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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">African American Literature</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">36,117 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Most downloaded papers in <b>African American Literature</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/African_American_Literature">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9981452" data-work_id="9981452" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9981452/Special_Issue_Memory_and_Periphery">Special Issue - Memory and Periphery</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This special issue addresses the possible connections and mutual benefits of examining together two analytic concepts – memory and periphery. These concepts receive much attention in various scholarly discussions, yet they have done so... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9981452" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This special issue addresses the possible connections and mutual benefits of examining together two analytic concepts – memory and periphery. These concepts receive much attention in various scholarly discussions, yet they have done so rather independently from each other. The potential applications and utilities of combining memory and periphery and the epistemic insights they provide for various disciplins are presented in the different contributions to this issue.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9981452" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="65c8d98fe16d2dd56408c2848dd7c195" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":38747124,"asset_id":9981452,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38747124/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2Mzk3NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4682698" href="https://pennstate.academia.edu/KobiKabalek">Kobi Kabalek</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4682698" type="text/json">{"id":4682698,"first_name":"Kobi","last_name":"Kabalek","domain_name":"pennstate","page_name":"KobiKabalek","display_name":"Kobi Kabalek","profile_url":"https://pennstate.academia.edu/KobiKabalek?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4682698/1970629/2349228/s65_kobi.kabalek.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9981452 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9981452"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9981452, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9981452", }); 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It has been read as pertaining to various sub-genres:... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_760890" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Abstract <br />A work of shocking evocations and stunning poetry, Toni Morrison's Beloved has become a must on American literary reading lists, in spite of its bewildering complexity. It has been read as pertaining to various sub-genres: trauma-literature, feminist literature, slave narratives, post-colonialism, post-modernism, the fantastic, the Gothic, the grotesque, the sublime, the beautiful, magical realism, the mystery novel, etc. This essay argues that although Beloved is a text-book case of the magical realist (and not the fantastic) narrative mode, which strengthens its grotesque and Gothic aspects but weakens its claims to realism, the book's poetic language and authorial exaltation make it also an illustration of marvelous realism. These various aesthetic facets combine with modernist narrative fragmentation techniques which turn this major poetic exploration of the trauma of African American slavery into a potentially traumatic experience for readers in search of who speaks in Beloved?</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/760890" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="377a0f6a4b5a431716f4d0d35595d023" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":4507820,"asset_id":760890,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/4507820/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2Mzk3NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="507728" href="https://univ-antilles.academia.edu/CharlesScheel">Charles W Scheel</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="507728" type="text/json">{"id":507728,"first_name":"Charles","last_name":"Scheel","domain_name":"univ-antilles","page_name":"CharlesScheel","display_name":"Charles W Scheel","profile_url":"https://univ-antilles.academia.edu/CharlesScheel?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/507728/197320/230008/s65_charles.scheel.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_760890 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="760890"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 760890, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_760890", }); 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These various aesthetic facets combine with modernist narrative fragmentation techniques which turn this major poetic exploration of the trauma of African American slavery into a potentially traumatic experience for readers in search of who speaks in Beloved?","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":4507820,"asset_id":760890,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":507728,"first_name":"Charles","last_name":"Scheel","domain_name":"univ-antilles","page_name":"CharlesScheel","display_name":"Charles W Scheel","profile_url":"https://univ-antilles.academia.edu/CharlesScheel?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/507728/197320/230008/s65_charles.scheel.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":10,"name":"American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":6258,"name":"African American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":22275,"name":"Literature and Trauma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Literature_and_Trauma?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":38832,"name":"Toni Morrison (Literature)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Toni_Morrison_Literature_?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9915670" data-work_id="9915670" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9915670/_Christianity_The_Great_Deception_by_Rev_Shaul">"Christianity:The Great Deception" by Rev. Sha'ul</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">"This book will probably be the most difficult piece of reading you will ever read because in this book I demonstrate with overwhelming proof that Christianity is the great lie foretold in The Bible . You will be tempted to shut down,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9915670" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">"This book will probably be the most difficult piece of reading you will ever read because in this book I demonstrate with overwhelming proof that Christianity is the great lie foretold in The Bible . You will be tempted to shut down, stop reading, to turn away from it in total denial. The "god" behind this false religion, The Dragon, has a firm hold on the mind of humanity and this lie is so powerful that if possible could even deceive the elect of YHUH (YAHUAH ALAUHYM)... if possible". - Rev Sha'ul <br />Chapter 1 - From Dagon to The Dragon, The Spirit behind Christianty <br />Chapter 2 : The Great Deception <br />Chapter 3: The Great Apostasy <br />Chapter 4: The Pagan History of the Christian Church <br />Chapter 5 : How Christianity was created <br />Chapter 6: The Foundation and Birth of Christianity <br />Chapter 7: How the new "god" was created and called "Jesus" <br />Chapter 8: Christianity is born with a new "god" called "Jesus" <br />Chapter 9: The name "Jesus" <br />Chapter 10 : Easter replaced Passover (Pasach) <br />Chapter 11: The Sabbath is changed to Dies Solis (Day of the Sun aka Sunday) <br />Chapter 12:  Dies Natalis Solis Invicti (Christmas)</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9915670" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a14c561ef983add165bb37bf241e208d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36069902,"asset_id":9915670,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36069902/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2Mzk3NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="22552707" href="https://independent.academia.edu/rousseauxricardo">Rousseaux Shamar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="22552707" type="text/json">{"id":22552707,"first_name":"Rousseaux","last_name":"Shamar","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"rousseauxricardo","display_name":"Rousseaux Shamar","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/rousseauxricardo?f_ri=6258","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9915670 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9915670"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9915670, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9915670", }); 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The \"god\" behind this false religion, The Dragon, has a firm hold on the mind of humanity and this lie is so powerful that if possible could even deceive the elect of YHUH (YAHUAH ALAUHYM)... if possible\". - Rev Sha'ul\r\nChapter 1 - From Dagon to The Dragon, The Spirit behind Christianty\r\nChapter 2 : The Great Deception\r\nChapter 3: The Great Apostasy\r\nChapter 4: The Pagan History of the Christian Church\r\nChapter 5 : How Christianity was created\r\nChapter 6: The Foundation and Birth of Christianity\r\nChapter 7: How the new \"god\" was created and called \"Jesus\"\r\nChapter 8: Christianity is born with a new \"god\" called \"Jesus\"\r\nChapter 9: The name \"Jesus\"\r\nChapter 10 : Easter replaced Passover (Pasach)\r\nChapter 11: The Sabbath is changed to Dies Solis (Day of the Sun aka Sunday)\r\nChapter 12: Dies Natalis Solis Invicti (Christmas) 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Yet, the use of environmental habitats in (and with) which Black people are... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37471040" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Activists and scholars often describe environmental racism as an immoral and illegal dumping of toxic waste into poor, Black, and people of colour communities. Yet, the use of environmental habitats in (and with) which Black people are mutilated, concealed, and contained has gone under-conceptualised as a mode of environmental racism. I propose an expansion of familiar understandings of environmental racism to include the use of environmental habitats to commit and conceal acts of anti-Black violence. This proposition draws from an understanding that environmental racism includes the mutual devaluation of Black bodies and the spaces in which they inhabit. I ground this study in Afro-Pessimist and Black geographies thought, research on environmental racism and cultural analyses of Black literary and performance art. Finally, I draw from the spatial and racial analyses imprinted within James Baldwin's immense catalogue to put forth Blackness as an alternate human ethic imbued with political possibilities, an ontological conceptualisation which may push activists and scholars to seek redress beyond the policy rationales and recommendations commonplace among today's struggles for environmental justice.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37471040" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e3c957b643b94b25a403815f5871cc89" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57439974,"asset_id":37471040,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57439974/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2Mzk3NCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2932502" href="https://independent.academia.edu/WillieJamaalWright">Willie Jamaal Wright</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2932502" type="text/json">{"id":2932502,"first_name":"Willie Jamaal","last_name":"Wright","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"WillieJamaalWright","display_name":"Willie Jamaal Wright","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/WillieJamaalWright?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2932502/969132/59175632/s65_willie_jamaal.wright.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37471040 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37471040"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37471040, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37471040", }); 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Finally, I draw from the spatial and racial analyses imprinted within James Baldwin's immense catalogue to put forth Blackness as an alternate human ethic imbued with political possibilities, an ontological conceptualisation which may push activists and scholars to seek redress beyond the policy rationales and recommendations commonplace among today's struggles for environmental justice.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57439974,"asset_id":37471040,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2932502,"first_name":"Willie Jamaal","last_name":"Wright","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"WillieJamaalWright","display_name":"Willie Jamaal Wright","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/WillieJamaalWright?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2932502/969132/59175632/s65_willie_jamaal.wright.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":10,"name":"American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":153,"name":"Landscape Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Landscape_Ecology?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":262,"name":"Human Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Geography?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":263,"name":"Cultural Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Geography?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":296,"name":"Black Studies Or African American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Studies_Or_African_American_Studies?f_ri=6258"},{"id":2433,"name":"Place and Identity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Place_and_Identity?f_ri=6258"},{"id":3126,"name":"Political Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Ecology?f_ri=6258"},{"id":3148,"name":"Actor Network Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Actor_Network_Theory?f_ri=6258"},{"id":3407,"name":"Environmental Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Studies?f_ri=6258"},{"id":6258,"name":"African American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature?f_ri=6258"},{"id":7232,"name":"Landscape History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Landscape_History-1?f_ri=6258"},{"id":8154,"name":"American South","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_South?f_ri=6258"},{"id":18590,"name":"Environmental Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Justice?f_ri=6258"},{"id":118579,"name":"Post-Humanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Post-Humanism?f_ri=6258"},{"id":509776,"name":"Afropessimism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Afropessimism?f_ri=6258"},{"id":813618,"name":"Black Geographies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Geographies?f_ri=6258"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31720189" data-work_id="31720189" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31720189/A_Simplified_Beginners_Guide_to_African_Traditional_Religion_with_the_Axioms_of_Kemet_Version_1_0">A Simplified Beginners Guide to African Traditional Religion with the Axioms of Kemet, Version 1.0'</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A simplified go-to document that shall the give the reader an overview of the pillars of African Traditional Religion. It also promises to be a book that urges the reader to find out more about African Traditional Religion because it... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31720189" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A simplified go-to document that shall the give the reader an overview of the pillars of African Traditional Religion. It also promises to be a book that urges the reader to find out more about African Traditional Religion because it demystifies a religion shrouded in secrecy and persecution from the major religions of the world. The Axioms of Kemet are advices and instructions from Ancient Egypt.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31720189" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="979d8725bc88b262a842e38cd0a54543" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":52032846,"asset_id":31720189,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52032846/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2Mzk3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="24914192" href="https://independent.academia.edu/adenyo">Mac Evans Adenyo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="24914192" type="text/json">{"id":24914192,"first_name":"Mac Evans","last_name":"Adenyo","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"adenyo","display_name":"Mac Evans Adenyo","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/adenyo?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/24914192/6752609/7626143/s65_mac_evans.adenyo.jpg_oh_fd09c29d4e1b02ecff41c6ac6394e57e_oe_5524ce45___gda___1432400016_8a0de3a5428d1148971d3e63e5bb4a94"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31720189 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31720189"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31720189, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31720189", }); 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in the Village", this paper highlights for the first time Baldwin's dialectic representation of black-white relations as initiated in Europe and perfected in America. Starting from the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1869300" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Rereading James Baldwin's famous essay "Stranger in the Village", this paper highlights for the first time Baldwin's dialectic representation of black-white relations as initiated in Europe and perfected in America. Starting from the observation that Baldwin comes to understand during his Swiss sojourn that the roots of his identity are to be found not in Africa, but in Europe, the paper offers a textual and cultural close reading of a text in which past confronts present and Africa confronts Europe in an American individual experience of cosmic dimension.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1869300" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="de8b9e78cc345ccd0a76f04767604544" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":26470182,"asset_id":1869300,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/26470182/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2Mzk3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2334060" href="https://postdoc-uaic.academia.edu/OanaCogeanu">Oana Cogeanu</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2334060" type="text/json">{"id":2334060,"first_name":"Oana","last_name":"Cogeanu","domain_name":"postdoc-uaic","page_name":"OanaCogeanu","display_name":"Oana Cogeanu","profile_url":"https://postdoc-uaic.academia.edu/OanaCogeanu?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2334060/737148/1867260/s65_oana.cogeanu.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1869300 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1869300"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1869300, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1869300", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1869300]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1869300").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1869300").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1869300"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2418" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Literature">Literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2418" type="text/json">{"id":2418,"name":"Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6258" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature">African American Literature</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6258" type="text/json">{"id":6258,"name":"African American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1869300]'), work: {"id":1869300,"title":"James Baldwin's Stranger in the Village: An Essay in Black and White","created_at":"2012-08-18T21:44:12.871-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1869300/James_Baldwins_Stranger_in_the_Village_An_Essay_in_Black_and_White?f_ri=6258","dom_id":"work_1869300","summary":"Rereading James Baldwin's famous essay \"Stranger in the Village\", this paper highlights for the first time Baldwin's dialectic representation of black-white relations as initiated in Europe and perfected in America. Starting from the observation that Baldwin comes to understand during his Swiss sojourn that the roots of his identity are to be found not in Africa, but in Europe, the paper offers a textual and cultural close reading of a text in which past confronts present and Africa confronts Europe in an American individual experience of cosmic dimension.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":26470182,"asset_id":1869300,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2334060,"first_name":"Oana","last_name":"Cogeanu","domain_name":"postdoc-uaic","page_name":"OanaCogeanu","display_name":"Oana Cogeanu","profile_url":"https://postdoc-uaic.academia.edu/OanaCogeanu?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2334060/737148/1867260/s65_oana.cogeanu.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2418,"name":"Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":6258,"name":"African American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9864206" data-work_id="9864206" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9864206/Slave_Breeding_Farms_of_Africans_in_North_America_">Slave Breeding Farms of "Africans in North America"</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">For many enslaved African Americans, one of the cruelest hardships they endured was sexual abuse by the slaveholders, overseers, and National Humanities Center Rother white men and women whose power to dominate them was complete. Enslaved... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9864206" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">For many enslaved African Americans, one of the cruelest hardships they endured was sexual abuse by the slaveholders, overseers, and National Humanities Center Rother white men and women whose power to dominate them was complete. Enslaved women were forced to submit to their masters’ sexual advances, perhaps bearing children who would engender the rage of a master’s wife, and from whom they might be separated forever as a result. Masters forcibly paired “good breeders” to produce strong children they could sell at a high price. Resistance brought severe punishment, often death. “I know these facts will seem too awful to relate,” warns former slave William J. Anderson in his 1857 narrative, “. . . as they are some of the real ‘dark deeds of American Slavery.’”      <br />The Debate about Breeding<br />Located in the heart of the rice-growing region, the four-hundred-acre Hermitage Plantation outside of Savannah, Georgia, had the reputation of being a "breeding" farm, where people were raised for market. Abolitionists may have exaggerated the extent of systematic breeding in the Upper South for sale in the Deep South, but testimonies of former slaves and slaveholders confirm that owners showed great interest in increasing their "crop" of slaves.<br /><br />"Many indirect inducement [are] held out to reckless propagation, which has a sort of premium offered to it in the consideration of less work and more food . . . in short, as their lives are for the most those of mere animals, their increase is literally mere animal breeding, to which every encouragement is given, for it adds to the master's livestock and the value of his estate."<br /><br />Frances Ann Kemble, Journal of a Residence on a Georgia Plantation in 1838-39 (New York: Harper & Bros., 1863). Kemble's husband, Pierce Butler, owned five hundred slaves who were sold in the second largest auction in the history of the country.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9864206" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="164ddb52c1896372117b62af0ae78449" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49269046,"asset_id":9864206,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49269046/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2Mzk3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1913869" href="https://holidz.academia.edu/RashidBooker">Rashid Booker</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1913869" type="text/json">{"id":1913869,"first_name":"Rashid","last_name":"Booker","domain_name":"holidz","page_name":"RashidBooker","display_name":"Rashid Booker","profile_url":"https://holidz.academia.edu/RashidBooker?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1913869/646809/7294535/s65_rashid.booker.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9864206 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9864206"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9864206, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9864206", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9864206]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9864206").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9864206").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9864206"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="296" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Studies_Or_African_American_Studies">Black Studies Or African American Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="296" type="text/json">{"id":296,"name":"Black Studies Or African American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Studies_Or_African_American_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="379" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies">African Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="379" type="text/json">{"id":379,"name":"African Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="813" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy">Political Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="813" type="text/json">{"id":813,"name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9864206]'), work: {"id":9864206,"title":"Slave Breeding Farms of \"Africans in North America\"","created_at":"2014-12-22T07:17:25.144-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9864206/Slave_Breeding_Farms_of_Africans_in_North_America_?f_ri=6258","dom_id":"work_9864206","summary":"For many enslaved African Americans, one of the cruelest hardships they endured was sexual abuse by the slaveholders, overseers, and National Humanities Center Rother white men and women whose power to dominate them was complete. Enslaved women were forced to submit to their masters’ sexual advances, perhaps bearing children who would engender the rage of a master’s wife, and from whom they might be separated forever as a result. Masters forcibly paired “good breeders” to produce strong children they could sell at a high price. Resistance brought severe punishment, often death. “I know these facts will seem too awful to relate,” warns former slave William J. Anderson in his 1857 narrative, “. . . as they are some of the real ‘dark deeds of American Slavery.’” \nThe Debate about Breeding\nLocated in the heart of the rice-growing region, the four-hundred-acre Hermitage Plantation outside of Savannah, Georgia, had the reputation of being a \"breeding\" farm, where people were raised for market. Abolitionists may have exaggerated the extent of systematic breeding in the Upper South for sale in the Deep South, but testimonies of former slaves and slaveholders confirm that owners showed great interest in increasing their \"crop\" of slaves.\n\n\"Many indirect inducement [are] held out to reckless propagation, which has a sort of premium offered to it in the consideration of less work and more food . . . in short, as their lives are for the most those of mere animals, their increase is literally mere animal breeding, to which every encouragement is given, for it adds to the master's livestock and the value of his estate.\"\n\nFrances Ann Kemble, Journal of a Residence on a Georgia Plantation in 1838-39 (New York: Harper \u0026 Bros., 1863). Kemble's husband, Pierce Butler, owned five hundred slaves who were sold in the second largest auction in the history of the country.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49269046,"asset_id":9864206,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false},{"id":36027360,"asset_id":9864206,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1913869,"first_name":"Rashid","last_name":"Booker","domain_name":"holidz","page_name":"RashidBooker","display_name":"Rashid Booker","profile_url":"https://holidz.academia.edu/RashidBooker?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1913869/646809/7294535/s65_rashid.booker.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":296,"name":"Black Studies Or African American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Studies_Or_African_American_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":379,"name":"African Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":813,"name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":6258,"name":"African American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature?f_ri=6258"},{"id":9619,"name":"Pan Africanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pan_Africanism?f_ri=6258"},{"id":14912,"name":"African American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Studies?f_ri=6258"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33851814" data-work_id="33851814" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33851814/Losing_Manhood_Animality_and_Plasticity_in_the_Neo_Slave_Narrative">Losing Manhood: Animality and Plasticity in the (Neo)Slave Narrative</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In “The Animal That Therefore I Am (More to Follow),” the late French philosopher, Jacques Derrida contends “the question” of “the animal” in philosophy refers “not to the animal but to the naive assurance of man.” In critically... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33851814" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In “The Animal That Therefore I Am (More to Follow),” the late French philosopher, Jacques Derrida contends “the question” of “the animal” in philosophy refers “not to the animal but to the naive assurance of man.” In critically approaching the “bestiary at the origin of philosophy,” Derrida would later clarify that it is less a matter of asking “whether one has the right to refuse the animal such and such a power…[than of] asking whether what calls itself human has the right rigorously to attribute to man, which means therefore to attribute to himself, what he refuses the animal, and whether he can ever possess the pure, rigorous, indivisible concept, as such, of that attribution.” At the close of what is assuredly a towering work of philosophical inquiry, a number of interrelated questions at the center of what he calls the “philosophical bestiary” nevertheless remain. In particular, if sexual difference and its attendant Oedipal anxieties and oppositions structure the foundational violence of the Western philosophical tradition, a violence that is constitutive with and recalled by human-animal oppositions, how might a consideration of the mode by which the symbolic logics of both dualisms are cut and qualitatively intensified by antiblack racialization clarify the terms and stakes of his inquiry? This paper investigates this constitutive lacuna in Derrida’s thought, by thinking a being where the normative symbolics of gender and personhood do not take hold, due to a concerted attempt to apportion and delimit characteristics presumed to be proper to Man in a manner that accords with the paradoxical dictates of a racializing Law. In a reading of Frederick Douglass’s 1845 Narrative and Toni Morrison’s Beloved in relation to philosophic and bioscientific discourses on the plasticity of life, I offer a consideration of how blackness constitutes and disrupts the historical and philosophical terms of Derrida’s meditation.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33851814" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d99ad01744aa13f67ac96a0235378b70" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53832012,"asset_id":33851814,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53832012/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2Mzk3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3312927" href="https://usc.academia.edu/ZakiyyahJackson">Zakiyyah Jackson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3312927" type="text/json">{"id":3312927,"first_name":"Zakiyyah","last_name":"Jackson","domain_name":"usc","page_name":"ZakiyyahJackson","display_name":"Zakiyyah Jackson","profile_url":"https://usc.academia.edu/ZakiyyahJackson?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3312927/1105202/5920364/s65_zakiyyah.jackson.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33851814 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33851814"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33851814, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33851814", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33851814]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_33851814").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_33851814").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="33851814"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="296" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Studies_Or_African_American_Studies">Black Studies Or African American Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="296" type="text/json">{"id":296,"name":"Black Studies Or African American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Studies_Or_African_American_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1192" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Theory">Feminist Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1192" type="text/json">{"id":1192,"name":"Feminist Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Theory?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2938" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_African_Diaspora">Black/African Diaspora</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2938" type="text/json">{"id":2938,"name":"Black/African Diaspora","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_African_Diaspora?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3233" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Studies">Animal Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3233" type="text/json">{"id":3233,"name":"Animal Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=33851814]'), work: {"id":33851814,"title":"Losing Manhood: Animality and Plasticity in the (Neo)Slave Narrative","created_at":"2017-07-11T16:30:28.336-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/33851814/Losing_Manhood_Animality_and_Plasticity_in_the_Neo_Slave_Narrative?f_ri=6258","dom_id":"work_33851814","summary":"In “The Animal That Therefore I Am (More to Follow),” the late French philosopher, Jacques Derrida contends “the question” of “the animal” in philosophy refers “not to the animal but to the naive assurance of man.” In critically approaching the “bestiary at the origin of philosophy,” Derrida would later clarify that it is less a matter of asking “whether one has the right to refuse the animal such and such a power…[than of] asking whether what calls itself human has the right rigorously to attribute to man, which means therefore to attribute to himself, what he refuses the animal, and whether he can ever possess the pure, rigorous, indivisible concept, as such, of that attribution.” At the close of what is assuredly a towering work of philosophical inquiry, a number of interrelated questions at the center of what he calls the “philosophical bestiary” nevertheless remain. In particular, if sexual difference and its attendant Oedipal anxieties and oppositions structure the foundational violence of the Western philosophical tradition, a violence that is constitutive with and recalled by human-animal oppositions, how might a consideration of the mode by which the symbolic logics of both dualisms are cut and qualitatively intensified by antiblack racialization clarify the terms and stakes of his inquiry? This paper investigates this constitutive lacuna in Derrida’s thought, by thinking a being where the normative symbolics of gender and personhood do not take hold, due to a concerted attempt to apportion and delimit characteristics presumed to be proper to Man in a manner that accords with the paradoxical dictates of a racializing Law. In a reading of Frederick Douglass’s 1845 Narrative and Toni Morrison’s Beloved in relation to philosophic and bioscientific discourses on the plasticity of life, I offer a consideration of how blackness constitutes and disrupts the historical and philosophical terms of Derrida’s meditation.\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53832012,"asset_id":33851814,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3312927,"first_name":"Zakiyyah","last_name":"Jackson","domain_name":"usc","page_name":"ZakiyyahJackson","display_name":"Zakiyyah Jackson","profile_url":"https://usc.academia.edu/ZakiyyahJackson?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3312927/1105202/5920364/s65_zakiyyah.jackson.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":296,"name":"Black Studies Or African American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Studies_Or_African_American_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":1192,"name":"Feminist Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Theory?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":2938,"name":"Black/African Diaspora","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_African_Diaspora?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":3233,"name":"Animal Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":3870,"name":"African Diaspora Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Diaspora_Studies?f_ri=6258"},{"id":4005,"name":"Feminist Epistemology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Epistemology?f_ri=6258"},{"id":4124,"name":"Feminist Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Philosophy?f_ri=6258"},{"id":6258,"name":"African American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature?f_ri=6258"},{"id":13788,"name":"Catherine Malabou","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Catherine_Malabou?f_ri=6258"},{"id":24074,"name":"Black Women's Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Womens_Studies?f_ri=6258"},{"id":25064,"name":"Black Feminist Theory/Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Feminist_Theory_Thought?f_ri=6258"},{"id":29108,"name":"Feminist Literary Theory and Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Literary_Theory_and_Gender_Studies?f_ri=6258"},{"id":54424,"name":"science and technology studies (STS)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/science_and_technology_studies_STS_?f_ri=6258"},{"id":76626,"name":"New Materialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Materialism?f_ri=6258"},{"id":248985,"name":"New Materialisms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Materialisms?f_ri=6258"},{"id":563262,"name":"Feminist new materialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_new_materialism?f_ri=6258"},{"id":567865,"name":"Africana Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Africana_Philosophy?f_ri=6258"},{"id":931247,"name":"Philosophy and Sociology of Human/animal Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_and_Sociology_of_Human_animal_Relations?f_ri=6258"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37788838" data-work_id="37788838" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37788838/THE_UNDERGROUND_RAILROAD">THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Publisher: Doubleday Publishing Company (First Edition); Published: 2016; ISBN13: 978-0385542364; ISBN-10: 0385542364; pp 320; Price: $15.41. <a href="http://bordersliteratureonline.net/books/The-Underground-Railroad" rel="nofollow">http://bordersliteratureonline.net/books/The-Underground-Railroad</a> The historic Underground... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37788838" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Publisher: Doubleday Publishing Company (First Edition);<br />Published: 2016;<br />ISBN13: 978-0385542364;<br />ISBN-10: 0385542364;<br />pp 320; <br />Price: $15.41.<br /><br /><a href="http://bordersliteratureonline.net/books/The-Underground-Railroad" rel="nofollow">http://bordersliteratureonline.net/books/The-Underground-Railroad</a><br /><br />The historic Underground Railroad of America which made legends of Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass was not located underground nor was it a railroad. A loose organised network with no clear, defined routes, the word underground relays the secrecy of the network's activities and the fear of exposure of slaves fleeing the hell of the confederate states. In his fictional interpretation of The Underground Railroad, Colson Whitehead keeps faith with recorded history in important ways even pasting as visual props and as prefaces to chapters, notices about runaway slaves with slave profiles and specifics about rewards for their capture. Rampaging the book's pages are the hordes of feral patrollers and slave catchers he unleashes, their blood singing as they go nigger hunting.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37788838" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ab0e6469d2162f8a9b683c195815949a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":99840643,"asset_id":37788838,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/99840643/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2Mzk3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="63803908" href="https://bristol.academia.edu/OlatounWilliams">Olatoun Gabi-Williams</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="63803908" type="text/json">{"id":63803908,"first_name":"Olatoun","last_name":"Gabi-Williams","domain_name":"bristol","page_name":"OlatounWilliams","display_name":"Olatoun Gabi-Williams","profile_url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/OlatounWilliams?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/50150875ced844205be3b7993bf10627?s=65"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37788838 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37788838"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37788838, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37788838", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_37788838 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37788838; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_37788838"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_37788838 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37788838"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37788838; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37788838]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37788838").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37788838").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37788838"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="296" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Studies_Or_African_American_Studies">Black Studies Or African American Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="296" type="text/json">{"id":296,"name":"Black Studies Or African American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Studies_Or_African_American_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="390" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Studies">American Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="390" type="text/json">{"id":390,"name":"American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3277" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Racism">Race and Racism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3277" type="text/json">{"id":3277,"name":"Race and Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Racism?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6258" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature">African American Literature</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6258" type="text/json">{"id":6258,"name":"African American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37788838]'), work: {"id":37788838,"title":"THE UNDERGROUND RAILROAD","created_at":"2018-11-16T10:09:05.703-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37788838/THE_UNDERGROUND_RAILROAD?f_ri=6258","dom_id":"work_37788838","summary":"Publisher: Doubleday Publishing Company (First Edition);\nPublished: 2016;\nISBN13: 978-0385542364;\nISBN-10: 0385542364;\npp 320; \nPrice: $15.41.\n\nhttp://bordersliteratureonline.net/books/The-Underground-Railroad\n\nThe historic Underground Railroad of America which made legends of Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass was not located underground nor was it a railroad. A loose organised network with no clear, defined routes, the word underground relays the secrecy of the network's activities and the fear of exposure of slaves fleeing the hell of the confederate states. In his fictional interpretation of The Underground Railroad, Colson Whitehead keeps faith with recorded history in important ways even pasting as visual props and as prefaces to chapters, notices about runaway slaves with slave profiles and specifics about rewards for their capture. Rampaging the book's pages are the hordes of feral patrollers and slave catchers he unleashes, their blood singing as they go nigger hunting.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":99840643,"asset_id":37788838,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":63803908,"first_name":"Olatoun","last_name":"Gabi-Williams","domain_name":"bristol","page_name":"OlatounWilliams","display_name":"Olatoun Gabi-Williams","profile_url":"https://bristol.academia.edu/OlatounWilliams?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/50150875ced844205be3b7993bf10627?s=65"}],"research_interests":[{"id":296,"name":"Black Studies Or African American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Studies_Or_African_American_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":390,"name":"American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":3277,"name":"Race and Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Racism?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":6258,"name":"African American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":6283,"name":"History of Slavery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Slavery?f_ri=6258"},{"id":7643,"name":"Abolition of Slavery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abolition_of_Slavery?f_ri=6258"},{"id":14437,"name":"Civil Rights Movement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Rights_Movement?f_ri=6258"},{"id":58699,"name":"CNN","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CNN?f_ri=6258"},{"id":282233,"name":"Runaway Slaves","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Runaway_Slaves?f_ri=6258"},{"id":432164,"name":"Fareed Zakaria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fareed_Zakaria?f_ri=6258"},{"id":637659,"name":"Transatlantic Slave Trade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transatlantic_Slave_Trade?f_ri=6258"},{"id":986381,"name":"Fugitive Slaves","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fugitive_Slaves?f_ri=6258"},{"id":1013321,"name":"Abolition of the Slave Trade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Abolition_of_the_Slave_Trade?f_ri=6258"},{"id":2617809,"name":"Bryan Stevenson","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bryan_Stevenson?f_ri=6258"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12050301" data-work_id="12050301" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12050301/RETRIEVING_An_Ethnohistorical_Account_Of_Pre_Colonial_Africa_African_Kingdoms_And_African_Historical_States">RETRIEVING: An Ethnohistorical Account Of Pre-Colonial Africa, African Kingdoms And African Historical States.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The African continent banks on historical grounds as a very important key player and ally in the world. For ages, the world has depended on Africa for its supply of mineral resources like ore, gold, copper, oil, iron and more recently of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12050301" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The African continent banks on historical grounds as a very important key player and ally in the world. For ages, the world has depended on Africa for its supply of mineral resources like ore, gold, copper, oil, iron and more recently of cheap labour. Today, Africa stands out as a promising economic pillar for many countries of the world. Many developed countries have traded with Africa since the existence of ancient chieftainship, empires and kingdoms in Africa. As the world faces difficult challenges related to globalization,  economic backlash and security threats, the worlds peace and stability is at stake. As the globalized world seeks answers and innovations to realign itself with the current realities, the author of this paper attempts to retrieve the past through an Ethnohistorical account of pre-Colonial Africa, she examines the African Kingdoms, Empires, Monarchs And African Historical States as they used to be and draws comparisons as discussed by Vansina (1962) through  the classification of Sub-Saharan African kingdoms, mostly of Central, South, East Africa, and West African (Sahelian) kingdoms thus distinguishing them apart through their decrease in centralization of power.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12050301" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="627d045575b2dfb0c91251becfb96b0b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37377255,"asset_id":12050301,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37377255/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2Mzk3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8047894" href="https://sbg.academia.edu/CAROLYNENGARA">CAROLYNE NGARA</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8047894" type="text/json">{"id":8047894,"first_name":"CAROLYNE","last_name":"NGARA","domain_name":"sbg","page_name":"CAROLYNENGARA","display_name":"CAROLYNE NGARA","profile_url":"https://sbg.academia.edu/CAROLYNENGARA?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8047894/2802390/69878711/s65_carolyne.ngara.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12050301 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12050301"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12050301, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12050301", }); 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For ages, the world has depended on Africa for its supply of mineral resources like ore, gold, copper, oil, iron and more recently of cheap labour. Today, Africa stands out as a promising economic pillar for many countries of the world. Many developed countries have traded with Africa since the existence of ancient chieftainship, empires and kingdoms in Africa. As the world faces difficult challenges related to globalization, economic backlash and security threats, the worlds peace and stability is at stake. As the globalized world seeks answers and innovations to realign itself with the current realities, the author of this paper attempts to retrieve the past through an Ethnohistorical account of pre-Colonial Africa, she examines the African Kingdoms, Empires, Monarchs And African Historical States as they used to be and draws comparisons as discussed by Vansina (1962) through the classification of Sub-Saharan African kingdoms, mostly of Central, South, East Africa, and West African (Sahelian) kingdoms thus distinguishing them apart through their decrease in centralization of power. 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It also deals with the relationship between jazz music and African American identity throughout history, as... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1593629" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper explores the relationship between jazz music and the narrative structure employed by Morrison in her 1992 novel, Jazz. It also deals with the relationship between jazz music and African American identity throughout history, as well as narrative voice, and authenticity.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1593629" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a3a669d1f1bc18367e32e34349fd0664" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":15020803,"asset_id":1593629,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/15020803/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2Mzk3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1827499" href="https://fredonia.academia.edu/AllysonWilloughby">Allyson Rickerson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1827499" type="text/json">{"id":1827499,"first_name":"Allyson","last_name":"Rickerson","domain_name":"fredonia","page_name":"AllysonWilloughby","display_name":"Allyson Rickerson","profile_url":"https://fredonia.academia.edu/AllysonWilloughby?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1827499/1220889/1526883/s65_allyson.willoughby.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1593629 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1593629"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1593629, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1593629", }); 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Hopkins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pauline_E._Hopkins?f_ri=6258"},{"id":617823,"name":"Vernacular Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vernacular_Literature?f_ri=6258"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_588233" data-work_id="588233" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/588233/Richard_Wrights_Native_Son_Introduction">Richard Wright's Native Son. Introduction</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/588233" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="02ec20d20539148423a859ac3aa15b2a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33869547,"asset_id":588233,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33869547/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2Mzk3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="224503" href="https://usal.academia.edu/AnaMar%C3%ADaFraileMarcos">Ana María Fraile-Marcos</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="224503" type="text/json">{"id":224503,"first_name":"Ana María","last_name":"Fraile-Marcos","domain_name":"usal","page_name":"AnaMaríaFraileMarcos","display_name":"Ana María Fraile-Marcos","profile_url":"https://usal.academia.edu/AnaMar%C3%ADaFraileMarcos?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/224503/94797/25192676/s65_ana_mar_a.fraile-marcos.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_588233 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="588233"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 588233, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_588233", }); 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The basic premise is that within and against... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9590001" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This study attempts to situate, historically and theoretically, a long tradition of dialogue and collaboration between African American and Caribbean peoples for the purposes of liberation.  The basic premise is that within and against the circuits of political, economic, and cultural domination that have structured hemispheric relations in the Americas since 1492, African American and Caribbean solidarity represents a highly developed force for creating decolonizing social change.  By analyzing travel narratives, histories, creative collaborations, and political exchanges, I trace the development of African American/Caribbean dialogue through the lives and works of four key individuals: lay historian Arthur Schomburg, writer/anthropologist Zora Neale Hurston, jazz poet Jayne Cortez, and theologican/politician Jean-Bertrand Aristide.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9590001" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4bc1faa4108d25bfd20e1d5eeef9d728" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35801058,"asset_id":9590001,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35801058/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2Mzk3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="22719607" href="https://ucf.academia.edu/KevinMeehan">Kevin Meehan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="22719607" type="text/json">{"id":22719607,"first_name":"Kevin","last_name":"Meehan","domain_name":"ucf","page_name":"KevinMeehan","display_name":"Kevin Meehan","profile_url":"https://ucf.academia.edu/KevinMeehan?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/22719607/6181063/7004023/s65_kevin.meehan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9590001 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9590001"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9590001, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9590001", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9590001]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9590001").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9590001").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9590001"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6258" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature">African American Literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6258" type="text/json">{"id":6258,"name":"African American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6259" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Caribbean_Literature">Caribbean Literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6259" type="text/json">{"id":6259,"name":"Caribbean Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Caribbean_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6726" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Haiti">Haiti</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6726" type="text/json">{"id":6726,"name":"Haiti","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Haiti?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7945" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Caribbean_Studies">Caribbean Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7945" type="text/json">{"id":7945,"name":"Caribbean Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Caribbean_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9590001]'), work: {"id":9590001,"title":"People Get Ready: African American and Caribbean Cultural Exchange","created_at":"2014-12-02T03:11:30.437-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9590001/People_Get_Ready_African_American_and_Caribbean_Cultural_Exchange?f_ri=6258","dom_id":"work_9590001","summary":"This study attempts to situate, historically and theoretically, a long tradition of dialogue and collaboration between African American and Caribbean peoples for the purposes of liberation. 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Pt 1: How academics and leaders got it wrong</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Part I of this paper seeks to address much of the poor scholastic academic research in regards to Noble Drew Ali, founder of the Moorish Science Temple of America, the very first Islamic organization in the United States of America. Was... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_20209730" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Part I of this paper seeks to address much of the poor scholastic academic research in regards to Noble Drew Ali, founder of the Moorish Science Temple of America, the very first Islamic organization in the United States of America. Was Noble Drew Ali a mere mystic that worked in a circus and then decided to start an organization? Was he really some illiterate man named Thomas Drew that hid his identity as Timothy Drew, then to become a PROPHET? Did Noble Drew Ali have the requisite information to raise up the so-called "blacks" in the United States of America? All of these questions are answered in this tract.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/20209730" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="78860cc904c5cf998292db82c3a94738" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41069793,"asset_id":20209730,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41069793/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2Mzk3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3123997" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AbbaLord">Sheik Way-El</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3123997" type="text/json">{"id":3123997,"first_name":"Sheik","last_name":"Way-El","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AbbaLord","display_name":"Sheik Way-El","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AbbaLord?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3123997/1026732/12525034/s65_sheik.way-el.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_20209730 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="20209730"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 20209730, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_20209730", }); 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Pt 1: How academics and leaders got it wrong","created_at":"2016-01-12T23:52:53.740-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/20209730/Was_Noble_Drew_Ali_Allah_s_prophet_in_the_West_Pt_1_How_academics_and_leaders_got_it_wrong?f_ri=6258","dom_id":"work_20209730","summary":"Part I of this paper seeks to address much of the poor scholastic academic research in regards to Noble Drew Ali, founder of the Moorish Science Temple of America, the very first Islamic organization in the United States of America. Was Noble Drew Ali a mere mystic that worked in a circus and then decided to start an organization? Was he really some illiterate man named Thomas Drew that hid his identity as Timothy Drew, then to become a PROPHET? Did Noble Drew Ali have the requisite information to raise up the so-called \"blacks\" in the United States of America? All of these questions are answered in this tract. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41069793,"asset_id":20209730,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3123997,"first_name":"Sheik","last_name":"Way-El","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AbbaLord","display_name":"Sheik Way-El","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AbbaLord?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3123997/1026732/12525034/s65_sheik.way-el.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":296,"name":"Black Studies Or African American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Studies_Or_African_American_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":5674,"name":"Islamic Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Philosophy?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":6258,"name":"African American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":13497,"name":"African American History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_History?f_ri=6258"},{"id":14912,"name":"African American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Studies?f_ri=6258"},{"id":15800,"name":"Islamic History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_History?f_ri=6258"},{"id":18700,"name":"Canaanite Languages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Canaanite_Languages?f_ri=6258"},{"id":94788,"name":"Moabite","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moabite?f_ri=6258"},{"id":161161,"name":"African Moors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Moors?f_ri=6258"},{"id":204900,"name":"Moors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moors?f_ri=6258"},{"id":209846,"name":"Ancient Canaanite Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_Canaanite_Religion?f_ri=6258"},{"id":226888,"name":"Moors in Spanish Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moors_in_Spanish_Literature?f_ri=6258"},{"id":283707,"name":"Western converts to Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Western_converts_to_Islam?f_ri=6258"},{"id":283708,"name":"Western Islam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Western_Islam?f_ri=6258"},{"id":692681,"name":"Moors in America","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moors_in_America?f_ri=6258"},{"id":1123524,"name":"Islam In the Western Media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_In_the_Western_Media?f_ri=6258"},{"id":1339915,"name":"Moors In Spain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moors_In_Spain?f_ri=6258"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38215004" 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During the 1960s, America was also at war in Vietnam against the communists and "Civil rights, antipoverty, and antiwar activists... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1539043" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The 1960s saw rising protests and a string of law reforms as the civil rights movement gained momentum. During the 1960s, America was also at war in Vietnam against the communists and "Civil rights, antipoverty, and antiwar activists joined a cacophony of protest for social change." 1 The rise of countercultures and the civil rights movement in particular, meant that African-American "struggles received voluminous attention in news," 2 but, Boyd explains that in prime-time entertainment programming, […] American audiences saw a mostly whitewashed world, with the dramas and sitcoms of the mid-50s and the mid-60s rarely featuring non-white characters. 3</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1539043" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="286652c3abbf7efbaa0c6a6f6532c439" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":12902061,"asset_id":1539043,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/12902061/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2Mzk3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1473038" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NadeemFayaz">Nadeem Fayaz</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1473038" type="text/json">{"id":1473038,"first_name":"Nadeem","last_name":"Fayaz","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"NadeemFayaz","display_name":"Nadeem Fayaz","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NadeemFayaz?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1473038/674101/836599/s65_nadeem.fayaz.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1539043 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1539043"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1539043, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1539043", }); 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(available in hardback, paperback, and as e-book)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">From "30 Americans" to "Angry White Boy," from "Bamboozled" to "The Boondocks," from "Chappelle's Show" to "The Colored Museum," this collection of twenty-one essays takes an interdisciplinary look at the flowering of satire and its... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1214937" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">From "30 Americans" to "Angry White Boy," from "Bamboozled" to "The Boondocks," from "Chappelle's Show" to "The Colored Museum," this collection of twenty-one essays takes an interdisciplinary look at the flowering of satire and its influence in defining new roles in black identity. As a mode of expression for a generation of writers, comedians, cartoonists, musicians, filmmakers, and visual/conceptual artists, satire enables collective questioning of many of the fundamental presumptions about black identity in the wake of the civil rights movement. Whether taking place in popular and controversial television shows, in a provocative series of short internet films, in prize-winning novels and plays, in comic strips, or in conceptual hip hop albums, this satirical impulse has found a receptive audience both within and outside the black community. <br /> <br />Such works have been variously called "post-black," "post-soul," and examples of a "New Black Aesthetic." Whatever the label, this collection bears witness to a noteworthy shift regarding the ways in which African American satirists feel constrained by conventional obligations when treating issues of racial identity, historical memory, and material representation of blackness. <br /> <br />Among the artists examined in this collection are Paul Beatty, Dave Chappelle, Trey Ellis, Percival Everett, Donald Glover (a.k.a. Childish Gambino), Spike Lee, Aaron McGruder, Lynn Nottage, ZZ Packer, Suzan Lori-Parks, Mickalene Thomas, Toure, Kara Walker, and George C. Wolfe. The essays intentionally seek out interconnections among various forms of artistic expression. Contributors look at the ways in which contemporary African American satire engages in a broad ranging critique that exposes fraudulent, outdated, absurd, or otherwise damaging mindsets and behaviors both within and outside the African American community. <br /> <br />Includes essays by Bertram D. Ashe, Thomas R. Britt, Darryl Dickson-Carr, James J. Donahue, Michael B. Gillespie, Gillian Johns, Luvena Kopp, Jennifer Larson, Cameron Leader-Picone, Brandon Manning, Marvin McAllister, Danielle Fuentes Morgan, Derek Conrad Murray, Kinohi Nishikawa, Keenan Norris, Christian Schmidt, Linda Furgerson Selzer, Terrence T. Tucker, Sam Vásquez, and Aimee Zygmonski; with a critical introduction by Derek C. Maus. <br /> <br />--------------------------- <br /> <br />Reviews: <br /> <br />"The twenty-one essays that follow coeditor Derek C. Maus’s fine introduction to this tome demonstrate that, while post-soul may be a contentious epithet, the book _Post-Soul Satire_ is a scholarly treasure trove for those interested in the outcropping of satirical African American writing, visual art, music, film, and television that appeared in the twenty-five years following the publication of novelist Trey Ellis’s much discussed article “The New Black Aesthetic” in the Winter 1989 issue of _Callaloo_.[...] <br /> <br />_Post-Soul Satire: Black Identity after Civil Rights_ maps the courageous (to some), unsettling (to others) trajectory African American print, dramatic, and visual artists have pursued in the recent past. And given the present-day socioeconomic and political circumstances in America and abroad, it seems clear that African American satirists will have no need to dull, much less put away, their barbed weapons any time soon. Though the task is daunting, our satirists, with Juvenalian scorn and Horatian mockery, will continue to expose societal warts and cancers with the goal of ameliorating broken aspects of America’s social contract, and _Post-Soul Satire_ will provide the rest of us with a powerful framework for better understanding the complex challenges these artists do and will face. This is not merely a good book but an important one." <br /> <br />          -- Joe Weixlmann, _African American Review_ 48.1-2 (Spring-Summer 2015) <br /> <br />"In this dexterous, cogent collection, Maus and Donahue (both, SUNY Potsdam) gather 21 scholarly essays that examine the use, effectiveness, and embrace of satire within African American art of the last two decades.  Taken together, the essays propose that satirical postures in contemporary black art communicate an imperative among a new generation of black artists to broaden and redefine African American identity in the post–civil rights/Obama (read “post-black”) era.  Though complex at times, the critical work accomplished here sustains engagement.  The contributors exhibit an admirable command of history, theory, lexicon, and cultural aesthetics.  Moreover, the depth and range of analyses encourage exploration of the many primary texts examined in these pages.  Particular attention is paid to the works of Kara Walker, Percival Everett, Aaron McGruder, and Touré.  Though these offerings—replete with challenging academic language and lofty theorizations—do not lend themselves to readers outside the academy, those interested in thoughtful critiques of popular culture, literature, media studies, and African American studies will find abundant rewards here. Summing Up: Highly recommended." <br /> <br />          -- Jarret Neal, _Choice_ 52.8 (April 2015) <br /> <br />"While there are a number of books on the concepts of post-soul and post-racial (many referenced in the book’s nineteen essays), this collection could be an excellent place to begin one’s education on the topic, even given the focus on satire. The range of material and depth of investigation into satiric representations of black subjectivity in a variety of media is impressive. In his introduction to the collection, Derek Maus makes a persuasive case for the strength of an African American brand of satire significant for understanding current comic art in the United States." <br /> <br />        -- James E. Caron, _Studies in American Humor_ 2.1 (Jan. 2016) <br /> <br />"Ultimately, this text will be useful to anyone who is particularly interested in satire, its inner workings, and its social and political impact. It is also going to be useful to anyone researching Black humor as well as those working with the complex methods by which some Black Americans negotiate complicated positions in contemporary society. Furthermore, given recent discussions in the public sphere regarding what does and does not count as satire and who should or should not be the targets of satire, the text seems especially relevant." <br /> <br />        -- Jacinta Yanders, _Studies in 20th and 21st Century Literature_ 45.1 (2017) <br /> <br />"Post-Soul Satire is a well-chosen assortment of essays that discusses African American issues in various media within the cultural context of the United States and in terms of the phenomenon of post-soul[...]. It is an important contribution to American humor studies, given its sustained focus on satire, humor, and irony." <br /> <br />        -- Debarati Byabartta, _Studies in American Humor_ 3.2 (2017)</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1214937" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="515f370b8125e9d9e7a74e7ba5ca5140" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30692333,"asset_id":1214937,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30692333/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2Mzk3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1087186" href="https://potsdam.academia.edu/DerekCMaus">Derek C. Maus</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1087186" type="text/json">{"id":1087186,"first_name":"Derek C.","last_name":"Maus","domain_name":"potsdam","page_name":"DerekCMaus","display_name":"Derek C. Maus","profile_url":"https://potsdam.academia.edu/DerekCMaus?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1087186/377060/456927/s65_derek_c..maus.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-1214937">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-1214937"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://potsdam.academia.edu/JamesDonahue">James J . 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As a mode of expression for a generation of writers, comedians, cartoonists, musicians, filmmakers, and visual/conceptual artists, satire enables collective questioning of many of the fundamental presumptions about black identity in the wake of the civil rights movement. Whether taking place in popular and controversial television shows, in a provocative series of short internet films, in prize-winning novels and plays, in comic strips, or in conceptual hip hop albums, this satirical impulse has found a receptive audience both within and outside the black community.\r\n\r\nSuch works have been variously called \"post-black,\" \"post-soul,\" and examples of a \"New Black Aesthetic.\" Whatever the label, this collection bears witness to a noteworthy shift regarding the ways in which African American satirists feel constrained by conventional obligations when treating issues of racial identity, historical memory, and material representation of blackness.\r\n\r\nAmong the artists examined in this collection are Paul Beatty, Dave Chappelle, Trey Ellis, Percival Everett, Donald Glover (a.k.a. Childish Gambino), Spike Lee, Aaron McGruder, Lynn Nottage, ZZ Packer, Suzan Lori-Parks, Mickalene Thomas, Toure, Kara Walker, and George C. Wolfe. The essays intentionally seek out interconnections among various forms of artistic expression. Contributors look at the ways in which contemporary African American satire engages in a broad ranging critique that exposes fraudulent, outdated, absurd, or otherwise damaging mindsets and behaviors both within and outside the African American community.\r\n\r\nIncludes essays by Bertram D. Ashe, Thomas R. Britt, Darryl Dickson-Carr, James J. Donahue, Michael B. Gillespie, Gillian Johns, Luvena Kopp, Jennifer Larson, Cameron Leader-Picone, Brandon Manning, Marvin McAllister, Danielle Fuentes Morgan, Derek Conrad Murray, Kinohi Nishikawa, Keenan Norris, Christian Schmidt, Linda Furgerson Selzer, Terrence T. Tucker, Sam Vásquez, and Aimee Zygmonski; with a critical introduction by Derek C. Maus.\r\n\r\n---------------------------\r\n\r\nReviews:\r\n\r\n\"The twenty-one essays that follow coeditor Derek C. Maus’s fine introduction to this tome demonstrate that, while post-soul may be a contentious epithet, the book _Post-Soul Satire_ is a scholarly treasure trove for those interested in the outcropping of satirical African American writing, visual art, music, film, and television that appeared in the twenty-five years following the publication of novelist Trey Ellis’s much discussed article “The New Black Aesthetic” in the Winter 1989 issue of _Callaloo_.[...]\r\n\r\n_Post-Soul Satire: Black Identity after Civil Rights_ maps the courageous (to some), unsettling (to others) trajectory African American print, dramatic, and visual artists have pursued in the recent past. And given the present-day socioeconomic and political circumstances in America and abroad, it seems clear that African American satirists will have no need to dull, much less put away, their barbed weapons any time soon. Though the task is daunting, our satirists, with Juvenalian scorn and Horatian mockery, will continue to expose societal warts and cancers with the goal of ameliorating broken aspects of America’s social contract, and _Post-Soul Satire_ will provide the rest of us with a powerful framework for better understanding the complex challenges these artists do and will face. This is not merely a good book but an important one.\"\r\n\r\n -- Joe Weixlmann, _African American Review_ 48.1-2 (Spring-Summer 2015)\r\n\r\n\"In this dexterous, cogent collection, Maus and Donahue (both, SUNY Potsdam) gather 21 scholarly essays that examine the use, effectiveness, and embrace of satire within African American art of the last two decades. Taken together, the essays propose that satirical postures in contemporary black art communicate an imperative among a new generation of black artists to broaden and redefine African American identity in the post–civil rights/Obama (read “post-black”) era. Though complex at times, the critical work accomplished here sustains engagement. The contributors exhibit an admirable command of history, theory, lexicon, and cultural aesthetics. Moreover, the depth and range of analyses encourage exploration of the many primary texts examined in these pages. Particular attention is paid to the works of Kara Walker, Percival Everett, Aaron McGruder, and Touré. Though these offerings—replete with challenging academic language and lofty theorizations—do not lend themselves to readers outside the academy, those interested in thoughtful critiques of popular culture, literature, media studies, and African American studies will find abundant rewards here. Summing Up: Highly recommended.\"\r\n\r\n -- Jarret Neal, _Choice_ 52.8 (April 2015)\r\n\r\n\"While there are a number of books on the concepts of post-soul and post-racial (many referenced in the book’s nineteen essays), this collection could be an excellent place to begin one’s education on the topic, even given the focus on satire. The range of material and depth of investigation into satiric representations of black subjectivity in a variety of media is impressive. In his introduction to the collection, Derek Maus makes a persuasive case for the strength of an African American brand of satire significant for understanding current comic art in the United States.\"\r\n\r\n -- James E. Caron, _Studies in American Humor_ 2.1 (Jan. 2016)\r\n\r\n\"Ultimately, this text will be useful to anyone who is particularly interested in satire, its inner workings, and its social and political impact. It is also going to be useful to anyone researching Black humor as well as those working with the complex methods by which some Black Americans negotiate complicated positions in contemporary society. Furthermore, given recent discussions in the public sphere regarding what does and does not count as satire and who should or should not be the targets of satire, the text seems especially relevant.\"\r\n\r\n -- Jacinta Yanders, _Studies in 20th and 21st Century Literature_ 45.1 (2017)\r\n\r\n\"Post-Soul Satire is a well-chosen assortment of essays that discusses African American issues in various media within the cultural context of the United States and in terms of the phenomenon of post-soul[...]. It is an important contribution to American humor studies, given its sustained focus on satire, humor, and irony.\"\r\n\r\n -- Debarati Byabartta, _Studies in American Humor_ 3.2 (2017)","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30692333,"asset_id":1214937,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1087186,"first_name":"Derek C.","last_name":"Maus","domain_name":"potsdam","page_name":"DerekCMaus","display_name":"Derek C. Maus","profile_url":"https://potsdam.academia.edu/DerekCMaus?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1087186/377060/456927/s65_derek_c..maus.jpg"},{"id":3507723,"first_name":"James","last_name":"Donahue","domain_name":"potsdam","page_name":"JamesDonahue","display_name":"James J . 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class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_8496890" data-work_id="8496890" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8496890/An_African_American_Study_of_The_Lesson_Toni_Cade_Bambara_s_Short_Story">An African American Study of “The Lesson”, Toni Cade Bambara’s Short Story</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">An outstanding feature of African American literature has been proved to be a distinctively variety of English language used prevalently among black communities in the United States of America. Toni Cade Bambara is one of the African... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_8496890" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">An outstanding feature of African American literature has been proved to be a distinctively variety<br />of English language used prevalently among black communities in the United States of America. Toni Cade<br />Bambara is one of the African American Authors for whom language goes beyond a mere tool of<br />communication. The present article deals with the concept of black vernacular in her short story ‘The Lesson’.<br />The first part of the article considers the linguistic features which make the language of the text distinctively<br />black and the second part of the article is an attempt to read between the lines to find out the consequences of<br />the use of this literary technique through Henry Louis Gates, Jr.’s Signifying Monkey which helps readers<br />discover many layers of African American texts.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8496890" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="85ccaf404fa786d9ab22e66b321f2274" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61878240,"asset_id":8496890,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61878240/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2Mzk3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2282792" href="https://iau.academia.edu/LeilaNaderi">Leila Naderi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2282792" type="text/json">{"id":2282792,"first_name":"Leila","last_name":"Naderi","domain_name":"iau","page_name":"LeilaNaderi","display_name":"Leila Naderi","profile_url":"https://iau.academia.edu/LeilaNaderi?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2282792/725573/900963/s65_leila.naderi.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_8496890 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8496890"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8496890, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8496890", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=8496890]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_8496890").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_8496890").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="8496890"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6258" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature">African American Literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6258" type="text/json">{"id":6258,"name":"African American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14912" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Studies">African American Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14912" type="text/json">{"id":14912,"name":"African American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="104128" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Toni_Cade_Bambara">Toni Cade Bambara</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="104128" type="text/json">{"id":104128,"name":"Toni Cade Bambara","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Toni_Cade_Bambara?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=8496890]'), work: {"id":8496890,"title":"An African American Study of “The Lesson”, Toni Cade Bambara’s Short Story","created_at":"2014-09-25T15:02:55.141-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/8496890/An_African_American_Study_of_The_Lesson_Toni_Cade_Bambara_s_Short_Story?f_ri=6258","dom_id":"work_8496890","summary":"An outstanding feature of African American literature has been proved to be a distinctively variety\nof English language used prevalently among black communities in the United States of America. Toni Cade\nBambara is one of the African American Authors for whom language goes beyond a mere tool of\ncommunication. The present article deals with the concept of black vernacular in her short story ‘The Lesson’.\nThe first part of the article considers the linguistic features which make the language of the text distinctively\nblack and the second part of the article is an attempt to read between the lines to find out the consequences of\nthe use of this literary technique through Henry Louis Gates, Jr.’s Signifying Monkey which helps readers\ndiscover many layers of African American texts.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61878240,"asset_id":8496890,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2282792,"first_name":"Leila","last_name":"Naderi","domain_name":"iau","page_name":"LeilaNaderi","display_name":"Leila Naderi","profile_url":"https://iau.academia.edu/LeilaNaderi?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2282792/725573/900963/s65_leila.naderi.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6258,"name":"African American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":14912,"name":"African American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":104128,"name":"Toni Cade Bambara","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Toni_Cade_Bambara?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35172581" data-work_id="35172581" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35172581/Song_of_the_Caged_Bird_Maya_Angelou_s_Resistance_to_Racism_and_Sexism_in_Her_Poetry">Song of the Caged Bird: Maya Angelou’s Resistance to Racism and Sexism in Her Poetry</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Incarcerated by the invisible but omnipresent prison of racism, the African-American people can hardly get the scope of self-realization. They are always "represented" as inferior, barbaric, uncivilized by the White America which is... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35172581" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Incarcerated by the invisible but omnipresent prison of racism, the African-American people can hardly get the scope of self-realization. They are always "represented" as inferior, barbaric, uncivilized by the White America which is characterized by its superior opposites.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35172581" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1ee799805d1e4dd7abf7f670de61a941" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55034158,"asset_id":35172581,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55034158/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2Mzk3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="28022529" href="https://cbpbu.academia.edu/SAIKATGUHA">SAIKAT GUHA</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="28022529" type="text/json">{"id":28022529,"first_name":"SAIKAT","last_name":"GUHA","domain_name":"cbpbu","page_name":"SAIKATGUHA","display_name":"SAIKAT GUHA","profile_url":"https://cbpbu.academia.edu/SAIKATGUHA?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/28022529/7943627/8898474/s65_saikat.guha.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35172581 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35172581"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35172581, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35172581", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35172581]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35172581").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35172581").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35172581"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="296" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Studies_Or_African_American_Studies">Black Studies Or African American Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="296" type="text/json">{"id":296,"name":"Black Studies Or African American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Studies_Or_African_American_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="696" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies">Gender Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="696" type="text/json">{"id":696,"name":"Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1138" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Womens_Studies">Women's Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1138" type="text/json">{"id":1138,"name":"Women's Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Womens_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3581" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poetry">Poetry</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3581" type="text/json">{"id":3581,"name":"Poetry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poetry?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35172581]'), work: {"id":35172581,"title":"Song of the Caged Bird: Maya Angelou’s Resistance to Racism and Sexism in Her Poetry","created_at":"2017-11-17T07:25:04.685-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35172581/Song_of_the_Caged_Bird_Maya_Angelou_s_Resistance_to_Racism_and_Sexism_in_Her_Poetry?f_ri=6258","dom_id":"work_35172581","summary":"Incarcerated by the invisible but omnipresent prison of racism, the African-American people can hardly get the scope of self-realization. They are always \"represented\" as inferior, barbaric, uncivilized by the White America which is characterized by its superior opposites.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55034158,"asset_id":35172581,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":28022529,"first_name":"SAIKAT","last_name":"GUHA","domain_name":"cbpbu","page_name":"SAIKATGUHA","display_name":"SAIKAT GUHA","profile_url":"https://cbpbu.academia.edu/SAIKATGUHA?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/28022529/7943627/8898474/s65_saikat.guha.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":296,"name":"Black Studies Or African American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Studies_Or_African_American_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":696,"name":"Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":1138,"name":"Women's Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Womens_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":3581,"name":"Poetry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poetry?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":5453,"name":"Race and Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Ethnicity?f_ri=6258"},{"id":6258,"name":"African American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature?f_ri=6258"},{"id":10453,"name":"Feminism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminism?f_ri=6258"},{"id":11751,"name":"African American Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Culture?f_ri=6258"},{"id":14912,"name":"African American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Studies?f_ri=6258"},{"id":24074,"name":"Black Women's Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Womens_Studies?f_ri=6258"},{"id":24748,"name":"Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnicity?f_ri=6258"},{"id":39673,"name":"Feminism and Social Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminism_and_Social_Justice?f_ri=6258"},{"id":53238,"name":"Race","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race?f_ri=6258"},{"id":164151,"name":"African American Cultures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Cultures?f_ri=6258"},{"id":255242,"name":"African and African American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_and_African_American_Studies?f_ri=6258"},{"id":809417,"name":"Maya Angelou","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maya_Angelou?f_ri=6258"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7926129" data-work_id="7926129" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7926129/Generational_Dissension_in_August_Wilson_s_Fences_Dr_Soumya_Jose_VIT_University_India">Generational Dissension in August Wilson’s Fences- Dr Soumya Jose- VIT University, India</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7926129" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="813b9d3105957b57aa52165e201e84e8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":34404089,"asset_id":7926129,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/34404089/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2Mzk3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14257031" href="https://nitandhra.academia.edu/DrSoumyaJose">Dr Soumya Jose</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14257031" 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});</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_7926129").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="7926129"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="947" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theatre_Studies">Theatre Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="947" type="text/json">{"id":947,"name":"Theatre Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theatre_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6258" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature">African American Literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6258" type="text/json">{"id":6258,"name":"African American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14822" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_American_Theatre">Modern American Theatre</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14822" type="text/json">{"id":14822,"name":"Modern American Theatre","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_American_Theatre?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15413" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_American_Literature">Modern American Literature</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="15413" type="text/json">{"id":15413,"name":"Modern American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_American_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=7926129]'), work: {"id":7926129,"title":"Generational Dissension in August Wilson’s Fences- Dr Soumya Jose- VIT University, India","created_at":"2014-08-09T04:29:00.929-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/7926129/Generational_Dissension_in_August_Wilson_s_Fences_Dr_Soumya_Jose_VIT_University_India?f_ri=6258","dom_id":"work_7926129","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":34404089,"asset_id":7926129,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":14257031,"first_name":"Dr Soumya","last_name":"Jose","domain_name":"nitandhra","page_name":"DrSoumyaJose","display_name":"Dr Soumya Jose","profile_url":"https://nitandhra.academia.edu/DrSoumyaJose?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14257031/3907288/168107393/s65_dr_soumya.jose.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":947,"name":"Theatre Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theatre_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":6258,"name":"African American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":14822,"name":"Modern American Theatre","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_American_Theatre?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":15413,"name":"Modern American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_American_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":152240,"name":"African-American Theatre","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African-American_Theatre?f_ri=6258"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6250878" data-work_id="6250878" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6250878/Exploring_the_Struggle_for_Survival_and_Clashes_of_Generation_Gap_and_Racial_Pride_in_Lorraine_Hansberry_s_A_Raisin_in_the_Sun_by_Dr_C_N_Baby_Maheswari_and_Dr_Katyayani_Sangam">Exploring the Struggle for Survival and Clashes of Generation Gap and Racial Pride in Lorraine Hansberry’s ‘A Raisin in the Sun’ by Dr. C. N. Baby Maheswari & Dr. Katyayani Sangam</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article examines the complexities in the lives of African-Americans. It discusses the psycho-social challenges they faced in the twentieth century and their relentless efforts to attain, secure and define a sense of dignity to lead... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_6250878" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article examines the complexities in the lives of African-Americans. It discusses the psycho-social challenges they faced in the twentieth century and their relentless efforts  to attain, secure and define  a sense of dignity to lead their  lives. It also discusses the vulnerability  of their existence and the sad dilemma in which the blacks were caught. The play has been deliberately selected for investigation as Lorrane Hansberry  depicts, very skillfully, not only the gaps and  inconsistencies of the two generations, but also the clashes in their aspirations  and values. These struggles and clashes are epitomized in Walter and Mama Lena in the play and are discussed, from various perspectives, in the present article. Offering background to both the writer and the play, the article explores how Hansberry  juxtaposes  these ideas; that is, Mama  finding the freedom to be sufficient for her happiness; where as,  her children perceiving money as the new path to provide  sense of happiness. The rebellion of Beneatha  against  the African-American  value system and her rejection of the ideals of the family as well as the aspirations of younger generation for self- fulfillment, the sufferings of older generations, the pain of racial discrimination  and the struggles for gaining the rights and dignity also form the very important topics of discussion in the paper. <br /> <br />Keywords: Generation gap, clashes of cultures Afro-Americans’ struggle, racial pride,  <br />                Lorraine Hansberry's play .</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6250878" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="113c89eb815c919970c56fbd274d49e9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33109645,"asset_id":6250878,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33109645/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2Mzk3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4443238" href="https://eltsjournal.academia.edu/InternationalJournalofEnglishLanguageandTranslationStudies">International Journal of English Language and Translation Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4443238" type="text/json">{"id":4443238,"first_name":"International Journal of English Language","last_name":"and Translation Studies","domain_name":"eltsjournal","page_name":"InternationalJournalofEnglishLanguageandTranslationStudies","display_name":"International Journal of English Language and Translation Studies","profile_url":"https://eltsjournal.academia.edu/InternationalJournalofEnglishLanguageandTranslationStudies?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4443238/1814454/9010746/s65_international_journal_of_english_language.and_translation_studies.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6250878 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6250878"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6250878, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6250878", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6250878]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6250878").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6250878").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6250878"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">24</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Literature">American Literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10" type="text/json">{"id":10,"name":"American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="379" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies">African Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="379" type="text/json">{"id":379,"name":"African Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="659" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Literature">Comparative Literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="659" type="text/json">{"id":659,"name":"Comparative Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="885" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Literature">English Literature</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="885" type="text/json">{"id":885,"name":"English Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6250878]'), work: {"id":6250878,"title":"Exploring the Struggle for Survival and Clashes of Generation Gap and Racial Pride in Lorraine Hansberry’s ‘A Raisin in the Sun’ by Dr. C. N. Baby Maheswari \u0026 Dr. Katyayani Sangam","created_at":"2014-03-01T09:14:52.225-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/6250878/Exploring_the_Struggle_for_Survival_and_Clashes_of_Generation_Gap_and_Racial_Pride_in_Lorraine_Hansberry_s_A_Raisin_in_the_Sun_by_Dr_C_N_Baby_Maheswari_and_Dr_Katyayani_Sangam?f_ri=6258","dom_id":"work_6250878","summary":"This article examines the complexities in the lives of African-Americans. It discusses the psycho-social challenges they faced in the twentieth century and their relentless efforts to attain, secure and define a sense of dignity to lead their lives. It also discusses the vulnerability of their existence and the sad dilemma in which the blacks were caught. The play has been deliberately selected for investigation as Lorrane Hansberry depicts, very skillfully, not only the gaps and inconsistencies of the two generations, but also the clashes in their aspirations and values. These struggles and clashes are epitomized in Walter and Mama Lena in the play and are discussed, from various perspectives, in the present article. Offering background to both the writer and the play, the article explores how Hansberry juxtaposes these ideas; that is, Mama finding the freedom to be sufficient for her happiness; where as, her children perceiving money as the new path to provide sense of happiness. The rebellion of Beneatha against the African-American value system and her rejection of the ideals of the family as well as the aspirations of younger generation for self- fulfillment, the sufferings of older generations, the pain of racial discrimination and the struggles for gaining the rights and dignity also form the very important topics of discussion in the paper.\r\n\r\nKeywords: Generation gap, clashes of cultures Afro-Americans’ struggle, racial pride, \r\n Lorraine Hansberry's play .\r\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":33109645,"asset_id":6250878,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4443238,"first_name":"International Journal of English Language","last_name":"and Translation Studies","domain_name":"eltsjournal","page_name":"InternationalJournalofEnglishLanguageandTranslationStudies","display_name":"International Journal of English Language and Translation Studies","profile_url":"https://eltsjournal.academia.edu/InternationalJournalofEnglishLanguageandTranslationStudies?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4443238/1814454/9010746/s65_international_journal_of_english_language.and_translation_studies.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":10,"name":"American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":379,"name":"African Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":659,"name":"Comparative Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":885,"name":"English Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":1007,"name":"Teaching English as a Second Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teaching_English_as_a_Second_Language?f_ri=6258"},{"id":2418,"name":"Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Literature?f_ri=6258"},{"id":3277,"name":"Race and Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Racism?f_ri=6258"},{"id":3896,"name":"African History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_History?f_ri=6258"},{"id":3979,"name":"English language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language?f_ri=6258"},{"id":5247,"name":"Critical Race Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Race_Theory?f_ri=6258"},{"id":5453,"name":"Race and Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Ethnicity?f_ri=6258"},{"id":6152,"name":"Applied Drama/Theatre","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Drama_Theatre?f_ri=6258"},{"id":6222,"name":"Drama","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drama?f_ri=6258"},{"id":6223,"name":"English","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English?f_ri=6258"},{"id":6258,"name":"African American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature?f_ri=6258"},{"id":14674,"name":"American Drama","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Drama?f_ri=6258"},{"id":14912,"name":"African American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Studies?f_ri=6258"},{"id":15439,"name":"Teaching English As A Foreign Language","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Teaching_English_As_A_Foreign_Language?f_ri=6258"},{"id":15863,"name":"Postcolonial Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Literature?f_ri=6258"},{"id":46596,"name":"English language teaching","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_language_teaching?f_ri=6258"},{"id":51126,"name":"English Education","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Education?f_ri=6258"},{"id":99517,"name":"English as a Foreign Language (EFL)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_as_a_Foreign_Language_EFL_?f_ri=6258"},{"id":827606,"name":"English As a Second Language (ESL)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_As_a_Second_Language_ESL_?f_ri=6258"},{"id":1012518,"name":"Lorraine Hansberry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lorraine_Hansberry?f_ri=6258"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_2294374" data-work_id="2294374" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2294374/Between_Hope_and_Racial_Battle_Fatigue_African_American_Men_and_Race_Related_Stress">Between Hope and Racial Battle Fatigue: African American Men and Race-Related Stress</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">"Decades of empirical research has provided valuable evidence that racism is experienced as a stressor which can have a negative influence on the mental, emotional, and physical health of People of Color. The purpose of this study is... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2294374" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">"Decades of empirical research has provided valuable evidence <br />that racism is experienced as a stressor which can have a negative <br />influence on the mental, emotional, and physical health of People of <br />Color. The purpose of this study is to assess how hope, as a form of <br />coping, mitigates the weight of racial microaggressions, societal <br />problems, and mundane extreme environmental stress among 670 <br />African American men. Using structural equation modeling, we find <br />that for African American men, hope is like a pendulum that can <br />intensify their racial battle fatigue or lessen it if it is not managed <br />effectively. African American men with high to moderate levels of hope had more stress associated with racial microaggressions and societal problems than men who had low hope. From our findings, we believe that adaptive racial socialization may be playing a significant role in reducing stress."</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2294374" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="064e65b7322222bd9221851377bef71a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30341437,"asset_id":2294374,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30341437/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2Mzk3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="61821" href="https://utah.academia.edu/JeremyFranklin">Jeremy Franklin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="61821" type="text/json">{"id":61821,"first_name":"Jeremy","last_name":"Franklin","domain_name":"utah","page_name":"JeremyFranklin","display_name":"Jeremy Franklin","profile_url":"https://utah.academia.edu/JeremyFranklin?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/61821/2602350/15314843/s65_jeremy.franklin.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2294374 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2294374"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2294374, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2294374", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2294374]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2294374").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2294374").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2294374"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6258" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature">African American Literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6258" type="text/json">{"id":6258,"name":"African American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9230" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hope">Hope</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9230" type="text/json">{"id":9230,"name":"Hope","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hope?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9729" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stress">Stress</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9729" type="text/json">{"id":9729,"name":"Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stress?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17236" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Studies_On_Men_And_Masculinity">Studies On Men And Masculinity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="17236" type="text/json">{"id":17236,"name":"Studies On Men And Masculinity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Studies_On_Men_And_Masculinity?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2294374]'), work: {"id":2294374,"title":"Between Hope and Racial Battle Fatigue: African American Men and Race-Related Stress","created_at":"2012-12-15T00:30:28.070-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2294374/Between_Hope_and_Racial_Battle_Fatigue_African_American_Men_and_Race_Related_Stress?f_ri=6258","dom_id":"work_2294374","summary":"\"Decades of empirical research has provided valuable evidence\r\nthat racism is experienced as a stressor which can have a negative\r\ninfluence on the mental, emotional, and physical health of People of\r\nColor. The purpose of this study is to assess how hope, as a form of\r\ncoping, mitigates the weight of racial microaggressions, societal\r\nproblems, and mundane extreme environmental stress among 670\r\nAfrican American men. Using structural equation modeling, we find\r\nthat for African American men, hope is like a pendulum that can\r\nintensify their racial battle fatigue or lessen it if it is not managed\r\neffectively. African American men with high to moderate levels of hope had more stress associated with racial microaggressions and societal problems than men who had low hope. From our findings, we believe that adaptive racial socialization may be playing a significant role in reducing stress.\"","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30341437,"asset_id":2294374,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":61821,"first_name":"Jeremy","last_name":"Franklin","domain_name":"utah","page_name":"JeremyFranklin","display_name":"Jeremy Franklin","profile_url":"https://utah.academia.edu/JeremyFranklin?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/61821/2602350/15314843/s65_jeremy.franklin.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6258,"name":"African American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":9230,"name":"Hope","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hope?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":9729,"name":"Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stress?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":17236,"name":"Studies On Men And Masculinity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Studies_On_Men_And_Masculinity?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":73888,"name":"Racial Microaggressions and Health Disparities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Racial_Microaggressions_and_Health_Disparities?f_ri=6258"},{"id":660191,"name":"Racial Battle Fatigue","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Racial_Battle_Fatigue?f_ri=6258"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4333260" data-work_id="4333260" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4333260/Alain_Locke_Faith_and_Philosophy_2005_">Alain Locke: Faith & Philosophy (2005)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Christopher Buck, Alain Locke: Faith and Philosophy. Los Angeles: Kalimat Press, 2005. Pub date: July 3, 2005. ISBN-13: 978-1890688387. ISBN-10: 189068838X. L In print. (Order from Kalimat Press: <a href="http://www.kalimat.com/Locke.html." rel="nofollow">http://www.kalimat.com/Locke.html.</a>)... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_4333260" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Christopher Buck, Alain Locke: Faith and Philosophy. Los Angeles: Kalimat Press, 2005. Pub date: July 3, 2005. ISBN-13: 978-1890688387. ISBN-10: 189068838X. L <br /> <br />In print. (Order from Kalimat Press: <a href="http://www.kalimat.com/Locke.html." rel="nofollow">http://www.kalimat.com/Locke.html.</a>) <br /> <br />REVIEWS <br />• Derik Smith. World Order 38.3 (2006/2007): 42–48. (Published in 2008.): ”Christopher Buck’s recent book, Alain Locke: Faith and Philosophy, is a welcome addition to the literature on early twentieth-century American and African American culture. But, perhaps more important, Buck’s study is a significant contribution to scholarship on the history of the Bahá’í Faith in the United States. … Any future study of Locke must necessarily make its way through Christopher Buck’s Alain Locke: Faith and Philosophy. The scholar forcefully proves his thesis that, in Locke’s thinking, philosophy and religious belief operated as synergistic terms. He has shown that the Bahá’í Faith was integral to Locke’s life and ideology. …  Yet, after reading Buck’s work, it is difficult to imagine Locke the philosopher rapt in prayer. Of course, this is not a shortcoming of the book. Rather it is an indication that, while he may have wanted to portray a more pious figure, Buck maintains the vow he made in his introduction to Alain Locke: Faith and Philosophy “to constrain any grandiose claims on Locke as a Bahá’í.” <br /> <br />• M. Anthony Fitchue. Journal of African American History 92.1 (Winter 2007): 131–133: “But the jewels in this book are unmistakable. … Clearly, Buck has given voice to the men and women who not only put the Baha’i faith first in their lives, but also left key documents, personal letters, notes, and memoranda related to the life of philosopher Alain LeRoy Locke for future researchers to ponder and use for years to come.” <br /> <br />• William P. Collins. Insights (Library of Congress Professional Association Newsletter) 38.1–3 (Jan–Oct 2006): 10–12: “Both of these books [Lights of the Spirit and Alain Locke: Faith and Philosophy] go a long way toward correcting the historians’ failure to note the important role played by the Bahá’í Faith and prominent African-American Bahá’ís in the struggle for racial equality in the United States.”</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4333260" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7bd11a7dd3fb1d27538914f9c3ed7bf7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57471967,"asset_id":4333260,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57471967/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2Mzk3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="184507" href="https://psu-us.academia.edu/ChristopherBuck">Christopher Buck</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="184507" type="text/json">{"id":184507,"first_name":"Christopher","last_name":"Buck","domain_name":"psu-us","page_name":"ChristopherBuck","display_name":"Christopher Buck","profile_url":"https://psu-us.academia.edu/ChristopherBuck?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/184507/1953985/8181236/s65_christopher.buck.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4333260 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4333260"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4333260, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4333260", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4333260]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_4333260").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_4333260").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="4333260"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">87</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="106" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion">Religion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="106" type="text/json">{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="120" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Religious_Movements">New Religious Movements</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="120" type="text/json">{"id":120,"name":"New Religious Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Religious_Movements?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="129" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_History">American History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="129" type="text/json">{"id":129,"name":"American History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_History?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=4333260]'), work: {"id":4333260,"title":"Alain Locke: Faith \u0026 Philosophy (2005)","created_at":"2013-08-26T12:48:03.430-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/4333260/Alain_Locke_Faith_and_Philosophy_2005_?f_ri=6258","dom_id":"work_4333260","summary":"Christopher Buck, Alain Locke: Faith and Philosophy. Los Angeles: Kalimat Press, 2005. Pub date: July 3, 2005. ISBN-13: 978-1890688387. ISBN-10: 189068838X. L\r\n\r\nIn print. (Order from Kalimat Press: http://www.kalimat.com/Locke.html.)\r\n\r\nREVIEWS\r\n• \tDerik Smith. World Order 38.3 (2006/2007): 42–48. (Published in 2008.): ”Christopher Buck’s recent book, Alain Locke: Faith and Philosophy, is a welcome addition to the literature on early twentieth-century American and African American culture. But, perhaps more important, Buck’s study is a significant contribution to scholarship on the history of the Bahá’í Faith in the United States. … Any future study of Locke must necessarily make its way through Christopher Buck’s Alain Locke: Faith and Philosophy. The scholar forcefully proves his thesis that, in Locke’s thinking, philosophy and religious belief operated as synergistic terms. He has shown that the Bahá’í Faith was integral to Locke’s life and ideology. … Yet, after reading Buck’s work, it is difficult to imagine Locke the philosopher rapt in prayer. Of course, this is not a shortcoming of the book. Rather it is an indication that, while he may have wanted to portray a more pious figure, Buck maintains the vow he made in his introduction to Alain Locke: Faith and Philosophy “to constrain any grandiose claims on Locke as a Bahá’í.” \r\n\r\n• \tM. Anthony Fitchue. Journal of African American History 92.1 (Winter 2007): 131–133: “But the jewels in this book are unmistakable. … Clearly, Buck has given voice to the men and women who not only put the Baha’i faith first in their lives, but also left key documents, personal letters, notes, and memoranda related to the life of philosopher Alain LeRoy Locke for future researchers to ponder and use for years to come.”\r\n\r\n• \tWilliam P. Collins. Insights (Library of Congress Professional Association Newsletter) 38.1–3 (Jan–Oct 2006): 10–12: “Both of these books [Lights of the Spirit and Alain Locke: Faith and Philosophy] go a long way toward correcting the historians’ failure to note the important role played by the Bahá’í Faith and prominent African-American Bahá’ís in the struggle for racial equality in the United States.”","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57471967,"asset_id":4333260,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":184507,"first_name":"Christopher","last_name":"Buck","domain_name":"psu-us","page_name":"ChristopherBuck","display_name":"Christopher Buck","profile_url":"https://psu-us.academia.edu/ChristopherBuck?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/184507/1953985/8181236/s65_christopher.buck.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":106,"name":"Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religion?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":120,"name":"New Religious Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/New_Religious_Movements?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":129,"name":"American History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_History?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=6258"},{"id":217,"name":"Sociology of Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_Religion?f_ri=6258"},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=6258"},{"id":248,"name":"Social Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Psychology?f_ri=6258"},{"id":296,"name":"Black Studies Or African American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Studies_Or_African_American_Studies?f_ri=6258"},{"id":390,"name":"American 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class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/27865401/_Escre_viv%C3%AAncia_a_trajet%C3%B3ria_de_Concei%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Evaristo">" Escre(vivência) " : a trajetória de Conceição Evaristo</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">No presente artigo, procuro analisar a trajetória da escritora negra mineira Conceição Evaristo, com base em duas entrevistas que fiz com ela e em um depoimento que escreveu. Para tanto, considerei desde suas experiências com as... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_27865401" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">No presente artigo, procuro analisar a trajetória da escritora negra mineira Conceição <br />Evaristo, com base em duas entrevistas que fiz com ela e em um depoimento que escreveu. Para tanto, considerei desde suas experiências com as crueldades do racismo na infância até as diferentes estratégias que tem utilizado para combatê-lo. Creio ser possível afirmar que a trajetória desta autora acompanha, em linhas gerais, as mudanças observadas na história do Movimento Negro contemporâneo no Brasil. Nesse sentido, pode ajudar a compreender a atuação militante de escritores/as negros/as na contemporaneidade, suas conquistas e seus desafios em uma sociedade ainda marcada pela discriminação racial. Busquei, ainda, perceber de que forma Conceição estabeleceu uma rede de relações para viabilizar suas publicações, com o objetivo de compreender alguns aspectos do funcionamento do campo editorial de literatura negra.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/27865401" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a9bf3e8a231ca41b04f4fd2c4def529f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48149483,"asset_id":27865401,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48149483/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2Mzk3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4998422" href="https://uerj.academia.edu/BarbaraMachado">Barbara A Machado</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4998422" type="text/json">{"id":4998422,"first_name":"Barbara","last_name":"Machado","domain_name":"uerj","page_name":"BarbaraMachado","display_name":"Barbara A Machado","profile_url":"https://uerj.academia.edu/BarbaraMachado?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4998422/2547432/141517219/s65_barbara.machado.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_27865401 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="27865401"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 27865401, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_27865401", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27865401]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_27865401").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_27865401").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="27865401"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2938" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_African_Diaspora">Black/African Diaspora</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2938" type="text/json">{"id":2938,"name":"Black/African Diaspora","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_African_Diaspora?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6258" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature">African American Literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6258" type="text/json">{"id":6258,"name":"African American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6337" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oral_history">Oral history</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6337" type="text/json">{"id":6337,"name":"Oral history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oral_history?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14412" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_feminism">Black feminism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="14412" type="text/json">{"id":14412,"name":"Black feminism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_feminism?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=27865401]'), work: {"id":27865401,"title":"\" Escre(vivência) \" : a trajetória de Conceição Evaristo","created_at":"2016-08-18T07:42:36.450-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/27865401/_Escre_viv%C3%AAncia_a_trajet%C3%B3ria_de_Concei%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Evaristo?f_ri=6258","dom_id":"work_27865401","summary":"No presente artigo, procuro analisar a trajetória da escritora negra mineira Conceição\r\nEvaristo, com base em duas entrevistas que fiz com ela e em um depoimento que escreveu. Para tanto, considerei desde suas experiências com as crueldades do racismo na infância até as diferentes estratégias que tem utilizado para combatê-lo. Creio ser possível afirmar que a trajetória desta autora acompanha, em linhas gerais, as mudanças observadas na história do Movimento Negro contemporâneo no Brasil. Nesse sentido, pode ajudar a compreender a atuação militante de escritores/as negros/as na contemporaneidade, suas conquistas e seus desafios em uma sociedade ainda marcada pela discriminação racial. 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Once anthropologists began to take note of Hurston’s folklore collection Mules and Men certain... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_6761760" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The use of Hurston’s essay by the Smithsonian Institution points to the exalted status that Hurston and her essay have now achieved. Once anthropologists began to take note of Hurston’s folklore collection Mules and Men certain adjustments were made in order to absorb Hurston’s writings into the discourse of anthropology. There has never been a systematic analysis of “The Characteristics of Negro Expression.” Hurston has been said to have been elusive. She is not at all elusive. The problem is that her readers are not equipped to read her work, because they have made a set of justifiable but nevertheless mistaken assumptions about what they are dealing with. Hurston’s essay “The Characteristics of Negro Expression” is not anthropology, it is esotericism.  The other texts that Hurston wrote as anthropology—Mules and Men and Tell My Horse are likewise coded, esoteric, and are completely devoid of authenticity as anthropological studies or collections of folklore.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6761760" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5e628245cf7707ff43fca53f645ff23a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33471629,"asset_id":6761760,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33471629/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2Mzk3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4262331" href="https://howard.academia.edu/JonWoodson">Jon Woodson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4262331" type="text/json">{"id":4262331,"first_name":"Jon","last_name":"Woodson","domain_name":"howard","page_name":"JonWoodson","display_name":"Jon Woodson","profile_url":"https://howard.academia.edu/JonWoodson?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4262331/1691567/10171306/s65_jon.woodson.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6761760 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6761760"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6761760, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6761760", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_6761760 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6761760; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_6761760"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_6761760 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6761760"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6761760; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6761760]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6761760").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6761760").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6761760"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="787" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Folklore">Folklore</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="787" type="text/json">{"id":787,"name":"Folklore","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Folklore?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6258" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature">African American Literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6258" type="text/json">{"id":6258,"name":"African American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13126" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Ethnography">Feminist Ethnography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13126" type="text/json">{"id":13126,"name":"Feminist Ethnography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Ethnography?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16518" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Folklore_Literature_">Folklore (Literature)</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="16518" type="text/json">{"id":16518,"name":"Folklore (Literature)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Folklore_Literature_?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6761760]'), work: {"id":6761760,"title":"Anthroparody: Zora Neale Hurston’s “The Characteristics of Negro Expression” and the Real Characteristics of Black Expression","created_at":"2014-04-14T22:56:44.700-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/6761760/Anthroparody_Zora_Neale_Hurston_s_The_Characteristics_of_Negro_Expression_and_the_Real_Characteristics_of_Black_Expression?f_ri=6258","dom_id":"work_6761760","summary":"The use of Hurston’s essay by the Smithsonian Institution points to the exalted status that Hurston and her essay have now achieved. Once anthropologists began to take note of Hurston’s folklore collection Mules and Men certain adjustments were made in order to absorb Hurston’s writings into the discourse of anthropology. There has never been a systematic analysis of “The Characteristics of Negro Expression.” Hurston has been said to have been elusive. She is not at all elusive. The problem is that her readers are not equipped to read her work, because they have made a set of justifiable but nevertheless mistaken assumptions about what they are dealing with. Hurston’s essay “The Characteristics of Negro Expression” is not anthropology, it is esotericism. The other texts that Hurston wrote as anthropology—Mules and Men and Tell My Horse are likewise coded, esoteric, and are completely devoid of authenticity as anthropological studies or collections of folklore. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":33471629,"asset_id":6761760,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4262331,"first_name":"Jon","last_name":"Woodson","domain_name":"howard","page_name":"JonWoodson","display_name":"Jon Woodson","profile_url":"https://howard.academia.edu/JonWoodson?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4262331/1691567/10171306/s65_jon.woodson.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":787,"name":"Folklore","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Folklore?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":6258,"name":"African American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":13126,"name":"Feminist Ethnography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Ethnography?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":16518,"name":"Folklore (Literature)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Folklore_Literature_?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":25731,"name":"Harlem Renaissance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Harlem_Renaissance?f_ri=6258"},{"id":34919,"name":"African American Folklore","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Folklore?f_ri=6258"},{"id":34922,"name":"Zora Neale Hurston","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Zora_Neale_Hurston?f_ri=6258"},{"id":34930,"name":"Harlem Renaissance Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Harlem_Renaissance_Literature?f_ri=6258"},{"id":38130,"name":"Folklore (Anthropology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Folklore_Anthropology_?f_ri=6258"},{"id":173122,"name":"Orage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orage?f_ri=6258"},{"id":499962,"name":"African American Literature; Black Women's Writing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature_Black_Womens_Writing?f_ri=6258"},{"id":558078,"name":"Jean Toomer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jean_Toomer?f_ri=6258"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_17815033" data-work_id="17815033" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17815033/Violence_in_Toni_Morrisons_Beloved">Violence in Toni Morrison's Beloved</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Among the various themes that we could have explored in our study of Toni Morrison's Beloved, my resistance narratives lecturer felt violence was a particularly interesting one. In this paper I explore both verbal and physical acts of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_17815033" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Among the various themes that we could have explored in our study of Toni Morrison's Beloved, my resistance narratives lecturer felt violence was a particularly interesting one. In this paper I explore both verbal and physical acts of violence and aggression in the characters of Sethe and Beloved.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17815033" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4422c94d92cf1a6716b2a5f3af029c24" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39725229,"asset_id":17815033,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39725229/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2Mzk3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="27492932" href="https://ufs.academia.edu/MatselisoMotsoane">Matseliso Motsoane</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="27492932" type="text/json">{"id":27492932,"first_name":"Matseliso","last_name":"Motsoane","domain_name":"ufs","page_name":"MatselisoMotsoane","display_name":"Matseliso Motsoane","profile_url":"https://ufs.academia.edu/MatselisoMotsoane?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/9542b55064a60690eb6e3554fa399b90?s=65"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_17815033 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="17815033"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 17815033, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_17815033", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_17815033 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17815033; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_17815033"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_17815033 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="17815033"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 17815033; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17815033]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_17815033").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_17815033").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="17815033"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6258" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature">African American Literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6258" type="text/json">{"id":6258,"name":"African American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14412" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_feminism">Black feminism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14412" type="text/json">{"id":14412,"name":"Black feminism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_feminism?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="638232" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Beloved_by_Toni_Morrison">Beloved by Toni Morrison</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="638232" type="text/json">{"id":638232,"name":"Beloved by Toni Morrison","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Beloved_by_Toni_Morrison?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="727988" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Native_American_Cultural_Narratives_and_Resistance">Native American Cultural Narratives and Resistance</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="727988" type="text/json">{"id":727988,"name":"Native American Cultural Narratives and Resistance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Native_American_Cultural_Narratives_and_Resistance?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=17815033]'), work: {"id":17815033,"title":"Violence in Toni Morrison's Beloved","created_at":"2015-11-05T12:18:21.395-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/17815033/Violence_in_Toni_Morrisons_Beloved?f_ri=6258","dom_id":"work_17815033","summary":"Among the various themes that we could have explored in our study of Toni Morrison's Beloved, my resistance narratives lecturer felt violence was a particularly interesting one. In this paper I explore both verbal and physical acts of violence and aggression in the characters of Sethe and Beloved. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39725229,"asset_id":17815033,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":27492932,"first_name":"Matseliso","last_name":"Motsoane","domain_name":"ufs","page_name":"MatselisoMotsoane","display_name":"Matseliso Motsoane","profile_url":"https://ufs.academia.edu/MatselisoMotsoane?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/9542b55064a60690eb6e3554fa399b90?s=65"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6258,"name":"African American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":14412,"name":"Black feminism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_feminism?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":638232,"name":"Beloved by Toni Morrison","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Beloved_by_Toni_Morrison?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":727988,"name":"Native American Cultural Narratives and Resistance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Native_American_Cultural_Narratives_and_Resistance?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_30575904" data-work_id="30575904" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30575904/SELF_IDENTITY_IN_JEAN_RHYS_WIDE_SARGASSO_SEA">SELF-IDENTITY IN JEAN RHYS' WIDE SARGASSO SEA</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Caribbean literature has been one steeped in identity crisis. Jean Rhy's Wide Sargasso Sea chronicles the problems associated with people who are found in cultural, social and economic limbo as far as their identity and history is... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_30575904" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Caribbean literature has been one steeped in identity crisis. Jean Rhy's Wide Sargasso Sea chronicles the problems associated with people who are found in cultural, social and economic limbo as far as their identity and history is concerned. Through dual narrative voice in the novel, Rhys gives voice to the less heard in mainstream discourse in Caribbean literature. This paper thus examine the notion of self-identity in the Rhy's Wide Sargasso Sea.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30575904" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="156579e7b67abe24d7ac216e86632200" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51017371,"asset_id":30575904,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51017371/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2Mzk3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="58266045" href="https://unilagakokanigeria.academia.edu/ElijahOlusegun">Elijah Olusegun</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="58266045" type="text/json">{"id":58266045,"first_name":"Elijah","last_name":"Olusegun","domain_name":"unilagakokanigeria","page_name":"ElijahOlusegun","display_name":"Elijah Olusegun","profile_url":"https://unilagakokanigeria.academia.edu/ElijahOlusegun?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/58266045/15259737/15927151/s65_elijah.olusegun.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_30575904 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="30575904"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 30575904, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_30575904", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30575904]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_30575904").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_30575904").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="30575904"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nigerian_Literature">Nigerian Literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25" type="text/json">{"id":25,"name":"Nigerian Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nigerian_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6258" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature">African American Literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6258" type="text/json">{"id":6258,"name":"African American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="15863" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Literature">Postcolonial Literature</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="15863" type="text/json">{"id":15863,"name":"Postcolonial Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=30575904]'), work: {"id":30575904,"title":"SELF-IDENTITY IN JEAN RHYS' WIDE SARGASSO SEA","created_at":"2016-12-22T06:45:00.687-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/30575904/SELF_IDENTITY_IN_JEAN_RHYS_WIDE_SARGASSO_SEA?f_ri=6258","dom_id":"work_30575904","summary":"Caribbean literature has been one steeped in identity crisis. Jean Rhy's Wide Sargasso Sea chronicles the problems associated with people who are found in cultural, social and economic limbo as far as their identity and history is concerned. Through dual narrative voice in the novel, Rhys gives voice to the less heard in mainstream discourse in Caribbean literature. This paper thus examine the notion of self-identity in the Rhy's Wide Sargasso Sea. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51017371,"asset_id":30575904,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":58266045,"first_name":"Elijah","last_name":"Olusegun","domain_name":"unilagakokanigeria","page_name":"ElijahOlusegun","display_name":"Elijah Olusegun","profile_url":"https://unilagakokanigeria.academia.edu/ElijahOlusegun?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/58266045/15259737/15927151/s65_elijah.olusegun.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":25,"name":"Nigerian Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nigerian_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":6258,"name":"African American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":15863,"name":"Postcolonial Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_21082618" data-work_id="21082618" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21082618/True_Black_Womanhood_in_The_Color_Purple_by_Alice_Walker">True 'Black' Womanhood in The Color Purple by Alice Walker</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The emergence of the cult of true womanhood in the early 20th century had triggered the movement called Black Madonna Movement, which caused a great number of black women to embrace the values of true womanhood. Alice Walker is one of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_21082618" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The emergence of the cult of true womanhood in the early 20th century had triggered the movement called Black Madonna Movement, which caused a great number of black women to embrace the values of true womanhood. Alice Walker is one of many woman authors who write about black womanhood. <br />The article finds that in the setting of early 20th century, Alice Walker portrays black women aligning with the values of true womanhood. Walker portrays Celie as the product of Black Madonna Movement thus making her the idealized woman among her Black peers. However, she also represents the image of 'empowered' women in other characters, defying the 'code' of true womanhood as believed by the society at that time.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/21082618" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fbe3fb543c8e30456d5fc92f29704e44" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41706396,"asset_id":21082618,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41706396/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2Mzk3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4831465" href="https://uns-id.academia.edu/MaknaSinatria">Makna Sinatria</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4831465" type="text/json">{"id":4831465,"first_name":"Makna","last_name":"Sinatria","domain_name":"uns-id","page_name":"MaknaSinatria","display_name":"Makna Sinatria","profile_url":"https://uns-id.academia.edu/MaknaSinatria?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4831465/2065038/18531198/s65_makna.sinatria.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_21082618 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="21082618"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 21082618, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_21082618", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=21082618]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_21082618").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_21082618").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="21082618"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Literature">American Literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10" type="text/json">{"id":10,"name":"American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6258" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature">African American Literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6258" type="text/json">{"id":6258,"name":"African American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9547" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Minority_Studies">Minority Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9547" type="text/json">{"id":9547,"name":"Minority Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Minority_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14412" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_feminism">Black feminism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="14412" type="text/json">{"id":14412,"name":"Black feminism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_feminism?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=21082618]'), work: {"id":21082618,"title":"True 'Black' Womanhood in The Color Purple by Alice Walker","created_at":"2016-01-28T19:05:18.383-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/21082618/True_Black_Womanhood_in_The_Color_Purple_by_Alice_Walker?f_ri=6258","dom_id":"work_21082618","summary":"The emergence of the cult of true womanhood in the early 20th century had triggered the movement called Black Madonna Movement, which caused a great number of black women to embrace the values of true womanhood. Alice Walker is one of many woman authors who write about black womanhood. \nThe article finds that in the setting of early 20th century, Alice Walker portrays black women aligning with the values of true womanhood. Walker portrays Celie as the product of Black Madonna Movement thus making her the idealized woman among her Black peers. However, she also represents the image of 'empowered' women in other characters, defying the 'code' of true womanhood as believed by the society at that time.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41706396,"asset_id":21082618,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4831465,"first_name":"Makna","last_name":"Sinatria","domain_name":"uns-id","page_name":"MaknaSinatria","display_name":"Makna Sinatria","profile_url":"https://uns-id.academia.edu/MaknaSinatria?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4831465/2065038/18531198/s65_makna.sinatria.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":10,"name":"American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":6258,"name":"African American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":9547,"name":"Minority Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Minority_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":14412,"name":"Black feminism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_feminism?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":24074,"name":"Black Women's Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Womens_Studies?f_ri=6258"},{"id":65316,"name":"Alice Walker","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alice_Walker?f_ri=6258"},{"id":237864,"name":"Black/African American women","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_African_American_women?f_ri=6258"},{"id":524005,"name":"The Color Purple","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_Color_Purple?f_ri=6258"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38018254" data-work_id="38018254" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/38018254/Alienation_and_Loneliness_of_American_Postmodern_Characters_in_Salingers_Masterpiece_Catcher_in_The_Rye">Alienation and Loneliness of American Postmodern Characters in Salinger's Masterpiece Catcher in The Rye</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The alienation, loneliness and loneliness of modern man among crowed of the society are the main themes of Salinger's masterpieces which need to be clarified the combination of the two significant literary and social factors in this... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38018254" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The alienation, loneliness and loneliness of modern man among crowed of the society are the main themes of Salinger's masterpieces which need to be clarified the combination of the two significant literary and social factors in this paper, namely, modern man and alienation, loneliness, and their exploration in Salinger's works of are not much investigated in the literature. Salinger's was one of the greatest literary masters in the last century who influenced and inspired literary masters.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38018254" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="93c5aad028860dd2d53f7bbef5c5f76e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58039269,"asset_id":38018254,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58039269/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2Mzk3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2827179" rel="nofollow" href="https://jieroft.academia.edu/KianPishkar">Kian Pishkar Assistant Professor</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2827179" type="text/json">{"id":2827179,"first_name":"Kian","last_name":"Pishkar Assistant Professor","domain_name":"jieroft","page_name":"KianPishkar","display_name":"Kian Pishkar Assistant Professor","profile_url":"https://jieroft.academia.edu/KianPishkar?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2827179/2950982/41117975/s65_kian.pishkar_assistant_professor.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38018254 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38018254"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38018254, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38018254", }); 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Salinger's was one of the greatest literary masters in the last century who influenced and inspired literary masters.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58039269,"asset_id":38018254,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2827179,"first_name":"Kian","last_name":"Pishkar Assistant Professor","domain_name":"jieroft","page_name":"KianPishkar","display_name":"Kian Pishkar Assistant Professor","profile_url":"https://jieroft.academia.edu/KianPishkar?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2827179/2950982/41117975/s65_kian.pishkar_assistant_professor.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":10,"name":"American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":3354,"name":"Poststructuralism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Poststructuralism?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":3870,"name":"African Diaspora Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Diaspora_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":6258,"name":"African American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":9394,"name":"Modern Drama","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Modern_Drama?f_ri=6258"},{"id":10444,"name":"Postmodernism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postmodernism?f_ri=6258"},{"id":15863,"name":"Postcolonial Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Literature?f_ri=6258"},{"id":18452,"name":"Shakespearean Drama","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Shakespearean_Drama?f_ri=6258"},{"id":29108,"name":"Feminist Literary Theory and Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feminist_Literary_Theory_and_Gender_Studies?f_ri=6258"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34249601" data-work_id="34249601" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34249601/A_Critical_APproach_to_the_study_of_oral_narratives">A Critical APproach to the study of oral narratives</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34249601" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d9ce0440e9c2b73ff588dd7ce9302820" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54161192,"asset_id":34249601,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54161192/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2Mzk3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="20362187" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AyodeleIbiyemi">Ayodele M Ibiyemi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="20362187" type="text/json">{"id":20362187,"first_name":"Ayodele","last_name":"Ibiyemi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AyodeleIbiyemi","display_name":"Ayodele M Ibiyemi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AyodeleIbiyemi?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/8283e2c3a819f9161db7bef4f1b43227?s=65"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34249601 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34249601"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34249601, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34249601", }); 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Draper)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1502950" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ceefd8c5dbfd396114fc5975b2276b9e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31291078,"asset_id":1502950,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31291078/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2Mzk3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="294625" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KennethMtata">Rev Dr kenneth Mtata</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="294625" type="text/json">{"id":294625,"first_name":"Rev Dr kenneth","last_name":"Mtata","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KennethMtata","display_name":"Rev Dr kenneth Mtata","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KennethMtata?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/294625/61506/51913942/s65_rev_dr_kenneth.mtata.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1502950 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1502950"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1502950, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1502950", }); 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Ciencia, Racismo y Nación (libro completo)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">En los orígenes de la nación chilena se ocultan una serie de elementos raciales que pueden remontarse a muchos años antes de su establecimiento formal como institución política. Las ideas de “raza” y “racismo” son el eje central sobre el... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31652719" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">En los orígenes de la nación chilena se ocultan una serie de elementos raciales que pueden remontarse a muchos años antes de su establecimiento formal como institución política. Las ideas de “raza” y “racismo” son el eje central sobre el cual el autor intenta analizar dichas retóricas de inferiorización, provenientes tanto de la ciencia, de la política, como de las prácticas culturales de los siglos XVII, XVIII y principalmente del XIX.<br /><br />Se trata de un trabajo transdisciplinario, que se fundamenta en una revisión crítica de fuentes primarias de la época y de una extensa literatura secundaria proveniente de la historia de la cultura, de la ciencia, la antropología social y cultural, así como de la filosofía.<br /><br />No se trata de una obra de historia, ni menos de antropología, solo es un intento por pensar o cartografiar nuestro pasado colonial (y poscolonial) como un ejercicio de conceptualización que nos permita cuestionar aquello que se denomina “identidad chilena”.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />El contrato colonial de Chile<br />Ciencia, Racismo y Nación<br /><br />Por<br /><br />Patricio Lepe-Carrión<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Tabla de contenidos<br /><br />Tabla de contenidos 2<br />Tabla de ilustraciones 5<br />Siglas 6<br />Introducción 7<br /><br /><br />Primera Parte: Colonialidad del poder en el reino de Chile<br />1. Civilización y barbarie: la ‘diferencia colonial’ 13<br />1.1. Cartografía conceptual de la dicotomía 13<br />1.1.1. Genealogía de la ‘barbarie’, como ausencia de la razón deliberativa 13<br />1.1.2. Aristóteles: ‘deliberación’ y esclavitud natural 14<br />1.1.3. La barbarie, ‘diferencia’ y construcción del Otro 16<br />1.2. La Junta de Valladolid: la naturalización de las diferencias en el siglo XVI 19<br />1.2.1. La polémica de los naturales 19<br />1.2.2. La construcción de la ‘barbarie’ americana 20<br />1.2.3. Bartolomé de Las Casas y el encubrimiento de la ‘diferencia cultural’ 25<br />1.2.4. El re-descubrimiento del logos deliberativo: los nativos también pueden ser educados 28<br />2. La construcción del sujeto colonial en el Chile del siglo XVII 31<br />2.1. La sedimentación de la ‘diferencia colonial’ en la ‘guerra defensiva’ 32<br />2.2. Una frontera geográfica, subjetiva y epistémica: la ‘zona de contacto’ 35<br />2.3. Colonialidad: idea de totalidad, y miradas micropolíticas 40<br />2.4. La raza como eje articulador de la matriz colonial de poder 43<br />2.5. Los diagramas de soberanía y disciplina 44<br />2.6. Una frontera de seducción 47<br />2.7. El ‘Sermón en lengua de Chile’: orígenes del racismo epistémico 49<br />2.8. Pedagogía jesuita: individuación y emulación. Disciplina en la Ratio Studiorum 52<br /><br />Segunda Parte: Taxonomías proto-raciales de la Ilustración<br /><br />3. Época clásica, y el ‘no lugar’ en la instrumentalización política de los saberes científicos 58<br />3.1. El Ego Conquiro condición del Ego Cogito 59<br />3.1.1. Del escepticismo sobre la existencia del bárbaro, al escepticismo metódico cartesiano 60<br />3.1.2. La objetivación del ‘cuerpo’ como ‘naturaleza’ 61<br />3.2. Episteme y gubernamentalidad 63<br />3.2.1. Las tres epistemes 63<br />3.2.2. La episteme clásica, y su discontinuidad con el Renacimiento 64<br />3.2.3. La episteme clásica y La Hybris del punto cero 65<br />3.2.4. La razón de Estado (ratio status) 68<br />3.3. Biopolítica borbónica: la aparición de la ‘razón de Estado’ en España y Chile durante el siglo XVIII 69<br />3.3.1. Gobierno de las poblaciones 69<br />3.3.2. El Censo como ciencia del Estado 72<br />3.3.3. De la razón al racismo de Estado 74<br />4. La ‘historia natural’ en el orden y casificación etnoracial de la humanidad 76<br />4.1. Dios creó, Linneo puso en orden (Deus creavit; Linnaeus disposuit) 78<br />4.1.1. La escritura universal 78<br />4.1.2. El género Homo, y la especie Homo Sapiens 80<br />4.1.3. Cuerpo bello, alma buena. Un primer acercamiento a la kalokagathía 82<br />4.2. El conde de Buffon, y el dinamismo en la Escala de los Seres 83<br />4.2.1. La cuestión de la especie: temporalización de la Gran Cadena del Ser 83<br />4.2.2. Los efectos del clima y el ambiente en la formación de las razas 87<br />4.3. América es un continente débil y degenerado 89<br />4.4. Juan Ignacio Molina: el científico que persuadió a Immanuel Kant 93<br />4.4.1. Molina, el primer científico chileno 93<br />4.4.2. La incomodidad del criollo, y su arremetida contra los ‘antiamericanistas’ 94<br />4.4.3. Boroa, un pueblo de chilenos europeizados 96<br />4.4.4. Chilenos de sangre pura, criollos, y los mestizos bastardos 99<br />5. Clasificación racial en la filosofía ilustrada. El caso de Immanuel Kant 103<br />5.1. Luces y sombras de la ‘ciudad criolla’ 103<br />5.2. Los intermediarios del universalismo 108<br />5.3. Del racismo al racialismo 110<br />5.4. El concepto de ‘raza’ en Kant 112<br />5.5. Mapa racial: el lugar de los ‘americanos’ 117<br />Excurso: Kant, colonialismo, y el nuevo encubrimiento 122<br /><br />Tercera Parte: "Nobleza y plebe: residuos simbólicos durante la pos-colonia"<br /><br />6. Biopolítica borbónica en chile: el discurso antropológico sobre la ociosidad, el vagabundaje, y su objetivación en el mestizaje 128<br />6.1. Representación moderna de la pobreza 128<br />6.2. Pública prosperidad, movilidad social y las incomodidades de la ‘nobleza’ 130<br />6.3. El mestizaje como fuente de vagabundaje 135<br />6.4. Higienismo y racismo de Estado 137<br />7. El color de las clases sociales chilenas 139<br />7.1. Otros contextos, otras categorías 139<br />7.2. La ‘raza’ en la formación de las clases sociales chilenas 140<br />7.3. Aristocracia chilena y selección racial 143<br />8. Imaginando la ‘nación’ 147<br />8.1. Lugares de enunciación y traducción 147<br />8.2. ‘El peso de la noche’; el lado oscuro de la Patria 149<br />8.2.1. El nativo de papel 150<br />8.2.2. Independencia/Civilización, o Modernidad/Colonialidad 152<br />8.3. Iustración y ‘libertad’. Legitimación de las diferencias innatas 156<br />8.4. La infancia de Chile, y el tutelaje de los ‘padres’ criollos 159<br />8.5. Los ‘negros’ desean la esclavitud, no la libertad 162<br />9. Dimensión simbólica de las clases sociales: ‘escenificación’ y ‘apariencia’ 166<br />9.1. La obsesión por el ‘origen’ 166<br />9.2. El simbolismo de la prosapia criolla 169<br />9.3. El delirio de ‘ser percibido’ como noble 172<br />Conclusión: El contrato colonial de Chile 175<br />Bibliografía 177</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31652719" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="97116d45e6bed4d0664889df02f414ca" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61816113,"asset_id":31652719,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61816113/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2Mzk3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="133053" href="https://ufro.academia.edu/plc">Patricio Lepe-Carrión</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="133053" type="text/json">{"id":133053,"first_name":"Patricio","last_name":"Lepe-Carrión","domain_name":"ufro","page_name":"plc","display_name":"Patricio Lepe-Carrión","profile_url":"https://ufro.academia.edu/plc?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/133053/35387/38176278/s65_patricio.lepe-carri_n.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31652719 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31652719"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31652719, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31652719", }); 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Las ideas de “raza” y “racismo” son el eje central sobre el cual el autor intenta analizar dichas retóricas de inferiorización, provenientes tanto de la ciencia, de la política, como de las prácticas culturales de los siglos XVII, XVIII y principalmente del XIX.\n\nSe trata de un trabajo transdisciplinario, que se fundamenta en una revisión crítica de fuentes primarias de la época y de una extensa literatura secundaria proveniente de la historia de la cultura, de la ciencia, la antropología social y cultural, así como de la filosofía.\n\nNo se trata de una obra de historia, ni menos de antropología, solo es un intento por pensar o cartografiar nuestro pasado colonial (y poscolonial) como un ejercicio de conceptualización que nos permita cuestionar aquello que se denomina “identidad chilena”.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEl contrato colonial de Chile\nCiencia, Racismo y Nación\n\nPor\n\nPatricio Lepe-Carrión\n\n\n\n\n\nTabla de contenidos\n\nTabla de contenidos\t2\nTabla de ilustraciones\t5\nSiglas\t6\nIntroducción\t7\n\n\nPrimera Parte: Colonialidad del poder en el reino de Chile\n1. Civilización y barbarie: la ‘diferencia colonial’\t13\n1.1. Cartografía conceptual de la dicotomía\t13\n1.1.1. Genealogía de la ‘barbarie’, como ausencia de la razón deliberativa\t13\n1.1.2. Aristóteles: ‘deliberación’ y esclavitud natural\t14\n1.1.3. La barbarie, ‘diferencia’ y construcción del Otro\t16\n1.2. La Junta de Valladolid: la naturalización de las diferencias en el siglo XVI\t19\n1.2.1. La polémica de los naturales\t19\n1.2.2. La construcción de la ‘barbarie’ americana\t20\n1.2.3. Bartolomé de Las Casas y el encubrimiento de la ‘diferencia cultural’\t25\n1.2.4. El re-descubrimiento del logos deliberativo: los nativos también pueden ser educados\t28\n2. La construcción del sujeto colonial en el Chile del siglo XVII\t31\n2.1. La sedimentación de la ‘diferencia colonial’ en la ‘guerra defensiva’\t32\n2.2. Una frontera geográfica, subjetiva y epistémica: la ‘zona de contacto’\t35\n2.3. Colonialidad: idea de totalidad, y miradas micropolíticas\t40\n2.4. La raza como eje articulador de la matriz colonial de poder\t43\n2.5. Los diagramas de soberanía y disciplina\t44\n2.6. Una frontera de seducción\t47\n2.7. El ‘Sermón en lengua de Chile’: orígenes del racismo epistémico\t49\n2.8. Pedagogía jesuita: individuación y emulación. Disciplina en la Ratio Studiorum\t52\n\nSegunda Parte: Taxonomías proto-raciales de la Ilustración\n\n3. Época clásica, y el ‘no lugar’ en la instrumentalización política de los saberes científicos\t58\n3.1. El Ego Conquiro condición del Ego Cogito\t59\n3.1.1. Del escepticismo sobre la existencia del bárbaro, al escepticismo metódico cartesiano\t60\n3.1.2. La objetivación del ‘cuerpo’ como ‘naturaleza’\t61\n3.2. Episteme y gubernamentalidad\t63\n3.2.1. Las tres epistemes\t63\n3.2.2. La episteme clásica, y su discontinuidad con el Renacimiento\t64\n3.2.3. La episteme clásica y La Hybris del punto cero\t65\n3.2.4. La razón de Estado (ratio status)\t68\n3.3. Biopolítica borbónica: la aparición de la ‘razón de Estado’ en España y Chile durante el siglo XVIII\t69\n3.3.1. Gobierno de las poblaciones\t69\n3.3.2. El Censo como ciencia del Estado\t72\n3.3.3. De la razón al racismo de Estado\t74\n4. La ‘historia natural’ en el orden y casificación etnoracial de la humanidad\t76\n4.1. Dios creó, Linneo puso en orden (Deus creavit; Linnaeus disposuit)\t78\n4.1.1. La escritura universal\t78\n4.1.2. El género Homo, y la especie Homo Sapiens\t80\n4.1.3. Cuerpo bello, alma buena. Un primer acercamiento a la kalokagathía\t82\n4.2. El conde de Buffon, y el dinamismo en la Escala de los Seres\t83\n4.2.1. La cuestión de la especie: temporalización de la Gran Cadena del Ser\t83\n4.2.2. Los efectos del clima y el ambiente en la formación de las razas\t87\n4.3. América es un continente débil y degenerado\t89\n4.4. Juan Ignacio Molina: el científico que persuadió a Immanuel Kant\t93\n4.4.1. Molina, el primer científico chileno\t93\n4.4.2. La incomodidad del criollo, y su arremetida contra los ‘antiamericanistas’\t94\n4.4.3. Boroa, un pueblo de chilenos europeizados\t96\n4.4.4. Chilenos de sangre pura, criollos, y los mestizos bastardos\t99\n5. Clasificación racial en la filosofía ilustrada. El caso de Immanuel Kant\t103\n5.1. Luces y sombras de la ‘ciudad criolla’\t103\n5.2. Los intermediarios del universalismo\t108\n5.3. Del racismo al racialismo\t110\n5.4. El concepto de ‘raza’ en Kant\t112\n5.5. Mapa racial: el lugar de los ‘americanos’\t117\nExcurso: Kant, colonialismo, y el nuevo encubrimiento\t122\n\nTercera Parte: \"Nobleza y plebe: residuos simbólicos durante la pos-colonia\"\n\n6. Biopolítica borbónica en chile: el discurso antropológico sobre la ociosidad, el vagabundaje, y su objetivación en el mestizaje\t128\n6.1. Representación moderna de la pobreza\t128\n6.2. Pública prosperidad, movilidad social y las incomodidades de la ‘nobleza’\t130\n6.3. El mestizaje como fuente de vagabundaje\t135\n6.4. Higienismo y racismo de Estado\t137\n7. El color de las clases sociales chilenas\t139\n7.1. Otros contextos, otras categorías\t139\n7.2. La ‘raza’ en la formación de las clases sociales chilenas\t140\n7.3. Aristocracia chilena y selección racial\t143\n8. Imaginando la ‘nación’\t147\n8.1. Lugares de enunciación y traducción\t147\n8.2. ‘El peso de la noche’; el lado oscuro de la Patria\t149\n8.2.1. El nativo de papel\t150\n8.2.2. Independencia/Civilización, o Modernidad/Colonialidad\t152\n8.3. Iustración y ‘libertad’. Legitimación de las diferencias innatas\t156\n8.4. La infancia de Chile, y el tutelaje de los ‘padres’ criollos\t159\n8.5. Los ‘negros’ desean la esclavitud, no la libertad\t162\n9. Dimensión simbólica de las clases sociales: ‘escenificación’ y ‘apariencia’\t166\n9.1. La obsesión por el ‘origen’\t166\n9.2. El simbolismo de la prosapia criolla\t169\n9.3. El delirio de ‘ser percibido’ como noble\t172\nConclusión: El contrato colonial de Chile\t175\nBibliografía\t177","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61816113,"asset_id":31652719,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false},{"id":63311425,"asset_id":31652719,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":133053,"first_name":"Patricio","last_name":"Lepe-Carrión","domain_name":"ufro","page_name":"plc","display_name":"Patricio Lepe-Carrión","profile_url":"https://ufro.academia.edu/plc?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/133053/35387/38176278/s65_patricio.lepe-carri_n.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":10,"name":"American 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u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32335920/Subverting_the_racist_lens_Frederick_Douglass_humanity_and_the_power_of_the_photographic_image_Co_authored_w_Lawson_">Subverting the racist lens: Frederick Douglass, humanity and the power of the photographic image (Co-authored w. Lawson)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Frederick Douglass, the abolitionist, the civil rights advocate and the great rhetorician, has been the focus of much academic research. Only more recently is Douglass work on aesthetics beginning to receive its due, and even then its... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_32335920" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Frederick Douglass, the abolitionist, the civil rights advocate and the great rhetorician, has been the focus of much academic research. Only more recently is Douglass work on aesthetics beginning to receive its due, and even then its philosophical scope is rarely appreciated. Douglass’ aesthetic interest was notably not so much in art itself, but in understanding aesthetic presentation as an epistemological and psychological aspect of the human condition and thereby as a social and political tool. He was fascinated by the power of images, and took particular interest in the emerging technologies of photography. He often returned to the themes of art, pictures and aesthetic perception in his speeches. He saw himself, also after the end of slavery, as first and foremost a human rights advocate, and he suggests that his work and thoughts as a public intellectual always in some way related to this end. In this regard, his interest in the power of photographic images to impact the human soul was a lifelong concern. His reflections accordingly center on the psychological and political potentials of images and the relationship between art, culture, and human dignity. In this chapter we discuss Douglass views and practical use of photography and other forms of imagery, and tease out his view about their transformational potential particularly in respect to combating racist attitudes. We propose that his views and actions suggest that he intuitively if not explicitly anticipated many later philosophical, pragmatist and ecological insights regarding the generative habits of mind and affordance perception : I.e. that we perceive the world through our values and habitual ways of engaging with it and thus that our perception is active and creative, not passive and objective. Our understanding of the world is simultaneously shaped by and shaping our perceptions. Douglass saw that in a racist and bigoted society this means that change through facts and rational arguments will be hard. A distorted lens distorts - and accordingly re-produces and perceives its own distortion. His interest in aesthetics is intimately connected to this conundrum of knowledge and change, perception and action. To some extent precisely due to his understanding of how stereotypical categories and dominant relations work on our minds, he sees a radical transformational potential in certain art and imagery. We see in his work a profound understanding of the value-laden and action-oriented nature of perception and what we today call the perception of affordances (that is, what our environment permits/invites us to do). Douglass is particularly interested in the social environment and the social affordances of how we perceive other humans, and he thinks that photographs can impact on the human intellect in a transformative manner. In terms of the very process of aesthetic perception his views interestingly cohere and supplement a recent theory about the conditions and consequences of being an aesthetic beholder. The main idea being that artworks typically invite an asymmetric engagement where one can behold them without being the object of reciprocal attention. This might allow for a kind of vulnerability and openness that holds transformational potentials not typically available in more strategic and goal-directed modes of perception. As mentioned, Douglass main interest is in social change and specifically in combating racist social structures and negative stereotypes of black people. He is fascinated by the potential of photography in particular as a means of correcting fallacious stereotypes, as it allows a more direct and less distorted image of the individuality and multidimensionality of black people. We end with a discussion of how, given this interpretation of aesthetic perception, we can understand the specific imagery used by Douglass himself. How he tried to use aesthetic modes to subvert and change the racist habitus in the individual and collective mind of his society. We suggest that Frederick Douglass, the human rights activist, had a sophisticated philosophy of aesthetics, mind, epistemology and particularly of the transformative and political power of images. His works in many ways anticipate and sometimes go beyond later scholars in these and other fields such as psychology & critical theory. Overall, we propose that our world could benefit from revisiting Douglass’ art and thought.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/32335920" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c383a0d80cda55fd740d3707a4c44c16" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":52545491,"asset_id":32335920,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52545491/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2Mzk3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="129303" href="https://um-boston.academia.edu/MariaBrincker">Maria Brincker</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="129303" type="text/json">{"id":129303,"first_name":"Maria","last_name":"Brincker","domain_name":"um-boston","page_name":"MariaBrincker","display_name":"Maria Brincker","profile_url":"https://um-boston.academia.edu/MariaBrincker?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/129303/34449/710484/s65_maria.brincker.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-32335920">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-32335920"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://memphis.academia.edu/BillELawson">Bill E. 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Lawson)","created_at":"2017-04-08T07:56:03.121-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/32335920/Subverting_the_racist_lens_Frederick_Douglass_humanity_and_the_power_of_the_photographic_image_Co_authored_w_Lawson_?f_ri=6258","dom_id":"work_32335920","summary":"Frederick Douglass, the abolitionist, the civil rights advocate and the great rhetorician, has been the focus of much academic research. Only more recently is Douglass work on aesthetics beginning to receive its due, and even then its philosophical scope is rarely appreciated. Douglass’ aesthetic interest was notably not so much in art itself, but in understanding aesthetic presentation as an epistemological and psychological aspect of the human condition and thereby as a social and political tool. He was fascinated by the power of images, and took particular interest in the emerging technologies of photography. He often returned to the themes of art, pictures and aesthetic perception in his speeches. He saw himself, also after the end of slavery, as first and foremost a human rights advocate, and he suggests that his work and thoughts as a public intellectual always in some way related to this end. In this regard, his interest in the power of photographic images to impact the human soul was a lifelong concern. His reflections accordingly center on the psychological and political potentials of images and the relationship between art, culture, and human dignity. In this chapter we discuss Douglass views and practical use of photography and other forms of imagery, and tease out his view about their transformational potential particularly in respect to combating racist attitudes. We propose that his views and actions suggest that he intuitively if not explicitly anticipated many later philosophical, pragmatist and ecological insights regarding the generative habits of mind and affordance perception : I.e. that we perceive the world through our values and habitual ways of engaging with it and thus that our perception is active and creative, not passive and objective. Our understanding of the world is simultaneously shaped by and shaping our perceptions. Douglass saw that in a racist and bigoted society this means that change through facts and rational arguments will be hard. A distorted lens distorts - and accordingly re-produces and perceives its own distortion. His interest in aesthetics is intimately connected to this conundrum of knowledge and change, perception and action. To some extent precisely due to his understanding of how stereotypical categories and dominant relations work on our minds, he sees a radical transformational potential in certain art and imagery. We see in his work a profound understanding of the value-laden and action-oriented nature of perception and what we today call the perception of affordances (that is, what our environment permits/invites us to do). Douglass is particularly interested in the social environment and the social affordances of how we perceive other humans, and he thinks that photographs can impact on the human intellect in a transformative manner. In terms of the very process of aesthetic perception his views interestingly cohere and supplement a recent theory about the conditions and consequences of being an aesthetic beholder. The main idea being that artworks typically invite an asymmetric engagement where one can behold them without being the object of reciprocal attention. This might allow for a kind of vulnerability and openness that holds transformational potentials not typically available in more strategic and goal-directed modes of perception. As mentioned, Douglass main interest is in social change and specifically in combating racist social structures and negative stereotypes of black people. He is fascinated by the potential of photography in particular as a means of correcting fallacious stereotypes, as it allows a more direct and less distorted image of the individuality and multidimensionality of black people. We end with a discussion of how, given this interpretation of aesthetic perception, we can understand the specific imagery used by Douglass himself. How he tried to use aesthetic modes to subvert and change the racist habitus in the individual and collective mind of his society. We suggest that Frederick Douglass, the human rights activist, had a sophisticated philosophy of aesthetics, mind, epistemology and particularly of the transformative and political power of images. His works in many ways anticipate and sometimes go beyond later scholars in these and other fields such as psychology \u0026 critical theory. Overall, we propose that our world could benefit from revisiting Douglass’ art and thought. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":52545491,"asset_id":32335920,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":129303,"first_name":"Maria","last_name":"Brincker","domain_name":"um-boston","page_name":"MariaBrincker","display_name":"Maria Brincker","profile_url":"https://um-boston.academia.edu/MariaBrincker?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/129303/34449/710484/s65_maria.brincker.jpg"},{"id":2151432,"first_name":"Bill E.","last_name":"Lawson","domain_name":"memphis","page_name":"BillELawson","display_name":"Bill E. Lawson","profile_url":"https://memphis.academia.edu/BillELawson?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2151432/1012039/1265368/s65_bill_e..lawson.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":8,"name":"Critical Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Critical_Theory?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":248,"name":"Social Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Psychology?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":296,"name":"Black Studies Or African American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Studies_Or_African_American_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=6258"},{"id":806,"name":"Philosophy of 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It includes the sections: Marley's Invention of an African Father... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_11641577" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This is Part Three of the "Bob Marley's Zion" chapter of  "On Racial Frontiers: The New Culture of Frederick Douglass, Ralph Ellison, and Bob Marley" (Cambridge UP, 1999). <br />It includes the sections:<br />Marley's Invention of an African Father<br />and<br />Survival in Relation to Marley's life and songbook</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/11641577" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/2629968/On_Philology">On Philology</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">As the Byzantinist Ihor Ševčenko once observed, "Philology is constituting and interpreting the texts that have come down to us. It is a narrow thing, but without it nothing else is possible." This definition accords with Saussure's... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_2629968" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">As the Byzantinist Ihor Ševčenko once observed, "Philology is constituting and interpreting the texts that have come down to us. It is a narrow thing, but without it nothing else is possible." This definition accords with Saussure's succinct description of the mission of philology: "especially to correct, interpret, and comment upon the texts." Philology is not just a grand etymological or lexicographical enterprise. It also involves restoring to works as much of their original life and nuances as we can manage. To read the written records of bygone civilizations correctly requires knowledge of cultural history in a broad sense: of folklore, legends, laws, and customs. Philology also encompasses the forms in which texts express their messages, and thus it includes stylistics, metrics, and similar studies. <br /> <br />On Philology brings together the papers delivered at a 1988 conference at Harvard University's Center for Literary and Cultural Studies. The topic "What is Philology?" drew an interdisciplinary audience whose main fields of research ran the gamut from ancient Indo-European languages to African-American literature, signaling a certain sense of urgency about a seemingly narrow subject. <br /> <br />These papers reveal that the role of philology is more important than ever. At a time when literature in printed form has taken a back seat to television, film, and music, it is crucial that scholars be able to articulate why students and colleagues should care about the books with which they work. Just as knowledge will be lost if philological standards decline, so too will fields of study die if their representatives cannot find meaning for today's readers. <br /> <br />On Philology will be of interest not only to students of philology but also to anyone working in the fields of hermeneutics, literature, and communication.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/2629968" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e8b55a3dc24a2d378246d918a521fa3d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":35637593,"asset_id":2629968,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/35637593/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2Mzk3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1827179" href="https://harvard.academia.edu/JanZiolkowski">Jan Ziolkowski</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1827179" type="text/json">{"id":1827179,"first_name":"Jan","last_name":"Ziolkowski","domain_name":"harvard","page_name":"JanZiolkowski","display_name":"Jan Ziolkowski","profile_url":"https://harvard.academia.edu/JanZiolkowski?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1827179/1121456/19729385/s65_jan.ziolkowski.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_2629968 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="2629968"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 2629968, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_2629968", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=2629968]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_2629968").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_2629968").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="2629968"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">39</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="97" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philology">Philology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="97" type="text/json">{"id":97,"name":"Philology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philology?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="123" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mythology_And_Folklore">Mythology And Folklore</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="123" type="text/json">{"id":123,"name":"Mythology And Folklore","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mythology_And_Folklore?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="135" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_History">Intellectual History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="135" type="text/json">{"id":135,"name":"Intellectual History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_History?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="136" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History">Cultural History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="136" type="text/json">{"id":136,"name":"Cultural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=2629968]'), work: {"id":2629968,"title":"On Philology","created_at":"2013-02-22T00:54:01.486-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/2629968/On_Philology?f_ri=6258","dom_id":"work_2629968","summary":"As the Byzantinist Ihor Ševčenko once observed, \"Philology is constituting and interpreting the texts that have come down to us. It is a narrow thing, but without it nothing else is possible.\" This definition accords with Saussure's succinct description of the mission of philology: \"especially to correct, interpret, and comment upon the texts.\" Philology is not just a grand etymological or lexicographical enterprise. It also involves restoring to works as much of their original life and nuances as we can manage. To read the written records of bygone civilizations correctly requires knowledge of cultural history in a broad sense: of folklore, legends, laws, and customs. Philology also encompasses the forms in which texts express their messages, and thus it includes stylistics, metrics, and similar studies.\r\n\r\nOn Philology brings together the papers delivered at a 1988 conference at Harvard University's Center for Literary and Cultural Studies. The topic \"What is Philology?\" drew an interdisciplinary audience whose main fields of research ran the gamut from ancient Indo-European languages to African-American literature, signaling a certain sense of urgency about a seemingly narrow subject.\r\n\r\nThese papers reveal that the role of philology is more important than ever. At a time when literature in printed form has taken a back seat to television, film, and music, it is crucial that scholars be able to articulate why students and colleagues should care about the books with which they work. Just as knowledge will be lost if philological standards decline, so too will fields of study die if their representatives cannot find meaning for today's readers.\r\n\r\nOn Philology will be of interest not only to students of philology but also to anyone working in the fields of hermeneutics, literature, and communication.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35637593,"asset_id":2629968,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1827179,"first_name":"Jan","last_name":"Ziolkowski","domain_name":"harvard","page_name":"JanZiolkowski","display_name":"Jan Ziolkowski","profile_url":"https://harvard.academia.edu/JanZiolkowski?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1827179/1121456/19729385/s65_jan.ziolkowski.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":97,"name":"Philology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philology?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":123,"name":"Mythology And 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style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9295519"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6258" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature">African American Literature</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6258" type="text/json">{"id":6258,"name":"African American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9295519]'), work: {"id":9295519,"title":"English Literature","created_at":"2014-11-13T15:05:47.209-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9295519/English_Literature?f_ri=6258","dom_id":"work_9295519","summary":"A Wallonian history","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":35557168,"asset_id":9295519,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":16840472,"first_name":"Chantal","last_name":"Wilkin","domain_name":"ulg","page_name":"ChantalWilkin","display_name":"Chantal Wilkin","profile_url":"https://ulg.academia.edu/ChantalWilkin?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16840472/5899434/6699029/s65_chantal.wilkin.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6258,"name":"African American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35674790 coauthored" data-work_id="35674790" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35674790/The_Agency_Aesthetics_of_Biofiction_in_the_Age_of_Postmodern_Confusion">The Agency Aesthetics of Biofiction in the Age of Postmodern Confusion</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This is the introduction to my book of interviews with biographical novelists from across the globe. Unlike Truthful Fictions, which contained only my interviews, many other scholars interviewed prominent biographical novelists for this... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35674790" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This is the introduction to my book of interviews with biographical novelists from across the globe. Unlike Truthful Fictions, which contained only my interviews, many other scholars interviewed prominent biographical novelists for this book. My plan is to submit the book to my editor by early February. If you spot any errors or have any suggestions for improvement, please let me know. I still need to write a conclusion. For your benefit, here is the table of contents: <br /><br />Conversations with Biographical Novelists:<br />Truthful Fictions across the Globe<br />Edited by Michael Lackey<br /><br />Table of Contents<br /><br />Kevin Barry, interviewed by Stuart Kane: Positive Contamination in the Biographical Novel<br /><br />Laurent Binet, interviewed by Monica Latham: Reflections on Truth, Veracity, Fictionalization, and Falsification<br /><br />Javier Cercas, interviewed by Virginia Rademacher: Resisting the “dictatorship of the present” in the Biographical Novel<br /><br />Barbara Chase-Riboud, interviewed by Melanie Masterton Sherazi: Sally Hemings’ Staircase: On Biofiction’s Afterlives<br /><br />Emma Donoghue, interviewed by Michael Lackey: Voicing the Nobodies in the Biographical Novel<br /><br />David Ebershoff, interviewed by Michael Lackey: The Biographical Novel as Life Art<br /><br />Hannah Kent, interviewed by Kelly Gardiner: Fictions of Women<br /><br />David Lodge, interviewed by Bethany Layne: The Bionovel as a Hybrid Genre<br /><br />Colum McCann, interviewed by Michael Lackey: Contested Realities in the Biographical Novel<br /><br />Anchee Min, interviewed by Michael Lackey: The Biographical Novelist as Cultural Diagnostician<br /><br />Rosa Montero, interviewed by Virginia Rademacher: Speculative Subjectivities and the Biofictional Surge<br /><br />Stephanus Muller, interviewed by Willemien Froneman: Stitching up the Auto/Biographical Seam<br /><br />Sabina Murray, interviewed by Michael Lackey: Complex Psychologies in the Biographical Novel<br /><br />Nuala O’Connor, interviewed by Julie A. Eckerle: The Slant Truth of the Biographical Novel<br /><br />Susan Sellers, interviewed by Bethany Layne: Postmodernism and the Biographical Novel<br /><br />Colm Tóibín, interviewed by Bethany Layne: The Anchored Imagination of the Biographical Novel<br /><br />Olga Tokarczuk, interviewed by Robert Kusek and Wojciech Szymański: I Believe in the Novel <br /><br />Chika Unigwe, interviewed by Michael Lackey: Biographical Fiction and the Creation of Possible Lives</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35674790" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2d62d95d80f74d59253359395899c45c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55545242,"asset_id":35674790,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55545242/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2Mzk3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5442979" href="https://umn-morris.academia.edu/MichaelLackey">Michael Lackey</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5442979" type="text/json">{"id":5442979,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Lackey","domain_name":"umn-morris","page_name":"MichaelLackey","display_name":"Michael Lackey","profile_url":"https://umn-morris.academia.edu/MichaelLackey?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5442979/4799906/5528077/s65_michael.lackey.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-35674790">+4</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-35674790"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://babson.academia.edu/JennyRademacher">Jenny Rademacher</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://dmu.academia.edu/BethanyLayne">Bethany Layne</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://uw.academia.edu/WojciechSzyma%C5%84ski">Wojciech Szymański</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://umn-morris.academia.edu/JulieEckerle">Julie A . Eckerle</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-35674790'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-35674790').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35674790 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35674790"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35674790, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35674790", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_35674790 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35674790; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_35674790"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_35674790 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35674790"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35674790; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35674790]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35674790").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35674790").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35674790"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">37</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="296" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Studies_Or_African_American_Studies">Black Studies Or African American Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="296" type="text/json">{"id":296,"name":"Black Studies Or African American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Studies_Or_African_American_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="386" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Irish_Studies">Irish Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="386" type="text/json">{"id":386,"name":"Irish Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Irish_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="668" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spanish_Literature">Spanish Literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="668" type="text/json">{"id":668,"name":"Spanish Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spanish_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1394" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Irish_Literature">Irish Literature</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1394" type="text/json">{"id":1394,"name":"Irish Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Irish_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35674790]'), work: {"id":35674790,"title":"The Agency Aesthetics of Biofiction in the Age of Postmodern Confusion","created_at":"2018-01-15T11:17:54.168-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35674790/The_Agency_Aesthetics_of_Biofiction_in_the_Age_of_Postmodern_Confusion?f_ri=6258","dom_id":"work_35674790","summary":"This is the introduction to my book of interviews with biographical novelists from across the globe. Unlike Truthful Fictions, which contained only my interviews, many other scholars interviewed prominent biographical novelists for this book. My plan is to submit the book to my editor by early February. If you spot any errors or have any suggestions for improvement, please let me know. I still need to write a conclusion. For your benefit, here is the table of contents: \n\nConversations with Biographical Novelists:\nTruthful Fictions across the Globe\nEdited by Michael Lackey\n\nTable of Contents\n\nKevin Barry, interviewed by Stuart Kane: Positive Contamination in the Biographical Novel\n\nLaurent Binet, interviewed by Monica Latham: Reflections on Truth, Veracity, Fictionalization, and Falsification\n\nJavier Cercas, interviewed by Virginia Rademacher: Resisting the “dictatorship of the present” in the Biographical Novel\n\nBarbara Chase-Riboud, interviewed by Melanie Masterton Sherazi: Sally Hemings’ Staircase: On Biofiction’s Afterlives\n\nEmma Donoghue, interviewed by Michael Lackey: Voicing the Nobodies in the Biographical Novel\n\nDavid Ebershoff, interviewed by Michael Lackey: The Biographical Novel as Life Art\n\nHannah Kent, interviewed by Kelly Gardiner: Fictions of Women\n\nDavid Lodge, interviewed by Bethany Layne: The Bionovel as a Hybrid Genre\n\nColum McCann, interviewed by Michael Lackey: Contested Realities in the Biographical Novel\n\nAnchee Min, interviewed by Michael Lackey: The Biographical Novelist as Cultural Diagnostician\n\nRosa Montero, interviewed by Virginia Rademacher: Speculative Subjectivities and the Biofictional Surge\n\nStephanus Muller, interviewed by Willemien Froneman: Stitching up the Auto/Biographical Seam\n\nSabina Murray, interviewed by Michael Lackey: Complex Psychologies in the Biographical Novel\n\nNuala O’Connor, interviewed by Julie A. 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In contemporary narrative form, the novel, Beloved, portrays the devastating effects of forced transnational migration. She confronts conventional silences... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31011801" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Toni Morrison faces a great challenge in representing the Atlantic slave trade. In contemporary narrative form, the novel, Beloved, portrays the devastating effects of forced transnational migration. She confronts conventional silences surrounding the aspect of slavery by presenting displaced Africans on their way to America. Her text defines both black literature of the late twentieth century and troubles the status quo as an experiment in aesthetic expression which demonstrates the legacy of trauma fabricated in American culture. She stylizes her narrative form of language for particular effect by using direct references and subtle allusions to the aspect of slavery. Drawing on the coded discourse of oral history and slave narrative as fashion of writerly texts, Morrison takes her readers as participants in the construction of cultural memory. The present article takes up the formalistic and cultural approach to critique the aesthetic means by which Morrison's verbal style signifies the content of her story, Beloved, which results in a new genre as African-American literature that establishes itself in the late twentieth and the present century world literature.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31011801" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5feeb287fb8c15df19412ce67886b8d4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51445443,"asset_id":31011801,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51445443/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2Mzk3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4443238" href="https://eltsjournal.academia.edu/InternationalJournalofEnglishLanguageandTranslationStudies">International Journal of English Language and Translation Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4443238" type="text/json">{"id":4443238,"first_name":"International Journal of English Language","last_name":"and Translation Studies","domain_name":"eltsjournal","page_name":"InternationalJournalofEnglishLanguageandTranslationStudies","display_name":"International Journal of English Language and Translation Studies","profile_url":"https://eltsjournal.academia.edu/InternationalJournalofEnglishLanguageandTranslationStudies?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4443238/1814454/9010746/s65_international_journal_of_english_language.and_translation_studies.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31011801 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31011801"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31011801, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31011801", }); 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In contemporary narrative form, the novel, Beloved, portrays the devastating effects of forced transnational migration. She confronts conventional silences surrounding the aspect of slavery by presenting displaced Africans on their way to America. Her text defines both black literature of the late twentieth century and troubles the status quo as an experiment in aesthetic expression which demonstrates the legacy of trauma fabricated in American culture. She stylizes her narrative form of language for particular effect by using direct references and subtle allusions to the aspect of slavery. Drawing on the coded discourse of oral history and slave narrative as fashion of writerly texts, Morrison takes her readers as participants in the construction of cultural memory. The present article takes up the formalistic and cultural approach to critique the aesthetic means by which Morrison's verbal style signifies the content of her story, Beloved, which results in a new genre as African-American literature that establishes itself in the late twentieth and the present century world literature.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51445443,"asset_id":31011801,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4443238,"first_name":"International Journal of English Language","last_name":"and Translation Studies","domain_name":"eltsjournal","page_name":"InternationalJournalofEnglishLanguageandTranslationStudies","display_name":"International Journal of English Language and Translation 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Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/American_Studies?f_ri=6258"},{"id":659,"name":"Comparative Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Literature?f_ri=6258"},{"id":885,"name":"English Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/English_Literature?f_ri=6258"},{"id":2418,"name":"Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Literature?f_ri=6258"},{"id":3145,"name":"Literature and cinema","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Literature_and_cinema?f_ri=6258"},{"id":3870,"name":"African Diaspora Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Diaspora_Studies?f_ri=6258"},{"id":3896,"name":"African History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_History?f_ri=6258"},{"id":5453,"name":"Race and Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Ethnicity?f_ri=6258"},{"id":6257,"name":"African Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Literature?f_ri=6258"},{"id":6258,"name":"African American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature?f_ri=6258"},{"id":14912,"name":"African American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Studies?f_ri=6258"},{"id":24748,"name":"Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnicity?f_ri=6258"},{"id":40285,"name":"Africana Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Africana_Studies?f_ri=6258"},{"id":44293,"name":"Literature Review","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Literature_Review?f_ri=6258"},{"id":50363,"name":"Literatura","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Literatura?f_ri=6258"},{"id":53238,"name":"Race","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race?f_ri=6258"},{"id":725028,"name":"Tony Morrison","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tony_Morrison?f_ri=6258"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34284515" data-work_id="34284515" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34284515/Re_Imagining_Slavery_in_the_Hip_Hop_Imagination">Re-Imagining Slavery in the Hip Hop Imagination</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">An analysis of how hip hop aesthetics influences representations of slavery in contemporary American popular culture.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34284515" 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class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="362880" href="https://kennesaw.academia.edu/rbradley1908">Regina N Bradley</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="362880" type="text/json">{"id":362880,"first_name":"Regina","last_name":"Bradley","domain_name":"kennesaw","page_name":"rbradley1908","display_name":"Regina N Bradley","profile_url":"https://kennesaw.academia.edu/rbradley1908?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/362880/95683/40114786/s65_regina.bradley.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34284515 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34284515"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34284515, container: 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window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34284515]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34284515").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34284515").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34284515"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3394" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southern_Studies_U.S._South_">Southern Studies (U.S. South)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3394" type="text/json">{"id":3394,"name":"Southern Studies (U.S. South)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southern_Studies_U.S._South_?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6258" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature">African American Literature</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6258" type="text/json">{"id":6258,"name":"African American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7212" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sound_studies">Sound studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7212" type="text/json">{"id":7212,"name":"Sound studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sound_studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14904" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hip-Hop_Rap">Hip-Hop/Rap</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="14904" type="text/json">{"id":14904,"name":"Hip-Hop/Rap","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hip-Hop_Rap?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34284515]'), work: {"id":34284515,"title":"Re-Imagining Slavery in the Hip Hop Imagination","created_at":"2017-08-20T14:42:09.351-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34284515/Re_Imagining_Slavery_in_the_Hip_Hop_Imagination?f_ri=6258","dom_id":"work_34284515","summary":"An analysis of how hip hop aesthetics influences representations of slavery in contemporary American popular culture.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54190489,"asset_id":34284515,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":362880,"first_name":"Regina","last_name":"Bradley","domain_name":"kennesaw","page_name":"rbradley1908","display_name":"Regina N Bradley","profile_url":"https://kennesaw.academia.edu/rbradley1908?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/362880/95683/40114786/s65_regina.bradley.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3394,"name":"Southern Studies (U.S. South)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southern_Studies_U.S._South_?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":6258,"name":"African American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":7212,"name":"Sound studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sound_studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":14904,"name":"Hip-Hop/Rap","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hip-Hop_Rap?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":14912,"name":"African American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Studies?f_ri=6258"},{"id":131068,"name":"Hip Hop Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hip_Hop_Culture?f_ri=6258"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37437218" data-work_id="37437218" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37437218/Afropolitanism_and_the_End_of_Black_Nationalism_in_the_Routledge_International_Handbook_of_Cosmopolitanism_Studies_2nd_ed_">Afropolitanism and the End of Black Nationalism (in the Routledge International Handbook of Cosmopolitanism Studies, 2nd ed.)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article evaluates the concept of Afropolitanism, introduced by Taiye Selasi and Achille Mbembe, as a radical break from the political genealogy of Black nationalism. Whereas racialist traditions, such as Pan-Africanism and Négritude,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37437218" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article evaluates the concept of Afropolitanism, introduced by Taiye Selasi and Achille Mbembe, as a radical break from the political genealogy of Black nationalism. Whereas racialist traditions, such as Pan-Africanism and Négritude, had presupposed a close emancipatory connection between global racial solidarity and a politics of African reclamation, Afropolitanism refers to a cosmopolitan ethos of transcending national and racial differences. It envisages Africa as a conceptual geography of evolving relationships, shaped by migration and multiracialism. This chapter argues that, in refiguring the idea of Africa outside of racially autochthonous terms, Afropolitanism undermines the political elision of Blackness and Africa, and thereby, both racial solidarity and a politics of belonging. The implication is foremost a challenge to the concept of the African diaspora itself, especially regarding ancestors of those dispersed by slavery. The development of Afropolitanism in the mid-2000s occurred due to the need to manufacture an ethos for Africa’s multiracial postcolonies and 21st century migrations. This chapter concludes by arguing that Afropolitanism cannot act as an ethic for the age of global cosmopolitanism until it reckons with the problem of the inverse relationship: that is, the question of diaspora.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37437218" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="43c56ac82f8673882e2a97ec5e6452bc" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57403508,"asset_id":37437218,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57403508/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2Mzk3Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="7344295" href="https://duke.academia.edu/SarahBalakrishnan">Sarah Balakrishnan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="7344295" type="text/json">{"id":7344295,"first_name":"Sarah","last_name":"Balakrishnan","domain_name":"duke","page_name":"SarahBalakrishnan","display_name":"Sarah Balakrishnan","profile_url":"https://duke.academia.edu/SarahBalakrishnan?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7344295/2756795/29061295/s65_sarah.balakrishnan.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37437218 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37437218"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37437218, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37437218", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_37437218 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37437218; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_37437218"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_37437218 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37437218"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37437218; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37437218]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37437218").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37437218").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37437218"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="136" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History">Cultural History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="136" type="text/json">{"id":136,"name":"Cultural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="188" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies">Cultural Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="188" type="text/json">{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="296" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Studies_Or_African_American_Studies">Black Studies Or African American Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="296" type="text/json">{"id":296,"name":"Black Studies Or African American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Studies_Or_African_American_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="379" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies">African Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="379" type="text/json">{"id":379,"name":"African Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37437218]'), work: {"id":37437218,"title":"Afropolitanism and the End of Black Nationalism (in the Routledge International Handbook of Cosmopolitanism Studies, 2nd ed.)","created_at":"2018-09-18T07:47:10.490-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37437218/Afropolitanism_and_the_End_of_Black_Nationalism_in_the_Routledge_International_Handbook_of_Cosmopolitanism_Studies_2nd_ed_?f_ri=6258","dom_id":"work_37437218","summary":"This article evaluates the concept of Afropolitanism, introduced by Taiye Selasi and Achille Mbembe, as a radical break from the political genealogy of Black nationalism. Whereas racialist traditions, such as Pan-Africanism and Négritude, had presupposed a close emancipatory connection between global racial solidarity and a politics of African reclamation, Afropolitanism refers to a cosmopolitan ethos of transcending national and racial differences. It envisages Africa as a conceptual geography of evolving relationships, shaped by migration and multiracialism. This chapter argues that, in refiguring the idea of Africa outside of racially autochthonous terms, Afropolitanism undermines the political elision of Blackness and Africa, and thereby, both racial solidarity and a politics of belonging. The implication is foremost a challenge to the concept of the African diaspora itself, especially regarding ancestors of those dispersed by slavery. The development of Afropolitanism in the mid-2000s occurred due to the need to manufacture an ethos for Africa’s multiracial postcolonies and 21st century migrations. This chapter concludes by arguing that Afropolitanism cannot act as an ethic for the age of global cosmopolitanism until it reckons with the problem of the inverse relationship: that is, the question of diaspora. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57403508,"asset_id":37437218,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":7344295,"first_name":"Sarah","last_name":"Balakrishnan","domain_name":"duke","page_name":"SarahBalakrishnan","display_name":"Sarah Balakrishnan","profile_url":"https://duke.academia.edu/SarahBalakrishnan?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/7344295/2756795/29061295/s65_sarah.balakrishnan.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":136,"name":"Cultural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":296,"name":"Black Studies Or African American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_Studies_Or_African_American_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":379,"name":"African Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":658,"name":"World Literatures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Literatures?f_ri=6258"},{"id":1439,"name":"Globalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization?f_ri=6258"},{"id":2858,"name":"Popular Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Popular_Culture?f_ri=6258"},{"id":2938,"name":"Black/African Diaspora","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_African_Diaspora?f_ri=6258"},{"id":3870,"name":"African Diaspora Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Diaspora_Studies?f_ri=6258"},{"id":3896,"name":"African History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_History?f_ri=6258"},{"id":4195,"name":"Cultural Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Theory?f_ri=6258"},{"id":4527,"name":"Africa","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Africa?f_ri=6258"},{"id":5272,"name":"Identity (Culture)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Identity_Culture_?f_ri=6258"},{"id":6257,"name":"African Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Literature?f_ri=6258"},{"id":6258,"name":"African American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature?f_ri=6258"},{"id":6579,"name":"Cosmopolitanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cosmopolitanism?f_ri=6258"},{"id":7125,"name":"Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Culture?f_ri=6258"},{"id":14412,"name":"Black feminism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Black_feminism?f_ri=6258"},{"id":14912,"name":"African American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Studies?f_ri=6258"},{"id":40285,"name":"Africana Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Africana_Studies?f_ri=6258"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9013447" data-work_id="9013447" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9013447/Pan_Africanism_A_brief_Intellectual_history">Pan Africanism: A brief Intellectual history</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In this article, I will historicize the socio-political and cultural emergence of Pan Africanism as an ideology. In doing so, one is enabled to appreciate its continued relevance and significance as well as its limitations and imposed... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9013447" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In this article, I will historicize the socio-political and cultural emergence of Pan Africanism as an ideology. In doing so, one is enabled to appreciate its continued relevance and significance as well as its limitations and imposed misrecognition, morass misapplications, and muddled ambiguities within history. Historicizing Pan Africanism as a discourse frees it from an essentialist rendered definition and enables a new understanding in which Pan Africanism is to be understood as a performative-operative discourse. Being performative means that it ceases to be a close-minded rigid ideology proscribed by racial consciousness; it means assuming a new pose of repudiation that is dependent on contemporary socio-cultural tissues of historical experiences. But our concept is not just performative, it is also dis- cursive because it generates a new sense of meaning for our contemporary understanding of Africanity.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9013447" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="633aa7942e97f71a819d2b3c53b62d6a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42698575,"asset_id":9013447,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42698575/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2Mzk3Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="18326596" href="https://csufresno.academia.edu/MichaelOnyebuchiEze">Michael Onyebuchi Eze</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="18326596" type="text/json">{"id":18326596,"first_name":"Michael Onyebuchi","last_name":"Eze","domain_name":"csufresno","page_name":"MichaelOnyebuchiEze","display_name":"Michael Onyebuchi Eze","profile_url":"https://csufresno.academia.edu/MichaelOnyebuchiEze?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/18326596/5636647/6413601/s65_michael.eze.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9013447 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9013447"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9013447, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9013447", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_9013447 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9013447; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_9013447"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_9013447 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="9013447"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 9013447; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9013447]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9013447").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9013447").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9013447"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="128" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History">History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="128" type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="135" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_History">Intellectual History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="135" type="text/json">{"id":135,"name":"Intellectual History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_History?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="136" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History">Cultural History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="136" type="text/json">{"id":136,"name":"Cultural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="188" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies">Cultural Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="188" type="text/json">{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9013447]'), work: {"id":9013447,"title":"Pan Africanism: A brief Intellectual history","created_at":"2014-10-29T04:29:44.952-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9013447/Pan_Africanism_A_brief_Intellectual_history?f_ri=6258","dom_id":"work_9013447","summary":"In this article, I will historicize the socio-political and cultural emergence of Pan Africanism as an ideology. In doing so, one is enabled to appreciate its continued relevance and significance as well as its limitations and imposed misrecognition, morass misapplications, and muddled ambiguities within history. Historicizing Pan Africanism as a discourse frees it from an essentialist rendered definition and enables a new understanding in which Pan Africanism is to be understood as a performative-operative discourse. Being performative means that it ceases to be a close-minded rigid ideology proscribed by racial consciousness; it means assuming a new pose of repudiation that is dependent on contemporary socio-cultural tissues of historical experiences. But our concept is not just performative, it is also dis- cursive because it generates a new sense of meaning for our contemporary understanding of Africanity.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42698575,"asset_id":9013447,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":18326596,"first_name":"Michael Onyebuchi","last_name":"Eze","domain_name":"csufresno","page_name":"MichaelOnyebuchiEze","display_name":"Michael Onyebuchi Eze","profile_url":"https://csufresno.academia.edu/MichaelOnyebuchiEze?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/18326596/5636647/6413601/s65_michael.eze.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":135,"name":"Intellectual History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_History?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":136,"name":"Cultural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_History?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":188,"name":"Cultural Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Studies?f_ri=6258","nofollow":true},{"id":379,"name":"African Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Studies?f_ri=6258"},{"id":3870,"name":"African Diaspora Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Diaspora_Studies?f_ri=6258"},{"id":3896,"name":"African History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_History?f_ri=6258"},{"id":6257,"name":"African Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Literature?f_ri=6258"},{"id":6258,"name":"African American Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Literature?f_ri=6258"},{"id":13050,"name":"African Diaspora","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Diaspora?f_ri=6258"},{"id":14912,"name":"African American Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_American_Studies?f_ri=6258"},{"id":15567,"name":"Diaspora Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diaspora_Studies?f_ri=6258"},{"id":17918,"name":"Intellectual and cultural history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_and_cultural_history?f_ri=6258"},{"id":78824,"name":"African Philosophy and Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_Philosophy_and_Political_Philosophy?f_ri=6258"},{"id":81054,"name":"African history, African culture, African politics, African education, Afrocentrism, African-Centred Education, Black Psychology, Black Sociology, Black Family Research, Black Men, Black Youth, African Consciousness, Black Consciousness, Race and Racism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/African_history_African_culture_African_politics_African_education_Afrocentrism_African-Centred?f_ri=6258"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12491252" data-work_id="12491252" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12491252/Louis_Armstrongs_Karnofsky_Document_The_Reaffirmation_of_Social_Death_and_the_Afterlife_of_Emotional_Labor">Louis Armstrong's "Karnofsky Document": The Reaffirmation of Social Death and the Afterlife of Emotional Labor</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This essay examines a controversial memoir Louis Armstrong wrote on his deathbed in New York’s Beth Israel Hospital. I argue that critics have made the mistake of treating each of the narrative’s elements as discreet units. In doing so... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12491252" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This essay examines a controversial memoir Louis Armstrong wrote on his deathbed in New York’s Beth Israel Hospital. I argue that critics have made the mistake of treating each of the narrative’s elements as discreet units. In doing so they have protected the musician’s legacy by detouring around many of the challenges the document poses to some deeply cherished ideas about Armstrong’s life and the significance of his art. Cherry picking aspects of the narrative that reinforce his legacy as a social healer and purveyor of joy, they have reaffirmed his place as an exemplar of American exceptionalism. In order to make this claim they have left out, minimized or created apologetics for his many troubling mediations on the social conditions ordering turn of the century New Orleans. Instead of enriching our understanding of Armstrong, this has reproduced a sentimental analysis of his work. Using the prism of emotional labor I argue that the memoir primarily reflects the ideologies and mores of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era into which he was born. Critics have reinforced this by emphasizing the narrative’s uplift mythos in place of a more complex, and problematic analysis of American racism, capitalist exploitation and political disfranchisement. Above all, the deathbed memoir attests to the lasting negative impact of structural changes in American society initiated at the turn of the century. In particular, I suggest that the narrative forces us to consider the re-imposition of black political and economic subordination in the wake of Plessy v Ferguson. The document demands that we take seriously the consequences of the emotional and structural estrangement of black social life.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12491252" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7d395c8ad551394b00f6c5d9405a8e8c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37691046,"asset_id":12491252,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37691046/download_file?st=MTc0MDE2Mzk3Niw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8584785" href="https://bgsu.academia.edu/daltonanthonyjones">dalton anthony jones</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8584785" type="text/json">{"id":8584785,"first_name":"dalton anthony","last_name":"jones","domain_name":"bgsu","page_name":"daltonanthonyjones","display_name":"dalton anthony jones","profile_url":"https://bgsu.academia.edu/daltonanthonyjones?f_ri=6258","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8584785/9616044/10768839/s65_dalton_anthony.jones"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12491252 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12491252"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12491252, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12491252", }); 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I argue that critics have made the mistake of treating each of the narrative’s elements as discreet units. In doing so they have protected the musician’s legacy by detouring around many of the challenges the document poses to some deeply cherished ideas about Armstrong’s life and the significance of his art. Cherry picking aspects of the narrative that reinforce his legacy as a social healer and purveyor of joy, they have reaffirmed his place as an exemplar of American exceptionalism. In order to make this claim they have left out, minimized or created apologetics for his many troubling mediations on the social conditions ordering turn of the century New Orleans. Instead of enriching our understanding of Armstrong, this has reproduced a sentimental analysis of his work. Using the prism of emotional labor I argue that the memoir primarily reflects the ideologies and mores of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era into which he was born. Critics have reinforced this by emphasizing the narrative’s uplift mythos in place of a more complex, and problematic analysis of American racism, capitalist exploitation and political disfranchisement. Above all, the deathbed memoir attests to the lasting negative impact of structural changes in American society initiated at the turn of the century. In particular, I suggest that the narrative forces us to consider the re-imposition of black political and economic subordination in the wake of Plessy v Ferguson. The document demands that we take seriously the consequences of the emotional and structural estrangement of black social life. 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