</td> <td>Guiana</td> <td>waimid</td> <td>ih</td> <td>tata</td> <td></td> <td>auasi</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Apiaká</td> <td>Guiana</td> <td>koñá</td> <td>ih</td> <td>tatar</td> <td>ita</td> <td>auasi</td> <td>tapüra </td></tr> <tr> <td>Omagua</td> <td>Amazonas</td> <td>uainú</td> <td>úni</td> <td>táta</td> <td>itáke</td> <td>awáti</td> <td>tapíra </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cocama</td> <td>Amazonas</td> <td>wáina</td> <td>úni</td> <td>táta</td> <td>itáki</td> <td>abati</td> <td>tapíra </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cocamilla</td> <td>Amazonas</td> <td>wáina</td> <td>úni</td> <td>dzata</td> <td>idzáki</td> <td>awáchi</td> <td>tapíra </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chiriguano</td> <td>Chiriguano</td> <td>kúña</td> <td>ü</td> <td>tatá</td> <td>itá</td> <td>avatí</td> <td>mboreví </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guarayo</td> <td>Chiriguano</td> <td>kuñá</td> <td>ü</td> <td>tatá</td> <td>itá</td> <td>avatí</td> <td>mborevi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pauserna</td> <td>Chiriguano</td> <td>ekúre</td> <td>ü</td> <td>tatá</td> <td>itá</td> <td>ahuati</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tapieté</td> <td>Chiriguano</td> <td>tapipé</td> <td>ö</td> <td>tata</td> <td>itakí</td> <td>oati</td> <td>orebi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chané</td> <td>Chiriguano</td> <td>arekóva</td> <td>ü</td> <td>tatá</td> <td>íta</td> <td>avatí</td> <td>boreví </td></tr> <tr> <td>Siriono</td> <td>Chiriguano</td> <td>kuña</td> <td>ine</td> <td>tatén</td> <td>ita</td> <td>ibashi</td> <td>eãnkwãntoy </td></tr> <tr> <td>Joka</td> <td>Chiriguano</td> <td>etú</td> <td>in</td> <td>tatá</td> <td>yiwit</td> <td>yuáshi</td> <td>ngitíd </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yuruna</td> <td>Yuruna</td> <td>kuñá</td> <td>iyá</td> <td>ashí</td> <td>koapá</td> <td>makatí</td> <td>tõá </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shipaya</td> <td>Yuruna</td> <td>uamiá</td> <td>iyá</td> <td>ashí</td> <td>kuapasá</td> <td>makati</td> <td>masaká </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manitsauá</td> <td>Yuruna</td> <td>kuñá</td> <td>hidarú</td> <td>hadzú</td> <td>ita</td> <td>maidzú</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mundurucú</td> <td>Mundurucú</td> <td>awiyá</td> <td>hü</td> <td>tasha</td> <td>witáa</td> <td>muirará</td> <td>piho </td></tr> <tr> <td>Curuaya</td> <td>Mundurucú</td> <td>áu</td> <td>ü</td> <td>titi</td> <td>wítaʔa</td> <td>mára</td> <td>bíu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mawé</td> <td>Mawé</td> <td>oñañá</td> <td>üü</td> <td>äria</td> <td>no</td> <td>awatí</td> <td>wewató </td></tr> <tr> <td>Itogapúc</td> <td>Itogapúc</td> <td>mapái</td> <td>ichi</td> <td>chaná</td> <td>iyá</td> <td>nayá</td> <td>iti </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ramarama</td> <td>Itogapúc</td> <td>mapoia</td> <td>utii</td> <td>tianá</td> <td>iá</td> <td>nanian</td> <td>nató </td></tr> <tr> <td>Urumí</td> <td>Itogapúc</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>shamon</td> <td></td> <td>noiábá</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Urukú</td> <td>Itogapúc</td> <td>vochái</td> <td>ichí</td> <td>chaná</td> <td>yáa</td> <td>náya</td> <td>natoː </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arara</td> <td>Itogapúc</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arikém</td> <td>Arikém</td> <td>uspára</td> <td>esé</td> <td>somi</td> <td>isoá</td> <td>ngiyó</td> <td>iruba </td></tr> <tr> <td>Caritiana</td> <td>Arikém</td> <td>bisam</td> <td>seː</td> <td>isoː</td> <td>pomo</td> <td></td> <td>irípo </td></tr> <tr> <td>Macuráp</td> <td>Macuráp</td> <td>arapíñam</td> <td>ihi</td> <td>ucha</td> <td>éki</td> <td>atiti</td> <td>yahi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kanua</td> <td>Macuráp</td> <td>anamína</td> <td>äkü</td> <td>itaːtʔ</td> <td>heːk</td> <td>atsitsi</td> <td>kwayatsu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Guratégaja</td> <td>Macuráp</td> <td>anamina</td> <td>iki</td> <td>utaːt</td> <td>äk</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kabishiana</td> <td>Macuráp</td> <td></td> <td>ikí</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wayoro</td> <td>Macuráp</td> <td>aramirá</td> <td>ögö</td> <td>agukáp</td> <td>äk</td> <td>atití</td> <td>ikuáit </td></tr> <tr> <td>Apichum</td> <td>Macuráp</td> <td>anamina</td> <td>ügükap</td> <td>äkügükab</td> <td>äk</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tupari</td> <td>Macuráp</td> <td>ãramĩrã</td> <td>yü</td> <td>koːbkaːb</td> <td>äk</td> <td>opab</td> <td>takara </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kepkeriwát</td> <td>Kepkeriwát</td> <td>buhi</td> <td>amãni</td> <td>garämbi</td> <td>ok</td> <td>zyaoːpá</td> <td>uíto </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mondé</td> <td>Mondé</td> <td>manzet</td> <td>ü</td> <td>kaing</td> <td>ek</td> <td>maikeː</td> <td>uasá </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sanamaica</td> <td>Mondé</td> <td>chipakchí</td> <td>ü</td> <td>kaːi</td> <td>ä</td> <td>maʔä</td> <td>waːsaː </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aruá</td> <td>Mondé</td> <td></td> <td>ü</td> <td>kaʔin</td> <td>äk</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Digüt</td> <td>Mondé</td> <td>manzéyã</td> <td>ipáva</td> <td>pokáing</td> <td>dzáb</td> <td>máinkin</td> <td>wachá </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aruáshi</td> <td>Mondé</td> <td>mansät</td> <td>ü</td> <td>kain</td> <td>äk</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupian_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apapocuva" title="Apapocuva">Apapocuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brazil" title="Languages of Brazil">Languages of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_Geral" class="mw-redirect" title="Língua Geral">Língua Geral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Indigenous_American_Indian_origin" title="List of Spanish words of Indigenous American Indian origin">List of Spanish words of Indigenous American Indian origin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupian_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SouthAmerica-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SouthAmerica_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SouthAmerica_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodrigues, Aryon Dall'Igna, and Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara Cabral (2012). "Tupían". In Campbell, Lyle, and Verónica Grondona (eds). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pA-ryJRcG3AC"><i>The indigenous languages of South America: a comprehensive guide</i></a>. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jolkesky-2016-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jolkesky-2016_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jolkesky-2016_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica">Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas</a></i>. Ph.D. dissertation, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bras%C3%ADlia" title="University of Brasília">University of Brasília</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodrigues A. D., 2000, "‘Ge–Pano–Carib’ X ‘Jê–Tupí–Karib’: sobre relaciones lingüísticas prehistóricas en Sudamérica", in L. Miranda (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0QcbAQAAIAAJ"><i>Actas del I Congreso de Lenguas Indígenas de Sudamérica,</i> Tome I</a>, Lima, Universidad Ricardo Palma, Facultad de lenguas modernas, p. 95–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MAG-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MAG_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meira, Sérgio and Sebastian Drude (2015). "A preliminary reconstruction of proto-Maweti-Guarani segmental phonology". <i>Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, série Ciências Humanas</i>, 10(2):275–296. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2F1981-81222015000200005">10.1590/1981-81222015000200005</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galucio-Meira-2015-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Galucio-Meira-2015_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalucioMeiraBirchallMoore2015" class="citation journal cs1">Galucio, Ana Vilacy; Meira, Sérgio; Birchall, Joshua; Moore, Denny; Gabas Júnior, Nilson; Drude, Sebastian; Storto, Luciana; Picanço, Gessiane; Rodrigues, Carmen Reis (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museu-goeldi.br/editora/humanas/bh/artigos/chv10n2_2015/genealogical(galucio).pdf">"Genealogical relations and lexical distances within the Tupian linguistic family"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 229–274. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2F1981-81222015000200004">10.1590/1981-81222015000200004</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-0028-D677-B">11858/00-001M-0000-0028-D677-B</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1981-8122">1981-8122</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85725271">85725271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boletim+do+Museu+Paraense+Em%C3%ADlio+Goeldi.+Ci%C3%AAncias+Humanas&rft.atitle=Genealogical+relations+and+lexical+distances+within+the+Tupian+linguistic+family&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=229-274&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11858%2F00-001M-0000-0028-D677-B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85725271%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1981-8122&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2F1981-81222015000200004&rft.aulast=Galucio&rft.aufirst=Ana+Vilacy&rft.au=Meira%2C+S%C3%A9rgio&rft.au=Birchall%2C+Joshua&rft.au=Moore%2C+Denny&rft.au=Gabas+J%C3%BAnior%2C+Nilson&rft.au=Drude%2C+Sebastian&rft.au=Storto%2C+Luciana&rft.au=Pican%C3%A7o%2C+Gessiane&rft.au=Rodrigues%2C+Carmen+Reis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.museu-goeldi.br%2Feditora%2Fhumanas%2Fbh%2Fartigos%2Fchv10n2_2015%2Fgenealogical%28galucio%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATupian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loukotka-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Loukotka_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoukotka1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr_Loukotka" title="Čestmír Loukotka">Loukotka, Čestmír</a> (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk"><i>Classification of South American Indian languages</i></a></span>. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classification+of+South+American+Indian+languages&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=UCLA+Latin+American+Center&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Loukotka&rft.aufirst=%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclassificationof0007louk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATupian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupian_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Rodrigues, Aryon Dall'Igna (2007). "As consoantes do Proto-Tupí". In Ana Suelly Arruda Câmara Cabral, Aryon Dall'Igna Rodrigues (eds). <i>Linguas e culturas Tupi</i>, p. 167–203. Campinas: Curt Nimuendaju; Brasília: LALI.</li> <li>Ana Vilacy Galucio & al., “<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1981-81222015000200229">Genealogical relations and lexical distances within the Tupian linguistic family</a>,” <i>Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas</i> 10, no. 2 (2015): 229–274. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2F1981-81222015000200004">10.1590/1981-81222015000200004</a></li> <li>Ferraz Gerardi, F., Reichert, S., Blaschke, V., DeMattos, E., Gao, Z., Manolescu, M., and Wu, N. (2020) <i>Tupían lexical database</i>. Version 0.8. Tübingen: <a href="/wiki/Eberhard-Karls_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Eberhard-Karls University">Eberhard-Karls University</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6084%2Fm9.figshare.12283868">10.6084/m9.figshare.12283868</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Lexicons</dt></dl> <ul><li>Alves, P. (2004). O léxico do Tupari: proposta de um dicionário bilíngüe. Doctoral dissertation. São Paulo: Universidade Estadual Paulista.</li> <li>Corrêa Da Ssila, B. C. (2010). Mawé/Awetí/Tupí-Guaraní: Relações Linguísticas e Implicações Históricas. Brasília: Universidade de Brasília. (Doctoral dissertation).</li> <li>Landin, D. J. (2005). Dicionário e léxico Karitiana / Português. Cuiabá: SIL.</li> <li>Lévi-Strauss, C. (1950). Documents Rama-Rama. Journal de la Société des Américanistes, 39:73–84.</li> <li>Mello, A. A. S. (2000). Estudo histórico da família lingüística Tupí-Guaraní: aspectos fonológicos e lexicais. Florianópolis: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. (Doctoral dissertation).</li> <li>Monserrat, R. F. (2000). Vocabulário Amondawa-Português, Vocabulário e frases em Arara e Português, Vocabulário Gavião-Português, Vocabulário e frases em Karipuna e Português, Vocabulário e frases em Makurap e Português, Vocabulário e frases em Suruí e Português, Pequeno dicionário em Tupari e Português. Caixas do Sul: Universidade do Caixas do Sul.</li> <li>Monserrat, R. F. (2005). Notícia sobre a língua Puruborá. In: A. D. Rodrigues & A. S. A. C. Cabral (eds.), Novos estudos sobre línguas indígenas, 9–22. Brasília: Brasilia: Editor UnB.</li> <li>Pacheco Ribeiro, M. J. (2010). Dicionário Sateré-Mawé/Português. Guajará-Mirim: Universidade Federal de Rondônia.</li> <li>Rodrigues, A. D. (2007). As consoantes do Proto-Tupí. In: A. S. A. C. Cabral & A. D. Rodrigues (eds.), Línguas e culturas tupí, 167–203. Campinas: Curt Nimuendaju.</li> <li>Rodrigues, A. D.; Cabral, A. S. (2012). Tupían. In: L. CAMPBELL & V. GRONDONA, (eds.), The indigenous languages of South America: a comprehensive guide, 495–574. Berlin/ Boston: Walter de Gruyter.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tupian_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a> has a list of reconstructed forms at <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Proto-Tupian_reconstructions" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Proto-Tupian reconstructions">Appendix:Proto-Tupian reconstructions</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tular.clld.org/">TuLaR (Tupían Language Resources)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists_for_Tupi%E2%80%93Guarani_languages" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Swadesh lists for Tupi–Guarani languages">Swadesh lists of Tupi–Guarani basic vocabulary words</a> (from Wiktionary's <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Swadesh lists">Swadesh-list appendix</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.bbm.usp.br/handle/bbm/4887">"A Arte da Língua Brasílica", grammar of Tupi, by Father Luiz Figueira, in Portuguese</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Tupian_languages" title="Template:Tupian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tupian_languages" title="Template talk:Tupian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tupian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tupian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tupian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tupian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arikem_languages" title="Arikem languages">Arikem</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arikem_language" title="Arikem language">Arikem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kabixiana_language" title="Kabixiana language">Kabixiana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kariti%C3%A2na_language" title="Karitiâna language">Karitiâna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tupari_languages" title="Tupari languages">Tupari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akuntsu_language" title="Akuntsu language">Akuntsu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kepkiriw%C3%A1t_language" title="Kepkiriwát language">Kepkiriwát</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makurap_language" title="Makurap language">Makurap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mek%C3%A9ns_language" title="Mekéns language">Mekens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupari_language" title="Tupari language">Tupari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayor%C3%B3_language" title="Wayoró language">Wayoró</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monde_languages" title="Monde languages">Mondé</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aru%C3%A1shi_language" title="Aruáshi language">Aruáshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinta_Larga_language" title="Cinta Larga language">Cinta Larga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavi%C3%A3o_of_Jiparan%C3%A1" title="Gavião of Jiparaná">Gavião of Jiparaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guariba_Ar%C3%A1ra_language" title="Guariba Arára language">Guariba Arára</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mond%C3%A9_language" title="Mondé language">Mondé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suru%C3%AD_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Suruí language">Suruí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoro_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoro language">Zoro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Purubora_language" title="Purubora language">Puruborá</a>–<br /><a href="/wiki/Ramarama_languages" title="Ramarama languages">Ramarama</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramarama_language" title="Ramarama language">Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purubora_language" title="Purubora language">Puruborá</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Urumi_language" title="Urumi language">Urumi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yuruna_languages" title="Yuruna languages">Yuruna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juruna_language" title="Juruna language">Juruna</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maritsau%C3%A1_language" title="Maritsauá language">Maritsauá</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xipaya_language" title="Xipaya language">Xipaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Munduruku_languages" title="Munduruku languages">Munduruku</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuruaya_language" title="Kuruaya language">Kuruaya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munduruku_language" title="Munduruku language">Munduruku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maweti%E2%80%93Guarani_languages" title="Maweti–Guarani languages">Maweti–Guarani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maw%C3%A9_language" title="Mawé language">Mawé</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Aweti–Guarani" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aweti–Guarani</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awet%C3%AF_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Awetï language">Awetï</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tupi–Guarani" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tupi%E2%80%93Guarani_languages" title="Tupi–Guarani languages">Tupi–Guarani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_languages" title="Guarani languages">Guarani</a> (I)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ach%C3%A9_language" title="Aché language">Aché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_dialects" title="Guarani dialects">Guarani</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Ava_Guarani_language" title="Ava Guarani language">Chiripá</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Jopara" title="Jopara">Jopara</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bolivian_Guaran%C3%AD_language" title="Eastern Bolivian Guaraní language">East Bolivian</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Mby%C3%A1_Guaran%C3%AD_language" title="Mbyá Guaraní language">Mbyá</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Guarani_language" title="Guarani language">Paraguayan</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Western_Bolivian_Guarani" title="Western Bolivian Guarani">West Bolivian</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiw%C3%A1_language" title="Kaiwá language">Kaiwá</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Pai_Tavytera_language" title="Pai Tavytera language">Pai Tavytera</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xeta_language" title="Xeta language">Xeta</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Guarayu_languages" title="Guarayu languages">Guarayu</a> (II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guarayu_language" title="Guarayu language">Guarayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauserna_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauserna language">Pauserna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirion%C3%B3_language" title="Sirionó language">Sirionó</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tupi_languages" title="Tupi languages">Tupi</a> (III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tupi_language" title="Tupi language">Old Tupi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paulista_General_Language" title="Paulista General Language">Paulista General Language</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocama_language" title="Cocama language">Cocama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nheengatu_language" title="Nheengatu language">Nheengatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omagua_language" title="Omagua language">Omagua</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Potiguara_language" title="Potiguara language">Potiguara</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tenetehara_languages" title="Tenetehara languages">Tenetehara</a> (IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akw%C3%A1wa_language" title="Akwáwa language">Akwáwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Av%C3%A1-Canoeiro_language" title="Avá-Canoeiro language">Avá-Canoeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapirap%C3%A9_language" title="Tapirapé language">Tapirapé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenetehara_language" title="Tenetehara language">Tenetehara</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Guajajara" title="Guajajara">Guajajara</a></small></li> <li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Turiw%C3%A1ra_language" title="Turiwára language">Turiwára</a></i></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xingu_languages" title="Xingu languages">Xingu</a> (V)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amanay%C3%A9_language" title="Amanayé language">Amanayé</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anamb%C3%A9_language" title="Anambé language">Anambé</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ararandewara_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ararandewara language">Ararandewara</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawet%C3%A9_language" title="Araweté language">Araweté</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%A1_language" title="Aurá language">Aurá</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xingu_Asurini_language" title="Xingu Asurini language">Xingu Asurini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kawah%C3%ADb_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawahíb language">Kawahíb</a> (VI)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apiak%C3%A1_language" title="Apiaká language">Apiaká</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakobo_language" title="Chakobo language">Karipuna</a> (Jau-Navo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagwahiva_language" title="Kagwahiva language">Kagwahiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayabi_language" title="Kayabi language">Kayabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru-Pa-In_language" title="Uru-Pa-In language">Uru-Pa-In</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kamayur%C3%A1_language" title="Kamayurá language">Kamayurá</a> (VII)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamayur%C3%A1_language" title="Kamayurá language">Kamayurá</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tupi%E2%80%93Guarani_languages" title="Northern Tupi–Guarani languages">Northern</a> (VIII)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emerillon_language" title="Emerillon language">Emerillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaj%C3%A1_language" title="Guajá language">Guajá</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takunyap%C3%A9_language" title="Takunyapé language">Takunyapé</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%27apor_language" title="Ka'apor language">Urubu–Kaapor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayampi_language" title="Wayampi language">Wayampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayampipuk%C3%BA_language" title="Wayampipukú language">Wayampipukú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zo%27%C3%A9_language" title="Zo'é language">Zo'é</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tupian_language" title="Proto-Tupian language">Proto-Tupian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Primary_language_families" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_families" title="Template:Language families"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_families" title="Template talk:Language families"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_families" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language families"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Primary_language_families" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Primary language families</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoe%E2%80%93Kwadi_languages" title="Khoe–Kwadi languages">Khoe–Kwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kx%CA%BCa_languages" title="Kxʼa languages">Kx'a</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></b>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadu_languages" title="Kadu languages">Kadu</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangime_language" title="Bangime language">Bangime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laal_language" title="Laal language">Laal</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabo_language" title="Shabo language">Shabo</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia<br />(<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shompen_language" title="Shompen language">Shompen</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">New Guinea</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">the Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arai%E2%80%93Samaia_languages" title="Arai–Samaia languages">Arai–Samaia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binanderean%E2%80%93Goilalan_languages" title="Binanderean–Goilalan languages">Binanderean–Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Solomon_languages" title="Central Solomon languages">Central Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu–Wahgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demta%E2%80%93Sentani_languages" title="Demta–Sentani languages">Demta–Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doso%E2%80%93Turumsa_languages" title="Doso–Turumsa languages">Doso–Turumsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Geelvink_Bay_languages" title="East Geelvink Bay languages">East Geelvink Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_New_Britain_languages" title="East New Britain languages">East New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Engan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fas_languages" title="Fas languages">Fas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foja_Range_languages" title="Foja Range languages">Foja Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure–Kosare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramu_languages" title="Ramu languages">Ramu</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senu_River_languages" title="Senu River languages">Senu River</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Skou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly_languages" title="Trans-Fly languages">Trans-Fly</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikorian_languages" title="Turama–Kikorian languages">Turama–Kikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yuat_languages" title="Upper Yuat languages">Upper Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_languages" title="Yam languages">Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuat_languages" title="Yuat languages">Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Papuan_languages" title="Northwest Papuan languages">Northwest Papuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Gulf_languages" title="Papuan Gulf languages">Papuan Gulf</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C3%AAm_language" title="Anêm language">Anêm</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Ata</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kol language (Papua New Guinea)">Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawaia_language" title="Pawaia language">Pawaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayap_language" title="Tayap language">Taiap</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunuban_languages" title="Bunuban languages">Bunuban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Region_languages" title="Darwin Region languages">Darwin Region</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daly_languages" title="Eastern Daly languages">Eastern Daly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Eastern Tasmanian languages">Eastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaidjan_languages" title="Iwaidjan languages">Iwaidjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrakan_languages" title="Jarrakan languages">Jarrakan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marrku%E2%80%93Wurrugu_languages" title="Marrku–Wurrugu languages">Marrku–Wurrugu</a></i>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirndi_languages" title="Mirndi languages">Mirndi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northern Tasmanian languages">Northern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northeastern Tasmanian languages">Northeastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyulnyulan_languages" title="Nyulnyulan languages">Nyulnyulan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Daly_languages" title="Southern Daly languages">Southern Daly</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagaydyic_languages" title="Wagaydyic languages">Wagaydyic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Daly_languages" title="Western Daly languages">Western Daly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Tasmanian_languages" title="Western Tasmanian languages">Western Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worrorran_languages" title="Worrorran languages">Worrorran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Yangmanic</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a>)?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malak-Malak_language" title="Malak-Malak language">Malak-Malak</a> (Northern Daly?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">North<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comecrudan_languages" title="Comecrudan languages">Comecrudan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres_language" title="Keres language">Keres</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yukian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman–Cochimí</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Tarascan/Purépecha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">South<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andoque%E2%80%93Urequena_languages" title="Andoque–Urequena languages">Andoque–Urequena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanian_languages" title="Araucanian languages">Araucanian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boran_languages" title="Boran languages">Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catacaoan_languages" title="Catacaoan languages">Catacaoan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Choco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut%E2%80%93Katukinan_languages" title="Harákmbut–Katukinan languages">Harákmbut–Katukinan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicham_languages" title="Chicham languages">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembri%E2%80%93Taruma_languages" title="Katembri–Taruma languages">Katembri–Taruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoian_languages" title="Mascoian languages">Mascoian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Otomákoan languages">Otomákoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pano-Tacanan_languages" title="Pano-Tacanan languages">Pano-Tacanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yaguan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaroa%E2%80%93Saliban_languages" title="Piaroa–Saliban languages">Piaroa–Saliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tupian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora-Witoto</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimuan_languages" title="Chimuan languages">Chimuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda%E2%80%93Yaruroan_languages" title="Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages">Esmeralda–Yaruro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholón</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilela</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca%E2%80%93Canichana_languages" title="Tequiraca–Canichana languages">Tequiraca–Canichana</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates <br />(extant in 2000)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Alacalufan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cams%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Camsá language">Camsá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Chimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B4_language" title="Fulniô language">Fulniô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï/Joti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari" title="Maku language of Auari">Maku</a> (Maku-Auari/Jukude)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mura_language" title="Mura language">Mura-Pirahã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukak_language" title="Nukak language">Nukak</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ez_language" title="Páez language">Páez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Huaorani/Waorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_sign-language_family" title="Arab sign-language family">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">Germanosign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chiangmai%E2%80%93Bangkok_Sign_Language_family" title="Old Chiangmai–Bangkok Sign Language family">Original Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language_family" title="Swedish Sign Language family">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>See <a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">list of sign languages</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Language isolates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">Unclassified languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.</li><li>Families in <i>italics</i> have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in <b>bold</b>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_South_America_(based_on_Campbell_2012_classification)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:South_American_languages" title="Template:South American languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:South_American_languages" title="Template talk:South American languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:South_American_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:South American languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_language_families_and_isolates_of_South_America_(based_on_Campbell_2012_classification)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous language families and isolates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_South_America" title="Indigenous languages of South America">South America</a> <br /><small>(based on <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas#Campbell_(2012)" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Campbell 2012</a> classification)</small></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language families <br />and isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Je%E2%80%93Tupi%E2%80%93Carib_languages" title="Je–Tupi–Carib languages">Je–Tupi–Carib</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></b></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tupian</a></b></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Macro-Jê" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%AA_languages" title="Jê languages">Jê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yabutian_languages" title="Yabutian languages">Jabutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamak%C3%A3_languages" title="Kamakã languages">Kamakã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaj%C3%A1_language" title="Karajá language">Karajá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krenak_languages" title="Krenak languages">Krenakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxakal%C3%ADan_languages" title="Maxakalían languages">Maxakalian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jaik%C3%B3_language" title="Jaikó language">Jaikó</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ofay%C3%A9_language" title="Ofayé language">Ofayé</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rikbaktsa_language" title="Rikbaktsa language">Rikbaktsá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a></i></li> <li>? <i><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kariri_languages" title="Kariri languages">Karirian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purian_languages" title="Purian languages">Purían</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taruma_language" title="Taruma language">Taruma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gamela_language" title="Gamela language">Gamela</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baenan_language" title="Baenan language">Baenan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katembri_language" title="Katembri language">Katembri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nat%C3%BA_language" title="Natú language">Natú</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pankarar%C3%BA_language" title="Pankararú language">Pankararú</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarairi%C3%BA_language" title="Tarairiú language">Tarairiú</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tux%C3%A1_language" title="Tuxá language">Tuxá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huamo%C3%A9_language" title="Huamoé language">Wamoé</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xoc%C3%B3_language" title="Xocó language">Xokó</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xukuruan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Xukuruan languages">Xukurú</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B4_language" title="Fulniô language">Yaté</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oti_language" title="Oti language">Otí</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas#Orinoco–Amazon" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Orinoco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Languages of Venezuela">Venezuela</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arutani_language" title="Arutani language">Arutani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sap%C3%A9_language" title="Sapé language">Sapé</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari" title="Maku language of Auari">Máku</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guamo_language" title="Guamo language">Guamo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Otomákoan languages">Otomacoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yaruro_language" title="Yaruro language">Yaruro</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="?_Duho" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">? <a href="/wiki/Duho_languages" title="Duho languages">Duho</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1liban_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sáliban languages">Sáliban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betoi_language" title="Betoi language">Betoi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Andes (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Colombia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Languages of Venezuela">Venezuela</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cams%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Camsá language">Camsá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andaqui_language" title="Andaqui language">Andaquí</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paezan_languages" title="Paezan languages">Paezan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japur%C3%A1_River" title="Japurá River">Japurá</a>–<a href="/wiki/Vaup%C3%A9s_River" title="Vaupés River">Vaupés</a> area)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></b></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora–Witoto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boran_languages" title="Boran languages">Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andoque%E2%80%93Urequena_languages" title="Andoque–Urequena languages">Andoque–Urequena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific coast (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Colombia</a> and Ecuador)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Chocoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yurumangu%C3%AD_language" title="Yurumanguí language">Yurumanguí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda_language" title="Esmeralda language">Esmeralda</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pacific coast (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Peru</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sechura%E2%80%93Catacao_languages" title="Sechura–Catacao languages">Sechura–Catacao</a></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Chimuan_languages" title="Chimuan languages">Chimuan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ari%E2%80%93Puruh%C3%A1_languages" title="Cañari–Puruhá languages">Cañari–Puruhá</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mochica_language" title="Mochica language">Mochica</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Peru</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pano-Tacanan_languages" title="Pano-Tacanan languages">Pano–Tacanan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicham_languages" title="Chicham languages">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omurano_language" title="Omurano language">Omurano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Munichi_language" title="Munichi language">Munichi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Waorani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taushiro_language" title="Taushiro language">Taushiro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca_language" title="Tequiraca language">Tequiraca</a></i></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Saparo%E2%80%93Yawan_languages" title="Saparo–Yawan languages">Saparo–Yawan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazon</a> (west-central Brazil)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>? <a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut%E2%80%93Katukinan_languages" title="Harákmbut–Katukinan languages">Arawan–Harákmbut–Katukinan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut_language" title="Harákmbut language">Harákmbut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katukinan_languages" title="Katukinan languages">Katukinan</a></li></ul></li> <li>? Mura–Matanawí <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mura_language" title="Mura language">Muran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matanawi_language" title="Matanawi language">Matanawí</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mamor%C3%A9%E2%80%93Guapor%C3%A9_linguistic_area" title="Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area">Mamoré–Guaporé</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mure_language" title="Mure language">Mure</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bororoan_languages" title="Bororoan languages">Bororoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cayubaba_language" title="Cayubaba language">Cayubaba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canichana_language" title="Canichana language">Canichana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Mosetenan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kano%C3%AA_language" title="Kanoê language">Kanoê</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kwaza_language" title="Kwaza language">Kwazá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso_Ar%C3%A1ra_language" title="Mato Grosso Arára language">Arara</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Andes (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Peru</a>, Bolivia, and Chile)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Culle_language" title="Culle language">Culle</a></i></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Quechumaran_languages" title="Quechumaran languages">Quechumaran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Puquina_language" title="Puquina language">Puquina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_language" title="Mapuche language">Mapudungun</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chaco_linguistic_area" title="Chaco linguistic area">Chaco</a>–Pampas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>? <a href="/wiki/Mataco%E2%80%93Guaicuru_languages" title="Mataco–Guaicuru languages">Mataco–Guaicuru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guachi_language" title="Guachi language">Guachí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Payagua_language" title="Payagua language">Payaguá</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoian_languages" title="Mascoian languages">Mascoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huarpean_languages" title="Huarpean languages">Huarpean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Far South (<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Chile" title="Languages of Chile">Chile</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Qawasqaran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yaghan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chono_language" title="Chono language">Chono</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duho_languages" title="Duho languages">Duho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Andean_languages" title="Macro-Andean languages">Macro-Andean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Arawakan_languages" title="Macro-Arawakan languages">Macro-Arawakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Chibchan_languages" title="Macro-Chibchan languages">Macro-Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Jibaro_languages" title="Macro-Jibaro languages">Macro-Jibaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Macro-Otomákoan languages">Macro-Otomákoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Paesan_languages" title="Macro-Paesan languages">Macro-Paesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Panoan_languages" title="Macro-Panoan languages">Macro-Panoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Puinavean_languages" title="Macro-Puinavean languages">Macro-Puinavean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Warpean_languages" title="Macro-Warpean languages">Macro-Warpean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora–Witoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda%E2%80%93Yaruroan_languages" title="Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages">Esmeralda–Yaruroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je%E2%80%93Tupi%E2%80%93Carib_languages" title="Je–Tupi–Carib languages">Je–Tupi–Carib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembri%E2%80%93Taruma_languages" title="Katembri–Taruma languages">Katembri–Taruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mataco%E2%80%93Guaicuru_languages" title="Mataco–Guaicuru languages">Mataco–Guaicuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya%E2%80%93Yunga%E2%80%93Chipayan_languages" title="Maya–Yunga–Chipayan languages">Maya–Yunga–Chipayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moseten%E2%80%93Chonan_languages" title="Moseten–Chonan languages">Moseten–Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechumaran_languages" title="Quechumaran languages">Quechumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saparo%E2%80%93Yawan_languages" title="Saparo–Yawan languages">Saparo–Yawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca%E2%80%93Canichana_languages" title="Tequiraca–Canichana languages">Tequiraca–Canichana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wamo%E2%80%93Chapakura_languages" title="Wamo–Chapakura languages">Wamo–Chapakura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerind_languages" title="Amerind languages">Amerind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Linguistic areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaco_linguistic_area" title="Chaco linguistic area">Chaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamor%C3%A9%E2%80%93Guapor%C3%A9_linguistic_area" title="Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area">Mamoré–Guaporé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_languages" title="Amazonian languages">Amazonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Argentina" title="Languages of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bolivia" title="Languages of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brazil" title="Languages of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Colombia" title="Languages of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous languages of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ecuador" title="Languages of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Paraguay" title="Languages of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Peru" title="Languages of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Venezuela" title="Languages of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guyana" title="Languages of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Suriname" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_French_Guiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_languages_of_South_America" title="List of indigenous languages of South America">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_languages_of_South_America" title="List of extinct languages of South America">Extinct languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinct_languages_of_the_Mara%C3%B1%C3%B3n_River_basin" title="Extinct languages of the Marañón River basin">Marañón River basin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unclassified_languages_of_South_America" title="List of unclassified languages of South America">Unclassified languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas#South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_areas_of_the_Americas" title="Linguistic areas of the Americas">Linguistic areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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