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<li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Establishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperial_expansion_and_consolidation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_expansion_and_consolidation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Imperial expansion and consolidation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_expansion_and_consolidation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_period_of_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_period_of_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>First period of decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_period_of_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revival_under_Mahipala_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revival_under_Mahipala_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Revival under Mahipala I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revival_under_Mahipala_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_period_of_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_period_of_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Second period of decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_period_of_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revival_under_Ramapala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revival_under_Ramapala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Revival under Ramapala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revival_under_Ramapala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Final decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shaivism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shaivism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Shaivism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shaivism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Art and architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Pala_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Pala_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>List of Pala rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Pala_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Family tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pala Empire</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="إمبراطورية بالا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إمبراطورية بالا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="পাল সাম্ৰাজ্য – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পাল সাম্ৰাজ্য" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88" title="پالا ایمپیراتورلوغو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پالا ایمپیراتورلوغو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="পাল সাম্রাজ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাল সাম্রাজ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impalaeriezh_Pala" title="Impalaeriezh Pala – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Impalaeriezh Pala" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Pala" title="Dinastia Pala – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dinastia Pala" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pala_(Dynastie)" title="Pala (Dynastie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pala (Dynastie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Pala" title="Dinastía Pala – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía Pala" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pala_Dinastio" title="Pala Dinastio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pala Dinastio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="امپراتوری پالا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="امپراتوری پالا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastie_Pala" title="Dynastie Pala – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dynastie Pala" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%94%EB%9D%BC_%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%AD" title="팔라 제국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="팔라 제국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="पाल वंश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पाल वंश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6" title="পাল রাজবংশ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="পাল রাজবংশ" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Pala" title="Dinasti Pala – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinasti Pala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impero_Pala" title="Impero Pala – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impero Pala" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B6" title="ಪಾಲ ರಾಜವಂಶ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಾಲ ರಾಜವಂಶ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პალას დინასტია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პალას დინასტია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pala_imperija" title="Pala imperija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pala imperija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1la_Birodalom" title="Pála Birodalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pála Birodalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="पाल वंश – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="पाल वंश" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="പാല സാമ്രാജ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാല സാമ്രാജ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%87" title="पाल घराणे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पाल घराणे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empayar_Pala" title="Empayar Pala – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Empayar Pala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paladynastie_van_Gaur" title="Paladynastie van Gaur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paladynastie van Gaur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="पाल साम्राज्य – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पाल साम्राज्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="पाल राजवंश – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पाल राजवंश" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E6%9C%9D" title="パーラ朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パーラ朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81lariket" title="Pālariket – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pālariket" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="پال سلطنت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پال سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Pala" title="Império Pala – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Império Pala" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Пала – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пала" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pala Empire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pala_Carstvo" title="Pala Carstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pala Carstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palan_valtakunta" title="Palan valtakunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Palan valtakunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="பாலப் பேரரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாலப் பேரரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="పాల సామ్రాజ్యం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పాల సామ్రాజ్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0" title="จักรวรรดิปาละ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรวรรดิปาละ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Імперія Пала – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Імперія Пала" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="پال سلطنت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پال سلطنت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91c_Pala" title="Đế quốc Pala – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đế quốc Pala" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="波罗王朝 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="波罗王朝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="波罗王朝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="波罗王朝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q668412#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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empire in the Indian subcontinent</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Palas_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Palas (disambiguation)">Palas (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Pāla Empire</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">750 CE–770 CE<sup id="cite_ref-Majumdar1977_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Majumdar1977-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–1161 CE<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Pala_Empire.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Pala Empire in the ninth century CE[3][4][5]"><img alt="Pala Empire." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Map_of_the_Pala_Empire.png/270px-Map_of_the_Pala_Empire.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Map_of_the_Pala_Empire.png/405px-Map_of_the_Pala_Empire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Map_of_the_Pala_Empire.png/540px-Map_of_the_Pala_Empire.png 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">The Pala Empire in the ninth century CE<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_History_of_Bengal_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_History_of_Bengal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-A_Brief_History_of_India_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_India-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bikrampur" title="Bikrampur">Bikrampur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gau%E1%B8%8Da_(city)" title="Gauḍa (city)">Gauda</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Munger" title="Munger">Monghyr</a> (Devapala), <a href="/wiki/Somapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Somapura">Somapura</a> (Dharampala), Mahipal in present-day <a href="/wiki/Murshidabad_district" title="Murshidabad district">Murshidabad district</a> (Mahipala I)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntington198456_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntington198456-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,Ramavati in <a href="/wiki/Varendra" title="Varendra">Varendra</a> (Ramapala and successors)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESengupta2011102_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESengupta2011102-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language#Early" title="Bengali language">Proto-Bengali</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bajpai2020_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bajpai2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Tantric Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana Buddhism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a><sup id="cite_ref-AS_2009_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS_2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Emperor</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 750–770<sup id="cite_ref-Majumdar1977_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Majumdar1977-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gopala_(Pala_king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gopala (Pala king)">Gopala</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 810–850<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Devapala_(Pala_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Devapala (Pala dynasty)">Devapala</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 854–908<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Narayanapala" title="Narayanapala">Narayanapala</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 988–1036<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mahipala_I" title="Mahipala I">Mahipala I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1139–1161 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Govindapala" title="Govindapala">Govindapala</a> (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">750 CE–770 CE<sup id="cite_ref-Majumdar1977_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Majumdar1977-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1161 CE<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 1000 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">17,000,000<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Khadga_dynasty" title="Khadga dynasty">Khadga dynasty</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Chero_dynasty" title="Chero dynasty">Chero dynasty</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Karnats_of_Mithila" title="Karnats of Mithila">Karnats of Mithila</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Pithipatis_of_Bodh_Gaya" title="Pithipatis of Bodh Gaya">Pithipatis of Bodh Gaya</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></span></span>   </span><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Pāla Empire</b> (r. 750–1161 CE)<sup id="cite_ref-Majumdar1977_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Majumdar1977-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an imperial power during the <a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">post-classical period</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sen1999_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen1999-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which originated in the region of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>. It is named after its ruling dynasty, whose rulers bore names ending with the suffix <i>Pāla</i> ("protector" in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>). The empire was founded with the election of <a href="/wiki/Gopala" class="mw-redirect" title="Gopala">Gopāla</a> as the emperor of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gauda" title="Kingdom of Gauda">Gauda</a> in late eighth century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Majumdar1977_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Majumdar1977-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pala stronghold was located in Bengal and eastern <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, which included the major cities of <a href="/wiki/Gau%E1%B8%8Da_(city)" title="Gauḍa (city)">Gauḍa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bikrampur" title="Bikrampur">Vikramapura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pāṭaliputra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munger" title="Munger">Monghyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somapura" class="mw-redirect" title="Somapura">Somapura</a>, Ramavati (<a href="/wiki/Varendra" title="Varendra">Varendra</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tamralipta" title="Tamralipta">Tāmralipta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaggadala" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggadala">Jagaddala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pālas were astute diplomats and military conquerors. Their army was noted for its vast <a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">war elephant</a> corps. Their navy performed both mercantile and defensive roles in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At its zenith under emperors <a href="/wiki/Dharmapala_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmapala (emperor)">Dharmapala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devapala_(Pala_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Devapala (Pala dynasty)">Devapala</a> in the early ninth century, Pala empire was the dominant power in the northern Indian subcontinent, with its territory stretching across the <a href="/wiki/Gangetic_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangetic plain">Gangetic plain</a> to include some parts northeastern India, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Majumdar1977_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Majumdar1977-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dharmapala also exerted a strong cultural influence through Buddhist scholar <a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atis Dipankar</a> in Tibet, as well as in Southeast Asia. Pala control of North India was ultimately ephemeral, as they struggled with the <a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara">Gurjara-Pratiharas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta">Rashtrakutas</a> for the control of <a href="/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj">Kannauj</a> and were defeated. After a short-lived decline, Emperor <a href="/wiki/Mahipala_I" title="Mahipala I">Mahipala I</a> defended imperial bastions in Bengal and Bihar against South Indian <a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola</a> invasions. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ramapala" title="Ramapala">Ramapala</a> was the last strong Pala ruler, who gained control of <a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical region)">Kalinga</a>. The empire was considerably weakened with many areas engulfed and their heavy dependence on <a href="/wiki/Samanta" title="Samanta">Samantas</a> being exposed through <a href="/wiki/Varendra_rebellion" title="Varendra rebellion">11th century rebellion</a>. It finally led to the rise of resurgent <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Senas</a> as sovereign power in the 12th century and final expulsion of the Palas from Bengal by their hands marking the end of last major <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> imperial power in the subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sailendra1999-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pala period is considered one of the golden eras of Bengali history. The Palas brought stability and prosperity to Bengal after centuries of civil war between warring divisions. They advanced the achievements of previous Bengali civilisations and created outstanding works of arts and architecture. The <a href="/wiki/Charyapada" title="Charyapada">Charyapada</a> in <a href="/wiki/Abahattha" title="Abahattha">Proto-Bengali language</a> was written by Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Mahasiddha" title="Mahasiddha">Mahasiddhas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">tantric</a> tradition, which laid the basis of several eastern Indian languages in their rule. Palas built grand Buddhist temples and monasteries (<a href="/wiki/Vihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Vihara">Viharas</a>), including the <a href="/wiki/Somapura_Mahavihara" title="Somapura Mahavihara">Somapura Mahavihara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odantapuri" title="Odantapuri">Odantapuri</a>, and patronised the great universities of <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vikramashila" title="Vikramashila">Vikramashila</a>. The Pala empire enjoyed relations with the <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Srivijaya Empire">Srivijaya Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>. <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> first arrived in Bengal during this period as a result of flourishing mercantile and intellectual contacts with Middle-East. The Pala legacy is still reflected in <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pala_Empire&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pala_Empire&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vishnu_with_His_Consorts,_Lakshmi_and_Sarasvati,_11-12th_century,_Bihar_or_Bengal,_Pala_period.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Vishnu_with_His_Consorts%2C_Lakshmi_and_Sarasvati%2C_11-12th_century%2C_Bihar_or_Bengal%2C_Pala_period.jpg/220px-Vishnu_with_His_Consorts%2C_Lakshmi_and_Sarasvati%2C_11-12th_century%2C_Bihar_or_Bengal%2C_Pala_period.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Vishnu_with_His_Consorts%2C_Lakshmi_and_Sarasvati%2C_11-12th_century%2C_Bihar_or_Bengal%2C_Pala_period.jpg/330px-Vishnu_with_His_Consorts%2C_Lakshmi_and_Sarasvati%2C_11-12th_century%2C_Bihar_or_Bengal%2C_Pala_period.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Vishnu_with_His_Consorts%2C_Lakshmi_and_Sarasvati%2C_11-12th_century%2C_Bihar_or_Bengal%2C_Pala_period.jpg/440px-Vishnu_with_His_Consorts%2C_Lakshmi_and_Sarasvati%2C_11-12th_century%2C_Bihar_or_Bengal%2C_Pala_period.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>Vishnu with His Consorts, Lakshmi and Sarasvati, 11–12th century, Bihar or Bengal, Pala period</figcaption></figure> <p>There is no clear evidence for their origin or early history of the Palas. Historians rely on indirect evidence to understand their reign, leading to controversies about their ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Khalimpur copper plate inscription, the first Pala king <a href="/wiki/Gopala" class="mw-redirect" title="Gopala">Gopala</a> was the son of a warrior named Vapyata. The <i><a href="/wiki/Ramacharitam" title="Ramacharitam">Ramacharitam</a></i> attests that <a href="/wiki/Varendra" title="Varendra">Varendra</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Bengal" title="North Bengal">North Bengal</a>) was the fatherland (<i>Janakabhu</i>) of the Palas. The ethnic origins of the dynasty are unknown, although later records claim that Gopala was a <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a> or descended from the legendary <a href="/wiki/Solar_dynasty" title="Solar dynasty">Solar dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagchi199337_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagchi199337-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Ballala-Carita</i> states that the Palas were Kshatriyas, a claim reiterated by <a href="/wiki/Taranatha" title="Taranatha">Taranatha</a> in his <i>History of Buddhism in India</i> as well as Ghanaram Chakrabarty in his <i><a href="/wiki/Dharmamangalkavya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmamangalkavya">Dharmamangala</a></i> (both written in the 16th century CE). The <i><a href="/wiki/Ramacharitam" title="Ramacharitam">Ramacharitam</a></i> also attests the fifteenth Pala emperor, <a href="/wiki/Ramapala" title="Ramapala">Ramapala</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Nitish_Sengupta" title="Nitish Sengupta">Nitish Sengupta</a>, such claims of belonging to the legendary Solar dynasty seems to be unreliable and appear to be an attempt to cover up the humble origins of the dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESengupta201140_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESengupta201140-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pala dynasty has also been branded as <a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a> in some sources such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%B1ju%C5%9Br%C4%AB-m%C5%ABla-kalpa" title="Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa">Manjushri-Mulakalpa</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagchi199337_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagchi199337-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A medieval writer <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fazl_ibn_Mubarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak">Abul Fazl</a> going by this tradition described these kings as <a href="/wiki/Kayastha" title="Kayastha">Kayasthas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagchi199337_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagchi199337-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to K. N. Sahay, "we can claim Palas also as Kayasthas".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But modern scholars believe Palas were staunch Buddhists, as their court became a stronghold and their copper plates emphasised Buddhist affiliation.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Wink" title="André Wink">André Wink</a> mentions that the founder, Gopala was elected, and "definitely not of royal blood but probably of a line of brahmans which transformed itself into kshatriyas".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the 11th century Persian scholar <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a> mentions the rulers of Pala dynasty to be of <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">brahman</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment">Establishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pala_Empire&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the fall of <a href="/wiki/Shashanka" title="Shashanka">Shashanka</a>'s kingdom, the Bengal region was in a state of anarchy. There was no central authority, and there was constant struggle between petty chieftains. The contemporary writings describe this situation as <i>matsya nyaya</i> ("fish justice" i.e. a situation where the big fish eat the small fish). Gopala ascended the throne as the first Pala king during these times. The Khalimpur copper plate suggests that the <i>prakriti</i> (people) of the region made him the king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taranatha, writing nearly 800 years later, also writes that he was democratically elected by the people of Bengal. However, his account is in form of a legend, and is considered historically unreliable. The legend mentions that after a period of anarchy, the people elected several kings in succession, all of whom were consumed by the <a href="/wiki/Naga_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Naga (mythology)">Naga</a> queen of an earlier king on the night following their election. Gopal, however managed to kill the queen and remained on the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-Biplab2005_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biplab2005-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historical evidence indicates that Gopala was not elected directly by his citizens, but by a group of feudal chieftains. Such elections were quite common in contemporary societies of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Biplab2005_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biplab2005-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gopala's ascension in 750 CE was a significant political event as several independent chiefs recognised his political authority without any struggle,<sup id="cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sailendra1999-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagchi19933,4_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagchi19933,4-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consolidating his power over the whole of Bengal including Gaur, <a href="/wiki/Varendra" title="Varendra">Varendra</a> and Banga, also extending his rule over parts of <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/R._C._Majumdar" title="R. C. Majumdar">R. C. Majumdar</a>, Gopala ruled till 770 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_expansion_and_consolidation">Imperial expansion and consolidation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pala_Empire&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Imperial expansion and consolidation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kannauj#The_Kannauj_Triangle" title="Kannauj">Kannauj § The Kannauj Triangle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Tripartite Struggle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Kanauj_triangle_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Indian_Kanauj_triangle_map.svg/220px-Indian_Kanauj_triangle_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Indian_Kanauj_triangle_map.svg/330px-Indian_Kanauj_triangle_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Indian_Kanauj_triangle_map.svg/440px-Indian_Kanauj_triangle_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1639" data-file-height="1852" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of the <a href="/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj">Kannauj</a> triangle</figcaption></figure> <p>Gopala's empire was greatly expanded by his son <a href="/wiki/Dharmapala_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmapala (emperor)">Dharmapala</a> and his grandson <a href="/wiki/Devapala_(Pala_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Devapala (Pala dynasty)">Devapala</a>. Dharmapala was initially defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara">Pratihara</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Vatsraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatsraja">Vatsaraja</a>. Later, the <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta">Rashtrakuta</a> king <a href="/wiki/Dhruva_Dharavarsha" title="Dhruva Dharavarsha">Dhruva</a> defeated both Dharmapala and Vatsaraja. After Dhruva left for the Deccan region, Dharmapala built a mighty empire in the northern India.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He defeated Indrayudha of <a href="/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj">Kannauj</a>, and installed his own nominee Chakrayudha on the throne of Kannauj. Several other smaller states in North India also acknowledged his suzerainty, as far as <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar" title="Jalandhar">Jalandhara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Brief_History_of_India_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_India-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon, his expansion was checked by Vatsaraja's son <a href="/wiki/Nagabhata_II" title="Nagabhata II">Nagabhata II</a>, who conquered Kannauj and drove away Chakrayudha. Nagabhata II then advanced up to <a href="/wiki/Munger" title="Munger">Munger</a> and defeated Dharmapala in a pitched battle. Dharmapala was forced to surrender and to seek alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta</a> emperor <a href="/wiki/Govinda_III" title="Govinda III">Govinda III</a>, who then intervened by invading northern India and defeating Nagabhata II.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sinha1977p177_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha1977p177-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rashtrakuta records show that both Chakrayudha and Dharmapala recognised the Rashtrakuta suzerainty. In practice, Dharmapala gained control over North India after Govinda III left for the Deccan. He adopted the title <i>Paramesvara Paramabhattaraka Maharajadhiraja</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sailendra1999-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dharmapala was succeeded by his son Devapala, who is regarded as the most powerful Pala Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sailendra1999-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His expeditions resulted in the invasion of <a href="/wiki/Pragjyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pragjyotisha">Pragjyotisha</a> (present-day Assam) where the king submitted without giving a fight and the <a href="/wiki/Utkala_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Utkala Kingdom">Utkala</a> (present-day Northern Odisha) whose king fled from his capital city.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inscriptions of his successors also claim several other territorial conquests by him, but these are possibly exaggerated (see the <a href="#Geography">Geography</a> section below).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sinha1977p185_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha1977p185-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His oldest son, Rajyapala predeceased him, and as so <a href="/wiki/Mahendrapala" title="Mahendrapala">Mahendrapala</a>, his next older son succeeded him. He possibly maintained his father's vast territories and carried out further campaigns against the Utkalas and the Hunas.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He passed his empire intact to his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Shurapala_I" title="Shurapala I">Shurapala I</a>, who held sway over a considerably large territory encompassing Bengal, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, proven by his Mirzapur copperplate.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Pala-Sena_and_Others_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Pala-Sena_and_Others-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What happened in Gopala II's rule, the son of Surapala I, is still unknown. After Gopala II, Dharmapala's line came to an end for reasons which are not known yet. Dharmapala's descendants, if any, were passed over as Dharmapala's younger brother, Vakapala's lineage assumed the throne. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_period_of_decline">First period of decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pala_Empire&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First period of decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly afterwards, the empire gradually started disintegrating. Vakapala's grandson and Jayapala's son, <a href="/wiki/Vigrahapala_I" title="Vigrahapala I">Vigrahapala I</a> abdicated the throne after a brief rule, and became an ascetic. Vigrahapala's son and successor <a href="/wiki/Narayanapala" title="Narayanapala">Narayanapala</a> proved to be a weak ruler. During his 54-year long reign, <a href="/wiki/Mihira_Bhoja" title="Mihira Bhoja">Mihira Bhoja</a> defeated the Palas.<sup id="cite_ref-Sen_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup> Encouraged by the Pala decline, the King Harjara of <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> assumed imperial titles.<sup id="cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sailendra1999-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Naryanapala's son <a href="/wiki/Rajyapala" title="Rajyapala">Rajyapala</a> ruled for at least 32 years, and constructed several public utilities and lofty temples.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earlier it was thought that his son <a href="/wiki/Gopala_III" title="Gopala III">Gopala III</a> lost Bengal after a few years of rule, and then ruled only Bihar. However, it has been debunked by his Bhagalpur inscription, in which he granted a Brahmin two villages in <i>Pundrabardhanabhukti </i> in Northern Bengal, signalling his control over it. His son and the next king, <a href="/wiki/Vigrahapala_II" title="Vigrahapala II">Vigrahapala II</a>, had to bear the invasions from the <a href="/wiki/Chandela" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandela">Chandelas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Tripuri" title="Kalachuris of Tripuri">Kalachuris</a>. During his reign, the Pala empire disintegrated into smaller kingdoms like Gauda, Radha, Anga and Vanga. Kantideva of <a href="/wiki/Harikela" title="Harikela">Harikela</a> (eastern and southern Bengal) also assumed the title <i>Maharajadhiraja</i>, and established a separate kingdom, later ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Chandra_dynasty" title="Chandra dynasty">Chandra dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sailendra1999-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gauda state (West and North Bengal) was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Kamboja_Pala_dynasty" title="Kamboja Pala dynasty">Kamboja Pala dynasty</a>. The rulers of this dynasty also bore names ending in the suffix -pala (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Rajyapala_Kamboja" title="Rajyapala Kamboja">Rajyapala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narayanapala_(Kamboja)" title="Narayanapala (Kamboja)">Narayanapala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naya_Pala_(Kamboja)" title="Naya Pala (Kamboja)">Nayapala</a>). However, their origin is uncertain, and the most plausible view is that they originated from a Pala official who usurped a major part of the Pala kingdom along with its capital.<sup id="cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sailendra1999-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revival_under_Mahipala_I">Revival under Mahipala I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pala_Empire&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Revival under Mahipala I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:INDIA,_Medieval._Palas._Mahipala_I_and_later._Circa_988-1161.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/INDIA%2C_Medieval._Palas._Mahipala_I_and_later._Circa_988-1161.jpg/220px-INDIA%2C_Medieval._Palas._Mahipala_I_and_later._Circa_988-1161.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/INDIA%2C_Medieval._Palas._Mahipala_I_and_later._Circa_988-1161.jpg/330px-INDIA%2C_Medieval._Palas._Mahipala_I_and_later._Circa_988-1161.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/INDIA%2C_Medieval._Palas._Mahipala_I_and_later._Circa_988-1161.jpg/440px-INDIA%2C_Medieval._Palas._Mahipala_I_and_later._Circa_988-1161.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption>Coin of the Pala Empire, <a href="/wiki/Mahipala" title="Mahipala">Mahipala</a> and later. Circa 988–1161 CE</figcaption></figure> <p>Mahipala I recovered northern and eastern Bengal within three years of ascending the throne in 978 CE. He also recovered his capital, Gauda, which had been lost to he Kambojas. He also recovered the northern part of the present-day <a href="/wiki/Burdwan_division" title="Burdwan division">Burdwan division</a>. During his reign, <a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Chola_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajendra Chola I">Rajendra Chola I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chola_Empire" title="Chola Empire">Chola Empire</a> frequently invaded Bengal from 1021 to 1023 CE to get Ganges water and in the process, succeeded to humble the rulers, acquiring considerable booty. The rulers of Bengal who were defeated by Rajendra Chola were Dharmapal, Ranasur and Govindachandra, who might have been feudatories under Mahipala I of the Pala Dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESengupta201145_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESengupta201145-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rajendra Chola I also defeated Mahipala, and obtained from the Pala king "elephants of rare strength, women and treasure".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mahipala also gained control of north and south Bihar, probably aided by the invasions of <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud of Ghazni</a>, which exhausted the strength of other rulers of North India. He may have also conquered <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a> and surrounding area, as his brothers Sthirapala and Vasantapala undertook construction and repairs of several sacred structures at Varanasi. Later, the Kalachuri king <a href="/wiki/Gangeyadeva" title="Gangeyadeva">Gangeyadeva</a> annexed Varanasi after defeating the ruler of Anga, which was probably Mahipala's son Nayapala.<sup id="cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sailendra1999-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_period_of_decline">Second period of decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pala_Empire&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Second period of decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crowned_Buddha,_Bihar,_Pala_Empire,_10th-11th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Crowned_Buddha%2C_Bihar%2C_Pala_Empire%2C_10th-11th_century.jpg/220px-Crowned_Buddha%2C_Bihar%2C_Pala_Empire%2C_10th-11th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Crowned_Buddha%2C_Bihar%2C_Pala_Empire%2C_10th-11th_century.jpg/330px-Crowned_Buddha%2C_Bihar%2C_Pala_Empire%2C_10th-11th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Crowned_Buddha%2C_Bihar%2C_Pala_Empire%2C_10th-11th_century.jpg/440px-Crowned_Buddha%2C_Bihar%2C_Pala_Empire%2C_10th-11th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Bronze crowned Buddha, Bihar, Pala Empire, 10th–11th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Nayapala, the son of Mahipala I, defeated the Kalachuri king Karna (son of Ganggeyadeva) after a long struggle. The two later signed a peace treaty at the mediation of the Buddhist scholar <a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a>. During the reign of Nayapala's son Vigrahapala III, Karna once again invaded Bengal but was defeated. The conflict ended with a peace treaty, and Vigrahapala III married Karna's daughter Yauvanasri. Vigrahapala III was later defeated by the invading <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Chalukya</a> king <a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_VI" title="Vikramaditya VI">Vikramaditya VI</a>. Vigrahapala III also faced another invasion led by the <a href="/wiki/Somava%E1%B9%83%C5%9B%C4%AB_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Somavaṃśī dynasty">Somavamsi</a> king Mahasivagupta Yayati of Orissa. Subsequently, a series of invasions considerably reduced the power of the Palas. The Varmans occupied eastern Bengal during his reign.<sup id="cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sailendra1999-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The successor and older son of Vighrahapala III by his wife Yauvanashri, Mahipala II's reign is well-documented by <a href="/wiki/Sandhyakar_Nandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandhyakar Nandi">Sandhyakar Nandi</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Ramacharitam" title="Ramacharitam">Ramacharitam</a></i>. Mahipala II imprisoned his brothers Ramapala and Surapala II, on the suspicion that they were conspiring against him. Soon afterwards, he faced a <a href="/wiki/Varendra_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Varendra Rebellion">rebellion of vassal chiefs from the Kaibarta</a> (fishermen). A chief named Divya (or Divvoka) killed him and occupied the Varendra region. The region remained under the control of his successors Rudak and Bhima. Surapala II escaped to Magadha and died after a short reign. He was succeeded by his brother Ramapala, who launched a major offensive against Divya's nephew Bhima. He was supported by his maternal uncle Mathana and cousin Sivarajadeva of the Rashtrakuta dynasty, as well as several feudatory chiefs of south Bihar and south-west Bengal. Ramapala conclusively defeated Bhima, killing him and his family in a cruel manner.<sup id="cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sailendra1999-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revival_under_Ramapala">Revival under Ramapala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pala_Empire&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Revival under Ramapala"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Avalokiteshvara_and_Scenes_from_the_Buddha%27s_Life_(a),_Maitreya_and_Scenes_from_the_Buddha%27s_Life_(b),_Two_Folios_from_a_Prajnaparamita_(The_Perfection_of_Wisdom)_LACMA_M.72.1.19a-b_(1_of_4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Avalokiteshvara_and_Scenes_from_the_Buddha%27s_Life_%28a%29%2C_Maitreya_and_Scenes_from_the_Buddha%27s_Life_%28b%29%2C_Two_Folios_from_a_Prajnaparamita_%28The_Perfection_of_Wisdom%29_LACMA_M.72.1.19a-b_%281_of_4%29.jpg/800px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Avalokiteshvara_and_Scenes_from_the_Buddha%27s_Life_%28a%29%2C_Maitreya_and_Scenes_from_the_Buddha%27s_Life_%28b%29%2C_Two_Folios_from_a_Prajnaparamita_%28The_Perfection_of_Wisdom%29_LACMA_M.72.1.19a-b_%281_of_4%29.jpg/1200px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Avalokiteshvara_and_Scenes_from_the_Buddha%27s_Life_%28a%29%2C_Maitreya_and_Scenes_from_the_Buddha%27s_Life_%28b%29%2C_Two_Folios_from_a_Prajnaparamita_%28The_Perfection_of_Wisdom%29_LACMA_M.72.1.19a-b_%281_of_4%29.jpg/1600px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="298" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a> and scenes from the Buddha's life. Folios were probably from the Pala period under <a href="/wiki/Ramapala" title="Ramapala">Ramapala</a>, considered the last great ruler of the Pala dynasty.</div></figcaption></figure> <p>After gaining control of Varendra, Ramapala tried to revive the Pala empire with some success. He ruled from a new capital at Ramavati, which remained the Pala capital until the dynasty's end. He reduced taxation, promoted cultivation and constructed public utilities. He brought <a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rarh_region" title="Rarh region">Rar</a> under his control, and forced the Varman king of east Bengal to accept his suzerainty. He also struggled with the Ganga king for control of present-day Orissa; the Gangas managed to annexe the region only after his death. Ramapala maintained friendly relations with the Chola king Kulottunga to secure support against the common enemies: the Ganas and the Chalukyas. He kept the Senas in check but lost Mithila to a <a href="/wiki/Karnats_of_Mithila" title="Karnats of Mithila">Karnat</a> chief named <a href="/wiki/Nanyadeva" title="Nanyadeva">Nanyadeva</a> who formed his own kingdom based out of Mithila. He also held back the aggressive design of the Gahadavala ruler Govindacharndra through a matrimonial alliance, by marrying off his cousin Kumaradevi to the king.<sup id="cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sailendra1999-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the region of <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a>, Vallabharāja, an adventurer from <a href="/wiki/Ratanpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratanpur">Ratanpur</a> led a campaign against the Ramapala with his base of operations in <a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a>. It has been speculated that he was aided in his campaign by <a href="/wiki/Govindachandra_(Gahadavala_dynasty)" title="Govindachandra (Gahadavala dynasty)">Govindachandra</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gahadavala_dynasty" title="Gahadavala dynasty">Gahadavala dynasty</a>. After gaining control of Bodh Gaya he converted to Buddhism and took on the new name, Devaraksita. At this point, he made peace with the Palas by marrying the daughter of Mahana Pala (uncle of Ramapala). His dynasty became known as the <a href="/wiki/Pithipatis_of_Bodh_Gaya" title="Pithipatis of Bodh Gaya">Pithipatis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Balogh2021_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balogh2021-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_decline">Final decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pala_Empire&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Final decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ramapala was the final strong Pala Emperor, although his son Kumarapala managed to keep most of his territories. After his death, a rebellion broke out in Kamarupa during his son Kumarapala's reign. The rebellion was crushed by Vaidyadeva, minister of Kumarapala. Vaidyadeva also won a naval war in southern Bengal for his liege. but after Kumarapala's death, Vaidyadeva practically created a separate kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sailendra1999-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kumarapala's son, Gopala IV ascended the throne as a child, and according to the Rajibpur copperplate inscription, his uncle Madanpala acted as his regent.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gopala IV either died in battle or was murdered by Madanapala. During Madanapala's rule, the Varmans in east Bengal declared independence, and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty">Eastern Gangas</a> renewed the conflict in Orissa. Madanapala captured Munger from the Gahadavalas, but was defeated by Vijayasena, who gained control of southern and eastern Bengal. Two rulers, named Govindapala and Palapala ruled over the Gaya district from around 1162 CE to 1200 CE, but there is no concrete evidence about their relationship to the imperial Palas. The Pala dynasty was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The descendants of the Palas, who claimed the status of Kshatriya, "almost imperceptibly merged" with the <a href="/wiki/Bengali_Kayastha" title="Bengali Kayastha">Kayastha</a> caste.<sup id="cite_ref-AlHind_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlHind-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RiseofIslam_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RiseofIslam-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pala_Empire&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vishnu_Flanked_by_His_Personified_Attributes,_early_9th_century_CE,_Pala_period,_Bihar,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Vishnu_Flanked_by_His_Personified_Attributes%2C_early_9th_century_CE%2C_Pala_period%2C_Bihar%2C_India.jpg/220px-Vishnu_Flanked_by_His_Personified_Attributes%2C_early_9th_century_CE%2C_Pala_period%2C_Bihar%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Vishnu_Flanked_by_His_Personified_Attributes%2C_early_9th_century_CE%2C_Pala_period%2C_Bihar%2C_India.jpg/330px-Vishnu_Flanked_by_His_Personified_Attributes%2C_early_9th_century_CE%2C_Pala_period%2C_Bihar%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Vishnu_Flanked_by_His_Personified_Attributes%2C_early_9th_century_CE%2C_Pala_period%2C_Bihar%2C_India.jpg/440px-Vishnu_Flanked_by_His_Personified_Attributes%2C_early_9th_century_CE%2C_Pala_period%2C_Bihar%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2524" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Vishnu Flanked by His Personified Attributes, early 9th century CE, Pala period, Bihar, India</figcaption></figure> <p>The borders of the Pala Empire kept fluctuating throughout its existence. Though the Palas conquered a vast region in North India at one time, they could not retain it for long due to constant hostility from the Gurjara-Pratiharas, the Rashtrakutas and other less powerful kings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagchi19934_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagchi19934-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No records are available about the exact boundaries of original kingdom established by Gopala, but it might have included almost all of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sailendra1999-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pala empire extended substantially under Dharmapala's rule. Apart from Bengal, he directly ruled the present-day Bihar. The kingdom of Kannauj (present-day Uttar Pradesh) was a Pala dependency at times, ruled by his nominee Chakrayudha.<sup id="cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sailendra1999-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While installing his nominee on the Kannauj throne, Dharmapala organised an imperial court. According to the Khalimpur copper plate issued by Dharmapala, this court was attended by the rulers of Bhoja (possibly <a href="/wiki/Vidarbha" title="Vidarbha">Vidarbha</a>), <a href="/wiki/Matsya_(tribe)" title="Matsya (tribe)">Matsya</a> (Jaipur region), <a href="/wiki/Madra" title="Madra">Madra</a> (East Punjab), <a href="/wiki/Kuru_(kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuru (kingdom)">Kuru</a> (Delhi region), <a href="/wiki/Yadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadu">Yadu</a> (possibly Mathura, Dwarka or Simhapura in the Punjab), <a href="/wiki/Yavana" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavana">Yavana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avanti_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avanti (India)">Avanti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> and Kira (<a href="/wiki/Kangra_Valley" title="Kangra Valley">Kangra Valley</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sinha1977p177_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinha1977p177-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These kings accepted the installation of Chakrayudha on the Kannauj throne, while "bowing down respectfully with their diadems trembling".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul193938_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul193938-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This indicates that his position as a sovereign was accepted by most rulers, although this was a loose arrangement unlike the empire of the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Mauryas</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Guptas</a>. The other rulers acknowledged the military and political supremacy of Dharmapala, but maintained their own territories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poet Soddhala of Gujarat calls Dharmapala an <i>Uttarapathasvamin</i> ("Lord of the North") for his suzerainty over North India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagchi199339–40_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagchi199339–40-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Badal_Pillar_Inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Badal_Pillar_Inscription.jpg/170px-Badal_Pillar_Inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Badal_Pillar_Inscription.jpg/255px-Badal_Pillar_Inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Badal_Pillar_Inscription.jpg/340px-Badal_Pillar_Inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3613" data-file-height="2973" /></a><figcaption>The Badal Pillar Inscription of <a href="/wiki/Narayanapala" title="Narayanapala">Narayanapala</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In Devapala's own inscription and in the inscription referring to his reign, he is credited with the subjugation of the Gurjaras, Dravidas, Utkalas, Pragjyotisas, Hunas and the Kambhojas:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Gurjaras mentioned were no doubt the Pratiharas and it is inferred that the Pratihara king was Mihir Bhoja.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The dravida king mentioned in the inscriptions was the Pandya King, Sri-Mara Sri-Vallabha.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Subjugation of Utkalas (Bhauma-Kara dynasty) naturally brought Devapala into geographical contact with the southern peninsula and it wasn't unnatural that hostilities developed between the contemporary Pala and Pandya rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pragjyotisa or Assam accepted the suzerainty of Devapala and it has been inferred that the king of Assam was either Pralambha or Harjara.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_52-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Majumdar points that Hunas were a principality in Uttarapatha (near Himalayas) and were subjugated by Devapala.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_52-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>His sons and grandson probably managed to keep the core area of the empire intact. However, the empire started disintegrating shortly after. Narayanapala lost control of Assam and Orissa. It was thought he also briefly lost control over Magadha and north Bengal, although it has now been debunked. Gopala III suffered serious reverses at the hands of the Chandra king, and ruled only from a part of northern Bengal. The Pala empire disintegrated into smaller kingdoms during the reign of Vigrahapala II. Mahipala recovered parts of Bengal, Bihar and up to Varansi. His successors lost east and south Bengal again. The last strong Pala ruler, Ramapala, gained control of Bengal, Bihar, Assam and parts of Orissa.<sup id="cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sailendra1999-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of Madanapala's death, the Pala kingdom was confined to parts of central and east Bihar along with northern Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sailendra1999-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pala_Empire&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:292px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:290px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pala Empire is located in South Asia"><img alt="Pala Empire is located in South Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/290px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/435px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/580px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a></span><div id="annotation_230x5" style="position:absolute; 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left:137px; top:107px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Chandelas_of_Jejakabhukti" title="Chandelas of Jejakabhukti"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>BUNDELKHAND</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_147x120" style="position:absolute; left:147px; top:120px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Tripuri" title="Kalachuris of Tripuri"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>DAHALA</b></span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_170x140" style="position:absolute; left:170px; top:140px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Somavamshi_dynasty" title="Somavamshi dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>SOMAVAMSHIS</b></span></a></span></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.866%;left:64.156%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>KALINGAS</b></span></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:23.858%;left:52.468%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Guge" title="Guge"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF"><b>GUGE</b></span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" title="File:South Asia non political, with rivers.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Main South Asian polities in 1000 CE, on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghaznavid Empire">Ghaznavid</a> invasions of the subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>The Pala rule was monarchial. The king was the centre of all power. Pala kings would adopt imperial titles like <i>Parameshwara</i>, <i>Paramvattaraka</i>, <i>Maharajadhiraja</i>. Pala kings appointed Prime Ministers. The <b>Line of Garga</b> served as the Prime Ministers of the Palas for 100 years. </p> <ul><li>Garga</li> <li>Darvapani (or Darbhapani)</li> <li>Someshwar</li> <li>Kedarmisra</li> <li>Bhatta Guravmisra</li></ul> <p>Pala Empire was divided into separate <i>Bhukti</i>s (Provinces). Bhuktis were divided into <i><a href="/wiki/Vishaya" title="Vishaya">Vishaya</a></i>s (Divisions) and <i>Mandala</i>s (Districts). Smaller units were <i>Khandala</i>, <i>Bhaga</i>, <i>Avritti</i>, <i>Chaturaka</i>, and Pattaka. Administration covered widespread area from the grass root level to the imperial court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1939122–124_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1939122–124-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pala copperplates mention following administrative posts:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1939111–122_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1939111–122-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><i>Raja</i></li> <li><i>Rajanyaka</i></li> <li><i>Ranaka</i> (possibly subordinate chiefs)</li> <li><i>Samanta</i> and <i>Mahasamanta</i> (Vassal kings)</li> <li><i>Mahasandhi-vigrahika</i> (Foreign minister)</li> <li><i>Duta</i> (Head Ambassador)</li> <li><i>Rajasthaniya</i> (Deputy)</li> <li><i>Aggaraksa</i> (Chief guard)</li> <li><i>Sasthadhikrta</i> (Tax collector)</li> <li><i>Chauroddharanika</i> (Police tax)</li> <li><i>Shaulkaka</i> (Trade tax)</li> <li><i>Dashaparadhika</i> (Collector of penalties)</li> <li><i>Tarika</i> (Toll collector for river crossings)</li> <li><i>Mahaksapatalika</i> (Accountant)</li> <li><i>Jyesthakayastha</i> (Dealing documents)</li> <li><i>Ksetrapa</i> (Head of land use division) and <i>Pramatr</i> (Head of land measurements)</li> <li><i>Mahadandanayaka</i> or <i>Dharmadhikara</i> (Chief justice)</li> <li><i>Mahapratihara</i></li> <li><i>Dandika</i></li> <li><i>Dandapashika</i></li> <li><i>Dandashakti</i> (Police forces)</li> <li><i>Khola</i> (Secret service).</li> <li>Agricultural posts like <i>Gavadhakshya</i> (Head of dairy farms)</li> <li><i>Chhagadhyakshya</i> (Head of goat farms)</li> <li><i>Meshadyakshya</i> (Head of sheep farms)</li> <li><i>Mahishadyakshya</i> (Head of Buffalo farms) and many other like <i>Vogpati</i></li> <li><i>Vishayapati</i></li> <li><i>Shashtadhikruta</i></li> <li><i>Dauhshashadhanika</i></li> <li><i>Nakadhyakshya</i></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pala_Empire&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pala_Empire&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nalanda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Nalanda.jpg/220px-Nalanda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Nalanda.jpg/330px-Nalanda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Nalanda.jpg/440px-Nalanda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2209" data-file-height="1571" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a> is considered one of the first great Buddhist Mahaviras in recorded history. It reached its height under Palas.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atisha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Atisha.jpg/220px-Atisha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Atisha.jpg/330px-Atisha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Atisha.jpg/440px-Atisha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2694" data-file-height="3722" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Atisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Atisha">Atisha</a> was a Buddhist teacher who helped establish the <a href="/wiki/Sarma_(Tibetan_Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarma (Tibetan Buddhism)">Sarma</a> lineages of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pala_Empire&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Palas were patrons of <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a>. A few sources written much after Gopala's death mention him as a Buddhist, but it is not known if this is true.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntington198439_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntington198439-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subsequent Pala kings were definitely Buddhists.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Dharmapala made the Buddhist philosopher <a href="/wiki/Haribhadra_(Buddhist_philosopher)" title="Haribhadra (Buddhist philosopher)">Haribhadra</a> his spiritual preceptor. He established the <a href="/wiki/Vikramashila" title="Vikramashila">Vikramashila</a> monastery and the <a href="/wiki/Somapura_Mahavihara" title="Somapura Mahavihara">Somapura Mahavihara</a>. Taranatha also credits him with establishing 50 religious institutions and patronising the Buddhist author Haribhadra. Devapala restored and enlarged the structures at Somapura Mahavihara, which also features several themes from the epics <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>. Mahipala I also ordered construction and repairs of several sacred structures at Saranath, Nalanda and Bodh Gaya.<sup id="cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sailendra1999-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Mahipala geet</i> ("songs of Mahipala"), a set of folk songs about him, are still popular in the rural areas of Bengal. </p><p>The Palas developed the Buddhist centres of learnings, such as the Vikramashila and the <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a> universities. Nalanda, considered one of the first great universities in recorded history, reached its height under the patronage of the Palas. Noted Buddhist scholars from the Pala period include <a href="/wiki/Atisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Atisha">Atisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santaraksita" class="mw-redirect" title="Santaraksita">Santaraksita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tilopa" title="Tilopa">Tilopa</a>, Bimalamitra, Dansheel, Dansree, Jinamitra, Jnanasrimitra, Manjughosh, Muktimitra, Padmanava, Sambhogabajra, Shantarakshit, Silabhadra, Sugatasree and Virachan. </p><p>As the rulers of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>'s land, the Palas acquired great reputation in the Buddhist world. Balaputradeva, the Sailendra king of Java, sent an ambassador to him, asking for a grant of five villages for the construction of a monastery at Nalanda.<sup id="cite_ref-PNChopra2003_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNChopra2003-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The request was granted by Devapala. He appointed the Brahmin Viradeva (of <a href="/wiki/Nagarahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagarahara">Nagarahara</a>, present-day Jalalabad) as the head of the Nalanda monastery. The Buddhist poet Vajradatta (the author of Lokesvarashataka), was in his court.<sup id="cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sailendra1999-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Buddhist scholars from the Pala empire travelled from Bengal to other regions to propagate Buddhism. Atisha, for example, preached in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, and is seen as one of the major figures in the spread of 11th-century Mahayana Buddhism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shaivism">Shaivism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pala_Empire&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Shaivism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Palas continued to patronise <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>, and epigraphic evidence suggests that Mahipala I and Nayapala were initiated as Shaivites by their royal preceptors. Vigrahapala III's Amagachi inscription describes him as "devoted to Śiva worship", and this tradition continued under his successor Ramapala. Poet <a href="/wiki/Sandhyakar_Nandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandhyakar Nandi">Sandhyakar Nandi</a> describes Ramapala's son Madanapala as a devotee of Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-AS_2009_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS_2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Palas supported the <a href="/wiki/Saiva" title="Saiva">Saiva</a> ascetics, typically the ones associated with the Golagi-Math.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagchi199319_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagchi199319-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides the images of the Buddhist deities, the images of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Siva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarasvati" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarasvati">Sarasvati</a> were also constructed during the Pala dynasty rule.<sup id="cite_ref-KC1987_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KC1987-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Devapala built a temple dedicated to Shiva's consort, and Mahipala patronised a Shaivite monastery. A 1026 CE inscription recording renovations of Buddhist structures at Sarnath by Pala princes states that Mahipala I had them built "hundreds" of temples of Shiva, Chitraghanta, and other deities in Varanasi.<sup id="cite_ref-AS_2009_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS_2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Narayanapala's Bhagalpur inscription suggests that he built several Shiva temples, and records his grant of a village to <a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupatas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AS_2009_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS_2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Narayanapala also attended a sacrifice by his Brahmin minister.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagchi1993100_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagchi1993100-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nayapala's Siyan inscription suggests that he built several temples dedicated to Shiva and his various aspects (such as <a href="/wiki/Bhairava" title="Bhairava">Bhairava</a>), plus temples dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Nine Durgas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Mother Goddess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>. Despite this, it is unlikely that Nayapala had rejected Buddhist teachings, since Taranatha states that he had a Buddhist preceptor.<sup id="cite_ref-AS_2009_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS_2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Madanapala's queen Chitramatika, gifted land to a <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">brahmana</a> named Vateshvara-svami Sharma as his remuneration for reciting the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pala_Empire&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Palas patronised several <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> scholars, some of whom were their officials. The <i>Gauda riti</i> style of composition was developed during the Pala rule. Many <a href="/wiki/Tantric_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantric Buddhism">Buddhist Tantric</a> works were authored and translated during the Pala rule. Besides the Buddhist scholars mentioned in the Religion section above, <a href="/wiki/Jimutavahana" title="Jimutavahana">Jimutavahana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandhyakar_Nandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandhyakar Nandi">Sandhyakar Nandi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhava-kara" title="Madhava-kara">Madhava-kara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suresvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Suresvara">Suresvara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chakrapani_Datta" title="Chakrapani Datta">Chakrapani Datta</a> are some of the other notable scholars from the Pala period.<sup id="cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sailendra1999-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The notable Pala texts on philosophy include <i>Agama Shastra</i> by Gaudapada, <i>Nyaya Kundali</i> by Sridhar Bhatta and <i>Karmanushthan Paddhati</i> by Bhatta Bhavadeva. The texts on medicine include </p> <ul><li><i>Chikitsa Samgraha</i>, <i>Ayurveda Dipika</i>, <i>Bhanumati</i>, <i>Shabda Chandrika</i> and <i>Dravya Gunasangraha</i> by <a href="/wiki/Chakrapani_Datta" title="Chakrapani Datta">Chakrapani Datta</a></li> <li><i>Shabda-Pradipa</i>, <i>Vrikkhayurveda</i> and <i>Lohpaddhati</i> by Sureshwara</li> <li><i>Chikitsa Sarsamgraha</i> by Vangasena</li> <li><i>Sushrata</i> by Gadadhara Vaidya</li> <li><i>Dayabhaga</i>, <i>Vyavohara Matrika</i> and <i>Kalaviveka</i> by Jimutavahana</li></ul> <p>Sandhyakar Nandi's semi-fictional epic <i><a href="/wiki/Ramacharitam" title="Ramacharitam">Ramacharitam</a></i> (12th century) is an important source of Pala history. </p><p>A form of the proto-<a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a> can be seen in the <i><a href="/wiki/Charyapada" title="Charyapada">Charyapada</a></i>s composed during the Pala rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sailendra1999-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_architecture">Art and architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pala_Empire&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Art and architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khasarpana_Lokesvara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Khasarpana_Lokesvara.jpg/220px-Khasarpana_Lokesvara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Khasarpana_Lokesvara.jpg/330px-Khasarpana_Lokesvara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Khasarpana_Lokesvara.jpg/440px-Khasarpana_Lokesvara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1027" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>Sculpture of Khasarpana Lokesvara from Nalanda</figcaption></figure> <p>The Pala school of sculptural art is recognised as a distinct phase of the Indian art, and is noted for the artistic genius of the Bengal sculptors.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_art" title="Gupta art">Gupta art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mehta1981_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehta1981-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pala style was inherited and continued to develop under the <a href="/wiki/Sena_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sena Empire">Sena Empire</a>. During this time, the style of sculpture changed from "Post-Gupta" to a distinctive style that was widely influential in other areas and later centuries. Deity figures became more rigid in posture, very often standing with straight legs close together, and figures were often heavily loaded with jewellery; they very often have multiple arms, a convention allowing them to hold many attributes and display <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudras</a>. The typical form for temple images is a slab with a main figure, rather over half life-size, in very high relief, surrounded by smaller attendant figures, who might have freer <a href="/wiki/Tribhanga" title="Tribhanga">tribhanga</a> poses. Critics have found the style tending towards over-elaboration. The quality of the carving is generally very high, with crisp, precise detail. In east India, facial features tend to become sharp.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much larger numbers of smaller bronze groups of similar composition have survived than from previous periods. Probably the numbers produced were increasing. These were mostly made for domestic shrines of the well-off, and from monasteries. Gradually, Hindu figures come to outnumber Buddhist ones, reflecting the terminal decline of Indian Buddhism, even in east India, its last stronghold.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lalita_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A basalt statue of Lalita flanked by Gaṇeśa and Kārttikeya"><img alt="A basalt statue of Lalita flanked by Gaṇeśa and Kārttikeya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Lalita_statue.jpg/68px-Lalita_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Lalita_statue.jpg/101px-Lalita_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Lalita_statue.jpg/135px-Lalita_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1916" data-file-height="3392" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A basalt statue of <a href="/wiki/Tripura_Sundari" title="Tripura Sundari">Lalita</a> flanked by <a href="/wiki/Ga%E1%B9%87e%C5%9Ba" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaṇeśa">Gaṇeśa</a> and <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81rttikeya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kārttikeya">Kārttikeya</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carved_Conch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carved shankhas"><img alt="Carved shankhas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Carved_Conch.jpg/86px-Carved_Conch.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Carved_Conch.jpg/128px-Carved_Conch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Carved_Conch.jpg/171px-Carved_Conch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Carved <a href="/wiki/Shankha" title="Shankha">shankhas</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nswag,_india_bengala_occidentale,_periodo_pala_(760-1142)_varana_che_libera_la_dea_della_terra_bhudevi,_X_sec..JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sculpture of Varaha avatar of Lord Vishnu"><img alt="Sculpture of Varaha avatar of Lord Vishnu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Nswag%2C_india_bengala_occidentale%2C_periodo_pala_%28760-1142%29_varana_che_libera_la_dea_della_terra_bhudevi%2C_X_sec..JPG/67px-Nswag%2C_india_bengala_occidentale%2C_periodo_pala_%28760-1142%29_varana_che_libera_la_dea_della_terra_bhudevi%2C_X_sec..JPG" decoding="async" width="67" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Nswag%2C_india_bengala_occidentale%2C_periodo_pala_%28760-1142%29_varana_che_libera_la_dea_della_terra_bhudevi%2C_X_sec..JPG/101px-Nswag%2C_india_bengala_occidentale%2C_periodo_pala_%28760-1142%29_varana_che_libera_la_dea_della_terra_bhudevi%2C_X_sec..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Nswag%2C_india_bengala_occidentale%2C_periodo_pala_%28760-1142%29_varana_che_libera_la_dea_della_terra_bhudevi%2C_X_sec..JPG/134px-Nswag%2C_india_bengala_occidentale%2C_periodo_pala_%28760-1142%29_varana_che_libera_la_dea_della_terra_bhudevi%2C_X_sec..JPG 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="2013" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sculpture of <a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a> avatar of Lord <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Standing_Rishabhanatha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jina Rishabhanatha"><img alt="Jina Rishabhanatha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Standing_Rishabhanatha.jpg/53px-Standing_Rishabhanatha.jpg" decoding="async" width="53" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Standing_Rishabhanatha.jpg/80px-Standing_Rishabhanatha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Standing_Rishabhanatha.jpg/107px-Standing_Rishabhanatha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1585" data-file-height="3551" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Jina</a> <a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabhanatha</a></div> </li> </ul> <p>As noted earlier, the Palas built a number of monasteries and other sacred structures. The <a href="/wiki/Somapura_Mahavihara" title="Somapura Mahavihara">Somapura Mahavihara</a> in present-day Bangladesh is a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. It is a monastery with a 21-acre (8.5 ha) complex with 177 cells, numerous stupas, temples and a number of other ancillary buildings. The gigantic structures of other Viharas, including Vikramashila, Odantapuri, and Jagaddala are the other masterpieces of the Palas. These mammoth structures were mistaken by the forces of <a href="/wiki/Bakhtiyar_Khalji" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakhtiyar Khalji">Bakhtiyar Khalji</a> as fortified castles and were demolished.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The art of Bihar and Bengal during the Pala and Sena dynasties influenced the art of Nepal, Burma, Sri Lanka and Java.<sup id="cite_ref-Stella1994_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stella1994-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_22.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Somapura Mahavihara, a World Heritage Site, was built by Dharmapala"><img alt="Somapura Mahavihara, a World Heritage Site, was built by Dharmapala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_22.jpg/120px-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_22.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_22.jpg/180px-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_22.jpg/240px-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5232" data-file-height="3472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Somapura_Mahavihara" title="Somapura Mahavihara">Somapura Mahavihara</a>, a World Heritage Site, was built by Dharmapala</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Sherine_deccor-Paharpur.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Central shrine decor at Somapura"><img alt="Central shrine decor at Somapura" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Central_Sherine_deccor-Paharpur.jpg/120px-Central_Sherine_deccor-Paharpur.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Central_Sherine_deccor-Paharpur.jpg/180px-Central_Sherine_deccor-Paharpur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Central_Sherine_deccor-Paharpur.jpg/240px-Central_Sherine_deccor-Paharpur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Central shrine decor at Somapura</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vikramshila_2012-08-10-17.48.39.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruins of Vikramashila"><img alt="Ruins of Vikramashila" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Vikramshila_2012-08-10-17.48.39.jpg/120px-Vikramshila_2012-08-10-17.48.39.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Vikramshila_2012-08-10-17.48.39.jpg/180px-Vikramshila_2012-08-10-17.48.39.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Vikramshila_2012-08-10-17.48.39.jpg/240px-Vikramshila_2012-08-10-17.48.39.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ruins of <a href="/wiki/Vikramashila" title="Vikramashila">Vikramashila</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_Pala_rulers">List of Pala rulers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pala_Empire&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: List of Pala rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Pala_emperors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Pala emperors (page does not exist)">List of Pala emperors</a></div> <p>Most of the Pala inscriptions mention only the regnal year as the date of issue, without any well-known <a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">calendar era</a>. Because of this, the chronology of the Pala kings is hard to determine.<sup id="cite_ref-DKGanguly_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DKGanguly-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on their different interpretations of the various epigraphs and historical records, different historians estimate the Pala chronology as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-Susan1984_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susan1984-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ramesh_Chandra_Majumdar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramesh Chandra Majumdar">RC Majumdar</a> (1971)<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>AM Chowdhury (1967)<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bindeshwari_Prasad_Sinha" title="Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha">BP Sinha</a> (1977)<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Page 253 is in the middle of the bibliography, and contains no list of rulers or dates. (February 2020)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dineshchandra_Sircar" title="Dineshchandra Sircar">DC Sircar</a> (1975–76)<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>D. K. Ganguly (1994)<sup id="cite_ref-DKGanguly_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DKGanguly-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gopala_(Pala_king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gopala (Pala king)">Gopala I</a> </td> <td>750–770 </td> <td>756–781 </td> <td>755–783 </td> <td>750–775 </td> <td>750–774 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dharmapala_of_Bengal" title="Dharmapala of Bengal">Dharmapala</a> </td> <td>770–810 </td> <td>781–821 </td> <td>783–820 </td> <td>775–812 </td> <td>774–806 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Devapala_(Pala_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Devapala (Pala dynasty)">Devapala</a> </td> <td>810–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 850</span> </td> <td>821–861 </td> <td>820–860 </td> <td>812–850 </td> <td>806–845 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mahendrapala" title="Mahendrapala">Mahendrapala</a> </td> <td colspan="4">NA (Mahendrapala's existence was conclusively established through a copper-plate charter discovered later.) </td> <td>845–860 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shurapala_I" title="Shurapala I">Shurapala I</a> </td> <td colspan="3">Deemed to be alternate name of Vigrahapala I </td> <td>850–858 </td> <td>860–872 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gopala_II" title="Gopala II">Gopala II</a> </td> <td colspan="5">NA (copper-plate charter discovered in 1995. Text of inscription published in 2009.) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vigrahapala_I_(Pala_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vigrahapala I (Pala dynasty)">Vigrahapala I</a> </td> <td>850–853 </td> <td>861–866 </td> <td>860–865 </td> <td>858–60 </td> <td>872–873 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Narayan_Pala" class="mw-redirect" title="Narayan Pala">Narayanapala</a> </td> <td>854–908 </td> <td>866–920 </td> <td>865–920 </td> <td>860–917 </td> <td>873–927 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajyapala" title="Rajyapala">Rajyapala</a> </td> <td>908–940 </td> <td>920–952 </td> <td>920–952 </td> <td>917–952 </td> <td>927–959 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gopala_III" title="Gopala III">Gopala III</a> </td> <td>940–957 </td> <td>952–969 </td> <td>952–967 </td> <td>952–972 </td> <td>959–976 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vigrahapala_II" title="Vigrahapala II">Vigrahapala II</a> </td> <td>960–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 986</span> </td> <td>969–995 </td> <td>967–980 </td> <td>972–977 </td> <td>976–977 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mahipala" title="Mahipala">Mahipala I</a> </td> <td>988–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1036</span> </td> <td>995–1043 </td> <td>980–1035 </td> <td>977–1027 </td> <td>977–1027 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Naya_Pala" class="mw-redirect" title="Naya Pala">Nayapala</a> </td> <td>1038–1053 </td> <td>1043–1058 </td> <td>1035–1050 </td> <td>1027–1043 </td> <td>1027–1043 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vigrahapala_III" title="Vigrahapala III">Vigrahapala III</a> </td> <td>1054–1072 </td> <td>1058–1075 </td> <td>1050–1076 </td> <td>1043–1070 </td> <td>1043–1070 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mahipala_II" title="Mahipala II">Mahipala II</a> </td> <td>1072–1075 </td> <td>1075–1080 </td> <td rowspan="2">1076–1078/9 </td> <td>1070–1071 </td> <td>1070–1071 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shurapala_II" title="Shurapala II">Shurapala II</a> </td> <td>1075–1077 </td> <td>1080–1082 </td> <td>1071–1072 </td> <td>1071–1072 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ramapala" title="Ramapala">Ramapala</a> </td> <td>1077–1130 </td> <td>1082–1124 </td> <td>1078/9–1132 </td> <td>1072–1126 </td> <td>1072–1126 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kumarapala_(Pala_king)" title="Kumarapala (Pala king)">Kumarapala</a> </td> <td>1130–1140 </td> <td>1124–1129 </td> <td>1132–1136 </td> <td>1126–1128 </td> <td>1126–1128 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gopala_IV" title="Gopala IV">Gopala IV</a> </td> <td>1140–1144 </td> <td>1129–1143 </td> <td>1136–1144 </td> <td>1128–1143 </td> <td>1128–1143 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Madanapala_(Pala_dynasty)" title="Madanapala (Pala dynasty)">Madanapala</a> </td> <td>1144–1162 </td> <td>1143–1162 </td> <td>1144–1161/62 </td> <td>1143–1161 </td> <td>1143–1161 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Govindapala" title="Govindapala">Govindapala</a> </td> <td>1158–1162 </td> <td>NA </td> <td>1162–1176 or 1158–1162 </td> <td>1161–1165 </td> <td>1161–1165 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Palapala </td> <td>NA </td> <td>NA </td> <td>NA </td> <td>1165–1199 </td> <td>1165–1200 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_tree">Family tree</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pala_Empire&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Family tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Pala_emperors&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Pala emperors (page does not exist)">List of Pala emperors</a></div> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:100%; width:100%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:100%">Pala dynasty </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto; font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Gopala_I" title="Gopala I">Gopala I</a></b><br /> <sup>(1)</sup><br /><small>r. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 750-774</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Dharmapala_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmapala (emperor)">Dharmapala</a></b><br /><sup>(2)</sup><br /><small>r. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 774-806</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Vakapala</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Devapala_(Pala_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Devapala (Pala dynasty)">Devapala</a></b><br /><sup>(3)</sup><br /><small>r. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 806-845</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Jayapala</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Mahendrapala" title="Mahendrapala">Mahendrapala</a></b><br /><sup>(4)</sup><br /><small>r. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 845-860</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Shurapala_I" title="Shurapala I">Shurapala I</a></b><br /><sup>(5)</sup><br /><small>r. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 860-872</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Vigrahapala_I" title="Vigrahapala I">Vigrahapala I</a></b><br /><sup>(7)</sup><br /><small>r. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 872-873</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Gopala_II" title="Gopala II">Gopala II</a></b><br /><sup>(6)</sup><br /><small>r. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> after 872</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Narayanapala" title="Narayanapala">Narayanapala</a></b><br /><sup>(8)</sup><br /><small>r. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 873-927</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Rajyapala" title="Rajyapala">Rajyapala</a></b><br /><sup>(9)</sup><br /><small>r. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 927-959</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Gopala_III" title="Gopala III">Gopala III</a></b><br /><sup>(10)</sup><br /><small>r. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 959-966</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Vigrahapala_II" title="Vigrahapala II">Vigrahapala II</a></b><br /><sup>(11)</sup><br /><small>r. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 966-977</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Mahipala" title="Mahipala">Mahipala</a></b><br /><sup>(12)</sup><br /><small>r. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 977-1027</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Nayapala" title="Nayapala">Nayapala</a></b><br /><sup>(13)</sup><br /><small>r. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1027-1043</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Vigrahapala_III" title="Vigrahapala III">Vigrahapala III</a></b><br /><sup>(14)</sup><br /><small>r. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1043-1070</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Mahipala_II" title="Mahipala II">Mahipala II</a></b><br /><sup>(15)</sup><br /><small>r. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1070-1076</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Shurapala_II" title="Shurapala II">Shurapala II</a></b><br /><sup>(16)</sup><br /><small>r. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1076-1078</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Ramapala" title="Ramapala">Ramapala</a></b><br /><sup>(17)</sup><br /><small>r. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1078-1126</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Kumarapala_(Pala_king)" title="Kumarapala (Pala king)">Kumarapala</a></b><br /><sup>(18)</sup><br /><small>r. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1126-1128</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Madanapala_(Pala_dynasty)" title="Madanapala (Pala dynasty)">Madanapala</a></b><br /><sup>(20)</sup><br /><small>r. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1143-1161</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Gopala_IV" title="Gopala IV">Gopala IV</a></b><br /><sup>(19)</sup><br /><small>r. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1128-1143</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-color:#FFD700"><b><a href="/wiki/Govindapala" title="Govindapala">Govindapala</a></b><br /><sup>(21)</sup><br /><small>r. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1161-1165</small></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Note:<sup id="cite_ref-Susan1984_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susan1984-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Earlier historians believed that <a href="/wiki/Vigrahapala_I_(Pala_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vigrahapala I (Pala dynasty)">Vigrahapala</a> I and Shurapala I were the two names of the same person. Now, it is known that these two were cousins; they either ruled simultaneously (perhaps over different territories) or in rapid succession.</li> <li>AM Chowdhury rejects Govindapala and his successor Palapala as the members of the imperial Pala dynasty.</li> <li>According to BP Sinha, the Gaya inscription can be read as either the "14th year of Govindapala's reign" or "14th year after Govindapala's reign". Thus, two sets of dates are possible.</li> <li>D.K. Ganguly mentions another ruler named Indradumnyapala, who is solely known from local tradition. There is no source of his existence yet.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A king, Bhimapala also finds a mention in the <i>Sabdapradipa</i>. Rajat Sanyal argues that if Govindapala and Palapala are indeed accepted as Pala kings, Bhimapala also should be, provided that he was chronologically close to Ramapala according to the wording of the text. However, both need more historical evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Pala-Sena_and_Others_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Pala-Sena_and_Others-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A king named Gomindrapala finds mention in a manuscript, dated his fourth regnal year. R.C. Majumdar identifies him with Govindapala, while S.K. Saraswati suggests he is a later Pala king.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pala_Empire&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border:none"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pala Empire is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Pala Empire is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span><div style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Pala_Empire_in_Asia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Map_of_the_Pala_Empire_in_Asia.png/300px-Map_of_the_Pala_Empire_in_Asia.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Map_of_the_Pala_Empire_in_Asia.png/450px-Map_of_the_Pala_Empire_in_Asia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Map_of_the_Pala_Empire_in_Asia.png/600px-Map_of_the_Pala_Empire_in_Asia.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span></div><div id="annotation_117x106" style="position:absolute; 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left:3px; top:70px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:rgba(79,49,28,0.95)">BYZANTINE<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_73x50" style="position:absolute; left:73px; top:50px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Yabgu_State" title="Oghuz Yabgu State"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:rgba(79,49,28,0.95)">OGHUZ-<br />YABGUS</span></a></span></div><div id="annotation_155x80" style="position:absolute; left:155px; top:80px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:rgba(79,49,28,0.95)">TIBETAN<br />EMPIRE</span></a></span></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" title="File:Map Asia physical (continental).png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>The Pala Empire and contemporary polities <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>.</div></div></div> <p>The highest military officer in the Pala empire was the <i>Mahasenapati</i> (commander-in-chief). The Palas recruited <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenary</a> soldiers from a number of kingdoms, including <a href="/wiki/Malava" class="mw-redirect" title="Malava">Malava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khasa_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasa kingdom">Khasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huna_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Huna Kingdom">Huna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kulika" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulika">Kulika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mithila_(region)" title="Mithila (region)">Mithila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Kanrata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lata_(region)" title="Lata (region)">Lata</a>, Odra and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manahali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manahali (page does not exist)">Manahali</a>. According to the contemporary accounts, the Rashtrakutas had the best infantry, the Gurjara-Pratiharas had the finest cavalry and the Palas had the largest elephant force. The Arab merchant Sulaiman states that the Palas had an army bigger than those of the Balhara (possibly the Rashtrakutas) and the king of Jurz (possibly the Gurjara-Pratiharas). He also states that the Pala army employed 10,000–15,000 men for fuelling and washing clothes. He further claims that during the battles, the Pala king would lead 50,000 <a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">war elephants</a>. Sulaiman's accounts seem to be based on exaggerated reports; <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> mentions the number of elephants as 5,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1939139–143_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1939139–143-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sensharma_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sensharma-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since Bengal did not have a good native breed of horses, the Palas imported their cavalry horses from the foreigners, including the Kambojas. They also had a navy, used for both mercantile and defence purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-Sensharma_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sensharma-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pala_Empire&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding-bottom:0.5em; font-size:130%;"><a href="/wiki/South_Asia#History" title="South Asia">History of South Asia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_(orthographic_projection)_without_national_boundaries.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="South Asia (orthographic projection)"><img alt="South Asia (orthographic projection)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/150px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/225px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg/300px-South_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29_without_national_boundaries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_South_Asian_history" title="Outline of South Asian history">Outline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Palaeolithic</a> <span class="nobold">(2,500,000–250,000 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Madrasian_culture" title="Madrasian culture">Madrasian culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">Neolithic</a> <span class="nobold">(10,800–3300 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bhirrana" title="Bhirrana">Bhirrana culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (7570–6200 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (7000–3300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Edakkal_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Edakkal Caves">Edakkal culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (5000–3000 BC)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> <span class="nobold">(3500–1500 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Anarta_tradition" title="Anarta tradition">Anarta tradition</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3950</span>–1900 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ahar%E2%80%93Banas_culture" title="Ahar–Banas culture">Ahar-Banas culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (3000–1500 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pandu_culture" title="Pandu culture">Pandu culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1600–750 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malwa_culture" title="Malwa culture">Malwa culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1600–1300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jorwe_culture" title="Jorwe culture">Jorwe culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1400–700 BC)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">Bronze Age</a> <span class="nobold">(3300–1300 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(3300–1300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Early_Harappan" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Early Harappan culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(3300–2600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Mature_Harappan" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Mature Harappan culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(2600–1900 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_H_culture" title="Cemetery H culture">Late Harappan culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1900–1300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic Civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(2000–500 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Ochre_Coloured_Pottery_culture" title="Ochre Coloured Pottery culture">Ochre Coloured Pottery culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(2000–1600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Gandhara_grave_culture" title="Gandhara grave culture">Swat culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1600–500 BC)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_India" title="Iron Age in India">Iron Age</a> <span class="nobold">(1500–200 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic Civilisation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1500–500 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Janapada" title="Janapada">Janapadas</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1500–600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Black_and_red_ware" title="Black and red ware">Black and Red ware culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">(1300–1000 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Painted_Grey_Ware_culture" title="Painted Grey Ware culture">Painted Grey Ware culture</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1200–600 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Ware" title="Northern Black Polished Ware">Northern Black Polished Ware</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (700–200 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pradyota_dynasty" title="Pradyota dynasty">Pradyota dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (799–684 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Haryanka_dynasty" title="Haryanka dynasty">Haryanka dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (684–424 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Three_Crowned_Kings" title="Three Crowned Kings">Three Crowned Kingdoms</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600 BC</span> – AD 1600)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Maha Janapadas</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600</span>–300 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (550–330 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Ror Dynasty</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (450 BC – AD 489)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_dynasty" title="Shaishunaga dynasty">Shaishunaga dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (424–345 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (380–321 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Empire">Macedonian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (330–323 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (321–184 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (312–303 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 AD</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – AD 1345)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – AD 1102)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span> – AD 1279)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250 AD</span> – AD 800)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mahameghavahana_dynasty" title="Mahameghavahana dynasty">Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250 BC</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 500</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (247 BC – AD 224)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle Kingdoms</a> <span class="nobold">(230 BC – AD 1206)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (230 BC – AD 220)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kuninda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuninda Kingdom">Kuninda Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (200 BC – AD 300)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mitra_dynasty_(Mathura)" title="Mitra dynasty (Mathura)">Mitra Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 150</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 50 BC</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (185–73 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (180 BC – AD 10)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (75–26 BC)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Scythians" title="Indo-Scythians">Indo-Scythian Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (50 BC – AD 400)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (AD 21 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 130</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Satraps" title="Western Satraps">Western Satrap Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (AD 35–405 )</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (AD 60–240)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nagas_of_Padmavati" title="Nagas of Padmavati">Bharshiva Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (170–350)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nagas_of_Padmavati" title="Nagas of Padmavati">Nagas of Padmavati</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (210–340)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (224–651)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kushano-Sasanian_Kingdom" title="Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom">Indo-Sassanid Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (230–360)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vakataka_dynasty" title="Vakataka dynasty">Vakataka Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalabhra_dynasty" title="Kalabhra dynasty">Kalabhras Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 250</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (280–550)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadamba Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (345–525)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Western Ganga Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (350–1000)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">Kamarupa Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (350–1100)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vishnukundina_dynasty" title="Vishnukundina dynasty">Vishnukundina Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (420–624)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maitraka_dynasty" title="Maitraka dynasty">Maitraka Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (475–767)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Huna_people" title="Huna people">Huna Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (475–576)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rai_dynasty" title="Rai dynasty">Rai Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (489–632)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hindu_Shahis" title="Hindu Shahis">Kabul Shahi Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span> – 1026)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (543–753)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maukhari_dynasty" title="Maukhari dynasty">Maukhari Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 700</span>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Harsha" title="Harsha">Harsha Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (606–647)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (618–841)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Chalukyas" title="Eastern Chalukyas">Eastern Chalukya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (624–1075)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (632–661)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gurjara-Pratihara_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty">Gurjara-Pratihara Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (650–1036)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (661–750)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mallabhum_kingdom" title="Mallabhum kingdom">Mallabhum kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (694–1947)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bhauma-Kara_dynasty" title="Bhauma-Kara dynasty">Bhauma-Kara Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (736–916)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pala Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (750–1174)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rashtrakuta Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (753–982)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Paramara_dynasty" title="Paramara dynasty">Paramara Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (800–1327)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Seuna_(Yadava)_dynasty" title="Seuna (Yadava) dynasty">Yadava Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (850–1334)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Somavamshi_dynasty" title="Somavamshi dynasty">Somavamshi Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (882–1110)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chaulukya_dynasty" title="Chaulukya dynasty">Chaulukya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (942–1244)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western Chalukya Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (973–1189)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Lohara_dynasty" title="Lohara dynasty">Lohara Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1003–1320)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysala Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1040–1347)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1070–1230)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty">Eastern Ganga Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1078–1434)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1083–1323)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1102–1766)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Tripuri" title="Kalachuris of Tripuri">Kalachuris of Tripuri</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (675–1210)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Kalyani" title="Kalachuris of Kalyani">Kalachuris of Kalyani</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1156–1184)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Chutia_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chutia Kingdom">Chutiya Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1187–1673)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Deva_dynasty" title="Deva dynasty">Deva Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1300</span>)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Late medieval period</a> <span class="nobold">(1206–1526)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (977–1186)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid Dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1170–1206)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1206–1526)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1206–1290)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1290–1320)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1320–1414)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1414–1451)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1451–1526)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ahom_kingdom" title="Ahom kingdom">Ahom Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1228–1826)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Chitradurga" title="Nayakas of Chitradurga">Chitradurga Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1300–1779)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Reddi_Kingdom" title="Reddi Kingdom">Reddy Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1325–1448)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1336–1646)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1352–1576)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Garhwal_Kingdom" title="Garhwal Kingdom">Garhwal Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1358–1803)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1399–1947)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gajapati_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Gajapati Empire">Gajapati Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1434–1541)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh" title="Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh">Ladakh Kingdom </a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1470–1842)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Deccan_sultanates" title="Deccan sultanates">Deccan sultanates</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1490–1596)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Ahmadnagar_Sultanate" title="Ahmadnagar Sultanate">Ahmadnagar Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1490–1636)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Berar_sultanate" title="Berar sultanate">Berar sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1490–1574)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Bidar_Sultanate" title="Bidar Sultanate">Bidar Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1492–1619)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Bijapur_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bijapur Sultanate">Bijapur Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1492–1686)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  – <a href="/wiki/Golkonda_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Golkonda Sultanate">Golkonda Sultanate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1518–1687)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Nayakas_of_Keladi" title="Nayakas of Keladi">Keladi Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1499–1763)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Koch_dynasty" title="Koch dynasty">Koch Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1515–1947)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a> <span class="nobold">(1526–1858)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1526–1858)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1540–1556)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Nayak_dynasty" title="Madurai Nayak dynasty">Madurai Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1529–1736)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Nayak_kingdom" title="Thanjavur Nayak kingdom">Thanjavur Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1532–1673)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bhoi_dynasty" title="Bhoi dynasty">Bhoi dynasty</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1541–1804)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1576–1757)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ramnad_estate" title="Ramnad estate">Marava Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1600–1750)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1642–1975)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tondaiman" title="Tondaiman">Thondaiman Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1650–1948)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1674–1818)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Misl">Sikh Confederacy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1707–1799)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1729–1947)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1799–1849)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial states</a> <span class="nobold">(1510–1961)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1510–1961)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_India" title="Dutch India">Dutch India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1605–1825)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Danish_India" title="Danish India">Danish India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1620–1869)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1759–1954)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company Raj</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1757–1858)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> (1858–1947)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)">National histories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maldives" title="History of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepal" title="History of Nepal">Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;text-align:left;padding-right:4em;;color: var(--color-base)">Regional histories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Assam" title="History of Assam">Assam</a></li><li><a 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href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent">Agriculture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Architecture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Coinage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India#History" title="Demographics of India">Demographics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_monarchs" title="List of Indian monarchs">Dynasties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">Economy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of education in the Indian subcontinent">Education</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indology" title="Indology">Indology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_influence_on_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia">Influence on Southeast Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">Maritime</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">Metallurgy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_India" title="Military history of India">Military</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_studies" title="Pakistan studies">Pakistan studies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions#History" title="Indian religions">Religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">Science and technology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Timeline</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pala_Empire" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pala Empire">Pala Empire</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle kingdoms of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikramashila" title="Vikramashila">Vikramashila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somapura_Mahavihara" title="Somapura Mahavihara">Somapura Mahavihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagaddala_Mahavihara" title="Jagaddala Mahavihara">Jagaddala Mahavihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odantapuri" title="Odantapuri">Odantapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurkihar_hoard" title="Kurkihar hoard">Kurkihar hoard</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pala_Empire&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main sources of information about the Pala empire include:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagchi19932–3_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagchi19932–3-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Pala accounts</dt></dl> <ul><li>Various epigraphs, coins, sculptures and architecture</li> <li><i>Ramacharita</i>, a Sanskrit work by Abhinanda (9th century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramacharitam" title="Ramacharitam">Ramacharitam</a></i>, a Sanskrit epic by <a href="/wiki/Sandhyakar_Nandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandhyakar Nandi">Sandhyakar Nandi</a> (12th century)</li> <li><i>Subhasita Ratnakosa</i>, a Sanskrit compilation by <a href="/wiki/Vidyakara" title="Vidyakara">Vidyakara</a> (towards the end of the Pala rule)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Other accounts</dt></dl> <ul><li><i>Silsiltut-Tauarikh</i> by the Arab merchant Suleiman (851 CE), who referred to the Pala kingdom as <i>Ruhmi</i> or <i>Rahma</i></li> <li><i>Dpal dus khyi 'khor lo'i chos bskor gyi byung khungs nyer mkh</i> (History of Buddhism in India) by <a href="/wiki/Taranatha" title="Taranatha">Taranatha</a> (1608), contains a few traditional legends and hearsays about the Pala rule</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ain-i-Akbari" title="Ain-i-Akbari">Ain-i-Akbari</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fazl_ibn_Mubarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak">Abu'l-Fazl</a> (16th-century)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pala_Empire&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Majumdar1977-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Majumdar1977_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Majumdar1977_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Majumdar1977_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Majumdar1977_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Majumdar1977_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFR._C._Majumdar1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._C._Majumdar" title="R. C. Majumdar">R. C. Majumdar</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&pg=PA268"><i>Ancient India</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 268, 172, 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0436-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0436-4"><bdi>978-81-208-0436-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+India&rft.pages=268%2C+172%2C+170&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0436-4&rft.au=R.+C.+Majumdar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXNxiN5tzKOgC%26pg%3DPA268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESengupta201139–49_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSengupta2011">Sengupta 2011</a>, pp. 39–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzberg1978" class="citation book cs1">Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=183"><i>A Historical atlas of South Asia</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 146, map XIV.2 (g). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226742210" title="Special:BookSources/0226742210"><bdi>0226742210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+atlas+of+South+Asia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=146%2C+map+XIV.2+%28g%29&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0226742210&rft.aulast=Schwartzberg&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fschwartzberg%2Fpager.html%3Fobject%3D183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_History_of_Bengal-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_History_of_Bengal_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajamdar1948" class="citation book cs1">Majamdar, Ramesh (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0CsLAQAAIAAJ"><i>The History of Bengal</i></a>. University of Dacca, 1943. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788176464062" title="Special:BookSources/9788176464062"><bdi>9788176464062</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Bengal&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=University+of+Dacca%2C+1943&rft.date=1948&rft.isbn=9788176464062&rft.aulast=Majamdar&rft.aufirst=Ramesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0CsLAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_India-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_Brief_History_of_India_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Brief_History_of_India_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniélou2003" class="citation book cs1">Daniélou, Alain (11 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xlwoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT144"><i>A Brief History of India</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59477-794-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59477-794-3"><bdi>978-1-59477-794-3</bdi></a>. <q><a href="/wiki/Dharmapala_(emperor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmapala (emperor)">Dharmapala</a>'s empire, which stretched from the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Bengal">Gulf of Bengal</a> to <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> and from <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar" title="Jalandhar">Jalandhara</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Vindhya_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Vindhya Mountains">Vindhya Mountains</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+India&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2003-02-11&rft.isbn=978-1-59477-794-3&rft.aulast=Dani%C3%A9lou&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxlwoDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_C._Howard2012" class="citation book cs1">Michael C. Howard (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6QPWXrCCzBIC&pg=PA72"><i>Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel</i></a>. McFarland. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9033-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9033-2"><bdi>978-0-7864-9033-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transnationalism+in+Ancient+and+Medieval+Societies%3A+The+Role+of+Cross-Border+Trade+and+Travel&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-9033-2&rft.au=Michael+C.+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6QPWXrCCzBIC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntington198456-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntington198456_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuntington1984">Huntington 1984</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESengupta2011102-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESengupta2011102_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSengupta2011">Sengupta 2011</a>, p. 102:Sanskrit continued to be the language under Sasanka, the Pala dynasty and the Sen dynasty.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bajpai2020-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bajpai2020_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBajpai2020" class="citation book cs1">Bajpai, Lopamudra Maitra (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yg8HEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA141"><i>India, Sri Lanka and the SAARC Region: History, Popular Culture and Heritage</i></a>. Abingdon: Taylor & Francis. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-00-020581-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-00-020581-7"><bdi>978-1-00-020581-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%2C+Sri+Lanka+and+the+SAARC+Region%3A+History%2C+Popular+Culture+and+Heritage&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-00-020581-7&rft.aulast=Bajpai&rft.aufirst=Lopamudra+Maitra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyg8HEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmalananda_Ghosh1939" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amalananda_Ghosh" title="Amalananda Ghosh">Amalananda Ghosh</a> (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.537090"><i>Guide To Nalanda</i></a>. Central Archeological Library, New Delhi. p. 44. <q>The Pala emperors held East India from the eighth to the twelfth century A. D. and were noted for their patronage of Mahāyāna Buddhism. At the same time they established other monasteries at Vikramaśīlā, Somapura, Odantapuri and Jagaddala, which might have created a division in the activities of Buddhist scholars.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+To+Nalanda&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Central+Archeological+Library%2C+New+Delhi&rft.date=1939&rft.au=Amalananda+Ghosh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.537090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1999" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC"><i>Ancient Indian History and Civilization</i></a>. New Age International. p. 285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1198-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1198-0"><bdi>978-81-224-1198-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+History+and+Civilization&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-224-1198-0&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWk4_ICH_g1EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlåten2016" class="citation book cs1">Flåten, Lars Tore (4 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5NZRDQAAQBAJ&dq=pala+kings+hinduism&pg=PT86"><i>Hindu Nationalism, History and Identity in India: Narrating a Hindu past under the BJP</i></a>. Routledge. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-20871-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-20871-6"><bdi>978-1-317-20871-6</bdi></a>. <q>The Pala kings patronized Hinduism too. They gave donations for learning and for educational purposes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Nationalism%2C+History+and+Identity+in+India%3A+Narrating+a+Hindu+past+under+the+BJP&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-10-04&rft.isbn=978-1-317-20871-6&rft.aulast=Fl%C3%A5ten&rft.aufirst=Lars+Tore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5NZRDQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dpala%2Bkings%2Bhinduism%26pg%3DPT86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AS_2009-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AS_2009_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS_2009_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS_2009_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS_2009_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS_2009_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexis_Sanderson2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Sanderson" title="Alexis Sanderson">Alexis Sanderson</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iggRAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA108">"The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period"</a>. In Shingo Einoo (ed.). <i>Genesis and Development of Tantrism</i>. Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo. pp. 108–115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784903235080" title="Special:BookSources/9784903235080"><bdi>9784903235080</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%C5%9Aaiva+Age%3A+The+Rise+and+Dominance+of+%C5%9Aaivism+during+the+Early+Medieval+Period&rft.btitle=Genesis+and+Development+of+Tantrism&rft.pages=108-115&rft.pub=Institute+of+Oriental+Culture%2C+University+of+Tokyo&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9784903235080&rft.au=Alexis+Sanderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiggRAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._C._Majumdar1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._C._Majumdar" title="R. C. Majumdar">R. C. Majumdar</a> (1971). <i>History of Ancient Bengal</i>. G. Bharadwaj. pp. 161–162.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Ancient+Bengal&rft.pages=161-162&rft.pub=G.+Bharadwaj&rft.date=1971&rft.au=R.+C.+Majumdar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._C._Majumdar1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._C._Majumdar" title="R. C. Majumdar">R. C. Majumdar</a> (1971). <i>History of Ancient Bengal</i>. G. Bharadwaj. pp. 161–162.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Ancient+Bengal&rft.pages=161-162&rft.pub=G.+Bharadwaj&rft.date=1971&rft.au=R.+C.+Majumdar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._C._Majumdar1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._C._Majumdar" title="R. C. Majumdar">R. C. Majumdar</a> (1971). <i>History of Ancient Bengal</i>. G. Bharadwaj. pp. 161–162.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Ancient+Bengal&rft.pages=161-162&rft.pub=G.+Bharadwaj&rft.date=1971&rft.au=R.+C.+Majumdar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddison2018" class="citation web cs1">Jutta Bolt; Robert Inklaar; Herman de Jong; Jan Luiten van Zanden (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2018">"Maddison Project Database, version 2018"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maddison+Project+Database%2C+version+2018.&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Jutta+Bolt&rft.au=Robert+Inklaar&rft.au=Herman+de+Jong&rft.au=Jan+Luiten+van+Zanden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rug.nl%2Fggdc%2Fhistoricaldevelopment%2Fmaddison%2Freleases%2Fmaddison-project-database-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sen1999-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sen1999_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSailendra_Nath_Sen1999" class="citation book cs1">Sailendra Nath Sen (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA280"><i>Ancient Indian History and Civilization</i></a>. New Age International. pp. 280–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1198-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1198-0"><bdi>978-81-224-1198-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+History+and+Civilization&rft.pages=280-&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-224-1198-0&rft.au=Sailendra+Nath+Sen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWk4_ICH_g1EC%26pg%3DPA280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatish_KumarJha2017" class="citation journal cs1">Satish Kumar, Satish; Jha, Tushar (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26906068">"Contours of the Political Legitimation Strategy of the Rulers of Pala Dynasty in Bengal- Bihar (Ce 730 to Ce 1165)"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>78</b>: 49–58. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26906068">26906068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=Contours+of+the+Political+Legitimation+Strategy+of+the+Rulers+of+Pala+Dynasty+in+Bengal-+Bihar+%28Ce+730+to+Ce+1165%29&rft.volume=78&rft.pages=49-58&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26906068%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Satish+Kumar&rft.aufirst=Satish&rft.au=Jha%2C+Tushar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26906068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaj_Kumar2003" class="citation book cs1">Raj Kumar (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qvnjXOCjv7EC"><i>Essays on Ancient India</i></a>. Discovery Publishing House. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7141-682-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7141-682-0"><bdi>978-81-7141-682-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+on+Ancient+India&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Discovery+Publishing+House&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-7141-682-0&rft.au=Raj+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqvnjXOCjv7EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSailendra_Nath_Sen1999" class="citation book cs1">Sailendra Nath Sen (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA280"><i>Ancient Indian History and Civilization</i></a>. New Age International. pp. 280–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1198-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1198-0"><bdi>978-81-224-1198-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+History+and+Civilization&rft.pages=280-&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-224-1198-0&rft.au=Sailendra+Nath+Sen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWk4_ICH_g1EC%26pg%3DPA280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sailendra1999-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sailendra1999_22-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSailendra_Nath_Sen1999" class="citation book cs1">Sailendra Nath Sen (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA278"><i>Ancient Indian History and Civilization</i></a>. New Age International. pp. 277–287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1198-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-224-1198-0"><bdi>978-81-224-1198-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Indian+History+and+Civilization&rft.pages=277-287&rft.pub=New+Age+International&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-224-1198-0&rft.au=Sailendra+Nath+Sen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWk4_ICH_g1EC%26pg%3DPA278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurui2020" class="citation book cs1">Furui, Ryosuke (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jfKLwwEACAAJ"><i>Land and Society in Early South Asia: Eastern India 400-1250 AD</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 173–174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-49843-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-49843-3"><bdi>978-1-138-49843-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+and+Society+in+Early+South+Asia%3A+Eastern+India+400-1250+AD&rft.pages=173-174&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-138-49843-3&rft.aulast=Furui&rft.aufirst=Ryosuke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjfKLwwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahiya2017" class="citation book cs1">Dahiya, Poonam Dalal (15 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tbU6DwAAQBAJ"><i>ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL INDIA EBOOK</i></a>. McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 411–414. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5260-673-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5260-673-3"><bdi>978-93-5260-673-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ANCIENT+AND+MEDIEVAL+INDIA+EBOOK&rft.pages=411-414&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2017-09-15&rft.isbn=978-93-5260-673-3&rft.aulast=Dahiya&rft.aufirst=Poonam+Dalal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtbU6DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinod_Bihari_Satpathy" class="citation web cs1">Binod Bihari Satpathy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ddceutkal.ac.in/Syllabus/MA_history/paper-11-N.pdf">"Politico-Social and Administrative History of Ancient India (1st Cent. B.C to 8th Cent. A.D)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>DDCE Utkal University</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DDCE+Utkal+University&rft.atitle=Politico-Social+and+Administrative+History+of+Ancient+India+%281st+Cent.+B.C+to+8th+Cent.+A.D%29&rft.au=Binod+Bihari+Satpathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fddceutkal.ac.in%2FSyllabus%2FMA_history%2Fpaper-11-N.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagchi199337-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagchi199337_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagchi199337_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagchi199337_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBagchi1993">Bagchi 1993</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESengupta201140-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESengupta201140_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSengupta2011">Sengupta 2011</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWink1991" class="citation book cs1">Wink, Andre (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC"><i>Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Volume 1</i></a>. Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 265, 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09509-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09509-0"><bdi>978-90-04-09509-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Hind%2C+the+Making+of+the+Indo-Islamic+World%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=265%2C+269&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09509-0&rft.aulast=Wink&rft.aufirst=Andre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbCVyhH5VDjAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeshari_N._Sahay2001" class="citation book cs1">Keshari N. Sahay (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MWpuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Ambastha Kayastha : The Evolution of a Family and Its Socio-cultural Dimensions</i></a>. Commonwealth Publishers (Original from: the University of Michigan). p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-1716-9660-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-1716-9660-4"><bdi>978-8-1716-9660-4</bdi></a>. <q>Domanadasa, ancestor of the great Vaidya Kulina Vamanadasa, married in the Kayastha Pala family. Pala was also a Kayastha surname and we can claim Palas also as Kayasthas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ambastha+Kayastha+%3A+The+Evolution+of+a+Family+and+Its+Socio-cultural+Dimensions&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Commonwealth+Publishers+%28Original+from%3A+the+University+of+Michigan%29&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-8-1716-9660-4&rft.au=Keshari+N.+Sahay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMWpuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiruni2012" class="citation book cs1">Biruni, Muhammad (24 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lfUH7Qnm1VkC&pg=PA393"><i>Alberuni's India: An Account of the Religion, Philosophy, Literature, Geography, Chronology, Astronomy, Customs, Laws and Astrology of India about AD 1030</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-04720-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-04720-3"><bdi>978-1-108-04720-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alberuni%27s+India%3A+An+Account+of+the+Religion%2C+Philosophy%2C+Literature%2C+Geography%2C+Chronology%2C+Astronomy%2C+Customs%2C+Laws+and+Astrology+of+India+about+AD+1030&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012-05-24&rft.isbn=978-1-108-04720-3&rft.aulast=Biruni&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlfUH7Qnm1VkC%26pg%3DPA393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biplab2005-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Biplab2005_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biplab2005_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiplab_Dasgupta2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Biplab_Dasgupta" title="Biplab Dasgupta">Biplab Dasgupta</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YRRnRK8lEYEC&pg=PA341"><i>European Trade and Colonial Conquest</i></a>. Anthem Press. pp. 341–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-029-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-029-7"><bdi>978-1-84331-029-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Trade+and+Colonial+Conquest&rft.pages=341-&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-029-7&rft.au=Biplab+Dasgupta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYRRnRK8lEYEC%26pg%3DPA341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagchi19933,4-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagchi19933,4_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBagchi1993">Bagchi 1993</a>, p. 3,4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBindeshwari_Prasad_Sinha1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bindeshwari_Prasad_Sinha" title="Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha">Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gYO25eaDrqUC&pg=PA179"><i>Dynastic History of Magadha</i></a>. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. pp. 175–176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-059-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-059-4"><bdi>978-81-7017-059-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynastic+History+of+Magadha&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=175-176&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-059-4&rft.au=Bindeshwari+Prasad+Sinha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgYO25eaDrqUC%26pg%3DPA179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Andrew_AllanSir_T._Wolseley_Haig1934" class="citation book cs1">John Andrew Allan; Sir T. Wolseley Haig (1934). <i>The Cambridge Shorter History of India</i>. Macmillan Company. p. 143. <q>Dharmapala dethroned Indraraja, king of Kanauj, and installed Chakrayudha ... Dharmapala therefore invaded Kanauj and placed his own nominee on the throne of Indrayudha, ... Dharmapala was obliged soon to meet other rivals in the persons of the Gurjara kings, Vatsaraja and Nagabhata II ... Dharmapala quickly lost his dominant position and was forced to seek alliance with Govinda III against Nagabhata.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Shorter+History+of+India&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1934&rft.au=John+Andrew+Allan&rft.au=Sir+T.+Wolseley+Haig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinha1977p177-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sinha1977p177_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinha1977p177_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBindeshwari_Prasad_Sinha1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bindeshwari_Prasad_Sinha" title="Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha">Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gYO25eaDrqUC&pg=PA177"><i>Dynastic History of Magadha</i></a>. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-059-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-059-4"><bdi>978-81-7017-059-4</bdi></a>. <q>Dharmapāla after defeating Indrāyudha and capturing Kanuaj made it over to Cakrāyudha, who was a vassal king of Kanuaj subordinate to Dharmapāla ... Dharmapāla was thus acknowledged paramount ruler of almost whole of North India as the Bhojas of Berar, Kīra (Kangra district), Gandhāra (West Punjab), Pañcāla (Ramnagar area of U.P.), Kuru (eastern Punjab), Madra (Central Punjab), Avanti (Malwa), Yadus (Mathura or Dwarka or Siṁhapura in the Punjab), Matsya (a part of Rajputana) were his vassals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynastic+History+of+Magadha&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-059-4&rft.au=Bindeshwari+Prasad+Sinha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgYO25eaDrqUC%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBindeshwari_Prasad_Sinha1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bindeshwari_Prasad_Sinha" title="Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha">Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gYO25eaDrqUC&pg=PA179"><i>Dynastic History of Magadha</i></a>. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-059-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-059-4"><bdi>978-81-7017-059-4</bdi></a>. <q>Nāgabhaṭa-II defeated Cakrāyudha and occupied Kanauj ... battle between the king of Vaṅga and Nāgabhaṭa in which the latter emerged victorious ... may have been fought at Mudgagiri (Monghyr in Bihar). If so, it shows the utter humiliation of Dharmapāla and strengthens the suspicion that as a revenge he might have surrendered to and welcomed Govinda III when he invaded North India.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynastic+History+of+Magadha&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-059-4&rft.au=Bindeshwari+Prasad+Sinha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgYO25eaDrqUC%26pg%3DPA179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bhagalpur Charter of Narayanapala, year 17, verse 6, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Antiquary" title="The Indian Antiquary">The Indian Antiquary</a></i>, XV p. 304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinha1977p185-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sinha1977p185_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBindeshwari_Prasad_Sinha1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bindeshwari_Prasad_Sinha" title="Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha">Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gYO25eaDrqUC&pg=PA185"><i>Dynastic History of Magadha</i></a>. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-059-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-059-4"><bdi>978-81-7017-059-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynastic+History+of+Magadha&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-059-4&rft.au=Bindeshwari+Prasad+Sinha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgYO25eaDrqUC%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bhattacharya, Suresh Chandra, <i>Pāla Kings in the Badal Praśasti — A Stock-Taking</i>, Journal of Ancient Indian History, University of Calcutta, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/calcutta-university/departmental-journals/H00405.pdf">Vol. XXIV</a>, 2007-08, pp. 73-82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Pala-Sena_and_Others-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Pala-Sena_and_Others_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Pala-Sena_and_Others_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanyal2014" class="citation journal cs1">Sanyal, Rajat (1 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/43895337">"The Pala-Sena and Others"</a>. <i>History of Ancient India Vol 5 Political History and Administration (C. Ad 750-1300) (Regional Powers and Their Interactions)</i>. <b>5</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Ancient+India+Vol+5+Political+History+and+Administration+%28C.+Ad+750-1300%29+%28Regional+Powers+and+Their+Interactions%29&rft.atitle=The+Pala-Sena+and+Others&rft.volume=5&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft.aulast=Sanyal&rft.aufirst=Rajat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F43895337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sen-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sen_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sen, S.N., 2013, A Textbook of Medieval Indian History, Delhi: Primus Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789380607344" title="Special:BookSources/9789380607344">9789380607344</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanguly1994" class="citation book cs1">Ganguly, Dilip Kumar (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N2tlKzxwhY8C&pg=PA50"><i>Ancient India, History and Archaeology</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170173045" title="Special:BookSources/9788170173045"><bdi>9788170173045</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+India%2C+History+and+Archaeology&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9788170173045&rft.aulast=Ganguly&rft.aufirst=Dilip+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN2tlKzxwhY8C%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESengupta201145-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESengupta201145_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSengupta2011">Sengupta 2011</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Keay2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Keay" title="John Keay">John Keay</a> (2000). <i>India: A History</i>. Grove Press. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3797-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3797-5"><bdi>978-0-8021-3797-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%3A+A+History&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8021-3797-5&rft.au=John+Keay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balogh2021-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Balogh2021_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalogh2021" class="citation book cs1">Balogh, Daniel (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lk0NzgEACAAJ"><i>Pithipati Puzzles: Custodians of the Diamond Throne</i></a>. British Museum Research Publications. pp. 40–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780861592289" title="Special:BookSources/9780861592289"><bdi>9780861592289</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pithipati+Puzzles%3A+Custodians+of+the+Diamond+Throne&rft.pages=40-58&rft.pub=British+Museum+Research+Publications&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780861592289&rft.aulast=Balogh&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLk0NzgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurui2015" class="citation journal cs1">Furui, Ryosuke (January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/18488352">"Rajibpur Copper Plate Inscriptions of Gopāla IV and Madanapāla"</a>. <i>Pratna Samiksha: A Journal of Archaeology</i>. New Series.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pratna+Samiksha%3A+A+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Rajibpur+Copper+Plate+Inscriptions+of+Gop%C4%81la+IV+and+Madanap%C4%81la&rft.date=2015-01&rft.aulast=Furui&rft.aufirst=Ryosuke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F18488352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AlHind-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AlHind_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndre_Wink1991" class="citation book cs1">Andre Wink (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC"><i>Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Volume 1</i></a>. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09509-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09509-0"><bdi>978-90-04-09509-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Hind%2C+the+Making+of+the+Indo-Islamic+World%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09509-0&rft.au=Andre+Wink&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbCVyhH5VDjAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RiseofIslam-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RiseofIslam_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton1996" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, Richard Maxwell (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gKhChF3yAOUC"><i>The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 102–103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52020-507-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52020-507-9"><bdi>978-0-52020-507-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Islam+and+the+Bengal+Frontier%2C+1204%E2%80%931760&rft.pages=102-103&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-52020-507-9&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Richard+Maxwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgKhChF3yAOUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagchi19934-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagchi19934_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBagchi1993">Bagchi 1993</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul193938-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul193938_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1939">Paul 1939</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagchi199339–40-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagchi199339–40_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBagchi1993">Bagchi 1993</a>, p. 39–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_52-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_52-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_52-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakrabarti1992" class="citation book cs1">Chakrabarti, Dilip K. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty9uAAAAMAAJ&q=%22subjugation+of+the+Gurjaras,+Utkalas,+Hunas,+Dravidas%22"><i>Ancient Bangladesh: A Study of the Archaeological Sources</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 74–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-562879-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-562879-1"><bdi>978-0-19-562879-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Bangladesh%3A+A+Study+of+the+Archaeological+Sources&rft.pages=74-75&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-19-562879-1&rft.aulast=Chakrabarti&rft.aufirst=Dilip+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTy9uAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522subjugation%2Bof%2Bthe%2BGurjaras%2C%2BUtkalas%2C%2BHunas%2C%2BDravidas%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_53-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman2000" class="citation book cs1">Rahman, Shah Sufi Mostafizur (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MQBuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22subjugation+of+the+Gurjaras,+Utkalas,+Hunas,+Dravidas%22"><i>Archaeological Investigation in Bogra District: From Early Historic to Early Mediaeval Period</i></a>. International Centre for Study of Bengal Art. pp. 50–52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-984-8140-01-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-984-8140-01-7"><bdi>978-984-8140-01-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Investigation+in+Bogra+District%3A+From+Early+Historic+to+Early+Mediaeval+Period&rft.pages=50-52&rft.pub=International+Centre+for+Study+of+Bengal+Art&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-984-8140-01-7&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Shah+Sufi+Mostafizur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMQBuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522subjugation%2Bof%2Bthe%2BGurjaras%2C%2BUtkalas%2C%2BHunas%2C%2BDravidas%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar2009" class="citation book cs1">Majumdar, R. C. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/ageofimperialkan04bhar"><i>History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 04, The Age Of Imperial Kanauj</i></a>. Public Resource. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. 50–51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+Culture+of+the+Indian+People%2C+Volume+04%2C+The+Age+Of+Imperial+Kanauj&rft.pages=50-51&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageofimperialkan04bhar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOthers2022" class="citation book cs1">Others, Muzaffar H. Syed & (20 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sy5gEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22the+gurjara+lords+against+whom+devapala%22&pg=PA287"><i>History of Indian Nation : Ancient India</i></a>. K.K. Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+Nation+%3A+Ancient+India&rft.pub=K.K.+Publications&rft.date=2022-02-20&rft.aulast=Others&rft.aufirst=Muzaffar+H.+Syed+%26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSy5gEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522the%2Bgurjara%2Blords%2Bagainst%2Bwhom%2Bdevapala%2522%26pg%3DPA287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Satish_Chandra_(historian)" title="Satish Chandra (historian)">Chandra, Satish</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA19"><i>Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One</i></a>. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 19–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1064-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1064-5"><bdi>978-81-241-1064-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India%3A+From+Sultanat+to+the+Mughals-Delhi+Sultanat+%281206-1526%29+-+Part+One&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-241-1064-5&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Satish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL5eFzeyjBTQC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzberg1978" class="citation book cs1">Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=069"><i>A Historical atlas of South Asia</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 32, 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226742210" title="Special:BookSources/0226742210"><bdi>0226742210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+atlas+of+South+Asia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=32%2C+146&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0226742210&rft.aulast=Schwartzberg&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fschwartzberg%2Fpager.html%3Fobject%3D069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1939122–124-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1939122–124_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1939">Paul 1939</a>, p. 122–124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1939111–122-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1939111–122_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1939">Paul 1939</a>, p. 111–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuntington198439-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuntington198439_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuntington1984">Huntington 1984</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PNChopra2003-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PNChopra2003_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._N._ChopraB._N._PuriM._N._DasA._C._Pradhan2003" class="citation book cs1">P. N. Chopra; B. N. Puri; M. N. Das; A. C. Pradhan, eds. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gE7udqBkACwC&pg=PA201"><i>A Comprehensive History of Ancient India (3 Vol. Set)</i></a>. Sterling. pp. 200–202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-207-2503-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-207-2503-4"><bdi>978-81-207-2503-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+of+Ancient+India+%283+Vol.+Set%29&rft.pages=200-202&rft.pub=Sterling&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-207-2503-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgE7udqBkACwC%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagchi199319-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagchi199319_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBagchi1993">Bagchi 1993</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KC1987-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KC1987_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishna_Chaitanya1987" class="citation book cs1">Krishna Chaitanya (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8EGUpX1O0hoC&pg=RA1-PA62"><i>Arts of India</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-209-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-209-3"><bdi>978-81-7017-209-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arts+of+India&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-209-3&rft.au=Krishna+Chaitanya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8EGUpX1O0hoC%26pg%3DRA1-PA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagchi1993100-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagchi1993100_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBagchi1993">Bagchi 1993</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahanara_Husain1985" class="citation book cs1">Shahanara Husain (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e0YiAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Social Life of Women in Early Medieval Bengal</i></a>. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/14166072">14166072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Life+of+Women+in+Early+Medieval+Bengal&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F14166072&rft.au=Shahanara+Husain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De0YiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChowdhury2012" class="citation book cs1">Chowdhury, AM (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Pala_Dynasty">"Pala Dynasty"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Sirajul_Islam" title="Sirajul Islam">Islam, Sirajul</a>; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). <i>Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh</i> (Second ed.). <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Society_of_Bangladesh" title="Asiatic Society of Bangladesh">Asiatic Society of Bangladesh</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pala+Dynasty&rft.btitle=Banglapedia%3A+National+Encyclopedia+of+Bangladesh&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+of+Bangladesh&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Chowdhury&rft.aufirst=AM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.banglapedia.org%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DPala_Dynasty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mehta1981-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mehta1981_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRustam_Jehangir_Mehta1981" class="citation book cs1">Rustam Jehangir Mehta (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UQw4AQAAIAAJ"><i>Masterpieces of Indian bronzes and metal sculpture</i></a>. Taraporevala. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780865900479" title="Special:BookSources/9780865900479"><bdi>9780865900479</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masterpieces+of+Indian+bronzes+and+metal+sculpture&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Taraporevala&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780865900479&rft.au=Rustam+Jehangir+Mehta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUQw4AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harle, 212-216; Craven, 170, 172-176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harle, 212; Craven, 176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stella1994-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stella1994_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStella_Kramrisch1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stella_Kramrisch" title="Stella Kramrisch">Stella Kramrisch</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bxPeWwFz9MkC&pg=PA208"><i>Exploring India's Sacred Art Selected Writings of Stella Kramrisch</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1208-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1208-6"><bdi>978-81-208-1208-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+India%27s+Sacred+Art+Selected+Writings+of+Stella+Kramrisch&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1208-6&rft.au=Stella+Kramrisch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbxPeWwFz9MkC%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DKGanguly-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DKGanguly_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DKGanguly_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDilip_Kumar_Ganguly1994" class="citation book cs1">Dilip Kumar Ganguly (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N2tlKzxwhY8C&pg=PA41"><i>Ancient India, History and Archaeology</i></a>. Abhinav. pp. 33–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-304-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-304-5"><bdi>978-81-7017-304-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+India%2C+History+and+Archaeology&rft.pages=33-41&rft.pub=Abhinav&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-304-5&rft.au=Dilip+Kumar+Ganguly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN2tlKzxwhY8C%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Susan1984-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Susan1984_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Susan1984_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusan_L._Huntington1984" class="citation book cs1">Susan L. Huntington (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xLA3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA32"><i>The "Påala-Sena" Schools of Sculpture</i></a>. Brill Archive. pp. 32–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-06856-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-06856-2"><bdi>90-04-06856-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%22P%C3%A5ala-Sena%22+Schools+of+Sculpture&rft.pages=32-39&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=90-04-06856-2&rft.au=Susan+L.+Huntington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxLA3AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._C._Majumdar1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._C._Majumdar" title="R. C. Majumdar">R. C. Majumdar</a> (1971). <i>History of Ancient Bengal</i>. G. Bharadwaj. pp. 161–162.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Ancient+Bengal&rft.pages=161-162&rft.pub=G.+Bharadwaj&rft.date=1971&rft.au=R.+C.+Majumdar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdul_Momin_Chowdhury1967" class="citation book cs1">Abdul Momin Chowdhury (1967). <i>Dynastic history of Bengal, c. 750-1200 CE</i>. Asiatic Society of Pakistan. pp. 272–273.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynastic+history+of+Bengal%2C+c.+750-1200+CE&rft.pages=272-273&rft.pub=Asiatic+Society+of+Pakistan&rft.date=1967&rft.au=Abdul+Momin+Chowdhury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBindeshwari_Prasad_Sinha1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bindeshwari_Prasad_Sinha" title="Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha">Bindeshwari Prasad Sinha</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V3KDaZY85wYC&pg=PA253"><i>Dynastic History of Magadha, Cir. 450–1200 A.D.</i></a> Abhinav Publications. pp. 253–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-059-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-059-4"><bdi>978-81-7017-059-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynastic+History+of+Magadha%2C+Cir.+450%E2%80%931200+A.D.&rft.pages=253-&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-059-4&rft.au=Bindeshwari+Prasad+Sinha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV3KDaZY85wYC%26pg%3DPA253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDineshchandra_Sircar1975–1976" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dineshchandra_Sircar" title="Dineshchandra Sircar">Dineshchandra Sircar</a> (1975–1976). "Indological Notes - R.C. Majumdar's Chronology of the Pala Kings". <i>Journal of Ancient Indian History</i>. <b>IX</b>: 209–10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ancient+Indian+History&rft.atitle=Indological+Notes+-+R.C.+Majumdar%27s+Chronology+of+the+Pala+Kings&rft.volume=IX&rft.pages=209-10&rft.date=1975%2F1976&rft.au=Dineshchandra+Sircar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanguly1994" class="citation book cs1">Ganguly, Dilip Kumar (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N2tlKzxwhY8C&pg=PA33"><i>Ancient India, History and Archaeology</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170173045" title="Special:BookSources/9788170173045"><bdi>9788170173045</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+India%2C+History+and+Archaeology&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9788170173045&rft.aulast=Ganguly&rft.aufirst=Dilip+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN2tlKzxwhY8C%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaul1939139–143-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaul1939139–143_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaul1939">Paul 1939</a>, p. 139–143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sensharma-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sensharma_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sensharma_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSensarma1977" class="citation book cs1">Sensarma, P. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l8ABAAAAMAAJ&q=kamboja+horses"><i>The Military History of Bengal</i></a>. University of Michigan. p. 24. <q>Though Bengal was never a good horse- breeding place, and the local horses ... import horses from Kamboja, an area reputed for the finest breed of horses ..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+History+of+Bengal&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Sensarma&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl8ABAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dkamboja%2Bhorses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBagchi19932–3-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBagchi19932–3_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBagchi1993">Bagchi 1993</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pala_Empire&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagchi1993" class="citation book cs1">Bagchi, Jhunu (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J7RKoMeAtpUC&pg=PA2"><i>The History and Culture of the Pālas of Bengal and Bihar, Cir. 750 A.D.–cir. 1200 A.D.</i></a> Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-301-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-301-4"><bdi>978-81-7017-301-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Culture+of+the+P%C4%81las+of+Bengal+and+Bihar%2C+Cir.+750+A.D.%E2%80%93cir.+1200+A.D.&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-301-4&rft.aulast=Bagchi&rft.aufirst=Jhunu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ7RKoMeAtpUC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_C._Craven" title="Roy C. Craven">Craven, Roy C.</a>, <i>Indian Art: A Concise History</i>, 1987, Thames & Hudson (Praeger in USA), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500201463" title="Special:BookSources/0500201463">0500201463</a></li> <li>Harle, J. C., <i>The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subinent</i>, 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press. (<a href="/wiki/Pelican_History_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelican History of Art">Pelican History of Art</a>), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300062176" title="Special:BookSources/0300062176">0300062176</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuntington1984" class="citation book cs1">Huntington, Susan L. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xLA3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA32"><i>The "Påala-Sena" Schools of Sculpture</i></a>. Brill Archive. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-06856-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-06856-2"><bdi>90-04-06856-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%22P%C3%A5ala-Sena%22+Schools+of+Sculpture&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=90-04-06856-2&rft.aulast=Huntington&rft.aufirst=Susan+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxLA3AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul1939" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Pramode Lal (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817073236/http://dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/503174"><i>The Early History of Bengal</i></a>. Indian History. Vol. 1. Indian Research Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/503174">the original</a> on 17 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+History+of+Bengal&rft.series=Indian+History&rft.pub=Indian+Research+Institute&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Pramode+Lal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdli.ernet.in%2Fhandle%2F2015%2F503174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengupta2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nitish_Sengupta" title="Nitish Sengupta">Sengupta, Nitish K.</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kVSh_TyJ0YoC&pg=PA40"><i>Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib</i></a>. Penguin Books India. pp. 39–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341678-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341678-4"><bdi>978-0-14-341678-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+of+Two+Rivers%3A+A+History+of+Bengal+from+the+Mahabharata+to+Mujib&rft.pages=39-49&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-14-341678-4&rft.aulast=Sengupta&rft.aufirst=Nitish+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkVSh_TyJ0YoC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APala+Empire" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_West_Bengal" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:West_Bengal" title="Template:West Bengal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:West_Bengal" title="Template talk:West Bengal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:West_Bengal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:West Bengal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_West_Bengal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">State of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_emblems" title="List of Indian state emblems">Emblem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_West_Bengal" title="Emblem of West Bengal">Emblem of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_anthems" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Indian state anthems">Anthem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Banglar_Mati_Banglar_Jol" title="Banglar Mati Banglar Jol">Banglar Mati Banglar Jol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Animal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fishing_cat" title="Fishing cat">Fishing cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a>: <a href="/wiki/White-throated_kingfisher" title="White-throated kingfisher">White-throated kingfisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nyctanthes_arbor-tristis" title="Nyctanthes arbor-tristis">Night-flowering jasmine (Shiuli)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alstonia_scholaris" title="Alstonia scholaris">Devil's tree (Saptaparni)</a></li> <li>Fish: <a href="/wiki/Ilish" title="Ilish">Ilish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bengal" title="History of Bengal">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Kingdom">Gauda Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shashanka" title="Shashanka">Shashanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pala Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">Sena dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallabhum_kingdom" title="Mallabhum kingdom">Mallabhum kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_State" title="Cooch Behar State">Cooch Behar State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal" title="Nawabs of Bengal">Nawabs of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bengal_famine_of_1770" title="Great Bengal famine of 1770">Great Bengal famine of 1770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman_Raj" title="Bardhaman Raj">Bardhaman Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_Raj" title="Nadia Raj">Nadia Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_Raj" title="Jhargram Raj">Jhargram Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovabazar_Raj" title="Sovabazar Raj">Sovabazar Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionary movement for Indian independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movement_(Manbhum)" title="Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)">Bengali Language Movement (Manbhum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_West_Bengal" title="Geography of West Bengal">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Basin" title="Bengal Basin">Bengal Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_hill_region" title="Darjeeling Himalayan hill region">Darjeeling Himalayan hill region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bengal_plains" title="North Bengal plains">North Bengal plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dooars" title="Dooars">Dooars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rarh_region" title="Rarh region">Rarh region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans" title="Sundarbans">Sundarbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajjabhumi" title="Vajjabhumi">Western plateau and high lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Delta" title="Ganges Delta">Ganges Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_West_Bengal" title="Climate of West Bengal">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakphu" title="Sandakphu">Sandakphu (Highest point)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_West_Bengal" title="List of protected areas of West Bengal">Protected areas of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_West_Bengal" title="Category:Rivers of West Bengal">Rivers of West Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodar_River" title="Damodar River">Damodar River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmaputra_River" title="Brahmaputra River">Brahmaputra River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teesta_River" title="Teesta River">Teesta River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_River" title="Hooghly River">Hooghly River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoai" title="Khoai">Khoai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_Hill,_Darjeeling" title="Tiger Hill, Darjeeling">Tiger Hill, Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri_Corridor" title="Siliguri Corridor">Siliguri Corridor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_West_Bengal" title="Government of West Bengal">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_West_Bengal" title="List of chief ministers of West Bengal">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_West_Bengal" title="List of governors of West Bengal">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Human_Rights_Commission" title="West Bengal Human Rights Commission">Human Rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_West_Bengal" title="Category:Political parties in West Bengal">Political parties</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trinamool_Congress" title="Trinamool Congress">All India Trinamool Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Marxist)" title="Communist Party of India (Marxist)">Communist Party (Marxist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party,_West_Bengal" title="Bharatiya Janata Party, West Bengal">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Lok_Sabha_constituencies_of_West_Bengal" title="Template:Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal">Parliamentary constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constituencies_of_the_West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly" title="List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly">Assembly constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CID_West_Bengal" title="CID West Bengal">CID West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_Police" title="Kolkata Police">Kolkata Police</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">Rights groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matua_Mahasangha" title="Matua Mahasangha">Matua Mahasangha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangla_Pokkho" title="Bangla Pokkho">Bangla Pokkho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_West_Bengal" title="Administrative divisions of West Bengal">Divisions</a> and <br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_West_Bengal" title="List of districts of West Bengal">districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burdwan_division" title="Burdwan division">Burdwan division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birbhum_district" title="Birbhum district">Birbhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooghly_district" title="Hooghly district">Hooghly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Bardhaman_district" title="Paschim Bardhaman district">Paschim Bardhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Bardhaman_district" title="Purba Bardhaman district">Purba Bardhaman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_division" title="Jalpaiguri division">Jalpaiguri division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipurduar_district" title="Alipurduar district">Alipurduar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar_district" title="Cooch Behar district">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_district" title="Darjeeling district">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri_district" title="Jalpaiguri district">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong_district" title="Kalimpong district">Kalimpong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malda_division" title="Malda division">Malda division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore_district" title="Berhampore district">Berhampore</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshin_Dinajpur_district" title="Dakshin Dinajpur district">Dakshin Dinajpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangipur_district" title="Jangipur district">Jangipur</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malda_district" title="Malda district">Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad_district" title="Murshidabad district">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Dinajpur_district" title="Uttar Dinajpur district">Uttar Dinajpur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medinipur_division" title="Medinipur division">Medinipur division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_district" title="Bankura district">Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur_district,_West_Bengal" title="Bishnupur district, West Bengal">Bishnupur</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhargram_district" title="Jhargram district">Jhargram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschim_Medinipur_district" title="Paschim Medinipur district">Paschim Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purba_Medinipur_district" title="Purba Medinipur district">Purba Medinipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia_district" title="Purulia district">Purulia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_division" title="Presidency division">Presidency division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basirhat_district" title="Basirhat district">Basirhat</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah_district" title="Howrah district">Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichamati_district" title="Ichamati district">Ichamati</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata_district" title="Kolkata district">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadia_district" title="Nadia district">Nadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_24_Parganas_district" title="North 24 Parganas district">North 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranaghat_district" title="Ranaghat district">Ranaghat</a> (declared)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_24_Parganas" title="South 24 Parganas">South 24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarbans_district" title="Sundarbans district">Sundarbans</a> (declared)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_towns_in_West_Bengal" title="Cities and towns in West Bengal">Cities and<br /> towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alipore" title="Alipore">Alipore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asansol" title="Asansol">Asansol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berhampore" title="Berhampore">Berhampore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balurghat" title="Balurghat">Balurghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura" title="Bankura">Bankura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barasat" title="Barasat">Barasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman" title="Bardhaman">Bardhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupur,_Bankura" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupur, Bankura">Bishnupur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugli-Chuchura" title="Hugli-Chuchura">Hugli-Chuchura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooch_Behar" title="Cooch Behar">Cooch Behar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durgapur" title="Durgapur">Durgapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldia" title="Haldia">Haldia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howrah" title="Howrah">Howrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri" title="Jalpaiguri">Jalpaiguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagar_Majilpur" title="Jaynagar Majilpur">Jaynagar Majilpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaganj_Azimganj" title="Jiaganj Azimganj">Jiaganj Azimganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong" title="Kalimpong">Kalimpong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharagpur" title="Kharagpur">Kharagpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnanagar,_Nadia" title="Krishnanagar, Nadia">Krishnanagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurseong" title="Kurseong">Kurseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malda,_West_Bengal" title="Malda, West Bengal">Malda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnapore" title="Midnapore">Midnapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshidabad" title="Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purulia" title="Purulia">Purulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raiganj" title="Raiganj">Raiganj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri" title="Siliguri">Siliguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suri,_Birbhum" title="Suri, Birbhum">Siuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamluk" title="Tamluk">Tamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_West_Bengal_by_population" title="List of cities in West Bengal by population">List of cities in West Bengal by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:West_Bengal_cities_and_towns_by_district_templates" title="Category:West Bengal cities and towns by district templates">Cities and towns by district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_West_Bengal" title="Culture of West Bengal">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Renaissance" title="Bengal Renaissance">Bengal Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" title="Bengali calendars">Bengali calendars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Patachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalchitra" title="Chalchitra">Chalchitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_of_West_Bengal" title="Arts of West Bengal">Arts of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadu_(festival)" title="Bhadu (festival)">Bhadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombhira" title="Gombhira">Gombhira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_dance" title="Chhau dance">Chhau dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Sangeet" title="Rabindra Sangeet">Rabindra Sangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindra_Nritya_Natya" title="Rabindra Nritya Natya">Rabindra Nritya Natya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dol_Purnima" title="Dol Purnima">Dol Purnima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Kolkata" title="Prostitution in Kolkata">Prostitution in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohela_Boishakh" title="Pohela Boishakh">Pohela Boishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhai_Dooj" title="Bhai Dooj">Bhai Dooj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra" title="Ratha Yatra">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bengal" title="Architecture of Bengal">Architecture of Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_temple_architecture" title="Bengal temple architecture">Bengal temples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_literature" title="Bengali literature">Bengali literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feluda" title="Feluda">Feluda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalmohan_Ganguly" title="Lalmohan Ganguly">Lalmohan Ganguly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor_Shonku" title="Professor Shonku">Professor Shonku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarini_Khuro" title="Tarini Khuro">Tarini Khuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakababu" title="Kakababu">Kakababu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiriti_Roy" title="Kiriti Roy">Kiriti Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pather_Panchali_(novel)" title="Pather Panchali (novel)">Pather Panchali (novel)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cinema,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali cinema, India">Bengali cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatra_(theatre)" title="Jatra (theatre)">Jatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Bengali_culture" title="Ghosts in Bengali culture">Ghosts in Bengali culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">GI products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baluchari_sari" title="Baluchari sari">Baluchari sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasgulla" title="Rasgulla">Banglar Rosogolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslin" title="Muslin">Banglar Muslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankura_horse" title="Bankura horse">Bankura horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattachitra" title="Pattachitra">Bengal Patachitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhau_mask" title="Chhau mask">Chhau mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_tea" title="Darjeeling tea">Darjeeling tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaniakhali_Sari" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaniakhali Sari">Dhaniakhali Sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhokra" title="Dhokra">Dhokra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazli_(mango)" title="Fazli (mango)">Fazli (mango)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garad_Saree" class="mw-redirect" title="Garad Saree">Garad Saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindobhog" title="Gobindobhog">Gobindobhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himsagar" title="Himsagar">Himsagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaynagarer_Moa" title="Jaynagarer Moa">Jaynagarer Moa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurkathi" title="Madurkathi">Madurkathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasa_chali" title="Manasa chali">Manasa chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihidana" title="Mihidana">Mihidana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakshi_kantha" title="Nakshi kantha">Nakshi kantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiniketan_Leather_Goods" title="Santiniketan Leather Goods">Santiniketan Leather Goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantipuri_sari" title="Shantipuri sari">Shantipuri sari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitabhog" title="Sitabhog">Sitabhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundarban_Honey" title="Sundarban Honey">Sundarban Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangail_Saree_(West_Bengal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangail Saree (West Bengal)">Tangail Saree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulaipanji" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulaipanji">Tulaipanji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengali people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biharis" title="Biharis">Bihari people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_West_Bengal" title="Economy of West Bengal">Economy of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Gorkha" title="Indian Gorkha">Gurkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adivasi" title="Adivasi">Adivasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_people" title="Rajbanshi people">Rajbanshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_people" title="Anglo-Indian people">Anglo-Indian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_communities_in_Kolkata" title="Ethnic communities in Kolkata">Ethnic communities in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_West_Bengal_districts_ranked_by_literacy_rate" title="List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate">List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_Bengalis_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrimination against Bengalis in India">Discrimination against Bengalis in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_West_Bengal" title="List of people from West Bengal">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam" title="Kazi Nazrul Islam">Kazi Nazrul Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anil_Kumar_Gain" title="Anil Kumar Gain">Anil Kumar Gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritwik_Ghatak" title="Ritwik Ghatak">Ritwik Ghatak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamini_Roy" title="Jamini Roy">Jamini Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Jyoti Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandalal_Bose" title="Nandalal Bose">Nandalal Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghnad_Saha" title="Meghnad Saha">Meghnad Saha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chatterjee" title="Bankim Chandra Chatterjee">Bankim Chandra Chatterjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Bose" title="Sarat Chandra Bose">Sarat Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanadanandini_Devi" title="Jnanadanandini Devi">Jnanadanandini Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abanindranath_Tagore" title="Abanindranath Tagore">Abanindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Tagore" title="Satyendranath Tagore">Satyendranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendranath_Dutta" title="Satyendranath Dutta">Satyendranath Dutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ram_Mohan_Roy" title="Raja Ram Mohan Roy">Raja Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_Rashmoni" title="Rani Rashmoni">Rani Rashmoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarada_Devi" title="Sarada Devi">Sarada Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarkanath_Tagore" title="Dwarkanath Tagore">Dwarkanath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukumar_Ray" title="Sukumar Ray">Sukumar Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upendrakishore_Ray_Chowdhury" title="Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury">Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Madhusudan_Dutt" title="Michael Madhusudan Dutt">Michael Madhusudan Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarat_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" title="Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay">Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibhutibhushan_Bandyopadhyay" title="Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay">Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihar_Ranjan_Gupta" title="Nihar Ranjan Gupta">Nihar Ranjan Gupta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:West_Bengal" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:West Bengal">Image gallery at Wikimedia Commons</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" 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196.566 1 Template:HistoryOfSouthAsia"," 7.76% 115.963 31 Template:Sfn"," 5.27% 78.703 2 Template:Location_map+"," 4.65% 69.405 27 Template:Tree_chart"," 4.32% 64.479 1 Template:South_Asia_in_1000"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.820","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":14456563,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbdul_Momin_Chowdhury1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlexis_Sanderson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmalananda_Ghosh1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndre_Wink1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBagchi1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBajpai2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalogh2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBindeshwari_Prasad_Sinha1977\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFBinod_Bihari_Satpathy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiplab_Dasgupta2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiruni2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChakrabarti1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChowdhury2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDahiya2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniélou2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDilip_Kumar_Ganguly1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDineshchandra_Sircar1975–1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEaton1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlåten2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFurui2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFurui2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGanguly1994\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHuntington1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Andrew_AllanSir_T._Wolseley_Haig1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Keay2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeshari_N._Sahay2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrishna_Chaitanya1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaddison2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajamdar1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajumdar2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_C._Howard2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOthers2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFP._N._ChopraB._N._PuriM._N._DasA._C._Pradhan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._C._Majumdar1971\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFR._C._Majumdar1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahman2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaj_Kumar2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRustam_Jehangir_Mehta1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSailendra_Nath_Sen1999\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFSanyal2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSatish_KumarJha2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartzberg1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSen1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSengupta2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSensarma1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShahanara_Husain1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStella_Kramrisch1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSusan_L._Huntington1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWink1991\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Center\"] = 2,\n [\"Chart bottom\"] = 1,\n [\"Chart top\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 25,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 55,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 2,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Continental Asia in 800 CE\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 1,\n [\"Endash\"] = 5,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 3,\n [\"HistoryOfSouthAsia\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox former country\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 31,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"South Asia in 1000\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree chart\"] = 27,\n [\"Tree chart/end\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree chart/start\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"West Bengal\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-697b7966c5-5v9k2","timestamp":"20241126151632","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Pala Empire","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pala_Empire","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q668412","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q668412","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-11-21T12:32:08Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T07:32:20Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/5c\/Map_of_the_Pala_Empire.png","headline":"kingdom In North India"}</script> </body> </html>