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<span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E9%92%9A" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>歷史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-歷史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关歷史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-發現" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#發現"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>發現</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-發現-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-曼哈顿项目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#曼哈顿项目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>曼哈顿项目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-曼哈顿项目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-冷戰的使用與濫用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#冷戰的使用與濫用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>冷戰的使用與濫用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-冷戰的使用與濫用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-醫學實驗" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#醫學實驗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>醫學實驗</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-醫學實驗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-特性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#特性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>特性</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-特性-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关特性子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-特性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-物理性質" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#物理性質"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>物理性質</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-物理性質-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-同素異形體" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#同素異形體"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>同素異形體</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-同素異形體-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-化合物與化學性質" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#化合物與化學性質"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>化合物與化學性質</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-化合物與化學性質-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-核分裂" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#核分裂"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>核分裂</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-核分裂-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-同位素" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#同位素"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>同位素</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-同位素-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-衰變熱與裂變性質" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#衰變熱與裂變性質"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>衰變熱與裂變性質</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-衰變熱與裂變性質-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-存量" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#存量"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>存量</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-存量-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-應用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#應用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>應用</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-應用-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关應用子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-應用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-原子彈" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#原子彈"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>原子彈</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-原子彈-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-核燃料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#核燃料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>核燃料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-核燃料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-核廢料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#核廢料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>核廢料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-核廢料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-能源與熱源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#能源與熱源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>能源與熱源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-能源與熱源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-謠傳" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#謠傳"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>謠傳</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-謠傳-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>註釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>參考資料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考書目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考書目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>參考書目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考書目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">钚</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。144种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-144" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">144种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%95%E1%88%89%E1%89%B6%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ፕሉቶኒየም – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፕሉቶኒየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonio" title="Plutonio – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Plutonio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="प्लोटोनियम – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="प्लोटोनियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="بلوتونيوم – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلوتونيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="پلوطونيوم – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پلوطونيوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="بلوتونيوم – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بلوتونيوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutoniu" title="Plutoniu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Plutoniu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="پلوتونیوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پلوتونیوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Плутоний – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Плутоний" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Плутоній – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Плутоній" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Плютон (элемэнт) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Плютон (элемэнт)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Плутоний – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Плутоний" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="प्लुटोनियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="प्लुटोनियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="প্লুটোনিয়াম – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্লুটোনিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="ཕུ་ལུ་ཊོ་ནིམ། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཕུ་ལུ་ཊོ་ནིམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutoniom" title="Plutoniom – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Plutoniom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonij" title="Plutonij – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Plutonij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutoni" title="Plutoni – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Plutoni" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonyo" title="Plutonyo – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Plutonyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A1%E1%8F%99%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A5%E1%8E%BB" title="ᏡᏙᏂᎥᎻ – 切罗基语" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏡᏙᏂᎥᎻ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="切罗基语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="پلووتۆنیۆم – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پلووتۆنیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutoniu" title="Plutoniu – 科西嘉语" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Plutoniu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Плутоний – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Плутоний" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plwtoniwm" title="Plwtoniwm – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Plwtoniwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Πλουτώνιο – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πλουτώνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonio" title="Plutonio – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Plutonio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonio" title="Plutonio – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Plutonio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutoonium" title="Plutoonium – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Plutoonium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonio" title="Plutonio – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Plutonio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="پلوتونیم – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پلوتونیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutoonium" title="Plutoonium – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Plutoonium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutoanium" title="Plutoanium – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Plutoanium" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%BAt%C3%B3iniam" title="Plútóiniam – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Plútóiniam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonio" title="Plutonio – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Plutonio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="પ્લુટોનીયમ – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પ્લુટોનીયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="פלוטוניום – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלוטוניום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="प्लूटोनियम – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्लूटोनियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonij" title="Plutonij – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Plutonij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plitony%C3%B2m" title="Plitonyòm – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Plitonyòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plut%C3%B3nium" title="Plutónium – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Plutónium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Պլուտոնիում – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պլուտոնիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonio" title="Plutonio – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Plutonio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%BAt%C3%B3n%C3%ADum" title="Plútóníum – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Plútóníum" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonio" title="Plutonio – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Plutonio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="プルトニウム – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プルトニウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jinmrplutoni" title="jinmrplutoni – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jinmrplutoni" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="პლუტონიუმი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პლუტონიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%CA%8At%C9%94n%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Plʊtɔnɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Plʊtɔnɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Плутоний – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Плутоний" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪ್ಲುಟೋನಿಯಮ್ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ಲುಟೋನಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%A3%A8%ED%86%A0%EB%8A%84" title="플루토늄 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플루토늄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Плутоний – 科米语" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Плутоний" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="科米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutoniom" title="Plutoniom – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Plutoniom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Плутоний – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Плутоний" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonnio" title="Plutonnio – 利古里亚语" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Plutonnio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonio" title="Plutonio – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Plutonio" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonis" title="Plutonis – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Plutonis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonijs" title="Plutonijs – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Plutonijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Плутониум – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Плутониум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="പ്ലൂട്ടോണിയം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്ലൂട്ടോണിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Плутони – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Плутони" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="प्लुटोनियम – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्लुटोनियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Плутоний – 西馬里文" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Плутоний" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="西馬里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ပလူတိုနီယမ် – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပလူတိုနီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mictl%C4%81nt%C4%93uctepoztli" title="Mictlāntēuctepoztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Mictlāntēuctepoztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="प्लुटोनियम – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="प्लुटोनियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plut%C3%B2ni" title="Plutòni – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Plutòni" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonii" title="Plutonii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Plutonii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AE" title="ପ୍ଲୁଟୋନିଅମ – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପ୍ଲୁଟୋନିଅମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Плутоний – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Плутоний" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਪਲੂਟੋਨੀਅਮ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਲੂਟੋਨੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="प्लुटोनियम – 巴利语" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="प्लुटोनियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="巴利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluton_(pierwiastek)" title="Pluton (pierwiastek) – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pluton (pierwiastek)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plut%C3%B2ni" title="Plutòni – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Plutòni" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="پلوٹونیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پلوٹونیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%85" title="پلوتونيم – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پلوتونيم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plut%C3%B3nio" title="Plutónio – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Plutónio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulutunyu" title="Pulutunyu – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pulutunyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutoniu" title="Plutoniu – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Plutoniu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutoniu" title="Plutoniu – 阿罗马尼亚语" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Plutoniu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="阿罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Плутоний – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Плутоний" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="प्लुटोनियम – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="प्लुटोनियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Плутониум – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Плутониум" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plut%C3%B2niu" title="Plutòniu – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Plutòniu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutoniu" title="Plutoniu – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Plutoniu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D9%BD%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%85" title="پلوٽونيم – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پلوٽونيم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonijum" title="Plutonijum – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Plutonijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plut%C3%B3nium" title="Plutónium – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Plutónium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonij" title="Plutonij – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Plutonij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutoni_(element_kimik)" title="Plutoni (element kimik) – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Plutoni (element kimik)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Плутонијум – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Плутонијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutoni" title="Plutoni – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Plutoni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="புளுட்டோனியம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புளுட்டோனியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="ప్లూటోనియం – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్లూటోనియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Плутоний – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Плутоний" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="พลูโทเนียม – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พลูโทเนียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonyo" title="Plutonyo – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Plutonyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%BCtonyum" title="Plütonyum – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Plütonyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Плутоний – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Плутоний" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A" title="پلوتونىي – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پلوتونىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Плутоній – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Плутоній" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="پلوٹونیئم – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پلوٹونیئم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutoniy" title="Plutoniy – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Plutoniy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonii" title="Plutonii – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Plutonii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutoni" title="Plutoni – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Plutoni" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonyo" title="Plutonyo – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Plutonyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%9A" title="钚 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="钚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Плутониум – 卡尔梅克语" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Плутониум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="卡尔梅克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="פלוטאניום – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פלוטאניום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%B9t%C3%B2n%C3%AD%E1%BB%8D%CC%80m" title="Plùtòníọ̀m – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Plùtòníọ̀m" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%88%BD" title="鈽 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鈽" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Plutonium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%88%88" title="鈈 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鈈" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImPulu" title="ImPulu – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ImPulu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1102#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Plutonium" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1102" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" 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class="infobox-title">鈽 <sub><span style="font-size:smaller">94</span></sub>Pu</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"> <table class="wikitable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:10px"> <table class="nogrid Yuansuzhouqibiao_nav" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1" style="background-color: transparent; text-align: center; empty-cells: show;padding:0; border: none;border-spacing:1px;border-collapse:separate;margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83953186">.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_nav span{display:block;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_nav td{border:none;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali,.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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.Yuansuzhouqibiao_ds_block_predicted{background-color:#C7FFD7}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_f_block{background-color:#66ffcc}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_f_block_predicted{background-color:#BFE}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_g_block{background-color:#ffcc66}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_g_block_predicted{background-color:#FDA}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_h_block{background-color:#F0908C}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_h_block_predicted{background-color:#F0B6B4}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown{background-color:#e8e8e8}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_error_type{background-color:#000000}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_null{background-color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_maybe_not_exist{background-color:white}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_none_type{background-color:#c0c0c0}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_gas{color:green}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_liquid{color:blue}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_solid{color:black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknow_phase{color:grey}</style><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2" title="氢"><span title="氫（非金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="width:6px;height:8px;">氫（非金屬）</span></a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦"><span title="氦（惰性氣體）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="width:6px;height:8px;">氦（惰性氣體）</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%82" title="锂"><span title="鋰（鹼金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鋰（鹼金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8D" title="铍"><span title="鈹（鹼土金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鈹（鹼土金屬）</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC" title="硼"><span title="硼（類金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="width:6px;height:8px;">硼（類金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳"><span title="碳（非金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="width:6px;height:8px;">碳（非金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮"><span title="氮（非金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="width:6px;height:8px;">氮（非金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧"><span title="氧（非金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="width:6px;height:8px;">氧（非金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F" title="氟"><span title="氟（鹵素）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="width:6px;height:8px;">氟（鹵素）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%96" title="氖"><span title="氖（惰性氣體）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="width:6px;height:8px;">氖（惰性氣體）</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A0" title="钠"><span title="鈉（鹼金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鈉（鹼金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%81" title="镁"><span title="鎂（鹼土金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鎂（鹼土金屬）</span></a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D" title="铝"><span title="鋁（貧金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鋁（貧金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%85" title="硅"><span title="矽（類金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="width:6px;height:8px;">矽（類金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7" title="磷"><span title="磷（非金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="width:6px;height:8px;">磷（非金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB" title="硫"><span title="硫（非金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="width:6px;height:8px;">硫（非金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF" title="氯"><span title="氯（鹵素）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="width:6px;height:8px;">氯（鹵素）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A9" title="氩"><span title="氬（惰性氣體）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="width:6px;height:8px;">氬（惰性氣體）</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BE" title="钾"><span title="鉀（鹼金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鉀（鹼金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%99" title="钙"><span title="鈣（鹼土金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鈣（鹼土金屬）</span></a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AA" title="钪"><span title="鈧（過渡金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鈧（過渡金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9B" title="钛"><span title="鈦（過渡金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鈦（過渡金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%92" title="钒"><span title="釩（過渡金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">釩（過渡金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AC" title="铬"><span title="鉻（過渡金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鉻（過渡金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B0" title="锰"><span title="錳（過渡金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">錳（過渡金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81" title="铁"><span title="鐵（過渡金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鐵（過渡金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B4" title="钴"><span title="鈷（過渡金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鈷（過渡金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8D" title="镍"><span title="鎳（過渡金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鎳（過渡金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9C" title="铜"><span title="銅（過渡金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">銅（過渡金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8C" title="锌"><span title="鋅（過渡金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鋅（過渡金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%93" title="镓"><span title="鎵（貧金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鎵（貧金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%97" title="锗"><span title="鍺（類金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鍺（類金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B7" title="砷"><span title="砷（類金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="width:6px;height:8px;">砷（類金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%92" title="硒"><span title="硒（非金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="width:6px;height:8px;">硒（非金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B4" title="溴"><span title="溴（鹵素）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="width:6px;height:8px;">溴（鹵素）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AA" title="氪"><span title="氪（惰性氣體）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="width:6px;height:8px;">氪（惰性氣體）</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B7" title="铷"><span title="銣（鹼金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="width:6px;height:8px;">銣（鹼金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B6" title="锶"><span title="鍶（鹼土金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鍶（鹼土金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none; width:0;padding:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%87" title="钇"><span title="釔（過渡金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">釔（過渡金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%86" title="锆"><span title="鋯（過渡金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鋯（過渡金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8C" title="铌"><span title="鈮（過渡金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鈮（過渡金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BC" title="钼"><span title="鉬（過渡金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鉬（過渡金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%9D" title="锝"><span title="鎝（過渡金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鎝（過渡金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8C" title="钌"><span title="釕（過渡金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">釕（過渡金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%91" title="铑"><span title="銠（過渡金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">銠（過渡金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AF" title="钯"><span title="鈀（過渡金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鈀（過渡金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80" title="銀"><span title="銀（過渡金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">銀（過渡金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%89" title="镉"><span title="鎘（過渡金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鎘（過渡金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9F" title="铟"><span title="銦（貧金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">銦（貧金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1" title="锡"><span title="錫（貧金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">錫（貧金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%91" title="锑"><span title="銻（類金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="width:6px;height:8px;">銻（類金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B2" title="碲"><span title="碲（類金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="width:6px;height:8px;">碲（類金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%98" title="碘"><span title="碘（鹵素）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="width:6px;height:8px;">碘（鹵素）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%99" title="氙"><span title="氙（惰性氣體）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="width:6px;height:8px;">氙（惰性氣體）</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AF" title="铯"><span title="銫（鹼金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="width:6px;height:8px;">銫（鹼金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A1" title="钡"><span title="鋇（鹼土金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鋇（鹼土金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A7" title="镧"><span title="鑭（鑭系元素）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鑭（鑭系元素）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%88" title="铈"><span title="鈰（鑭系元素）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鈰（鑭系元素）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A8" title="镨"><span title="鐠（鑭系元素）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鐠（鑭系元素）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%95" title="钕"><span title="釹（鑭系元素）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" style="width:6px;height:8px;">釹（鑭系元素）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B7" title="钷"><span title="鉕（鑭系元素）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鉕（鑭系元素）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%90" title="钐"><span title="釤（鑭系元素）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" style="width:6px;height:8px;">釤（鑭系元素）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%95" title="铕"><span title="銪（鑭系元素）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" style="width:6px;height:8px;">銪（鑭系元素）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%86" title="钆"><span title="釓（鑭系元素）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" style="width:6px;height:8px;">釓（鑭系元素）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BD" title="铽"><span title="鋱（鑭系元素）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鋱（鑭系元素）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%9D" title="镝"><span title="鏑（鑭系元素）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鏑（鑭系元素）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AC" title="钬"><span title="鈥（鑭系元素）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鈥（鑭系元素）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%92" title="铒"><span title="鉺（鑭系元素）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鉺（鑭系元素）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%A5" title="铥"><span title="銩（鑭系元素）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" style="width:6px;height:8px;">銩（鑭系元素）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B1" title="镱"><span title="鐿（鑭系元素）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鐿（鑭系元素）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A5" title="镥"><span title="鎦（鑭系元素）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鎦（鑭系元素）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AA" title="铪"><span title="鉿（過渡金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鉿（過渡金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BD" title="钽"><span title="鉭（過渡金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鉭（過渡金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A8" title="钨"><span title="鎢（過渡金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鎢（過渡金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BC" title="铼"><span title="錸（過渡金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">錸（過渡金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%87" title="锇"><span title="鋨（過渡金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鋨（過渡金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B1" title="铱"><span title="銥（過渡金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">銥（過渡金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%82" title="铂"><span title="鉑（過渡金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鉑（過渡金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91" title="金"><span title="金（過渡金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">金（過渡金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9E" title="汞"><span title="汞（過渡金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">汞（過渡金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8A" title="铊"><span title="鉈（貧金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鉈（貧金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%85" title="铅"><span title="鉛（貧金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鉛（貧金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8B" title="铋"><span title="鉍（貧金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鉍（貧金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8B" title="钋"><span title="釙（貧金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">釙（貧金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B9" title="砹"><span title="砈（類金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="width:6px;height:8px;">砈（類金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1" title="氡"><span title="氡（惰性氣體）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="width:6px;height:8px;">氡（惰性氣體）</span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AB" title="钫"><span title="鍅（鹼金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鍅（鹼金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%AD" title="镭"><span title="鐳（鹼土金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鐳（鹼土金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%95" title="锕"><span title="錒（錒系元素）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="width:6px;height:8px;">錒（錒系元素）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8D" title="钍"><span title="釷（錒系元素）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="width:6px;height:8px;">釷（錒系元素）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A4" title="镤"><span title="鏷（錒系元素）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鏷（錒系元素）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE" title="鈾"><span title="鈾（錒系元素）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鈾（錒系元素）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8E" title="镎"><span title="錼（錒系元素）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="width:6px;height:8px;">錼（錒系元素）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span title="鈽（錒系元素）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="width:6px;height:8px;border:1px solid black; margin:-1px;">鈽（錒系元素）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%85" title="镅"><span title="鋂（錒系元素）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鋂（錒系元素）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%94" title="锔"><span title="鋦（錒系元素）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鋦（錒系元素）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%AB" title="锫"><span title="鉳（錒系元素）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鉳（錒系元素）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8E" title="锎"><span title="鉲（錒系元素）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鉲（錒系元素）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%BF" title="锿"><span title="鑀（錒系元素）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鑀（錒系元素）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%84" title="镄"><span title="鐨（錒系元素）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鐨（錒系元素）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%94" title="钔"><span title="鍆（錒系元素）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鍆（錒系元素）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%98" title="锘"><span title="鍩（錒系元素）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鍩（錒系元素）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%92" title="鐒"><span title="鐒（錒系元素）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鐒（錒系元素）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%91%AA" title="鑪"><span title="鑪（過渡金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鑪（過渡金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A7%80" title="𨧀"><span title="𨧀（過渡金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">𨧀（過渡金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%8E" title="𨭎"><span title="𨭎（過渡金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">𨭎（過渡金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A8%8F" title="𨨏"><span title="𨨏（過渡金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">𨨏（過渡金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%86" title="𨭆"><span title="𨭆（過渡金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">𨭆（過渡金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%A5%91" title="䥑"><span title="䥑（預測為過渡金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="width:6px;height:8px;">䥑（預測為過渡金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%BD" title="鐽"><span title="鐽（預測為過渡金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鐽（預測為過渡金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%80" title="錀"><span title="錀（預測為過渡金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="width:6px;height:8px;">錀（預測為過渡金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B6" title="鎶"><span title="鎶（過渡金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鎶（過渡金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%A8" title="鉨"><span title="鉨（預測為貧金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鉨（預測為貧金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%87" title="鈇"><span title="鈇（貧金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鈇（貧金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%86" title="镆"><span title="鏌（預測為貧金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鏌（預測為貧金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9D" title="鉝"><span title="鉝（預測為貧金屬）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鉝（預測為貧金屬）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AC" title="鿬"><span title="鿬（預測為鹵素）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鿬（預測為鹵素）</span></a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AB" title="鿫"><span title="鿫（預測為惰性氣體）" class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="width:6px;height:8px;">鿫（預測為惰性氣體）</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="釤">釤</a><br />↑<br /><span style="font-size:110%; line-height:110%;"><b>鈽</b></span><br />↓<br />(Uqq) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="錼">錼</a> ← <span style="font-size:110%; line-height:110%;"><b>鈽</b></span> → <a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%82" class="mw-redirect" title="鋂">鋂</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff99cc; color:#000000;;">外觀</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="">銀白色，在空氣中的失去光澤為深灰色<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutonium3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Plutonium3.jpg/250px-Plutonium3.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Plutonium3.jpg/375px-Plutonium3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Plutonium3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff99cc; color:#000000;;">概況</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">名稱·<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="元素列表">符號</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%8F%E6%95%B0" title="原子序数">序數</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">鈽（Plutonium）·Pu·94</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">元素類別</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%92%E7%B3%BB%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="錒系金屬">錒系金屬</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%8F_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6)" title="族 (化学)">族</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F" title="元素周期">週期</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%86%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="元素分区">區</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/3%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="3族元素">不適用</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC7%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第7周期元素">7</a>·<a href="/wiki/F%E5%8C%BA%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="F区元素">f</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E9%87%8F" title="原子量">標準原子質量</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">[244]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%8E%92%E5%B8%83" title="电子排布">电子排布</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">[<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1" title="氡">Rn</a>] 5f<sup>6</sup> 7s<sup>2</sup><br />2, 8, 18, 32, 24, 8, 2 <div style="border:0; margin:0 auto;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Electron_shell_094_Plutonium_-_no_label.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="鈽的电子層（2, 8, 18, 32, 24, 8, 2）"><img alt="鈽的电子層（2, 8, 18, 32, 24, 8, 2）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Electron_shell_094_Plutonium_-_no_label.svg/153px-Electron_shell_094_Plutonium_-_no_label.svg.png" decoding="async" width="153" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Electron_shell_094_Plutonium_-_no_label.svg/230px-Electron_shell_094_Plutonium_-_no_label.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Electron_shell_094_Plutonium_-_no_label.svg/306px-Electron_shell_094_Plutonium_-_no_label.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>鈽的电子層（2, 8, 18, 32, 24, 8, 2）</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff99cc; color:#000000;;">歷史</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E7%99%BC%E7%8F%BE%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="化學元素發現年表">發現</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%80%AB%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%A7%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%9A%E6%A0%BC" title="格倫·西奧多·西博格">格倫·西奧多·西博格</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Wahl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Wahl（页面不存在）">Arthur Wahl</a>、<a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph W. Kennedy">Joseph W. Kennedy</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E6%B8%A9%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E7%B1%B3%E4%BC%A6" title="埃德温·麦克米伦">埃德溫·麥克米倫</a>（1940年）</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff99cc; color:#000000;;">物理性質</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8_(%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8)" title="相 (物质)">物態</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E6%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="固態">固態</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="密度">密度</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">（接近<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A4%E6%BA%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="室溫">室温</a>）<br />19.816 <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B" title="克">g</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%98%E7%B1%B3" title="厘米">cm</a><sup>−3</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E7%82%B9" title="熔点">熔点</a>時液體密度</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">16.63 g·cm<sup>−3</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E7%82%B9" title="熔点">熔点</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">912.5 <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="开尔文">K</a>，639.4 <a href="/wiki/%E6%91%84%E6%B0%8F%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%87" title="摄氏温标">°C</a>，1182.9 <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%8F%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%87" title="华氏温标">°F</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B8%E9%BB%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="沸點">沸點</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">3505 <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="开尔文">K</a>，3228 <a href="/wiki/%E6%91%84%E6%B0%8F%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%87" title="摄氏温标">°C</a>，5842 <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%8F%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%87" title="华氏温标">°F</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E5%8C%96%E7%83%AD" title="熔化热">熔化热</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">2.82 <a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3%E6%AF%8F%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94" title="焦耳每摩尔">kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E5%8C%96%E7%83%AD" title="汽化热">汽化热</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">333.5 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9" title="比熱容">比熱容</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">35.5 J·mol<sup>−1</sup>·K<sup>−1</sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%A3%E5%A3%93" title="蒸氣壓">蒸氣壓</a></b><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable nowrap" style="width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td>壓/Pa </td> <td>1 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>100 </td> <td>1 k </td> <td>10 k </td> <td>100 k </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td>溫/K </td> <td>1756 </td> <td>1953 </td> <td>2198 </td> <td>2511 </td> <td>2926 </td> <td>3499 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff99cc; color:#000000;;">原子性質</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E6%80%81" title="氧化态">氧化态</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">8, 7, 6, 5, <b>4</b>, 3, 2, 1<br />（<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A9%E6%80%A7_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8)" title="兩性 (化學)">兩性</a>氧化物）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%B4%9F%E6%80%A7" title="电负性">电负性</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1.28（鲍林标度）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A6%BB%E8%83%BD" title="电离能">电离能</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">第一：584.7 <a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3%E6%AF%8F%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94" title="焦耳每摩尔">kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%8D%8A%E5%BE%84" title="原子半径">原子半径</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">159 <a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E7%B1%B3" title="皮米">pm</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BB%B7%E5%8D%8A%E5%BE%84" title="共价半径">共价半径</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">187±1 pm</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutonium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Plutonium_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Plutonium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Plutonium_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Plutonium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Plutonium_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Plutonium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><strong>鈽的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%B0%B1%E7%BA%BF" title="原子谱线">原子谱线</a></strong></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff99cc; color:#000000;;">雜項</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="晶体结构">晶体结构</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E6%96%9C%E6%99%B6%E7%B3%BB" title="单斜晶系">單斜</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81" title="磁">磁序</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%86%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" title="順磁性">順磁性</a><sup id="cite_ref-magnet_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-magnet-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">電阻率</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">（0 °C）1.460 µ Ω·m</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%B0%8E%E7%8E%87" title="熱導率">熱導率</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">6.74 W·m<sup>−1</sup>·K<sup>−1</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">膨脹係數</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">（25 °C）46.7 µm·m<sup>−1</sup>·K<sup>−1</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%80%9F" title="音速">聲速</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">2260 <a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%AF%8F%E7%A7%92" title="米每秒">m·s<sup>−1</sup></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E6%B0%8F%E6%A8%A1%E9%87%8F" title="杨氏模量">杨氏模量</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">96 GPa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AA%E5%88%87%E6%A8%A1%E9%87%8F" title="剪切模量">剪切模量</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">43 GPa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%8A%E6%9D%BE%E6%AF%94" title="泊松比">泊松比</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">0.21</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/CAS%E5%8F%B7" title="CAS号">CAS号</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=7440-07-5">7440-07-5</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff99cc; color:#000000;;">同位素<div style="float:right;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:"（"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:"，"}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:"；"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_plutonium_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox plutonium isotopes"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Infobox_plutonium_isotopes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Infobox plutonium isotopes（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Infobox_plutonium_isotopes" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Infobox plutonium isotopes"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鈽的同位素">鈽的同位素</a><br /> <div> <table class="wikitable" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center;width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="同位素">同位素</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="丰度">丰度</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%A1%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="半衰期">半衰期</a><small><span style="font-weight:normal;">（<i>t</i><sub>1/2</sub>）</span></small> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7#衰变" title="放射性">衰變</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="衰變方式">方式</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E8%83%BD" title="衰变能">能量</a><small><span style="font-weight:normal;">（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BC%8F%E7%89%B9" title="電子伏特">MeV</a>）</span></small> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="衰变产物">產物</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BD-238" title="鈽-238"><sup>238</sup>Pu</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%95%E9%87%8F%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="痕量同位素">痕量</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">87.7 <sub><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B4" title="年">年</a></sub> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98" title="Α衰变">α</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">5.593 </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE-234" class="mw-redirect" title="鈾-234"><sup>234</sup>U</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%99%BC%E8%A3%82%E8%AE%8A" title="自發裂變">SF</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">— </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><sup></sup>— </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9A-239" class="mw-redirect" title="钚-239"><sup>239</sup>Pu</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">痕量 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">2.411×10<sup>4</sup> <sub><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B4" title="年">年</a></sub> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98" title="Α衰变">α</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">5.245 </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE-235" title="鈾-235"><sup>235</sup>U</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%99%BC%E8%A3%82%E8%AE%8A" title="自發裂變">SF</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">— </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><sup></sup>— </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><sup>240</sup>Pu </th> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">痕量 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">6561 <sub><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B4" title="年">年</a></sub> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98" title="Α衰变">α</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">5.256 </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE-236" class="mw-redirect" title="鈾-236"><sup>236</sup>U</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%99%BC%E8%A3%82%E8%AE%8A" title="自發裂變">SF</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">— </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><sup></sup>— </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><sup>241</sup>Pu </th> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%A0%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="人造同位素">人造</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">14.329 <sub><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B4" title="年">年</a></sub> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98#β-衰变" title="Β衰变">β<sup>−</sup></a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">0.021 </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%82-241" class="mw-redirect" title="鋂-241"><sup>241</sup>Am</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98" title="Α衰变">α</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">5.140 </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%80-237" class="mw-redirect" title="铀-237"><sup>237</sup>U</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><sup>242</sup>Pu </th> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">人造 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">3.75×10<sup>5</sup> <sub><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B4" title="年">年</a></sub> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98" title="Α衰变">α</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">4.984 </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE-238" title="鈾-238"><sup>238</sup>U</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%99%BC%E8%A3%82%E8%AE%8A" title="自發裂變">SF</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">— </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><sup></sup>— </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><sup>244</sup>Pu </th> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">痕量 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">8.13×10<sup>7</sup> <sub><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B4" title="年">年</a></sub> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98" title="Α衰变">α</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">4.666 </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE-240" class="mw-redirect" title="鈾-240"><sup>240</sup>U</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%99%BC%E8%A3%82%E8%AE%8A" title="自發裂變">SF</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">— </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><sup></sup>— </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80905552">.mw-parser-output ruby.zy{text-align:justify;text-justify:none}.mw-parser-output ruby.zy>rp{user-select:none}.mw-parser-output ruby.zy>rt{font-feature-settings:"ruby"1;font-size:90%;user-select:none}.mw-parser-output ruby.zy>rt+rt{padding-left:0.15em}</style><ruby class="zy center"><rb>钚</rb><rp>（</rp><rt lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">bù</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby></b>（英語：<span lang="en">Plutonium</span>，香港譯<b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80905552"><ruby class="zy center"><rb>钚</rb><rp>（</rp><rt lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">bù</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby></b>，台湾譯<b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80905552"><ruby class="zy center"><rb>钸</rb><rp>（</rp><rt lang="zh-Latn-pinyin">bù</rt><rp>）</rp></ruby></b>），是一種<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="化學元素">化學元素</a>，其<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="化學符號">化學符號</a>为<b>Pu</b>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%8F%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="原子序數">原子序數</a>为94。屬於<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%92%E7%B3%BB%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="錒系元素">錒系元素</a>，是第二個<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%88%BE%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="超鈾元素">超鈾元素</a>，具有<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7" title="放射性">放射性</a>。鈽是一種高<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="密度">密度</a>的銀白色<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="金屬">金屬</a>，化學性質十分活潑，接觸空氣後容易腐蝕、氧化，在表面生成無光澤的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%92%9A" title="二氧化钚">二氧化鈽</a>。暴露在潮濕的空氣中時會產生<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" title="氧化物">氧化物</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" title="氢化物">氫化物</a>，其體積最大可膨脹70%。鈽也易和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">碳</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%B5%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="鹵素">鹵素</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">氮</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="矽">矽</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="非金屬元素">非金屬元素</a>起化學反應。屑狀的钚能<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%87%83" title="自燃">自燃</a>。鈽有六种<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E7%B4%A0%E7%95%B0%E5%BD%A2%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="同素異形體">同素異形體</a>和四種<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E6%80%81" title="氧化态">氧化態</a>。鈽是一种<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="辐射病">放射性毒物</a>，且進入人體後会於<a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E9%AB%93" title="骨髓">骨髓</a>中富集。因此操作、處理鈽元素具有一定的危險性。 </p><p>1940年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%80%AB%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%A7%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%9A%E6%A0%BC" title="格倫·西奧多·西博格">格倫·西奧多·西博格</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E6%B8%A9%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E7%B1%B3%E4%BC%A6" title="埃德温·麦克米伦">埃德溫·麥克米倫</a>首度在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%9E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="柏克萊加州大學">柏克萊加州大學</a>實驗室，以<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%98" title="氘">氘</a>撞擊<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE-238" title="鈾-238">鈾-238</a>合成出鈽元素，是繼<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="錼">錼</a>之後第二個被合成出的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%88%BE%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="超鈾元素">超鈾元素</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>麥克米倫將這個新元素取名Pluto（意為<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%A5%E7%8E%8B%E6%98%9F" title="冥王星">冥王星</a>），西博格便開玩笑提議定其元素符號為Pu（音類似英語中表嫌惡時的口語「pew」）。科學家隨後在鈾礦中發現了微量的鈽，是矿石中的<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE-238" title="鈾-238">鈾-238</a>经过<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%98%E8%8E%B7" title="中子俘获">中子俘获</a>紧接着發生两次<a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98" title="Β衰变">β衰变</a>而成的：（<sup>238</sup>U → <a href="/wiki/%E9%93%80" class="mw-redirect" title="铀"><sup>239</sup>U</a> → <a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8E" title="镎"><sup>239</sup>Np</a> → <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><sup>239</sup>Pu</a>），因此鈽是少數存在於自然界中的超鈾元素，也是天然存在於自然界中<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="原子序">原子序</a>最大的元素。 </p><p>鈽沒有<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%B3%E5%AE%9A%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="稳定同位素">穩定同位素</a>，最長壽的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="同位素">同位素</a>是鈽-244，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%A1%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="半衰期">半衰期</a>約為八千萬年。而工業及軍事上最重要的鈽同位素是鈽-239，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%A1%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="半衰期">半衰期</a>為2.41萬年，常被用來製造<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8" title="核武器">核武器</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 鈽-239和鈽-241都<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%A3%82%E5%8F%98%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="可裂变物质">易于裂變</a>，即它們的原子核可以在慢速<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="中子温度">熱中子</a>撞擊下產生<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" class="mw-redirect" title="核分裂">核分裂</a>，釋出能量、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="伽馬射線">伽馬射線</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84" title="中子辐射">中子輻射</a>，從而形成<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%80%A3%E9%8E%96%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" title="核連鎖反應">核連鎖反應</a>，並應用在核武器與<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%88%90" class="mw-redirect" title="核反應爐">核反應爐</a>上。而鈽-240<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%99%BC%E8%A3%82%E8%AE%8A" title="自發裂變">自發裂變</a>的比率很高，容易造成<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E9%80%9A%E9%87%8F" title="中子通量">中子通量</a>激增，因而影響了鈽作為核武及核燃料的適用性。另外，<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BD-238" title="鈽-238">鈽-238</a>的半衰期為88年，衰變時會放出<a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Α粒子">α粒子</a>和大量熱能，它是<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0%E7%86%B1%E9%9B%BB%E6%A9%9F" title="放射性同位素熱電機">放射性同位素熱電機</a>的熱量來源，常用於驅動<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E9%A3%9B%E8%A1%8C%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="太空飛行器">太空船</a>。製造鈽的特定同位素時幾乎都是以特殊反應合成，分離鈽同位素的過程成本極高又耗時費力，因此有些材料只有特定國家在生產。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第二次世界大战">第二次世界大战</a>期间，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%93%88%E9%A0%93%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" class="mw-redirect" title="曼哈頓計劃">曼哈頓計劃</a>首度將製造微量鈽元素列為主要任務之一，曼哈頓計劃後來成功研製出第一個原子彈。1945年7月的第一次<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97" class="mw-redirect" title="核試驗">核試驗</a>「<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97" class="mw-redirect" title="三一試驗">三一试验</a>」，以及第二次、投於<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%B4%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BD%88%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8" title="長崎市原子彈爆炸">長崎市</a>的「<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%96%E5%AD%90%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BD%88" title="胖子原子彈">胖子原子彈</a>」，都使用了鈽製作內核部分。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>關於鈽元素的人體輻射實驗研究並在未經受試者同意之下進行，二次大戰期間及戰後都有數次核試驗相關意外，其中有的甚至造成傷亡。<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B" title="核動力">核能發電廠</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%BA%9F%E6%96%99" title="放射性废料">核廢料</a>的清除，以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="冷戰">冷戰</a>期間所打造的核武建設在核武裁減後的費用，都延伸出日後<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8%E6%93%B4%E6%95%A3" title="核武器擴散">核武器擴散</a>以及環境等問題。非陸上核試驗也會釋出殘餘的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E8%90%BD%E4%B8%8B%E7%81%B0" title="放射性落下灰">原子塵</a>，現已依《<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E5%88%86%E7%A6%81%E6%AD%A2%E6%A0%B8%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84" title="部分禁止核試驗條約">部分禁止核試驗條約</a>》明令禁止。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%9A&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：歷史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="發現"><span id=".E7.99.BC.E7.8F.BE"></span>發現</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%9A&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：發現"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1934年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E9%87%8C%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E7%B1%B3" title="恩里科·费米">恩里科·費米</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="罗马大学">羅馬大學</a>的研究團隊發布消息，表示他們發現了元素94<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。費米將元素取名 <i>hesperium</i>，並曾在他1938年的諾貝爾獎演說中提及<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。然而，他們的研究成果其實是<a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%87" class="mw-redirect" title="鋇">鋇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AA" title="氪">氪</a>等許多其他元素的混合物，但由於當時<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" class="mw-redirect" title="核分裂">核分裂</a>尚未發明，這個誤會便一直延續<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glenn_Seaborg_-_1964.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="一位年長男人身著西裝、看著鏡頭左方。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Glenn_Seaborg_-_1964.jpg/220px-Glenn_Seaborg_-_1964.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Glenn_Seaborg_-_1964.jpg/330px-Glenn_Seaborg_-_1964.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Glenn_Seaborg_-_1964.jpg/440px-Glenn_Seaborg_-_1964.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2378" data-file-height="2949" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%80%AB%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%A7%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%9A%E6%A0%BC" title="格倫·西奧多·西博格">格倫·西奧多·西博格</a>和他在柏克萊的團隊首度製造出鈽。</figcaption></figure> <p>1940年12月14日，鈽（特別是鈽-238）才首度被製造、獨立分離出。1941年2月23日，<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%80%AB%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%A7%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%9A%E6%A0%BC" title="格倫·西奧多·西博格">格倫·西奧多·西博格</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E6%B8%A9%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E7%B1%B3%E4%BC%A6" title="埃德温·麦克米伦">埃德溫·麥克米倫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E8%BF%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="约瑟夫·肯尼迪">約瑟夫·肯尼迪</a>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="歐亞哲" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Arthur Wahl"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E4%BA%9E%E5%93%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歐亞哲（页面不存在）">歐亞哲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wahl" class="extiw" title="en:Arthur Wahl"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Arthur Wahl</span></a></span>）</span></span>博士在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%9E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="柏克萊加州大學">柏克萊加州大學</a>，在一個60英吋（150公分）的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%97%8B%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%99%A8" title="回旋加速器">迴旋加速器</a>中以<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%98" title="氘">氘核</a>撞擊鈾、首度成功地以物理方法得到鈽元素<sup id="cite_ref-ACS_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACS-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在1940年的實驗裡，科學家以撞擊直接製造出<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="錼">錼</a>-238，但在二天後產生<a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Β衰變">β衰變</a>，後被認定是元素94的形成<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley2001-1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001-1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1941年3月，科學家團隊將報告寄給《<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E8%A9%95%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="物理評論">物理評論</a>》雜誌<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley2001-1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001-1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，但由於發現了新元素的同位素（鈽-239）能產生核分裂、往後或許能用於製造<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8" title="核武器">原子彈</a>，而在出版前遭到撤回。基於安全因素，報告延遲了一年、直到<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="二次大戰">二次大戰</a>結束後才順利登載<sup id="cite_ref-Stwertka1998_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stwertka1998-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>埃德溫·麥克米倫將前發現的超鈾元素以行星<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%8E%8B%E6%98%9F" title="海王星">海王星</a>（Neptune）命名，並提議以<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%A5%E7%8E%8B%E6%98%9F" title="冥王星">冥王星</a>（Pluto）為系列的下一個元素、即元素94取名<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeiserman1992338_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeiserman1992338-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。西博格原先屬意取名「plutium」，但後來認為它的發音不如「plutonium」<sup id="cite_ref-Clark57_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark57-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。他在一次玩笑中選擇「Pu」作為元素符號，卻在沒有被事先通知的情況下，意外被正式納入元素週期表。西博格亦曾因為誤信他們已經找到<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="元素週期表">週期表</a>中最後一個可能存在的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="化學元素">元素</a>，而考慮過「ultimium」（意為「最終」）或「extremium」（意為「極度」）等名稱。<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="曼哈顿项目"><span id=".E6.9B.BC.E5.93.88.E9.A1.BF.E9.A1.B9.E7.9B.AE"></span>曼哈顿项目</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%9A&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：曼哈顿项目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:X10_Reactor_Face.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/X10_Reactor_Face.jpg/300px-X10_Reactor_Face.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/X10_Reactor_Face.jpg/450px-X10_Reactor_Face.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/X10_Reactor_Face.jpg/600px-X10_Reactor_Face.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2528" /></a><figcaption>两名工人在移动平台上向<a href="/wiki/X-10%E7%9F%B3%E5%A2%A8%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94%E5%A0%86" title="X-10石墨反应堆">X-10石墨反应堆</a>插入铀燃料棒</figcaption></figure> <p>世界上第一座钚生产堆是1943年3月<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E9%82%A6%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="杜邦公司">杜邦公司</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%A1%E6%A0%91%E5%B2%AD" class="mw-disambig" title="橡树岭">橡树岭</a>建设的<a href="/wiki/X-10%E7%9F%B3%E5%A2%A8%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94%E5%A0%86" title="X-10石墨反应堆">X-10石墨反应堆</a>及配套的钚化学分离厂。反应堆是边长为7.3 m的立方体，重1,500吨，由厚达2.1 m的高密度混凝土墙构成辐射防护屏障。铀燃料装在铝质外壳的燃料棒内。空气强制冷却。1943年11月3日装入30吨铀后临界运行，功率500至4000 kW，月产钚500毫克。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanford_B-Reactor_Area_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hanford_B-Reactor_Area_1944.jpg/300px-Hanford_B-Reactor_Area_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hanford_B-Reactor_Area_1944.jpg/450px-Hanford_B-Reactor_Area_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Hanford_B-Reactor_Area_1944.jpg/600px-Hanford_B-Reactor_Area_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="993" /></a><figcaption>1944年6月汉福德B-反应堆。</figcaption></figure> <p>为了批产钚239，1943年10月10日杜邦公司开始在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E7%9B%9B%E9%A1%BF%E5%B7%9E" title="华盛顿州">华盛顿州</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%80" title="漢福德區">汉福德区</a>建设大型石墨水冷反应堆。功率25万千瓦。混凝土厂房高37米。计划建造6座反应堆，1944年2月反应堆动工，三座反应堆分别于1944年9月13日、12月17日、1945年2月5日启动。 </p><p>1944年4月，Emilio Segrè发现反应堆增殖钚的自发裂变率是加速器制造钚的5倍，这是因为前者含有一定量的钚-240，因此不适用枪型原子弹，只能用于内爆原子弹。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="冷戰的使用與濫用"><span id=".E5.86.B7.E6.88.B0.E7.9A.84.E4.BD.BF.E7.94.A8.E8.88.87.E6.BF.AB.E7.94.A8"></span>冷戰的使用與濫用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%9A&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：冷戰的使用與濫用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="冷戰">冷戰</a>期間，<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇聯">蘇聯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美方</a>都密集貯存大量的武器級鈽元素。美國在華盛頓州<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%80" title="漢福德區">漢福德基地</a>（Hanford Site）和<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%87%A1%E7%B4%8D%E6%B2%B3" title="薩凡納河">薩凡納河</a>基地（Savannah River Site）的核反應器便製造了103公噸鈽元素<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，俄國估計也有170公噸產量的武器級鈽元素<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B" title="核動力">核能工業</a>每年約產出20公噸的副產物鈽元素<sup id="cite_ref-CRC2006p4-27_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC2006p4-27-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。多達1000公噸的鈽受到儲存，其中超過200公噸或用於製作、或提煉自核武器之中<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley2001-1_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001-1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E5%93%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%91%A9%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" class="mw-redirect" title="斯德哥爾摩國際和平研究所">斯德哥爾摩國際和平研究所</a>（SIPRI）估計迄2007年全球約有500公噸的鈽庫存量，平均分配於軍用和民用<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="醫學實驗"><span id=".E9.86.AB.E5.AD.B8.E5.AF.A6.E9.A9.97"></span>醫學實驗</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%9A&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：醫學實驗"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9D%9E%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%BA%E9%AB%94%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97#人體放射性試驗" title="美國非道德人體實驗">美國非道德人體實驗 § 人體放射性試驗</a></div> <p>自二次大戰起，曼哈頓計畫和其他核武研究計畫的科學家便著手研究鈽對實驗動物及人體的影響<sup id="cite_ref-Injection_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Injection-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。科學家發現，動物組織內只要含達每公斤數毫克的鈽就能致死<sup id="cite_ref-PuHealth_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PuHealth-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>人體實驗方面，科學家以醫院內邁入絕症末期，或因年齡或慢性疾病使預期壽命低於十年的患者為對象，在體內注射五微克劑量的鈽溶液<sup id="cite_ref-Injection_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Injection-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。1945年7月，科學家在動物研究發現鈽在骨骼中擴散的情形危險程度更甚於<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="鐳">鐳</a>後，將人體注射劑量改降至一微克<sup id="cite_ref-PuHealth_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PuHealth-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>其中十八名人體實驗對象是在非<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%A5%E5%BE%8C%E5%90%8C%E6%84%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="知後同意（页面不存在）">知後同意</a>的情況下被注射鈽溶液。人體實驗的目的是為了製作測定人體對鈽的吸收速度的診斷工具，以訂定對鈽相關工作的安全標準<sup id="cite_ref-Injection_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Injection-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>现在人们认为這次事件違反<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="醫學倫理">醫學倫理</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95%E8%AA%93%E8%A9%9E" title="希波克拉底誓詞">希波克拉底誓詞</a>。許多評論者雖認同此舉確實違背了信任及道德原則，但「鈽物質注射對人體的影響並不像初期新聞故事所描繪的那麼嚴重、有害」，不過「也不像當時和現今科學家所相信的、沒有絲毫的負面作用」<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="特性"><span id=".E7.89.B9.E6.80.A7"></span>特性</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%9A&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：特性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="物理性質"><span id=".E7.89.A9.E7.90.86.E6.80.A7.E8.B3.AA"></span>物理性質</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%9A&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：物理性質"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>鈽和多數金屬一樣具銀灰色外表，尤與<a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="鎳">鎳</a>特別相似，但它在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%92%9A" title="二氧化钚">氧化</a>後會迅速轉為暗灰色（有時呈黃色或橄欖綠），而將其氧化後，會產生一定的熱能。<sup id="cite_ref-WISER_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WISER-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。鈽在室溫下以<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%88%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E6%A0%B8%E7%95%B0%E6%A7%8B%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鈽的同核異構體（页面不存在）">α型</a>存在，是鈽元素最普遍的結構型態（<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E7%B4%A0%E7%95%B0%E5%BD%A2%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="同素異形體">同素異形體</a>），質地如<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B8%E9%93%81" title="铸铁">鑄鐵</a>般堅而易脆，但與其他金屬製成<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E9%87%91" title="合金">合金</a>後又變得柔軟而富延展性。鈽和多數金屬不同，它不是<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%B0%8E%E7%8E%87" title="熱導率">熱</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%B0%8E%E7%8E%87" title="電導率">電</a>的良好導體。它的<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E9%BB%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="熔點">熔點</a>很低（640 °C），而<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B8%E9%BB%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="沸點">沸點</a>異常的高（3327 °C）<sup id="cite_ref-WISER_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WISER-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>鈽最普遍釋放的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E9%9B%A2%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84" title="游離輻射">游離輻射</a>類型是<a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Α衰變">α粒子發射</a>（即釋放出高能的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦">氦</a>原子核）<sup id="cite_ref-NNDC_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NNDC-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。最典型的一種核子武器核心即是以5公斤（約12.5 × 10<sup>24</sup>個）鈽原子構成。由於鈽的半衰期為24,100年，故其每秒約有11.5 × 10<sup>12</sup>個鈽原子產生衰變，發射出5.157 <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BC%8F%E7%89%B9" title="電子伏特">MeV</a>的α粒子，相當於9.68瓦特能量。α粒子的減速會釋放出熱能，使觸摸時感覺溫暖<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E9%98%BB%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="電阻率">電阻率</a>是表物質所能抵抗<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%B5%81" class="mw-redirect" title="電流">電流</a>流經強度的物理量。鈽於室溫時的電阻率比一般金屬高很多，而且鈽和多數金屬相反，其電阻率隨溫度降低而提高<sup id="cite_ref-Miner1968p544_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miner1968p544-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。但近期研究指出，當溫度降至100<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E6%BA%AB%E6%A8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="熱力學溫標">K</a>以下時，鈽的電阻率會急遽降低<sup id="cite_ref-Miner1968p544_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miner1968p544-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。電阻率由於輻射損傷，會在20K之後逐漸提高，速率因同位素結構而異<sup id="cite_ref-Miner1968p544_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miner1968p544-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>鈽具有自發輻射性質，使得晶體結構產生<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC%E7%96%B2%E5%8B%9E" title="金屬疲勞">疲勞</a>，即原有秩序的原子排列因為輻射而隨時間產生紊亂<sup id="cite_ref-HeckerPlutonium_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeckerPlutonium-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。然而，當溫度上升超過100K時，自發輻射也能導致<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%80%E7%81%AB" title="退火">退火</a>，削弱疲勞現象<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>鈽和多數金屬不同：它的密度在熔化時變大（約2.5%），但液態金屬的密度又隨溫度呈線性下降<sup id="cite_ref-Miner1968p544_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miner1968p544-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。另外，接近熔點時，鈽的液態金屬具有很高的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8F%E5%BA%A6" title="黏度">黏性</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E9%9D%A2%E5%BC%B5%E5%8A%9B%E4%BF%82%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="表面張力係數">表面張力</a>（相較於其他金屬）<sup id="cite_ref-HeckerPlutonium_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeckerPlutonium-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="同素異形體"><span id=".E5.90.8C.E7.B4.A0.E7.95.B0.E5.BD.A2.E9.AB.94"></span>同素異形體</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%9A&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：同素異形體"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%88%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E7%B4%A0%E7%95%B0%E5%BD%A2%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鈽的同素異形體（页面不存在）">鈽的同素異形體</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pu-phases.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Pu-phases.png/220px-Pu-phases.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Pu-phases.png/330px-Pu-phases.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Pu-phases.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>鈽因周圍壓力變化而有六種同素異形體：α、β、γ、δ、δ'及ε<sup id="cite_ref-Baker1983_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker1983-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>在一般情況下，鈽有六種<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E7%B4%A0%E7%95%B0%E5%BD%A2%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="同素異形體">同素異形體</a>，並在高溫、限定壓力範圍下有第七種（ζ）存在<sup id="cite_ref-Baker1983_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker1983-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。這些同素異形體的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="內能">內能</a>相近，但擁有截然不同的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="密度">密度</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="晶体结构">晶體結構</a>。因此鈽對溫度、壓力以及化學性質的變化十分敏感，各同素異形體的體積並隨<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E8%AE%8A" title="相變">相變</a>而具有極大差異性<sup id="cite_ref-HeckerPlutonium_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeckerPlutonium-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。密度因同素異形體而異，範圍自16.00 g/cm<sup>3</sup>到19.86 g/cm<sup>3</sup>不等<sup id="cite_ref-CRC2006p4-27_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC2006p4-27-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>諸多同素異形體的存在，造成鈽的狀態易變，使鈽元素的製造變得非常困難。例如，α型存在於室溫的純鈽中。它和<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B8%E9%93%81" title="铸铁">鑄鐵</a>有許多相似加工後性質，但只要稍微提高溫度，便會轉成具有可塑性和可鍛造性的β型<sup id="cite_ref-Miner1968p542_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miner1968p542-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。造成鈽複雜相圖的背後因素迄今仍未被完整解惑。α型屬於低對稱性的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E6%96%9C%E6%99%B6%E7%B3%BB" title="单斜晶系">單斜</a>結構，因此促成它的易碎性、強度、壓縮性及低傳導性<sup id="cite_ref-Baker1983_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker1983-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="化合物與化學性質"><span id=".E5.8C.96.E5.90.88.E7.89.A9.E8.88.87.E5.8C.96.E5.AD.B8.E6.80.A7.E8.B3.AA"></span>化合物與化學性質</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%9A&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：化合物與化學性質"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%92%9A%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="Category:钚化合物">鈽化合物</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutonium_in_solution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="五支盛裝著溶液試管：藍紫色、貼有標籤「Pu(III)」；深棕色、貼有標籤「Pu(IV)HClO4」；淺紫色、貼有標籤「Pu(V)」；淺棕色、貼有標籤「Pu(VI)」；墨綠色、貼有標籤「Pu(VII)」。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Plutonium_in_solution.jpg/300px-Plutonium_in_solution.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Plutonium_in_solution.jpg/450px-Plutonium_in_solution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Plutonium_in_solution.jpg/600px-Plutonium_in_solution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>鈽在溶液中的各種氧化態</figcaption></figure> <p>室溫時，純鈽金屬是銀灰色、但因氧化而鏽蝕<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeiserman1992339_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeiserman1992339-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。鈽在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%BA%B6%E6%B6%B2" title="水溶液">水溶液</a>中形成四種離子<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E6%80%81" title="氧化态">氧化態</a><sup id="cite_ref-CRC2006p4-27_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC2006p4-27-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li>Pu(III) — Pu<sup>3+</sup>（藍紫色）</li> <li>Pu(IV) — Pu<sup>4+</sup>（黃棕色）</li> <li>Pu(V) — PuO<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup>（粉紅色？）<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pu(VI) — PuO<sub>2</sub><sup>2+</sup>（粉桔色）</li> <li>Pu(VII) — PuO<sub>5</sub><sup>3−</sup>（綠色）–七價離子較稀有</li></ul> <p>鈽溶液所呈現的顏色決定於氧化態和酸<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A2%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="離子">陰離子</a>的性質<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。鈽的酸陰離子種類影響了<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="配合物">錯合</a>（原子與中心原子結合）的程度。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="核分裂"><span id=".E6.A0.B8.E5.88.86.E8.A3.82"></span>核分裂</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%9A&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：核分裂"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutonium_ring.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="生鏽的圓柱狀金屬" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Plutonium_ring.jpg/150px-Plutonium_ring.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Plutonium_ring.jpg/225px-Plutonium_ring.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Plutonium_ring.jpg/300px-Plutonium_ring.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1295" data-file-height="1231" /></a><figcaption>電解法精煉的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8%E7%B4%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="武器級（页面不存在）">武器級</a>鈽元素環狀物。環狀物重5.3公斤，直徑約11公分，足夠製作一枚<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB%E5%BD%88" class="mw-redirect" title="氫彈">核彈</a>。它的形狀有助於維繫<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E8%87%A8%E7%95%8C%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核臨界安全（页面不存在）">臨界安全</a>。</figcaption></figure> <p>鈽是一種具放射性的<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%92%E7%B3%BB%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="錒系元素">錒系元素</a>。它的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%8E%92%E5%B8%83" class="mw-redirect" title="電子排布">5f電子</a>是離域和定域之間的過渡界線；鈽因此常被認為是最複雜的元素之一<sup id="cite_ref-physicsworld.com_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physicsworld.com-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。它的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="同位素">同位素</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9A-239" class="mw-redirect" title="钚-239">鈽-239</a>是三個最重要的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%A3%82%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="核裂變">易裂變</a>同位素之一（另外二者為<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE-233" title="鈾-233">鈾-233</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE-235" title="鈾-235">鈾-235</a>）<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>；<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%88%BD-241&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鈽-241（页面不存在）">鈽-241</a>也具有高度易裂變性。所謂的具「易裂變性」（fissile），是指同位素的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8" title="原子核">原子核</a>受到<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="中子温度">慢中子</a>撞擊後，能夠產生<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" class="mw-redirect" title="核分裂">核分裂</a>，並另釋放出足以支持<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%80%A3%E9%8E%96%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" title="核連鎖反應">核連鎖反應</a>、進一步促使原子核分裂的中子。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="同位素"><span id=".E5.90.8C.E4.BD.8D.E7.B4.A0"></span>同位素</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%9A&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：同位素"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鈽的同位素">鈽的同位素</a></div> <p>鈽有二十種已知的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="同位素">同位素</a>，全部都具有<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7" title="放射性">放射性</a>。其中壽命最長的是鈽-244（半衰期為8080萬年），也是所有<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%88%BE%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="超鈾元素">超鈾元素</a>中半衰期最長的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%A8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="核種">核種</a>。其他較長壽的同位素有鈽-242（半衰期為373300年）及鈽-239（半衰期為24110年）。其餘的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="放射性同位素">放射性同位素</a>半衰期都低於7000年。鈽也有八種<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%A0%B8%E7%95%B0%E6%A7%8B%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="同核異構體">同核異構體</a>，但並不穩定、半衰期都不超過一秒<sup id="cite_ref-NNDC_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NNDC-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。钚-244存在于太空中。<sup id="cite_ref-WallnerFaestermann2015_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WallnerFaestermann2015-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>已知的鈽同位素的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F%E6%95%B8" title="質量數">質量數</a>範圍從228到247不等。其中質量數低於鈽-244（最穩定的鈽同位素）的同位素，主要的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7" title="放射性">衰變方式</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%99%BC%E8%A3%82%E8%AE%8A" title="自發裂變">自發裂變</a>和<a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Α衰變">α衰變</a>，衰變產物通常生成鈾（92個<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子">質子</a>）和<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="錼">錼</a>（93個質子）的同位素（忽略裂變過程產生之二子核的大範圍）。質量數大於鈽-244的同位素則以<a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Β衰變">β衰變</a>為主要衰變方式，衰變產物多為<a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%82" class="mw-redirect" title="鋂">鋂</a>（95個質子）。鈽-241是<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%BC%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="錼衰變系">錼衰變系</a>的母同位素，透過β衰變变成鋂-241。<sup id="cite_ref-NNDC_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NNDC-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeiserman1992340_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeiserman1992340-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>鈽-238和鈽-239是最常用的人造同位素<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeiserman1992338_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeiserman1992338-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。鈽-239是用中子轰击鈾，透過下列反應合成的<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{238}_{\ 92}U\ +\ _{0}^{1}n\ \longrightarrow \ _{\ 92}^{239}U\ {\xrightarrow[{23.5\ min}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 93}^{239}Np\ {\xrightarrow[{2.3565\ d}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 94}^{239}Pu} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mi></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>92</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>238</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>92</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>239</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <munderover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>23.5</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> </mrow> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <msup> <mi>β</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>93</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>239</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <munderover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2.3565</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <msup> <mi>β</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>94</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>239</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{238}_{\ 92}U\ +\ _{0}^{1}n\ \longrightarrow \ _{\ 92}^{239}U\ {\xrightarrow[{23.5\ min}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 93}^{239}Np\ {\xrightarrow[{2.3565\ d}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 94}^{239}Pu} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ca14d0d7115d4a0e1c82696e40c9ef5bd86d1b5a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.828ex; margin-top: -0.415ex; margin-bottom: -0.51ex; width:50.071ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{238}_{\ 92}U\ +\ _{0}^{1}n\ \longrightarrow \ _{\ 92}^{239}U\ {\xrightarrow[{23.5\ min}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 93}^{239}Np\ {\xrightarrow[{2.3565\ d}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 94}^{239}Pu} }"></span></dd></dl> <p>鈾-235裂變中的中子被鈾-238原子核<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%98%E8%8E%B7" title="中子俘获">俘獲</a>、形成鈾-239；<a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Β衰變">β衰變</a>將一個中子轉變成質子，形成鎿-239（半衰期為2.36日），另一次β衰變則形成鈽-239<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood1997p1259_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood1997p1259-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E9%87%91%E7%AE%A1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="合金管工程">合金管工程</a>的學者曾在1940年推導出此反應式。 </p><p>鈽-238是以<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%98" title="氘">氘核</a>（D，重<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="氫">氫</a>的原子核）撞擊鈾-238，透過下列反應合成<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{238}_{\ 92}U\ +\ _{1}^{2}D\ \longrightarrow \ _{\ 93}^{238}Np\ +\ 2\ _{0}^{1}n\quad ;\quad _{\ 93}^{238}Np\ {\xrightarrow[{2.117\ d}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 94}^{238}Pu} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mi></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>92</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>238</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">U</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>+</mo> <msubsup> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <msubsup> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>93</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>238</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>2</mn> <msubsup> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mspace width="1em" /> <mo>;</mo> <msubsup> <mspace width="1em" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>93</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>238</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <munderover> <mo>→</mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2.117</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> </mrow> </mpadded> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <msup> <mi>β</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mpadded> </munderover> </mrow> <msubsup> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> </mtext> <mn>94</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>238</mn> </mrow> </msubsup> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{238}_{\ 92}U\ +\ _{1}^{2}D\ \longrightarrow \ _{\ 93}^{238}Np\ +\ 2\ _{0}^{1}n\quad ;\quad _{\ 93}^{238}Np\ {\xrightarrow[{2.117\ d}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 94}^{238}Pu} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b5abd19c409e081b987cfbd597daa54af8029f82" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.828ex; margin-top: -0.415ex; margin-bottom: -0.51ex; width:56.067ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {^{238}_{\ 92}U\ +\ _{1}^{2}D\ \longrightarrow \ _{\ 93}^{238}Np\ +\ 2\ _{0}^{1}n\quad ;\quad _{\ 93}^{238}Np\ {\xrightarrow[{2.117\ d}]{\beta ^{-}}}\ _{\ 94}^{238}Pu} }"></span></dd></dl> <p>在此反應過程中，一個氘核撞擊<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE" title="鈾">鈾</a>-238，生成兩個中子和鎿-238；<a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="鎿">鎿</a>-238再發射β<sup>-</sup>粒子，形成鈽-238。<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernstein200776–77_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernstein200776–77-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>钚-238也可以由<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8E-237" class="mw-redirect" title="镎-237">镎-237</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E6%B4%BB%E5%8C%96" title="中子活化">中子活化</a>而成。<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="衰變熱與裂變性質"><span id=".E8.A1.B0.E8.AE.8A.E7.86.B1.E8.88.87.E8.A3.82.E8.AE.8A.E6.80.A7.E8.B3.AA"></span>衰變熱與裂變性質</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%9A&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：衰變熱與裂變性質"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>鈽同位素會發生放射性衰變，釋放出<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E7%83%AD" title="衰变热">衰變熱</a>。不同的同位素，單位質量所釋出的熱量也有所差異。衰變熱的單位通常以「瓦特/公斤」或「毫瓦特/公克」計。所有同位素在衰變時都會釋放出微弱的伽馬射線。 </p> <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <caption>鈽同位素的衰變熱<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th width="10%">同位素</th> <th width="20%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7#種類" title="放射性">衰變方式</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%A1%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="半衰期">半衰期</a>（年）</th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E7%83%AD" title="衰变热">衰變熱</a>（W/kg）</th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%99%BC%E8%A3%82%E8%AE%8A" title="自發裂變">自發裂變</a>中子（1/(g·s)）</th> <th>簡介 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BD-238" title="鈽-238">鈽-238</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Α衰變">α衰變</a>成為<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE-234" class="mw-redirect" title="鈾-234">鈾-234</a> </td> <td>87.74 </td> <td>560 </td> <td>2600 </td> <td>衰變熱極高。即使量少也能顯著自燃。使用於<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0%E7%86%B1%E9%9B%BB%E6%A9%9F" title="放射性同位素熱電機">放射性同位素熱電機</a>。 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9A-239" class="mw-redirect" title="钚-239">鈽-239</a> </th> <td>α衰變成為<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE-235" title="鈾-235">鈾-235</a> </td> <td>24100 </td> <td>1.9 </td> <td>0.022 </td> <td>現最主要使用的易裂變同位素。 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%88%BD-240&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鈽-240（页面不存在）">鈽-240</a> </th> <td>α衰變成為<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE-236" class="mw-redirect" title="鈾-236">鈾-236</a><br />自發裂變 </td> <td>6560 </td> <td>6.8 </td> <td>910 </td> <td>鈽-239同位素的主要雜質。 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%88%BD-241&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鈽-241（页面不存在）">鈽-241</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Β衰變">β衰變</a>成為<a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%82-241" class="mw-redirect" title="鋂-241">鋂-241</a> </td> <td>14.4 </td> <td>4.2 </td> <td>0.049 </td> <td>衰變成為鋂-241；輻射危害的早期研究對象。 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9A-242" class="mw-redirect" title="钚-242">鈽-242</a> </th> <td>α衰變成為<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE-238" title="鈾-238">鈾-238</a> </td> <td>376000 </td> <td>0.1 </td> <td>1700 </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="存量"><span id=".E5.AD.98.E9.87.8F"></span>存量</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%9A&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：存量"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019-11-22_Radioactive_Plutonium_sample_at_Questacon_museum,_Canberra,_Australia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/2019-11-22_Radioactive_Plutonium_sample_at_Questacon_museum%2C_Canberra%2C_Australia.jpg/220px-2019-11-22_Radioactive_Plutonium_sample_at_Questacon_museum%2C_Canberra%2C_Australia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/2019-11-22_Radioactive_Plutonium_sample_at_Questacon_museum%2C_Canberra%2C_Australia.jpg/330px-2019-11-22_Radioactive_Plutonium_sample_at_Questacon_museum%2C_Canberra%2C_Australia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/2019-11-22_Radioactive_Plutonium_sample_at_Questacon_museum%2C_Canberra%2C_Australia.jpg/440px-2019-11-22_Radioactive_Plutonium_sample_at_Questacon_museum%2C_Canberra%2C_Australia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2990" data-file-height="2650" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="澳洲">澳洲</a><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="國家科技館" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Questacon"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E9%A4%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="國家科技館（页面不存在）">國家科技館</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questacon" class="extiw" title="en:Questacon"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Questacon</span></a></span>）</span></span>展示的鈽樣本</figcaption></figure> <p>鈽是天然存在於自然界中<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="原子序">原子序</a>最大的元素。在自然界中可以找到痕量的鈽-238、鈽-239、鈽-240和鈽-244。鈽-239是鈾礦中的<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE-238" title="鈾-238">鈾-238</a>经过<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%98%E8%8E%B7" title="中子俘获">中子俘获</a>紧接着發生两次<a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98" title="Β衰变">β衰变</a>而成的：（<sup>238</sup>U → <a href="/wiki/%E9%93%80" class="mw-redirect" title="铀"><sup>239</sup>U</a> → <a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8E" title="镎"><sup>239</sup>Np</a> → <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><sup>239</sup>Pu</a>）<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernstein200775–77_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernstein200775–77-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。鈾礦中可能還含有極少量的鈽-238，為鈾-238極其罕見地發生<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%CE%B2%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" title="雙β衰變">雙β衰變</a>所產生（機率只有2.19×10<sup>−10</sup>%），科學家目前已在天然鈾礦石樣本中檢測到其存在。<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>由于其相对较长的半衰期（约 8000 万年），有人认为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%9A-244&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="钚-244（页面不存在）">钚-244</a> 作为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%A0%B8%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原始核素（页面不存在）">原始核素</a> 自然存在，但其检测的早期报告无法得到证实。<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>然而，它的长半衰期确保了它在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%81%AD%E7%BB%9D%E7%9A%84%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="灭绝的放射性核素（页面不存在）">灭绝</a>之前在整个太阳系中循环，<sup id="cite_ref-:1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 事实上，已经在陨石中发现了灭绝的<sup>244</sup>Pu自发裂变的证据。<sup id="cite_ref-:2_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup>244</sup>Pu 在早期太阳系中的存在已得到证实，因为它今天表现为其子体的过量，即 <sup>232</sup><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8D" title="钍">Th</a> （来自α衰变途径）或<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%99" title="氙">氙</a>同位素（来自其<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8F%91%E8%A3%82%E5%8F%98" class="mw-redirect" title="自发裂变">自发裂变</a>）。后者通常更有用，因为钍和钚的化学性质非常相似（两者主要都是四价），因此过量的钍并不能有力地证明其中一些钚是作为钚子体形成的。<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup>244</sup>Pu 是所有超铀核素中半衰期最长的，仅在 <a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="超新星">超新星</a>e 和碰撞 <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E6%98%9F" title="中子星">中子星</a> 的 <a href="/w/index.php?title=R_%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R 过程（页面不存在）">r 过程</a> 中产生；当原子核从这些事件中高速喷射到地球时，<sup>244</sup>超铀核素中只有钚有足够长的半衰期，可以在整个旅程中存活下来，因此会留下微小的生命星际痕迹<sup>244 </sup>在深海海底发现了Pu。由于<sup>240</sup>Pu也出现在<sup>244</sup>Pu的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A%E9%8F%88" title="衰變鏈">衰变链</a>中，因此它也必定存在于<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%BF%E6%9C%9F%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="长期平衡（页面不存在）">长期平衡</a>中，尽管数量更小。<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> 由于已经进行了550次大气和水下<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C" title="核试验">核试验</a>，以及少数重大<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%91%E7%94%A8%E6%A0%B8%E4%BA%8B%E6%95%85%E6%B8%85%E5%8D%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="民用核事故清单（页面不存在）">核事故</a>，人体中通常会发现微量钚痕迹。1963 年，美国、英国、苏联和其他国家签署并批准了《有限禁止核试验条约》，停止了大多数大气层和水下核试验。非条约国家自 1963 年以来持续进行的大气层核武器试验包括<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="中国">中国</a>的试验（1964 年在<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E5%A3%81%E6%B2%99%E6%BC%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="戈壁沙漠">戈壁沙漠</a>上空进行<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BC%B9" title="原子弹">原子弹</a>试验，1967 年<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E5%BC%B9" title="氢弹">氢弹</a>试验，以及后续测试）和法国（最近于 20 世纪 90 年代进行测试）。由于钚239是专门为核武器和核反应堆制造的，因此它是迄今为止最丰富的钚同位素。<sup id="cite_ref-Emsley2001-2_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emsley2001-2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="應用"><span id=".E6.87.89.E7.94.A8"></span>應用</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%9A&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：應用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="原子彈"><span id=".E5.8E.9F.E5.AD.90.E5.BD.88"></span>原子彈</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%9A&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：原子彈"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagasakibomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="原子彈爆炸蕈狀雲（灰色蕈梗和白色蕈頂）的照片。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/220px-Nagasakibomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/330px-Nagasakibomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/440px-Nagasakibomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3245" data-file-height="3877" /></a><figcaption>1945年<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%B4%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BD%88%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8" title="長崎市原子彈爆炸">投於日本長崎市的原子彈</a>內含一個鈽核。</figcaption></figure> <p>同位素鈽-239是<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8" title="核武器">核武器</a>中最重要的裂變成份。將<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%88%BD%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鈽核（页面不存在）">鈽核</a>置入<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核武器設計（页面不存在）">反射體</a>（質量數大的物質的反射層）中，能使逃逸的中子再反射回彈心，減少中子的損失，進而降低鈽達到<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E7%95%8C%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" title="臨界質量">臨界質量</a>的標準量：從原需16公斤的鈽，可減少至10公斤，即一個直徑約10公分的球體的量<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。它的臨界質量約僅有鈾-235的三分之一<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeiserman1992338_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeiserman1992338-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%93%88%E9%A0%93%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" class="mw-redirect" title="曼哈頓計劃">曼哈頓計畫</a>期間製造的「<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%96%E5%AD%90%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BD%88" title="胖子原子彈">胖子原子彈</a>」型鈽彈，為了達到極高的密度而選擇使用易爆炸、壓縮的鈽，再結合中心中子源，以刺激反應進行、提高反應效率。因此，鈽彈只需6.2公斤鈽便可達到<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8%E7%95%B6%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="爆炸當量">爆炸當量</a>，相當於2萬噸的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%A1%9D%E5%9F%BA%E7%94%B2%E8%8B%AF" title="三硝基甲苯">三硝基甲苯</a>（TNT）<sup id="cite_ref-yield_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yield-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FASdesign_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FASdesign-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（參見<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核武器設計（页面不存在）">核武器設計</a>）。在理想假設中，僅僅4公斤的鈽原料（甚至更少），只要搭配複雜的裝配設計，就可製造出一個原子彈<sup id="cite_ref-FASdesign_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FASdesign-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="核燃料"><span id=".E6.A0.B8.E7.87.83.E6.96.99"></span>核燃料</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%9A&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：核燃料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9A-239" class="mw-redirect" title="钚-239">鈽-239</a>常用作<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%88%90" class="mw-redirect" title="核反應爐">核反應爐</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%87%83%E6%96%99" title="核燃料">核燃料</a>。鈽-239可以在反應爐內合成，是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%A0%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="人造同位素">人造</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="可分裂物質">易分裂元素</a>，其<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%A8%E7%95%8C%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" title="臨界質量">臨界質量</a>比<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE" title="鈾">鈾</a>小，在有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>的情況下，650克的鈽即可發生臨界事故。金屬態的鈽較脆弱，<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E9%BB%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="熔點">熔點</a>低（640℃）；從室溫到熔點有六種<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E7%B4%A0%E7%95%B0%E5%BD%A2%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="同素異形體">同素異形體</a>，結構變化複雜；<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%BC%E7%83%AD%E7%B3%BB%E6%95%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="导热系数">導熱係數</a>低，僅為鈾的1/6左右；線膨脹係數大，各向異性十分明顯；化學穩定性很差，並極易<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96" title="氧化">氧化</a>，易與<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB%E6%B0%A3" title="氫氣">氫氣</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="二氧化碳">二氧化碳</a>發生反應。這些缺點使金屬態的鈽不適合作為核燃料，一般都以氧化物的形式與氧化鈾混合使用，即混合氧化物燃料。這種鈽與鈾的組合可以實現<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E5%A2%9E%E6%AE%96%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%88%90" class="mw-redirect" title="快中子增殖反應爐">快中子增殖</a>，因而成為當今著重研究的核燃料之一。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="核廢料"><span id=".E6.A0.B8.E5.BB.A2.E6.96.99"></span>核廢料</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%9A&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：核廢料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%BB%A2%E6%96%99" class="mw-redirect" title="核廢料">核廢料</a></div> <p>一般<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%95%E6%B0%B4%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%88%90" class="mw-redirect" title="輕水反應爐">輕水反應爐</a>所產生的核廢料中含有鈽，但為鈽-242、鈽-239和鈽-238的混合物。它的濃度不足以製作成核武器，不過可以改用作一次性的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E6%B0%A7%E7%87%83%E6%96%99" class="mw-redirect" title="混氧燃料">混氧燃料</a>（MOX fuel）。在反應爐中以慢速熱中子放射線照射鈽時，會偶然發生<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%98%E8%8E%B7" title="中子俘获">中子俘獲</a>，而增加鈽-242和鈽-240的量。因此反應進行到第二輪之後，鈽只能和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%88%90" class="mw-redirect" title="快中子反應爐">快中子反應堆</a>反應、消耗。在反應器中沒有快中子時（普遍情況下），剩餘的鈽通常會被遺棄，形成壽命長、處理棘手的核廢料成分。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="能源與熱源"><span id=".E8.83.BD.E6.BA.90.E8.88.87.E7.86.B1.E6.BA.90"></span>能源與熱源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%9A&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：能源與熱源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutonium_pellet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="圓形坑中有一個散發出橘光的圓柱體。" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Plutonium_pellet.jpg/220px-Plutonium_pellet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Plutonium_pellet.jpg/330px-Plutonium_pellet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Plutonium_pellet.jpg/440px-Plutonium_pellet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>發出光、熱的<sup>238</sup>PuO<sub>2</sub>球狀礦</figcaption></figure> <p>同位素<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BD-238" title="鈽-238">鈽-238</a>的半衰期為87.74年<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。它會放出大量<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="內能">熱能</a>，伴隨著低能的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E9%A9%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="伽马">伽馬</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%99%BC%E8%A3%82%E8%AE%8A" title="自發裂變">自發裂變</a>射線/粒子<sup id="cite_ref-pumper_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pumper-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。它是<a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Α粒子">α輻射體</a>，同時具有高輻射能及低穿透性，故僅需低度防護措施。單一紙張就可以抵擋鈽-238所放射出的α粒子；同時，每公斤的鈽-238可產生約570瓦特熱能<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeiserman1992338_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeiserman1992338-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pumper_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pumper-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。以上特性使鈽-238適宜用於製作<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0%E7%86%B1%E9%9B%BB%E6%A9%9F" title="放射性同位素熱電機">放射性同位素熱電機</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="謠傳"><span id=".E8.AC.A0.E5.82.B3"></span>謠傳</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%9A&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：謠傳"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>中國大陸百科網站<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E5%BA%A6%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" title="百度百科">百度百科</a>曾經謠傳只要約一粒<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E7%B3%96" title="方糖">方糖</a>大小（約5<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B" title="克">克</a>）的鈽便足以令全球人類死亡。香港<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96" class="mw-redirect" title="無線電視">無線電視</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="無線新聞">新聞節目</a>曾引用此謠傳，結果被<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E6%92%AD%E4%BA%8B%E5%8B%99%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%B1%80" title="廣播事務管理局">廣播事務管理局</a>警告，指報道令觀眾驚恐，未有提供足夠證據確保報道準確<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%9A&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" 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href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="原子核物理学">原子核物理學</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%9A&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：註釋"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PuO<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup>離子在溶液中十分不穩定，所佔比例不比Pu<sup>4+</sup>和PuO<sub>2</sub><sup>2+</sup>；Pu<sup>4+</sup>又會將剩餘PuO<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup>氧化成PuO<sub>2</sub><sup>2+</sup>，自身还原为Pu<sup>3+</sup>。因此，鈽水溶液會漸漸趨向Pu<sup>3+</sup> 和PuO<sub>2</sub><sup>2+</sup>的混合溶液。 <dl><dd><cite class="citation web">Crooks, William J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060320153404/http://ncsp.llnl.gov/ncset/Module10.pdf">Nuclear Criticality Safety Engineering Training Module 10 – Criticality Safety in Material Processing Operations, Part 1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 2002 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2006-02-15</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncsp.llnl.gov/ncset/Module10.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2006-03-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%9A&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft.aulast=Crooks&rft.btitle=Nuclear+Criticality+Safety+Engineering+Training+Module+10+%E2%80%93+Criticality+Safety+in+Material+Processing+Operations%2C+Part+1&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fncsp.llnl.gov%2Fncset%2FModule10.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></dd></dl> </span></li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>參考資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%9A&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：參考資料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-magnet-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-magnet_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf">Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303222309/http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elementmagn.pdf">存檔</a>，存档日期2011-03-03., in <cite id="CITEREFLide,_D._R.2005" class="citation">Lide, D. 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Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. 1938-12-12 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-09-20</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1938/fermi-lecture.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2011-08-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%9A&rft.aufirst=Enrico&rft.aulast=Fermi&rft.btitle=Artificial+radioactivity+produced+by+neutron+bombardment%3A+Nobel+Lecture&rft.date=1938-12-12&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Royal+Swedish+Academy+of+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobel.se%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1938%2Ffermi-lecture.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Darden, Lindley. 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International Forum on Illegal Nuclear Traffic. Washington (DC): Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. 1997 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-12-21</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.nrdc.org/nuclear/nuc_06129701a_185.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2013-07-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%9A&rft.aufirst=Thomas+B.&rft.aulast=Cochran&rft.btitle=Safeguarding+nuclear+weapons-usable+materials+in+Russia&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=conference&rft.place=Washington+%28DC%29&rft.pub=Natural+Resources+Defense+Council%2C+Inc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.nrdc.org%2Fnuclear%2Fnuc_06129701a_185.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CRC2006p4-27-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CRC2006p4-27_17-0"><sup><b>17.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC2006p4-27_17-1"><sup><b>17.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC2006p4-27_17-2"><sup><b>17.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCRC2006">CRC 2006</a>，第4–27頁</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E5%93%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%91%A9%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" class="mw-redirect" title="斯德哥爾摩國際和平研究所">Stockholm International Peace Research Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=2M0C6SERFG0C&pg=PA567">SIPRI Yearbook 2007: Armaments, Disarmament, and International Security</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 2007: 567. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780199230211" title="Special:网络书源/9780199230211"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780199230211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%9A&rft.au=Stockholm+International+Peace+Research+Institute&rft.btitle=SIPRI+Yearbook+2007%3A+Armaments%2C+Disarmament%2C+and+International+Security&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780199230211&rft.pages=567&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3D2M0C6SERFG0C%26pg%3DPA567&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Injection-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Injection_19-0"><sup><b>19.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Injection_19-1"><sup><b>19.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Injection_19-2"><sup><b>19.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Moss, William; Eckhardt, Roger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210220122334/https://library.lanl.gov/cgi-bin/getfile?00326640.pdf">The Human Plutonium Injection Experiments</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Los Alamos Science (Los Alamos National Laboratory). 1995, <b>23</b>: 188, 205, 208, 214 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2006-06-06</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.lanl.gov/cgi-bin/getfile?00326640.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2021-02-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%9A&rft.atitle=The+Human+Plutonium+Injection+Experiments&rft.au=Eckhardt%2C+Roger&rft.aufirst=William&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Alamos+Science&rft.pages=188%2C+205%2C+208%2C+214&rft.volume=23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.lanl.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgetfile%3F00326640.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PuHealth-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PuHealth_20-0"><sup><b>20.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PuHealth_20-1"><sup><b>20.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Voelz, George L. Plutonium and Health: How great is the risk?. Los Alamos Science (Los Alamos (NM): Los Alamos National Laboratory). 2000, (26): 78–79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%9A&rft.atitle=Plutonium+and+Health%3A+How+great+is+the+risk%3F&rft.aufirst=George+L.&rft.aulast=Voelz&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=26&rft.jtitle=Los+Alamos+Science&rft.pages=78-79&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Yesley, Michael S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210327000756/https://fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/pubs/00326649.pdf"><span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>Ethical Harm' and the Plutonium Injection Experiments</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Los Alamos Science. 1995, <b>23</b>: 280–283 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-02-15</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/pubs/00326649.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2021-03-27）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%9A&rft.atitle=%27Ethical+Harm%27+and+the+Plutonium+Injection+Experiments&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft.aulast=Yesley&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Alamos+Science&rft.pages=280-283&rft.volume=23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.org%2Fsgp%2Fothergov%2Fdoe%2Flanl%2Fpubs%2F00326649.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WISER-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WISER_22-0"><sup><b>22.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WISER_22-1"><sup><b>22.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">NIH contributors. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/618bQEh1E?url=http://webwiser.nlm.nih.gov/getSubstanceData.do;jsessionid=89B673C34252C77B4C276F2B2D0E4260?substanceID=419">Plutonium, Radioactive</a>. Wireless Information System for Emergency Responders (WISER). Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-11-23</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webwiser.nlm.nih.gov/getSubstanceData.do;jsessionid=89B673C34252C77B4C276F2B2D0E4260?substanceID=419&displaySubstanceName=Plutonium,%20Radioactive&UNNAID=&STCCID=&selectedDataMenuItemID=44">原始内容</a>存档于2011-08-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%9A&rft.atitle=Plutonium%2C+Radioactive&rft.au=NIH+contributors&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wireless+Information+System+for+Emergency+Responders+%28WISER%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebwiser.nlm.nih.gov%2FgetSubstanceData.do%3Bjsessionid%3D89B673C34252C77B4C276F2B2D0E4260%3FsubstanceID%3D419%26displaySubstanceName%3DPlutonium%2C%2520Radioactive%26UNNAID%3D%26STCCID%3D%26selectedDataMenuItemID%3D44&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> (public domain text)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">ARQ staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527200643/http://arq.lanl.gov/source/orgs/nmt/nmtdo/AQarchive/3rdQuarter08/page3.shtml">Nitric acid processing</a>. Actinide Research Quarterly (Los Alamos (NM): Los Alamos National Laboratory). 2008, (3rd quarter) <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-02-09</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arq.lanl.gov/source/orgs/nmt/nmtdo/AQarchive/3rdQuarter08/page3.shtml">原始内容</a>存档于2010-05-27）. <q>While plutonium dioxide is normally olive green, samples can be various colors. It is generally believed that the color is a function of chemical purity, stoichiometry, particle size, and method of preparation, although the color resulting from a given preparation method is not always reproducible.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%9A&rft.atitle=Nitric+acid+processing&rft.au=ARQ+staff&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3rd+quarter&rft.jtitle=Actinide+Research+Quarterly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farq.lanl.gov%2Fsource%2Forgs%2Fnmt%2Fnmtdo%2FAQarchive%2F3rdQuarter08%2Fpage3.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NNDC-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NNDC_24-0"><sup><b>24.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NNDC_24-1"><sup><b>24.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NNDC_24-2"><sup><b>24.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">NNDC contributors; Alejandro A. Sonzogni (Database Manager). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721051025/http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/chart/">Chart of Nuclides</a>. Upton (NY): National Nuclear Data Center, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brookhaven_National_Laboratory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brookhaven National Laboratory（页面不存在）">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>. 2008 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-09-13</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/chart/">原始内容</a>存档于2011-07-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%9A&rft.au=Alejandro+A.+Sonzogni+%28Database+Manager%29&rft.au=NNDC+contributors&rft.btitle=Chart+of+Nuclides&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=unknown&rft.place=Upton+%28NY%29&rft.pub=National+Nuclear+Data+Center%2C+Brookhaven+National+Laboratory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nndc.bnl.gov%2Fchart%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation book">Rhodes, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofatomicbo00rich">The Making of the Atomic Bomb</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. 1986: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofatomicbo00rich/page/659">659</a>–660. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-671-65719-4" title="Special:网络书源/0-671-65719-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-671-65719-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%9A&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Atomic+Bomb&rft.date=1986&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-671-65719-4&rft.pages=659-660&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingofatomicbo00rich&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Leona Marshall: "When you hold a lump of it in your hand, it feels warm, like a live rabbit"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miner1968p544-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miner1968p544_26-0"><sup><b>26.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miner1968p544_26-1"><sup><b>26.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miner1968p544_26-2"><sup><b>26.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miner1968p544_26-3"><sup><b>26.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiner1968">Miner 1968</a>，第544頁</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HeckerPlutonium-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HeckerPlutonium_27-0"><sup><b>27.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HeckerPlutonium_27-1"><sup><b>27.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HeckerPlutonium_27-2"><sup><b>27.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hecker, Siegfried S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210319010158/https://fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/pubs/00818035.pdf">Plutonium and its alloys: from atoms to microstructure</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Los Alamos Science. 2000, <b>26</b>: 290–335 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-02-15</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/pubs/00818035.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2021-03-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%9A&rft.atitle=Plutonium+and+its+alloys%3A+from+atoms+to+microstructure&rft.aufirst=Siegfried+S.&rft.aulast=Hecker&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Alamos+Science&rft.pages=290-335&rft.volume=26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.org%2Fsgp%2Fothergov%2Fdoe%2Flanl%2Fpubs%2F00818035.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hecker, Siegfried S.; Martz, Joseph C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428114802/https://library.lanl.gov/cgi-bin/getfile?00818029.pdf">Aging of Plutonium and Its Alloys</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Los Alamos Science (Los Alamos, New Mexico: Los Alamos National Laboratory). 2000, (26): 242 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-02-15</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.lanl.gov/cgi-bin/getfile?00818029.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2021-04-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%9A&rft.atitle=Aging+of+Plutonium+and+Its+Alloys&rft.au=Martz%2C+Joseph+C.&rft.aufirst=Siegfried+S.&rft.aulast=Hecker&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=26&rft.jtitle=Los+Alamos+Science&rft.pages=242&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.lanl.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgetfile%3F00818029.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker1983-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baker1983_29-0"><sup><b>29.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker1983_29-1"><sup><b>29.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker1983_29-2"><sup><b>29.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Baker, Richard D.; Hecker, Siegfried S.; Harbur, Delbert R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111017034523/http://library.lanl.gov/cgi-bin/getfile?07-16.pdf">Plutonium: A Wartime Nightmare but a Metallurgist's Dream</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Los Alamos Science (Los Alamos National Laboratory). 1983: 148, 150–151 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-02-15</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.lanl.gov/cgi-bin/getfile?07-16.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2011-10-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%9A&rft.atitle=Plutonium%3A+A+Wartime+Nightmare+but+a+Metallurgist%27s+Dream&rft.au=Harbur%2C+Delbert+R.&rft.au=Hecker%2C+Siegfried+S.&rft.aufirst=Richard+D.&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.date=1983&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Alamos+Science&rft.pages=148%2C+150-151&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.lanl.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgetfile%3F07-16.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miner1968p542-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miner1968p542_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiner1968">Miner 1968</a>，第542頁</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeiserman1992339-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeiserman1992339_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeiserman1992">Heiserman 1992</a>，第339頁.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation book">Matlack, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doctorspot.in/articles/a-plutonium-primer-an-introduction-to-plutonium-chemistry-and-its-radioactivity/">A Plutonium Primer: An Introduction to Plutonium Chemistry and its Radioactivity</a>. Los Alamos National Laboratory. 2002. LA-UR-02-6594.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%9A&rft.aufirst=George&rft.aulast=Matlack&rft.btitle=A+Plutonium+Primer%3A+An+Introduction+to+Plutonium+Chemistry+and+its+Radioactivity&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Los+Alamos+National+Laboratory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoctorspot.in%2Farticles%2Fa-plutonium-primer-an-introduction-to-plutonium-chemistry-and-its-radioactivity%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-physicsworld.com-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-physicsworld.com_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Dumé, Belle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112184014/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/16443">Plutonium is also a superconductor</a>. PhysicsWeb.org. 2002-11-20 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-09-18</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/16443">原始内容</a>存档于2012-01-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%9A&rft.atitle=Plutonium+is+also+a+superconductor&rft.au=Dum%C3%A9%2C+Belle&rft.date=2002-11-20&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysicsworld.com%2Fcws%2Farticle%2Fnews%2F16443&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">EPA contributors. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720044749/http://www.epa.gov/rpdweb00/glossary/termdef.html#f">Fissile Material</a>. Radiation Glossary. 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Science. 1998-01-01, <b>280</b> (5365): 877–880. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Sci...280..877K"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1998Sci...280..877K</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2896480"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 2896480</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.280.5365.877"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1126/science.280.5365.877</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%9A&rft.atitle=Plutonium-Fission+Xenon+Found+in+Earth%27s+Mantle&rft.au=All%C3%A8gre%2C+Claude+J.&rft.au=Staudacher%2C+Thomas&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft.aulast=Kunz&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5365&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=877-880&rft.volume=280&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2896480&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998Sci...280..877K&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.280.5365.877&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wallner, A.; Faestermann, T.; Feige, J.; Feldstein, C.; Knie, K.; Korschinek, G.; Kutschera, W.; Ofan, A.; Paul, M.; Quinto, F.; Rugel, G.; Steiner, P. Abundance of live <sup>244</sup>Pu in deep-sea reservoirs on Earth points to rarity of actinide nucleosynthesis. Nature Communications. 30 March 2014, <b>6</b>: 5956. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatCo...6E5956W"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:2015NatCo...6E5956W</span></a>. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1509.08054"><span title="arXiv">arXiv:1509.08054</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms6956"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1038/ncomms6956</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%9A&rft.atitle=Abundance+of+live+%3Csup%3E244%3C%2Fsup%3EPu+in+deep-sea+reservoirs+on+Earth+points+to+rarity+of+actinide+nucleosynthesis&rft.au=Faestermann%2C+T.&rft.au=Feige%2C+J.&rft.au=Feldstein%2C+C.&rft.au=Knie%2C+K.&rft.au=Korschinek%2C+G.&rft.au=Kutschera%2C+W.&rft.au=Ofan%2C+A.&rft.au=Paul%2C+M.&rft.au=Quinto%2C+F.&rft.au=Rugel%2C+G.&rft.au=Steiner%2C+P.&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.aulast=Wallner&rft.date=2014-03-30&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.pages=5956&rft.volume=6&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1509.08054&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015NatCo...6E5956W&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms6956&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emsley2001-2-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Emsley2001-2_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEmsley2001">Emsley 2001</a>，第324–329頁</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation book">Martin, James E. Physics for Radiation Protection 1st. Wiley-Interscience. 2000: 532. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0471353736" title="Special:网络书源/0471353736"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0471353736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%9A&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.btitle=Physics+for+Radiation+Protection&rft.date=2000&rft.edition=1st&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0471353736&rft.pages=532&rft.pub=Wiley-Interscience&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yield-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yield_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Malik, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210314185835/https://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00313791.pdf">The Yields of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki Explosions</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Los Alamos. September 1985: Table VI <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-02-15</span>]</span>. LA-8819. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/docs1/00313791.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2021-03-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%9A&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Malik&rft.btitle=The+Yields+of+the+Hiroshima+and+Nagasaki+Explosions&rft.date=1985-09&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=Table+VI&rft.pub=Los+Alamos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.org%2Fsgp%2Fothergov%2Fdoe%2Flanl%2Fdocs1%2F00313791.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FASdesign-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FASdesign_55-0"><sup><b>54.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FASdesign_55-1"><sup><b>54.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">FAS contributors. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160828024344/http://fas.org/nuke/intro/nuke/design.htm">Nuclear Weapon Design</a>. Federation of American Scientists. 1998 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-12-07</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.org/nuke/intro/nuke/design.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2016-08-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%9A&rft.au=FAS+contributors&rft.btitle=Nuclear+Weapon+Design&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Federation+of+American+Scientists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.org%2Fnuke%2Fintro%2Fnuke%2Fdesign.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120214121455/http://www.ieer.org/ensec/no-3/puchange.html">Science for the Critical Masses: How Plutonium Changes with Time</a>. Institute for Energy and Environmental Research. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-10-02</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieer.org/ensec/no-3/puchange.html">原始内容</a>存档于2012-02-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%9A&rft.btitle=Science+for+the+Critical+Masses%3A+How+Plutonium+Changes+with+Time&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Institute+for+Energy+and+Environmental+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieer.org%2Fensec%2Fno-3%2Fpuchange.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pumper-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pumper_57-0"><sup><b>56.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pumper_57-1"><sup><b>56.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">ARQ contributors. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130216225324/http://arq.lanl.gov/source/orgs/nmt/nmtdo/AQarchive/05spring/heart.html">From heat sources to heart sources: Los Alamos made material for plutonium-powered pumper</a>. Actinide Research Quarterly (Los Alamos (NM): Los Alamos National Laboratory). 2005, (1) <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-02-15</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arq.lanl.gov/source/orgs/nmt/nmtdo/AQarchive/05spring/heart.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-02-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%9A&rft.atitle=From+heat+sources+to+heart+sources%3A+Los+Alamos+made+material+for+plutonium-powered+pumper&rft.au=ARQ+contributors&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Actinide+Research+Quarterly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farq.lanl.gov%2Fsource%2Forgs%2Fnmt%2Fnmtdo%2FAQarchive%2F05spring%2Fheart.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sina.com.hk/news/2/1/1/2453496/1.html">錯報核新聞無線遭警告</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="自2017年11月失效">失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup>，《明報》，2011年10月4日</span> </li> </ol> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="zh" dir="ltr">引用错误：在<code><references></code>标签中name属性为“FOOTNOTEHeiserman1992338”的参考文献没有在文中使用</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考書目"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.9B.B8.E7.9B.AE"></span>參考書目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%9A&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：參考書目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFCRC2006" class="citation book">CRC contributors. David R. Lide , 编. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 87th. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0849304873" title="Special:网络书源/0849304873"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0849304873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%9A&rft.au=CRC+contributors&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.date=2006&rft.edition=87th&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0849304873&rft.place=Boca+Raton+%28FL%29&rft.pub=CRC+Press%2C+Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEmsley2001" class="citation book">Emsley, John. Plutonium. Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. 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New York (NY): TAB Books. 1992: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/exploringchemica01heis/page/337">337</a>–340. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-8306-3018-X" title="Special:网络书源/0-8306-3018-X"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-8306-3018-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%9A&rft.atitle=Element+94%3A+Plutonium&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft.aulast=Heiserman&rft.btitle=Exploring+Chemical+Elements+and+their+Compounds&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=0-8306-3018-X&rft.pages=337-340&rft.place=New+York+%28NY%29&rft.pub=TAB+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexploringchemica01heis&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMiner1968" class="citation book">Miner, William N.; Schonfeld, Fred W. Plutonium. Clifford A. Hampel (editor) (编). The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements. New York (NY): Reinhold Book Corporation. 1968: 540–546. LCCN 68-29938.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%9A&rft.atitle=Plutonium&rft.au=Schonfeld%2C+Fred+W.&rft.aufirst=William+N.&rft.aulast=Miner&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Chemical+Elements&rft.date=1968&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=540-546&rft.place=New+York+%28NY%29&rft.pub=Reinhold+Book+Corporation&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFStwertka1998" class="citation book">Stwertka, Albert. Plutonium. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guidetoelements00stwe">Guide to the Elements</a> Revised. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press. 1998. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-19-508083-1" title="Special:网络书源/0-19-508083-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-19-508083-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%9A&rft.atitle=Plutonium&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.aulast=Stwertka&rft.btitle=Guide+to+the+Elements&rft.date=1998&rft.edition=Revised&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=0-19-508083-1&rft.place=Oxford+%28UK%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguidetoelements00stwe&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%92%9A&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>中相关的多媒体资源：<b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Plutonium?uselang=zh">钚</a></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">查看<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8" title="维基词典">维基词典</a>中的词条「<b><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/plutonium" class="extiw" title="wikt:plutonium">plutonium</a></b>」。</div></div> </div> <ul><li>元素钚在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://periodic.lanl.gov/94.shtml">洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室</a>的介紹<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Pu.html"><span lang="en">EnvironmentalChemistry.com</span> —— 钚</a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></li> <li>元素<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/094.htm">钚</a>在<i>The Periodic Table of Videos</i>（諾丁漢大學）的介紹<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></li> <li>元素钚在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=Pu">Peter van der Krogt elements site</a>的介紹<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Pu/index.html">WebElements.com – 钚</a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></li> <li><cite class="citation web">Sutcliffe, W.G.; et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060929015050/http://www.llnl.gov/csts/publications/sutcliffe/">A Perspective on the Dangers of Plutonium</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a>. 1995. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.llnl.gov/csts/publications/sutcliffe/">原始内容</a>存档于2006-09-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%9A&rft.aufirst=W.G.&rft.aulast=Sutcliffe&rft.btitle=A+Perspective+on+the+Dangers+of+Plutonium&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Lawrence+Livermore+National+Laboratory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.llnl.gov%2Fcsts%2Fpublications%2Fsutcliffe%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web">Johnson, C.M.; Davis, Z.S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307063451/http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/report/crs/97-564.htm">Nuclear Weapons: Disposal Options for Surplus Weapons-Usable Plutonium</a>. CRS Report for Congress # 97-564 ENR. 1997 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-02-15</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/report/crs/97-564.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2021-03-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%9A&rft.atitle=Nuclear+Weapons%3A+Disposal+Options+for+Surplus+Weapons-Usable+Plutonium&rft.au=Davis%2C+Z.S.&rft.aufirst=C.M.&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CRS+Report+for+Congress+%23+97-564+ENR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalsecurity.org%2Fwmd%2Flibrary%2Freport%2Fcrs%2F97-564.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web">IEER contributors. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805211743/http://www.ieer.org/fctsheet/pu-props.html">Physical, Nuclear, and Chemical, Properties of Plutonium</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=IEER&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IEER（页面不存在）">IEER</a>. 2005 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-02-15</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieer.org/fctsheet/pu-props.html">原始内容</a>存档于2011-08-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%9A&rft.au=IEER+contributors&rft.btitle=Physical%2C+Nuclear%2C+and+Chemical%2C+Properties+of+Plutonium&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=IEER&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieer.org%2Ffctsheet%2Fpu-props.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web">Bhadeshia, H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180508185330/http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/phase-trans/2006/Plutonium/Plutonium.html">Plutonium crystallography</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-09-19</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/phase-trans/2006/Plutonium/Plutonium.html">原始内容</a>存档于2018-05-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%9A&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.aulast=Bhadeshia&rft.btitle=Plutonium+crystallography&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msm.cam.ac.uk%2Fphase-trans%2F2006%2FPlutonium%2FPlutonium.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Samuels, D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111108165223/http://discovermagazine.com/2005/nov/end-of-plutonium">End of the Plutonium Age</a>. Discover Magazine. 2005, <b>26</b> (11) <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2010-09-19</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovermagazine.com/2005/nov/end-of-plutonium">原始内容</a>存档于2011-11-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%9A&rft.atitle=End+of+the+Plutonium+Age&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.aulast=Samuels&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=11&rft.jtitle=Discover+Magazine&rft.volume=26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovermagazine.com%2F2005%2Fnov%2Fend-of-plutonium&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web">Pike, J.; Sherman, R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090203203853/http://www.fas.org/nuke/intro/nuke/plutonium.htm">Plutonium production</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federation_of_American_Scientists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federation of American Scientists（页面不存在）">Federation of American Scientists</a>. 2000 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-02-15</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.org/nuke/intro/nuke/plutonium.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2009-02-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%9A&rft.au=Sherman%2C+R.&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.aulast=Pike&rft.btitle=Plutonium+production&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Federation+of+American+Scientists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.org%2Fnuke%2Fintro%2Fnuke%2Fplutonium.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web">Nuclear Weapon Archive contributors. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Library/Plutonium/">Plutonium Manufacture and Fabrication</a>. Nuclearweaponarchive.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%9A&rft.au=Nuclear+Weapon+Archive+contributors&rft.btitle=Plutonium+Manufacture+and+Fabrication&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Nuclearweaponarchive.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnuclearweaponarchive.org%2FLibrary%2FPlutonium%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web">Ong, C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110621095705/http://nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-energy/issues/world-plutonium-inventories-ong.htm">World Plutonium Inventories</a>. Nuclear Files.org. 1999 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-02-15</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-energy/issues/world-plutonium-inventories-ong.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2011-06-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%9A&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.aulast=Ong&rft.btitle=World+Plutonium+Inventories&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Nuclear+Files.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nuclearfiles.org%2Fmenu%2Fkey-issues%2Fnuclear-energy%2Fissues%2Fworld-plutonium-inventories-ong.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">LANL contributors. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118083808/https://fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/pubs/number26.htm">Challenges in Plutonium Science</a>. Los Alamos Science. 2000, <b>I & II</b> (26) <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-02-15</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.org/sgp/othergov/doe/lanl/pubs/number26.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2017-01-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%9A&rft.atitle=Challenges+in+Plutonium+Science&rft.au=LANL+contributors&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=26&rft.jtitle=Los+Alamos+Science&rft.volume=I+%26+II&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.org%2Fsgp%2Fothergov%2Fdoe%2Flanl%2Fpubs%2Fnumber26.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web">NLM contributors. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160112092105/http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@na+@rel+plutonium,+radioactive">Plutonium, Radioactive</a>. NLM Hazardous Substances Databank. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-02-15</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@na+@rel+plutonium,+radioactive">原始内容</a>存档于2016-01-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%9A&rft.au=NLM+contributors&rft.btitle=Plutonium%2C+Radioactive&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=NLM+Hazardous+Substances+Databank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftoxnet.nlm.nih.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsis%2Fsearch%2Fr%3Fdbs%2Bhsdb%3A%40term%2B%40na%2B%40rel%2Bplutonium%2C%2Bradioactive&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web">Alsos contributors. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090203184521/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=science%2FPlutonium">Annotated Bibliography on plutonium</a>. Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2009-02-15</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=science/Plutonium">原始内容</a>存档于2009-02-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%92%9A&rft.au=Alsos+contributors&rft.btitle=Annotated+Bibliography+on+plutonium&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Alsos+Digital+Library+for+Nuclear+Issues&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falsos.wlu.edu%2Fqsearch.aspx%3Fbrowse%3Dscience%2FPlutonium&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080417110808/http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/podcast/element.asp">Chemistry in its element podcast</a> (MP3) from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemistry_World&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemistry World（页面不存在）">Chemistry World</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/images/CIIE_plutonium_48kbps_tcm18-121120.MP3">Plutonium</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210428162340/http://www.rsc.org/images/CIIE_plutonium_48kbps_tcm18-121120.MP3">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83953186"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="元素周期表" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" title="Template:元素週期表"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" title="Template talk:元素週期表"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:元素週期表"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="元素周期表" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" title="元素周期表">元素周期表</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table class="wraplinks" style="width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td>  </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83953186"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B1%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="碱金属">IA<br />1</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B1%E5%9C%9F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="碱土金属">IIA<br />2</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/3%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="3族元素">IIIB<br />3</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/4%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="4族元素">IVB<br />4</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/5%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="5族元素">VB<br />5</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/6%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="6族元素">VIB<br />6</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/7%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="7族元素">VIIB<br />7</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/8%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="8族元素">VIIIB<br />8</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/9%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="9族元素">VIIIB<br />9</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/10%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="10族元素">VIIIB<br />10</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/11%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="11族元素">IB<br />11</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/12%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="12族元素">IIB<br />12</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="硼族元素">IIIA<br />13</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="碳族元素">IVA<br />14</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="氮族元素">VA<br />15</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="氧族元素">VIA<br />16</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A4%E7%B4%A0" title="卤素">VIIA<br />17</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E6%9C%89%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93" title="稀有气体">VIIIA<br />18</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC1%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第1周期元素">1</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2" title="氢">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC2%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第2周期元素">2</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%82" title="锂">Li</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8D" title="铍">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC" title="硼">B</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">C</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">N</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">O</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F" title="氟">F</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%96" title="氖">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC3%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第3周期元素">3</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A0" title="钠">Na</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%81" title="镁">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D" title="铝">Al</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%85" title="硅">Si</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7" title="磷">P</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB" title="硫">S</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF" title="氯">Cl</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A9" title="氩">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC4%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第4周期元素">4</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BE" title="钾">K</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%99" title="钙">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AA" title="钪">Sc</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9B" title="钛">Ti</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%92" title="钒">V</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AC" title="铬">Cr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B0" title="锰">Mn</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81" title="铁">Fe</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B4" title="钴">Co</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8D" title="镍">Ni</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9C" title="铜">Cu</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8C" title="锌">Zn</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%93" title="镓">Ga</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%97" title="锗">Ge</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B7" title="砷">As</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%92" title="硒">Se</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B4" title="溴">Br</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AA" title="氪">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC5%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第5周期元素">5</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B7" title="铷">Rb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B6" title="锶">Sr</a> </td> <td style="border:none; width:0;padding:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%87" title="钇">Y</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%86" title="锆">Zr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8C" title="铌">Nb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BC" title="钼">Mo</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%9D" title="锝">Tc</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8C" title="钌">Ru</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%91" title="铑">Rh</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AF" title="钯">Pd</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80" title="銀">Ag</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%89" title="镉">Cd</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9F" title="铟">In</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1" title="锡">Sn</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%91" title="锑">Sb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B2" title="碲">Te</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%98" title="碘">I</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%99" title="氙">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC6%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第6周期元素">6</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AF" title="铯">Cs</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A1" title="钡">Ba</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A7" title="镧">La</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%88" title="铈">Ce</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A8" title="镨">Pr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%95" title="钕">Nd</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B7" title="钷">Pm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%90" title="钐">Sm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%95" title="铕">Eu</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%86" title="钆">Gd</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BD" title="铽">Tb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%9D" title="镝">Dy</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AC" title="钬">Ho</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%92" title="铒">Er</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%A5" title="铥">Tm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B1" title="镱">Yb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A5" title="镥">Lu</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AA" title="铪">Hf</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BD" title="钽">Ta</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A8" title="钨">W</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BC" title="铼">Re</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%87" title="锇">Os</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B1" title="铱">Ir</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%82" title="铂">Pt</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91" title="金">Au</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9E" title="汞">Hg</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8A" title="铊">Tl</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%85" title="铅">Pb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8B" title="铋">Bi</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8B" title="钋">Po</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B9" title="砹">At</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1" title="氡">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC7%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第7周期元素">7</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AB" title="钫">Fr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%AD" title="镭">Ra</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%95" title="锕">Ac</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8D" title="钍">Th</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A4" title="镤">Pa</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE" title="鈾">U</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8E" title="镎">Np</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pu</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%85" title="镅">Am</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%94" title="锔">Cm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%AB" title="锫">Bk</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8E" title="锎">Cf</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%BF" title="锿">Es</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%84" title="镄">Fm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%94" title="钔">Md</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%98" title="锘">No</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%92" title="鐒">Lr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%91%AA" title="鑪">Rf</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A7%80" title="𨧀">Db</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%8E" title="𨭎">Sg</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A8%8F" title="𨨏">Bh</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%86" title="𨭆">Hs</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%A5%91" title="䥑">Mt</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%BD" title="鐽">Ds</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%80" title="錀">Rg</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B6" title="鎶">Cn</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%A8" title="鉨">Nh</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%87" title="鈇">Fl</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%86" title="镆">Mc</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9D" title="鉝">Lv</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AC" title="鿬">Ts</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AB" title="鿫">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="相關項目" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關項目</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="化學元素">化學元素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/0%E8%99%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="0號元素">0號元素</a></li> <li><a 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navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%A0%B8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="Template:核技术"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%A0%B8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="Template talk:核技术"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%A0%B8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:核技术"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="核技术" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="核技术">核技术</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">科学</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="原子核物理学">物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="核化学">化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="核工程">工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8" title="原子核">原子核</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%A3%82%E5%8F%98" title="核裂变">核裂变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%81%9A%E5%8F%98" title="核聚变">核聚变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84" title="辐射">辐射</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E9%9B%A2%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84" title="游離輻射">游離輻射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AB%E8%87%B4%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84" title="轫致辐射">轫致辐射</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Radioactive.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/70px-Radioactive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/105px-Radioactive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/140px-Radioactive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="446" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%87%83%E6%96%99" title="核燃料">燃料</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9A" title="氚">氚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%98" title="氘">氘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6-3" title="氦-3">氦-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%93%E8%A3%82%E5%8F%98%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99" title="易裂变材料">可裂变物质</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%9E%E6%AE%96%E6%80%A7%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99" title="增殖性材料">增殖性材料</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%87%83%E6%96%99%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" title="核燃料循环">核燃料循环</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%86%E7%A6%BB" title="同位素分离">同位素分离</a></li> <li>核材料 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE" title="鈾">鈾</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%83%E7%B8%AE%E9%88%BE" title="濃縮鈾">濃縮鈾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%A7%E9%88%BE" title="貧鈾">貧鈾</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">钚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8D" title="钍">钍</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%B7%E7%87%83%E6%96%99%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB" title="釷燃料發電">釷燃料發電</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="中子温度">中子温度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="中子温度">热中子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="快中子">快中子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E5%8F%98%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="聚变中子">聚变中子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E6%88%AA%E9%9D%A2" title="中子截面">中子截面</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%98%E8%8E%B7" title="中子俘获">中子俘获</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E6%B4%BB%E5%8C%96" title="中子活化">中子活化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E6%AF%92%E7%89%A9" title="中子毒物">中子毒物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84" title="中子辐射">中子辐射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%99%A8" title="中子发生器">中子发生器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84%E4%BD%93" title="中子反射体">中子反射体</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94%E5%A0%86" title="核反应堆">核反应堆</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94%E5%A0%86" title="核反应堆">核分裂反應爐</a><br /><small>按<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E5%87%8F%E9%80%9F%E5%89%82" title="中子减速剂">慢化剂</a>分类</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%BB%E6%B0%B4%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94%E5%A0%86" title="轻水反应堆">轻水反应堆</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%8B%E6%B0%B4%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94%E5%A0%86" title="压水反应堆">PWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B8%E6%B0%B4%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94%E5%A0%86" title="沸水反应堆">BWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E6%AD%A5%E5%9E%8B%E6%B2%B8%E6%B0%B4%E5%BC%8F%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%88%90" title="進步型沸水式反應爐">ABWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%87%A8%E7%95%8C%E6%B0%B4%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%88%90" title="超臨界水反應爐">SCWR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E6%B0%B4%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%88%90" title="重水反應爐">重水反应堆</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E6%B0%B4%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%88%90" title="重水反應爐">PHWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%8D%E6%B0%B4%E9%93%80%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94%E5%A0%86" title="加拿大重水铀反应堆">加拿大重水铀反应堆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E6%B1%BD%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E9%87%8D%E6%B0%B4%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94%E5%A0%86" title="蒸汽发生重水反应堆">SGHWR</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新型轉換反应堆" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="新型転換炉"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E5%9E%8B%E8%BD%89%E6%8F%9B%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94%E5%A0%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新型轉換反应堆（页面不存在）">ATR</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%9E%8B%E8%BB%A2%E6%8F%9B%E7%82%89" class="extiw" title="ja:新型転換炉"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">新型転換炉</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%A2%A8%E6%85%A2%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94%E5%A0%86" title="石墨慢化反应堆">石墨慢化反应堆</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%83%E5%BA%8A%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E5%A0%86" title="球床反應堆">球床反应堆（PBR）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%B8%A9%E6%B0%94%E5%86%B7%E5%A0%86" title="高温气冷堆">VHTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%AB%98%E6%B8%A9%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%A0%86" title="超高温实验堆">超高温实验堆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%8B%E5%8A%9B%E7%AE%A1%E5%BC%8F%E7%9F%B3%E5%A2%A8%E6%85%A2%E5%8C%96%E6%B2%B8%E6%B0%B4%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94%E7%82%89" title="压力管式石墨慢化沸水反应炉">RBMK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%82%E8%AB%BE%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%88%90" title="鎂諾克斯反應爐">鎂諾克斯反應爐 (Magnox)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E9%9A%8E%E7%89%88%E6%B0%A3%E5%86%B7%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%88%90" title="進階版氣冷反應爐">進階版氣冷反應爐 (AGR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F%E9%94%82%E9%93%8D" title="氟锂铍">氟锂铍（FLiBe）</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E7%9B%90%E5%A0%86" title="熔盐堆">熔盐反应堆（MSR）</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">（无）<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E5%A0%86" title="快堆">FR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E5%A2%9E%E6%AE%96%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94%E5%A0%86" title="快中子增殖反应堆">快中子增殖反应堆</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="液态金属冷却反应堆" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Liquid metal cooled reactor"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E6%85%8B%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E5%A0%86" title="液態金屬冷卻反應堆">LMFR</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_metal_cooled_reactor" class="extiw" title="en:Liquid metal cooled reactor"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Liquid metal cooled reactor</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="池式快中子反应堆" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Integral Fast Reactor"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%A0%E5%BC%8F%E5%BF%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94%E5%A0%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="池式快中子反应堆（页面不存在）">IFR</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_Fast_Reactor" class="extiw" title="en:Integral Fast Reactor"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Integral Fast Reactor</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%B3%A2%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94%E5%A0%86" title="行波反应堆">TWR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%9E%8B%E5%AF%86%E5%B0%81%E4%BE%BF%E6%90%BA%E5%BC%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%8E%A7%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94%E5%A0%86" title="小型密封便携式自控反应堆">SSTAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%A0%B8%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94%E5%A0%86" title="天然核反应堆">NFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%99%A8%E9%A9%B1%E5%8A%A8%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%B4%E7%95%8C%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94%E5%A0%86" title="加速器驱动次临界反应堆">加速器驱动次临界反应堆</a></li> <li>按<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="核反应堆冷却剂" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nuclear reactor coolant"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E5%A0%86%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%BB%E5%8A%91" title="核反應堆冷卻劑">核反应堆冷却剂</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactor_coolant" class="extiw" title="en:Nuclear reactor coolant"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nuclear reactor coolant</span></a></span>）</span></span>分类的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E5%A0%86" title="第四代反應堆">第四代反應堆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%86%B7%E5%BF%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94%E5%A0%86" title="气冷快中子反应堆">GFR</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="铅合金冷却快中子反应堆" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lead cooled fast reactor"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%85%E5%90%88%E9%87%91%E5%86%B7%E5%8D%B4%E5%BF%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94%E5%A0%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="铅合金冷却快中子反应堆（页面不存在）">LFR</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_cooled_fast_reactor" class="extiw" title="en:Lead cooled fast reactor"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lead cooled fast reactor</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A0%E5%86%B7%E5%BF%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94%E5%A0%86" title="钠冷快中子反应堆">SFR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94%E5%A0%86" title="核反应堆">核融合反應爐</a><br /><small>按约束方式分类</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%B1%80%E9%99%90%E8%9E%8D%E5%90%88" title="磁局限融合">磁约束</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%8D%A1%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B" title="托卡马克">托卡马克</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="球磁机" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Spheromak"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%83%E7%A3%81%E6%9C%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="球磁机（页面不存在）">球磁机</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spheromak" class="extiw" title="en:Spheromak"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Spheromak</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%BF%E6%98%9F%E5%99%A8" title="仿星器">仿星器</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="反向场箍缩" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Reversed field pinch"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%90%91%E5%9C%BA%E7%AE%8D%E7%BC%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反向场箍缩（页面不存在）">RFP</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversed_field_pinch" class="extiw" title="en:Reversed field pinch"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Reversed field pinch</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="场反转配置" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Field-reversed configuration"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%BA%E5%8F%8D%E8%BD%AC%E9%85%8D%E7%BD%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="场反转配置（页面不存在）">FRC</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-reversed_configuration" class="extiw" title="en:Field-reversed configuration"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Field-reversed configuration</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%87%B8%E6%B5%AE%E5%81%B6%E6%A5%B5" title="懸浮偶極">懸浮偶極</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A3%E6%80%A7%E5%B1%80%E9%99%90%E8%9E%8D%E5%90%88" title="慣性局限融合">惯性约束</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A3%E6%80%A7%E5%B1%80%E9%99%90%E8%9E%8D%E5%90%88" title="慣性局限融合">慣性局限融合</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Z箍缩" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Z-pinch"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Z%E7%AE%8D%E7%BC%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Z箍缩（页面不存在）">Z箍缩</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-pinch" class="extiw" title="en:Z-pinch"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Z-pinch</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="气泡聚变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bubble fusion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E6%B3%A1%E8%81%9A%E5%8F%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="气泡聚变（页面不存在）">气泡聚变</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubble_fusion" class="extiw" title="en:Bubble fusion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bubble fusion</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusor" title="Fusor">熔凝器</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%AF%E6%80%A7%E9%9D%99%E7%94%B5%E7%BA%A6%E6%9D%9F" title="惯性静电约束">静电</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="磁化靶聚变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Magnetized target fusion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E9%9D%B6%E8%81%9A%E5%8F%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="磁化靶聚变（页面不存在）">MTF</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetized_target_fusion" class="extiw" title="en:Magnetized target fusion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Magnetized target fusion</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其它</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C%E5%AD%90%E5%82%AC%E5%8C%96%E8%81%9A%E8%AE%8A" title="Μ子催化聚變">μ子催化</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="热释电聚变" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pyroelectric fusion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E9%87%8A%E7%94%B5%E8%81%9A%E5%8F%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="热释电聚变（页面不存在）">热释电聚变</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroelectric_fusion" class="extiw" title="en:Pyroelectric fusion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pyroelectric fusion</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Migma装置" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Migma"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Migma%E8%A3%85%E7%BD%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Migma装置（页面不存在）">Migma装置</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migma" class="extiw" title="en:Migma"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Migma</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Polywel装置" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Polywell"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polywel%E8%A3%85%E7%BD%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polywel装置（页面不存在）">Polywel装置</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polywell" class="extiw" title="en:Polywell"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Polywell</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="稠密等离子体聚焦" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dense plasma focus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%A0%E5%AF%86%E7%AD%89%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BD%93%E8%81%9A%E7%84%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="稠密等离子体聚焦（页面不存在）">DPF</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dense_plasma_focus" class="extiw" title="en:Dense plasma focus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dense plasma focus</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%B5%E5%8E%82" title="核电厂">核电站</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%88%90%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="核子反應爐列表">核子反應爐列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B3%A1%E4%BF%82%E6%95%B8" title="空泡係數">空泡係數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%81%9C%E6%A9%9F%E6%B7%BB%E5%8A%A0%E7%87%83%E6%96%99" title="不停機添加燃料">不停機添加燃料</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B" title="核動力">核動力</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E6%A0%B8%E8%83%BD%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5" title="各国核能利用情况">国家</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新核电站的经济意义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Economics of new nuclear power plants"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%B5%E7%AB%99%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E6%84%8F%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新核电站的经济意义（页面不存在）">经济</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics_of_new_nuclear_power_plants" class="extiw" title="en:Economics of new nuclear power plants"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Economics of new nuclear power plants</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%8E%A7%E6%A0%B8%E8%81%9A%E8%AE%8A" title="可控核聚變">聚变能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0%E7%86%B1%E9%9B%BB%E6%A9%9F" title="放射性同位素熱電機">RTG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%E6%8E%A8%E8%BF%9B" title="核动力推进">核动力推进</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%83%AD%E7%81%AB%E7%AE%AD" title="核热火箭">火箭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8" title="核安全">核安全</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%A0%B8%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6%E5%88%86%E7%B4%9A%E8%A1%A8" title="國際核事件分級表">國際核事件分級表</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="核医学">核医学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E5%BD%B1%E5%83%8F" title="醫學影像">医学影像学</a><br /><small>按<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84" title="辐射">輻射</a>分類</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伽马射线探伤机" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gamma camera"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%BD%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E6%8E%A2%E4%BC%A4%E6%9C%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伽马射线探伤机（页面不存在）">伽马射线探伤机</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_camera" class="extiw" title="en:Gamma camera"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gamma camera</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="闪烁扫描法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Scintigraphy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%97%AA%E7%83%81%E6%89%AB%E6%8F%8F%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="闪烁扫描法（页面不存在）">闪烁扫描法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scintigraphy" class="extiw" title="en:Scintigraphy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Scintigraphy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%AD%90%E6%96%B7%E5%B1%A4%E9%80%A0%E5%BD%B1" title="正子斷層造影">PET</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="单光子发射计算机断层成像术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Single photon emission computed tomography"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%95%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E6%96%AD%E5%B1%82%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="单光子发射计算机断层成像术（页面不存在）">SPECT</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_photon_emission_computed_tomography" class="extiw" title="en:Single photon emission computed tomography"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Single photon emission computed tomography</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF" title="X射线">X光</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="投射X射线摄影" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Projectional radiography"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%95%E5%B0%84X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E6%91%84%E5%BD%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="投射X射线摄影（页面不存在）">投射X射线摄影</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projectional_radiography" class="extiw" title="en:Projectional radiography"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Projectional radiography</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E4%BD%93%E5%B1%82%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F" title="计算机体层成像">X射线计算机断层成像</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">治疗</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="快中子疗法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fast neutron therapy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BF%AB%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E7%96%97%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="快中子疗法（页面不存在）">快中子疗法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_neutron_therapy" class="extiw" title="en:Fast neutron therapy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fast neutron therapy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" title="放射治療">放射治療</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="螺旋断层放射性治疗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tomotherapy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B%E6%96%AD%E5%B1%82%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E6%B2%BB%E7%96%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="螺旋断层放射性治疗（页面不存在）">螺旋断层放射性治疗</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomotherapy" class="extiw" title="en:Tomotherapy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tomotherapy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" title="質子治療">質子治療</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E8%B7%9D%E7%A6%BB%E6%B2%BB%E7%96%97" title="近距离治疗">近距离放射治疗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E6%8D%95%E7%8D%B2%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" title="中子捕獲治療">中子捕获治疗（NCT）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E6%8D%95%E7%8D%B2%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" title="中子捕獲治療">硼中子俘获治疗（BNCT）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E8%8D%AF%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="放射药理学">放射药理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%89%8B%E8%A1%93" title="放射手術">放射手術</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8" title="核武器">武器</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">主题</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%8F%B2" title="核武器發展史">历史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" title="核武器设计方案">设计</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%8B%92-%E4%B9%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E6%9E%84%E5%9E%8B" title="泰勒-乌拉姆构型">泰勒-乌拉姆构型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E6%95%8F%E6%9E%84%E5%9E%8B" title="于敏构型">于敏构型</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="核战争">核战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%BB%8D%E5%82%99%E7%AB%B6%E8%B3%BD" title="核軍備競賽">核軍備競賽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%A3%81%E5%86%9B" title="核裁军">核裁军</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="核伦理学">核伦理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8" title="核爆炸">核爆</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="核爆炸的影响" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Effects of nuclear explosions"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%B1%E5%93%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核爆炸的影响（页面不存在）">影响</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effects_of_nuclear_explosions" class="extiw" title="en:Effects of nuclear explosions"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Effects of nuclear explosions</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C" title="核试验">核试验</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%8B%E6%A0%B8%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97" title="地下核試驗">地下核試驗</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="高空核爆炸" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="High-altitude nuclear explosion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%98%E7%A9%BA%E6%A0%B8%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="高空核爆炸（页面不存在）">高空核爆炸</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-altitude_nuclear_explosion" class="extiw" title="en:High-altitude nuclear explosion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">High-altitude nuclear explosion</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="核武器运载" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nuclear weapons delivery"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8%E8%BF%90%E8%BD%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核武器运载（页面不存在）">运载</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_delivery" class="extiw" title="en:Nuclear weapons delivery"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nuclear weapons delivery</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E6%93%B4%E6%95%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="核擴散">扩散</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8%E5%BD%93%E9%87%8F" title="核武器当量">核当量</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8%E5%BD%93%E9%87%8F" title="爆炸当量">爆炸当量</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="流行文化中的核武器" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nuclear weapons in popular culture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%A0%B8%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="流行文化中的核武器（页面不存在）">流行文化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_in_popular_culture" class="extiw" title="en:Nuclear weapons in popular culture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nuclear weapons in popular culture</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">列表</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="核武器列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of nuclear weapons"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核武器列表（页面不存在）">核武器</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons" class="extiw" title="en:List of nuclear weapons"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of nuclear weapons</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="核试验列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of nuclear tests"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核试验列表（页面不存在）">核试验</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nuclear_tests" class="extiw" title="en:List of nuclear tests"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of nuclear tests</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8%E6%93%81%E6%9C%89%E5%9C%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="核武器擁有國列表">核武装国家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%A0%B8%E6%AD%A6%E5%9C%B0%E5%B8%B6" title="無核武地帶">無核武地帶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A6%8F%E6%A8%A1%E6%AE%BA%E5%82%B7%E6%80%A7%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8%E6%A2%9D%E7%B4%84%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="大規模殺傷性武器條約列表">条约</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%BA%9F%E6%96%99" title="放射性废料">放射性废料</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">核反应产物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%95%E7%B3%BB%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="锕系元素">锕系元素</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%8D%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86%E9%93%80" title="再处理铀">再处理铀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94%E5%A0%86%E7%BA%A7%E9%92%9A" title="反应堆级钚">反应堆级钚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E9%94%95%E7%B3%BB%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="次锕系元素">次锕系元素</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E6%B4%BB%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="激活产物">激活产物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%A3%82%E5%8F%98%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="核裂变产物">核裂变产物</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%AF%BF%E5%91%BD%E8%A3%82%E5%8F%98%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="长寿命裂变产物">长寿命裂变产物</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%92%E7%B3%BB%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="錒系化學">錒系化學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">处理方法</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%87%83%E6%96%99%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" title="核燃料循环">核燃料循环</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8F%E6%A0%B8%E7%87%83%E6%96%99" title="乏核燃料">乏核燃料</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8F%E6%A0%B8%E7%87%83%E6%96%99" title="乏核燃料">乏燃料池</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E5%BC%8F%E8%B4%AE%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%B6" title="干式贮存桶">干式贮存桶</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%BA%9F%E7%89%A9" title="高放射性废物">高放射性废物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%BA%9F%E7%89%A9" title="低放射性废物">低放射性废物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E5%A4%84%E7%BD%AE" title="深地质处置">处置</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%87%83%E6%96%99%E5%86%8D%E5%A4%84%E7%90%86" title="核燃料再处理">再处理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%AC%97%E5%8F%98" title="核嬗变">嬗变</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">爭論</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E4%BA%8B%E6%95%85" title="核事故">核事故</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%98%E5%BB%A2%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="核電存廢問題">核電存廢問題</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E6%A0%B8%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%89%E8%AE%BA" title="关于核武器的争论">关于核武器的争论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%A0%B8%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="反核運動">反核運動</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="鈾礦開採的爭論" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Uranium mining debate"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%88%BE%E7%A4%A6%E9%96%8B%E6%8E%A1%E7%9A%84%E7%88%AD%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鈾礦開採的爭論（页面不存在）">鈾礦開採的爭論</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium_mining_debate" class="extiw" title="en:Uranium mining debate"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Uranium mining debate</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A2%E6%AD%A2%E6%A0%B8%E9%9B%BB" title="廢止核電">廢止核電</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%A0%B8%E8%83%BD%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="Category:核能科技">分类</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%A0%B8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="Portal:核技术">主题</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="共享资源页面"><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nuclear_technology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nuclear technology">共享资源</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="专题"><img alt="专题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/WikiProject:%E6%A0%B8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="WikiProject:核技术">专题</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="曼哈顿计划" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%9B%BC%E5%93%88%E9%A1%BF%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="Template:曼哈顿计划"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%9B%BC%E5%93%88%E9%A1%BF%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="Template talk:曼哈顿计划"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%9B%BC%E5%93%88%E9%A1%BF%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:曼哈顿计划"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="曼哈顿计划" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%93%88%E9%A1%BF%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="曼哈顿计划">曼哈顿计划</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%93%88%E9%A1%BF%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="曼哈顿计划年表">曼哈顿计划年表</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">地点</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="埃姆斯计划">埃姆斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%A1%E6%A0%91%E5%B2%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%AE%A4" title="橡树岭国家实验室">橡树岭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E5%9E%8B%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%86%E7%A6%BB%E5%99%A8" title="电磁型同位素分离器">伯克利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%93%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%86%B6%E9%87%91%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%AE%A4" title="芝加哥大学冶金实验室">芝加哥</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="代顿计划" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dayton Project"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%A3%E9%A1%BF%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="代顿计划（页面不存在）">代顿</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton_Project" class="extiw" title="en:Dayton Project"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dayton Project</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%80" title="漢福德區">漢福德區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%86%E9%A9%BC%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="骆驼计划">因約克恩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%AF%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%AE%A4" title="洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室">洛斯阿拉莫斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A9%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%AE%A4" title="蒙特利尔实验室">蒙特婁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-25" title="K-25">紐約</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97%E9%A1%BF%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%88%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="克林顿工程师工程">克林顿工程师工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%BD%8D%E4%B8%80%E9%AB%94_(%E6%A0%B8%E8%A9%A6%E9%A9%97)" title="三位一體 (核試驗)">三位一体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%A4%9A%E5%BC%97%E7%A9%BA%E5%86%9B%E5%9F%BA%E5%9C%B0" title="温多弗空军基地">温多弗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-9%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="P-9计划">重水廠</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagasakibomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1945年8月9日在长崎爆炸的“胖子”原子弹形成的蘑菇云"><img alt="1945年8月9日在长崎爆炸的“胖子”原子弹形成的蘑菇云" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/150px-Nagasakibomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/225px-Nagasakibomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Nagasakibomb.jpg/300px-Nagasakibomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3245" data-file-height="3877" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">管理人员</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E5%B0%BC%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E4%BB%80" title="万尼瓦尔·布什">万尼瓦尔·布什</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%A1%BF" title="阿瑟·康普顿">阿瑟·康普顿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E6%81%A9%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E5%8D%97%E7%89%B9" title="詹姆斯·布莱恩特·科南特">詹姆斯·布莱恩特·科南特</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="普丽西拉·达菲尔德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Priscilla Duffield"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E4%B8%BD%E8%A5%BF%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E8%8F%B2%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普丽西拉·达菲尔德（页面不存在）">普丽西拉·达菲尔德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priscilla_Duffield" class="extiw" title="en:Priscilla Duffield"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Priscilla Duffield</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B3%95%E9%9B%B7%E5%B0%94" title="托马斯·法雷尔">托马斯·法雷尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E6%96%AF%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF" title="莱斯利·理查德·格罗夫斯">莱斯利·理查德·格罗夫斯</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="小约翰·兰斯代尔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John Lansdale Jr."><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%85%B0%E6%96%AF%E4%BB%A3%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小约翰·兰斯代尔（页面不存在）">小约翰·兰斯代尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lansdale_Jr." class="extiw" title="en:John Lansdale Jr."><span lang="en" dir="auto">John Lansdale Jr.</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8A%B3%E4%BC%A6%E6%96%AF" title="欧内斯特·劳伦斯">欧内斯特·劳伦斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E6%AD%87%E5%B0%94" title="詹姆斯·马歇尔">詹姆斯·马歇尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E8%B5%9B%E5%8E%84%E6%96%AF" title="富兰克林·马赛厄斯">富兰克林·马赛厄斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%90%9D%E8%A5%BF%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%9F%BA%E5%AE%BE" title="多萝西·麦基宾">多萝西·麦基宾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF" title="肯尼斯·尼科尔斯">肯尼斯·尼科尔斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%B5%B7%E9%BB%98" title="罗伯特·奥本海默">罗伯特·奥本海默</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E7%91%9F%E7%90%B3%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%B5%B7%E9%BB%98" title="凯瑟琳·奥本海默">凱瑟琳·奧本海默</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉·斯特林·帕森斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William Sterling Parsons"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%9E%97%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E6%A3%AE%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·斯特林·帕森斯（页面不存在）">威廉·斯特林·帕森斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sterling_Parsons" class="extiw" title="en:William Sterling Parsons"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William Sterling Parsons</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E5%A5%88%E5%B0%94" title="威廉·普奈尔">威廉·普奈尔</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法蘭克·斯佩丁" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Frank Spedding"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E4%BD%A9%E4%B8%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法蘭克·斯佩丁（页面不存在）">法蘭克·斯佩丁</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Spedding" class="extiw" title="en:Frank Spedding"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Frank Spedding</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="查尔斯·艾伦·托马斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Charles Allen Thomas"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="查尔斯·艾伦·托马斯（页面不存在）">查尔斯·艾伦·托马斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Allen_Thomas" class="extiw" title="en:Charles Allen Thomas"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Charles Allen Thomas</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E8%92%82%E8%B4%9D%E8%8C%A8" title="保罗·蒂贝茨">保罗·蒂贝茨</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉·劉易斯·烏安納" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William L. Uanna"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%8A%89%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%83%8F%E5%AE%89%E7%B4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·劉易斯·烏安納（页面不存在）">威廉·劉易斯·烏安納</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_L._Uanna" class="extiw" title="en:William L. Uanna"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William L. Uanna</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B0%A4%E9%87%8C" title="哈羅德·尤里">哈羅德·尤里</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%B9%E4%BD%9B%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E5%80%AB" title="史丹佛·瓦倫">史丹佛·瓦倫</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="詹姆士·艾德·韋斯科特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ed Westcott"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E5%A3%AB%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%9F%8B%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="詹姆士·艾德·韋斯科特（页面不存在）">詹姆士·艾德·韋斯科特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Westcott" class="extiw" title="en:Ed Westcott"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ed Westcott</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗斯科·查尔斯·威尔逊" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Roscoe Charles Wilson"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E9%80%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗斯科·查尔斯·威尔逊（页面不存在）">罗斯科·查尔斯·威尔逊</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscoe_Charles_Wilson" class="extiw" title="en:Roscoe Charles Wilson"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Roscoe Charles Wilson</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">科学家</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E7%93%A6%E9%9B%B7%E8%8C%A8" title="路易斯·阿尔瓦雷茨">路易斯·阿尔瓦雷茨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%BD%BB" title="罗伯特·巴彻">罗伯特·巴彻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E7%89%B9" title="汉斯·贝特">汉斯·贝特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E5%B0%94" title="奥格·玻尔">奥格·玻尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E5%B0%94" title="尼尔斯·玻尔">尼尔斯·玻尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%E4%BC%AF%E9%87%8C" title="诺里斯·布拉德伯里">诺里斯·布拉德伯里</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%85%8B" title="詹姆斯·查德威克">詹姆斯·查德威克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%80%83%E5%85%8B%E9%A5%B6%E5%A4%AB" title="约翰·考克饶夫">约翰·考克饶夫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%C2%B7K%C2%B7%E9%81%94%E6%A0%BC%E5%88%A9%E6%81%A9" title="哈里·K·達格利恩">哈里·K·達格利恩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E9%87%8C%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E7%B1%B3" title="恩里科·费米">恩里科·费米</a></li> <li><a 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title="埃德温·麦克米伦">埃德温·麦克米伦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%88%A9%E8%8A%AC%E7%89%B9" title="马克·奥利芬特">马克·奥利芬特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E9%BD%90" title="诺曼·拉姆齐">诺曼·拉姆齐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E6%AF%94" title="伊西多·拉比">伊西多·拉比</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E9%9B%B7%E6%81%A9%E6%B2%83%E7%89%B9" title="利奥·雷恩沃特">利奥·雷恩沃特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E8%AF%BA%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E8%A5%BF" title="布鲁诺·罗西">布鲁诺·罗西</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%80%AB%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%A7%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%9A%E6%A0%BC" title="格倫·西奧多·西博格">格倫·西奧多·西博格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%B1%B3%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7" title="埃米利奥·塞格雷">埃米利奥·塞格雷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E5%BB%B7" title="路易斯·斯洛廷">路易斯·斯洛廷</a></li> <li><a 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title="艾伯塔计划（页面不存在）">艾伯塔计划</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Alberta" class="extiw" title="en:Project Alberta"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Project Alberta</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80%E7%9B%A4%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB" title="銀盤計畫">銀盤計畫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC509%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E9%A3%9E%E8%A1%8C%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%9F" title="第509混合飞行大队">第509混合飞行大队</a></li> <li>「<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E8%AB%BE%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E8%93%8B%E8%99%9F%E8%BD%9F%E7%82%B8%E6%A9%9F" title="艾諾拉·蓋號轟炸機">艾诺拉·盖号</a>」</li> <li>「<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E5%8F%B7%E8%BD%B0%E7%82%B8%E6%9C%BA" title="博克斯卡号轰炸机">博克斯卡号</a>」</li> <li>「<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E5%AE%B6%E5%8F%B7%E8%BD%B0%E7%82%B8%E6%9C%BA" title="大艺术家号轰炸机">偉大藝人號</a>」</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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