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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Folk music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marimba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marimba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Marimba</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Marimba-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Marimba subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Marimba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types_of_marimbas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_marimbas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Types of marimbas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_marimbas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-width:2px;border-style:ridge;border-color:grey;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Guatemala" title="Category:Guatemala">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:145%;font-weight:heavy;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Guatemala" title="Culture of Guatemala">Culture of Guatemala</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:1.0em;border-bottom:1px solid #808080;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Guatemala" title="Culture of Guatemala"><img alt="Culture of Guatemala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/130px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/195px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/260px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E9E9E9;padding:0.1em 0;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Guatemala" title="History of Guatemala">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalans" title="Guatemalans">Guatemalans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Guatemala" title="Demographics of Guatemala">Demographics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Guatemala" title="Immigration to Guatemala">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Guatemala" title="Public holidays in Guatemala">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guatemala" title="Languages of Guatemala">Languages</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E9E9E9;padding:0.1em 0;"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Guatemala" title="Outline of Guatemala">Topics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_art#Architecture" title="Guatemalan art">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_art" title="Guatemalan art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_cuisine" title="Guatemalan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_literature" title="Guatemalan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Guatemala" title="Mass media in Guatemala">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Latin_America#Guatemala" title="Television in Latin America">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Guatemala" title="List of newspapers in Guatemala">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guatemala#Internet" title="Telecommunications in Guatemala">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guatemala" title="Politics of Guatemala">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala#Sports" title="Guatemala">Sports</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E9E9E9;padding:0.1em 0;"> Symbols</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Guatemala" title="Flag of Guatemala">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Guatemala" title="Coat of arms of Guatemala">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Guatemala" title="National anthem of Guatemala">National anthem</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #808080;border-bottom:1px solid #808080;font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/32px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/48px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/64px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Guatemala" title="Portal:Guatemala">Guatemala portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Guatemala" title="Template:Culture of Guatemala"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Guatemala" title="Template talk:Culture of Guatemala"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Guatemala" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Guatemala"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>music of Guatemala</b> is diverse. Music is played all over the country. Towns also have wind and percussion bands that play during the lent and Easter-week processions as well as on other occasions. The <a href="/wiki/Marimba" title="Marimba">marimba</a> is an important instrument in Guatemalan traditional songs. The oldest documented use of marimba in the Americas dates to 1680 during celebrations at <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_los_Caballeros_de_Guatemala" title="Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala">Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> also has an almost five-century-old tradition of art music, spanning from the first liturgical chant and polyphony introduced in 1524 to contemporary art music. Much of the music composed in Guatemala from the 16th century to the 19th century has only recently been unearthed by scholars and is being revived by performers. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mayan_music">Mayan music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Guatemala&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mayan music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of what is known about how the ancient Mayans created and played music comes from the iconography that is preserved in the ceremonial pieces of mural art, or codices. One example is found in the ancient Maya archaeological site of Bonampak, Mexico,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where there are walls showing artwork of a group of Mayan warriors playing long trumpets, as portrayed in the Mayan theatrical play <a href="/wiki/Rabinal_Ach%C3%AD" title="Rabinal Achí">Rabinal Achí</a>. </p><p>Many kinds of instruments were used, but they essentially broke down into two categories, being wind instruments (aerophones) and percussion instruments (idiophones). The wind instrument family consisted of cane and bone flutes, different types of whistles, <a href="/wiki/Ocarina" title="Ocarina">ocarinas</a> of various designs, and other sibilant vessels.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For percussion instruments, the Mayans crafted wooden drums with membranes made from the hides of deer or jaguar. They also made rattles, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCiro" title="Güiro">güiros</a>, and other idiophones using the shells of snails and tortoises. One of these percussion instruments called the “tunkul” (or sometimes just “tun”) is still seen in Guatemala today. It is made from a hollow tree trunk with an H-shaped incision whose resulting tongues are hit with rudimentary drumsticks. </p><p>The music the Mayans played was performed and danced to during festivities and rituals, usually in celebration of (or to communicate with) the gods that they worshiped.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears that each god had their date or holiday, with its accompanying ceremonies and special music. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folk_music">Folk music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Guatemala&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Folk music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Guatemala&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marimba">Marimba</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Guatemala&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Marimba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MarimbaGloriaAntiguena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/MarimbaGloriaAntiguena.jpg/250px-MarimbaGloriaAntiguena.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/MarimbaGloriaAntiguena.jpg/375px-MarimbaGloriaAntiguena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/MarimbaGloriaAntiguena.jpg/500px-MarimbaGloriaAntiguena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="858" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>A Guatemalan marimba band.</figcaption></figure> <p>The marimba's first documentary evidence of existence comes from an account in front of the cathedral of Santiago de Guatemala, present-day <a href="/wiki/Antigua_Guatemala" title="Antigua Guatemala">Antigua Guatemala</a>, in 1680. Later, historian Juan Domingo Juarros mentioned and described it in his <i>Compendium of the History of Guatemala</i>. The instrument may be probably much older, as an attempt at recreating an older <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West African</a> instrument, and could have been introduced by Afro-Caribbean slaves as early as 1550.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the early 20th century, wooden box resonators had replaced the <a href="/wiki/Gourd" title="Gourd">gourd</a> resonators. Modern marimba bands include a smaller marimba for three players, a larger marimba for four players, plus a drum kit or other <a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">percussion</a> and a <a href="/wiki/String_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="String bass">string bass</a>. Some bands have occasionally employed one or two <a href="/wiki/Saxophone" title="Saxophone">saxophones</a>, as well as one or two <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpets</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Trombone" title="Trombone">trombone</a>. </p><p>Much of the older repertoire of salon music was learned and adopted by the marimba bands, while a sizable amount of new dance pieces was newly composed for the marimba by such composers and marimba players as Domingo Bethancourt (1906–82), the Ovalle brothers, the Hurtado brothers, as well as the famous Mariano Valverde (1884–1956), Wotzbelí Aguilar (1897–1940) and Belarmino Molina (1879–1950), to name but a few. Singer <a href="/wiki/Paco_P%C3%A9rez" title="Paco Pérez">Paco Pérez</a> (1917–1951) was catapulted to fame with his <a href="/wiki/Waltz" title="Waltz">waltz</a> "<a href="/wiki/Luna_de_Xelaj%C3%BA" title="Luna de Xelajú">Luna de Xelajú</a>", one of the best-known marimba pieces which is regarded by many Guatemalans as a sort of unofficial national anthem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_marimbas">Types of marimbas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Guatemala&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Types of marimbas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Marimba de Tecomates</b> </p><p>This musical instrument is from <a href="/wiki/Chichicastenango" title="Chichicastenango">Chichicastenango</a> and it is made of palo de hormigo, a type of wood used for marimba manufacture, and pumpkins (tecomates). This type of marimba is played by a single person who is requested to liven up concerts of the brotherhood from Chichicastenango. Marimbas have many sizes and shapes and that is what makes this instrument so unique. </p><p><b>Marimba Simple</b> </p><p>The soundboards of the marimba simple are made of wood such as cedar or cypress. It is tuned according to the key, and with a membrane glued with wax at the lower end, which allows the “charlco” (marimba stick) to facilitate the prolongation of the sound. The construction of the first marimba was diatonic, related to a key, and because it is easy to play it was called Marimba Simple. Sometimes the performers want a different sound so to get a “flattened” sound, the performers would stick a small ball of wax at one end of the keyboard, which flattens the sound down by a half tone. To marimba players this technique is called “transport”, and it is very common to see this technique applied to the marimba simple. </p><p><b>Arch or Ring Marimba</b> </p><p>The arch marimba was probably the first, followed by a simple instrument with a diatonic row of wood bars played with mallets, with <a href="/wiki/Gourd" title="Gourd">gourd</a> resonators, placed on a wooden a stand. In 1894 came a major breakthrough when Julián Paniagua Martínez and Sebastián Hurtado developed the chromatic marimba by adding to the diatonic row of sound bars, comparable to the white keys of the piano, a second row equivalent to the black keys. </p><p><b>Marimba concert</b> </p><p>The marimba concert is played by several musicians at a time. It was created when the Directorate General of Culture and Fine Arts belonged to the Ministry of Education. Master <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lasentrevistasdeheidy.blogspot.com/2014/10/the-friendly-face-of-lester-godinez.html">Lester Godinez</a> was its first music director and Professor Ruben Alfonso Ramirez served as Director General of the administrative unit authorized for operation as of May 1, 1979. Its co-founders were Otoniel Godinez (assistant director), Alfonso Bautista Vasquez, Roberto Garcia, Gérman Amilcar Corzo, Manuel Toribio, Fidel Funes, Mario Bautista Vásquez and Erick Godoy Cámbara. </p><p><b>Chromatic Marimba</b> </p><p>Chromatic Marimba is the standard marimba known worldwide. Developed in the southeast of Mexico and Guatemala inspired by the science of the marimba simple. It has the same functionality as the marimba simple but the difference is the chromaticism that this instrument has. This marimba is chromatic because you can have all 12 notes of the scale. </p><p><b>Marimba Cuache or Marimba Doble</b> </p><p>This marimba was built with a double keyboard, one larger than the other representing the basic idea of the piano keys. It is very versatile to play and 3 or 4 performers can play it at the same time. This gives the performance more color and the whole spectrum of the high, mid and low register is used throughout the performance. </p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aprende.guatemala.com/historia/personajes/biografia-sebastian-hurtado/">Lord Sebastian Hurtado</a>, a native of <a href="/wiki/Quetzaltenango" title="Quetzaltenango">Quetzaltenango</a>, was the first person to build a marimba with a double keyboard, capable of producing chromatic scales around the beginning of the 20th century. Its construction was a suggestion of the musician <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aprende.guatemala.com/historia/personajes/biografia-julian-paniagua-martinez/">Julian Paniagua Martinez</a>. The first concert featuring a marimba doble in the City of Guatemala was in the year 1899, on the birthday of President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Estrada_Cabrera" title="Manuel Estrada Cabrera">Manuel Estrada Cabrera</a>, where the Hurtado brothers gave a show for the president and all were very pleased with the result and versatility of the performance. </p><p><b>Marimba grande</b> </p><p>The marimba grande is the larger of the two keyboards that make up the double marimba (marimba doble). It reflects the representative style in the construction of instruments from Guatemala. It is fully hand-made and the variety of wood they use gives this marimba a warm sound. Although over time, builders have added some metal support reinforcements to the structure of the marimba to make it more durable and stable. This instrument has a range of six octaves, from F-sharp to B-natural. The bars range in size from 5 inches x 3 / 4 to 15 x 3 inches. The instrument is 8.3 feet long and 9 inches wide at the lower end. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Garifuna_music">Garifuna music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Guatemala&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Garifuna music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Garifuna originated from escaped Island Caribs who were deported from St. Vincent to Central America (especially Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and also in Nicaragua in 1802) by the British when they conquered St. Vincent. The Garifunas kept themselves apart from the social system then dominant, leading to a distinctive culture that include chumba and hunguhungu, a circular dance in a three beat rhythm, which is often combined with punta, their national genre. </p><p>There are other songs typical to each gender, women's eremwu eu and abaimajani, rhythmic a cappella songs, and laremuna wadauman, men's work songs. Other forms of dance music include matamuerte, gunchei, charikawi and sambai. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music_following_European_classical_music_tradition">Music following European classical music tradition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Guatemala&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Music following European classical music tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ricardo_Arjona_en_premios_lo_nuestro_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ricardo_Arjona_en_premios_lo_nuestro_2015.jpg/200px-Ricardo_Arjona_en_premios_lo_nuestro_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ricardo_Arjona_en_premios_lo_nuestro_2015.jpg/300px-Ricardo_Arjona_en_premios_lo_nuestro_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ricardo_Arjona_en_premios_lo_nuestro_2015.jpg/400px-Ricardo_Arjona_en_premios_lo_nuestro_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="471" data-file-height="703" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Arjona" title="Ricardo Arjona">Ricardo Arjona</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The field of music, otherwise known as "classical music", includes various musical styles such as <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">baroque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romantic</a>, <a href="/wiki/20th-century_music" title="20th-century music">20th-century music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Post-modern_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-modern music">post-modern music</a>. Guatemala was one of the first regions of the New World to be exposed to European music. The Spanish missionaries and clergy introduced Flemish and Spanish liturgical music during the early 16th century as part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> rite. </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedral</a> (1534) at the newly founded city of Santiago de Guatemala was endowed with a choir in charge of plainchant and Latin polyphony. Later in the century three chapel masters from the Iberian peninsula enriched the cathedral's repertoire with their compositions: <a href="/wiki/Hernando_Franco" title="Hernando Franco">Hernando Franco</a> (1532–85), <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Berm%C3%BAdez" title="Pedro Bermúdez">Pedro Bermúdez</a> (1558–1605), and <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Fern%C3%A1ndez" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar Fernández">Gaspar Fernández</a> (1566–1629). Scholars have shown that musical activity in the missions of Huehuetenango, in the northwestern mountains of present-day Guatemala, was significant. Native musicians learned the art of polyphonic composition from the missionaries and also contributed a number of villancicos in Spanish and local <a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan languages</a> to the repertory of matins and vespers music at their parish churches. </p><p>The main <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composers</a> during the late baroque and pre-classical period were Guatemalan-born chapel masters of the cathedral, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Jos%C3%A9_de_Quir%C3%B3s" title="Manuel José de Quirós">Manuel José de Quirós</a> (d. 1765) and <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Antonio_Castellanos" title="Rafael Antonio Castellanos">Rafael Antonio Castellanos</a> (d. 1791). The latter successfully introduced Guatemalan folk-music elements in his vocal works, especially his <a href="/wiki/Villancico" title="Villancico">villancicos</a> for Christmas, which often show traits of Afro-Caribbean and Mayan rhythms, melodies, and accompaniment styles. His 176 extant works reflect Castellanos' mastery of the style of his time, as well as an unusual originality based on <a href="/wiki/Plainchant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plainchant">plainchant</a> models, <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">baroque</a> part-writing, and the frequent inclusion folk-music idioms. </p><p>Several of Castellanos' disciples attained mastery of the <a href="/wiki/Villancico" title="Villancico">villancico</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">cantata</a>, as is reflected by extant works by Pedro Antonio Rojas, Manuel Silvestre Pellegeros, Francisco Aragón, and Pedro Nolasco Estrada Aristondo. The successor of the latter as chapel master of the cathedral was Vicente Sáenz, who served in that capacity from 1804 to his death in 1841. The organist during his tenure was his son Benedicto Sáenz the elder, who prematurely died in 1831. </p><p>Among the composers of <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical</a> style the most important Guatemalan composer is <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Eulalio_Samayoa" title="José Eulalio Samayoa">José Eulalio Samayoa</a> (1781-ca. 1866), the first musician in the New World to write symphonies besides a sizable amount of church music. His Seventh <a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">Symphony</a>, dedicated to the victory of the Federal Army at Xiquilisco in present-day <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>, is a model of classical balance. His later <i>Sinfonía Cívica</i> and <i>Sinfonía Histórica</i> are kept in an early <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romantic</a> idiom, with frequent programmatic episodes. José Escolástico Andrino, who worked in <a href="/wiki/Guatemala_City" title="Guatemala City">Guatemala City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> during the first half of the 19th century, also composed several symphonies. </p><p>The brilliant young musician Benedicto Sáenz, the younger (d. 1857) on the other hand wrote much church music, such as his <i>Messa Solenne</i> published in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> by advice of the Italian composer, <a href="/wiki/Saverio_Mercadante" title="Saverio Mercadante">Saverio Mercadante</a> . At the same time, Sáenz and his brother Anselmo were the first to introduce Italian <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> to Guatemala from 1843 on, an enterprise that after initial failures would turn into a huge success, leading to the construction of the magnificent National Theatre, later called Teatro Colón. An Italian opera company arrived in 1871 bringing Pietro Visoni as orchestra conductor and his wife Luisa Riva de Visoni as prima donna. Visoni was the former organist of the Duomo (cathedral) of Milan. After successful performances in the Teatro Colón and arriving at the time of a liberal revolution, maestro Visoni was asked by President Miguel Garcia Granados to take charge of the bands of the 1st and 2nd battalions of the Guatemalan army. Visoni merged the two bands and officially established the Martial Symphony Band (still in existence). Since there were not enough trained musicians in the country, Visoni created Guatemala's first music conservatory, the School of Substitutes (known today as Military School of Music Maestro Rafael Alvarez Ovalle). The School of Substitutes became the breeding ground for some of Guatemala's greatest composers, including Rafael Alvarez Ovalle, composer of the national anthem. In the 1940s members of the band were among the founding members of the National Symphony Orchestra. </p><p>The late 19th century is represented in Guatemala by several trends: the aforementioned introduction of <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a>, the training abroad of several highly talented pianist-<a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composers</a>, the influence of <a href="/wiki/Military_band" title="Military band">military band</a> music, and the invention and development of the chromatic <a href="/wiki/Marimba" title="Marimba">marimba</a>. </p><p>Piano music was enormously furthered by scholarships for study in Italy and France awarded to several young talents. Thus, Luis Felipe Arias (1876–1908), Herculano Alvarado (1879–1921), Julián González, and Miguel Espinosa could present piano music by <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a> never heard before in <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>. They had also considerable influence on younger composers such as Rafael Vásquez, Alfredo Wyld and Rafael A. Castillo, all of whom flourished during the first decades of the twentieth century. </p><p>A group of composers furthered and instructed by the <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> <a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">conductor</a> and bandmaster, Emil Dressner, came from the realm of military bands and <a href="/wiki/Salon_music" title="Salon music">salon music</a>. Germán Alcántara (1856–1911), Rafael Álvarez Ovalle (1855–1946), Manuel Moraga (1833–96), Julián Paniagua Martínez (1856–1946) and Fabián Rodríguez (1862–1929) contributed a number of salon pieces, <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> fantasies, and dances to the repertoire of bands and pianists. </p><p>Another important achievement was the invention and development of the chromatic <a href="/wiki/Marimba" title="Marimba">marimba</a> in the highland town of Quetzaltenango in 1894, by Julián Paniagua Martínez and the marimba builder, Sebastián Hurtado. This new development made it possible to play the fashionable dance and salon music on the marimbas, which previously had been restricted to the diatonic scale. As a result, Guatemalan light music achieved an enormous dissemination at home and abroad by countless marimba bands that were formed from the beginning of the twentieth century. Much of the music of that time is still alive in the memorized repertoire of present-day marimba groups. </p><p>By the end of the nineteenth and in the first part of the 20th century, several <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composers</a> developed a keen interest in <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Mayan</a> <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a> and folk music, on which they based their scenic and concert compositions. <a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Castillo_(composer)" title="Jesús Castillo (composer)">Jesús Castillo</a> (1877–1946) was the first musician to collect a sizable amount of folk tunes, which he later used in works such as his <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> <i>Quiché Vinak</i>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Ouverture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouverture">ouvertures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poem" title="Symphonic poem">symphonic poems</a>. His half brother Ricardo Castillo (1891–1966) studied in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, where he acquired impressionistic and <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">neo-classical</a> techniques. His piano music, as well as his orchestral output, reflects the fusion of his contemporary art with <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Mayan</a> <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a> such as legends and myths from the <i>Popol Vuh.</i> José Castañeda (1898–1983) also took keen interest in the Mayan past in his stage works such as the <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">ballet</a> <i>La serpiente emplumada</i> (The Feathered Snake), premiered in 1958, while his two symphonies his string quartets are much more experimental. </p><p>Composers from the next generation, some of them Ricardo Castillo's and José Castañeda's students who could also profit from the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a> composer, Franz Ippisch, continued to focus on the autochthonous Guatemalan cultures. In their stage, vocal, and instrumental works, they have shown an interest in <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Mayan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garifuna_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Garifuna people">Garifuna</a> cultural elements, which they have stylized in different ways. Among these, Joaquín Orellana (b. 1930) has developed idiophones and aerophones derived from the marimba and other folk instruments, which he uses in some of his aleatory compositions that deal with the social strife of present-day ethnic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among his former students, the Gandarias brothers have focused on electronic process of folk-music and bird calls recorded on site, producing several discs. At the beginning of the new millennium, two multimedia works by contemporary <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composer</a> <a href="/wiki/Dieter_Lehnhoff" title="Dieter Lehnhoff">Dieter Lehnhoff</a>, <i>Memorias de un día remoto</i> (Memories of a Distant Day) and <i>Rituales nocturnos</i> (Night Rituals) have evoked the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Mayan</a> past in a more contemporary style, being conceived as the soundtrack to an imaginary film. The sojourn of the <a href="/wiki/Garifuna_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Garifuna people">Garifuna</a> to <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central American</a> shores on the other hand is the subject of <i>Satuyé</i>, his <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> in progress. Among the younger composers, several have written works in a variety of post-modern styles, often returning to traditional or free tonality in their vocal and instrumental compositions. </p><p>In 1930 comes to air radio TGW, the Voice Guatemala, first station of long wave. Later, in 1946, begins the time of the national broadcasting. In that period, the transmitters produced dramatized pieces, arose programs from quality that could compete with the foreigners; the broadcasting reached their maximum development. The station has had an entertainment focus, featuring artist such as: <a href="/wiki/Paco_P%C3%A9rez" title="Paco Pérez">Paco Pérez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Adolfo_Palma" title="Gustavo Adolfo Palma">Gustavo Adolfo Palma</a>, Juan de Dios Quezada, Manolo Rosales, Jorge Mario Paredes and Ernesto Rosales. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_life">Music life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Guatemala&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Music life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Present-day Guatemala boasts a number of performing organizations, such as <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choirs</a>, chamber ensembles, <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> troupes, soloists and dozens of rock bands. </p><p>The <i>Orquesta Sinfónica Nacional</i> was founded in after the 1944 Revolution, transforming from an earlier government orchestra called <i>Orquesta Progresista</i>. For several years it was directed by the notable violinist, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Archila" title="Andrés Archila">Andrés Archila</a>. In 1964 a permanent <a href="/wiki/Conducting" title="Conducting">conductor</a> was appointed Ricardo del Carmen, who was joined in the early 1970s by Jorge Sarmientos, another music director. In 1991, after both conductors retired, the orchestra decided to dispense with a permanent music director, working only with guest artists. As a result, many of the orchestra's concerts are conducted by some of its members, who are not necessarily trained in orchestral conducting. This orchestra is endowed with subsidy from the government to cover salaries and expenses. It has yearly seasons, one of which includes international guests; the other seasons are popular and didactic in nature. </p><p>The <i>Orquesta Sinfónica Juvenil</i> was founded in 1970 by Manuel Alvarado Coronado. It was a youth orchestra, and its members were students at different schools in Guatemala City. Without financial support, it was forced to develop its activities with the aid of parents. </p><p>The <i>Orquesta Millennium</i> is an independent organization founded in 1993 by <a href="/wiki/Dieter_Lehnhoff" title="Dieter Lehnhoff">Dieter Lehnhoff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cristina_Altamira" title="Cristina Altamira">Cristina Altamira</a>. Initially called <i>Nueva Orquesta Filarmónica</i>, it played its first concert seasons in the Auditorium of the Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, as well as other locations. It made its first CD <i>La Sociedad Filarmónica</i> in 1993, with premiere recordings of works by Guatemalan classical composers <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Eulalio_Samayoa" title="José Eulalio Samayoa">José Eulalio Samayoa</a>, José Escolástico Andrino, and Benedicto Sáenz, the younger. In 1998 it was appointed official orchestra of the City of Guatemala, under the protection of the Mayor and <a href="/wiki/City_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="City Council">City Council</a>, with the name of <i>Orquesta Metropolitana</i>. In 2004 it separated from the City government, became independent again, and changed its name to <i>Millennium Orchestra</i>. The Orchestra has recorded the highly successful CDs <i>Valses inolvidables de Guatemala</i> and <i>Melodías inolvidables de Guatemala</i>, both of them with music by Guatemalan composers. </p><p>The <i>Orquesta Clásica</i> was founded in the early 1990s. It is a private orchestra, which plays at the Universidad Francisco Marroquín for their classical season. Since the death of its original leader in 2003, it has been conducted by guests. In September 2007 the university cancelled all of the remaining season concerts and withdrew its support. </p><p>The <i>Orquesta Sinfónica Jesús Castillo</i>, a youth orchestra, was established in 1997, after a series of workshops conducted by a group of <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuelan</a> instrumental teachers. Its members are students of the National Conservatory and other privates academies. Its first musical director was Igor Sarmientos 1997–2007. This orchestra had the partial support of the government to cover their expenses until 2007. </p><p>Among the choirs active in Guatemala, the oldest organization is the <i>Coro Nacional</i>, founded after the 1944 Revolution as <i>Coro Guatemala</i>. Over the decades, it has introduced many works by European composers, as well as numerous Guatemalan <a href="/wiki/Song" title="Song">songs</a> and choral compositions. It is the only choral group with government support, and offers several yearly concert sessions. </p><p>The university choirs are also very important, and gather in yearly traditional choral <a href="/wiki/Festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Festivals">festivals</a>. There are also independent, and <a href="/wiki/Amateur" title="Amateur">amateur</a> choral organizations. At the beginning of the new millennium, several choirs of children and young have sprouted, not only in Guatemala City, but also in towns and rural areas. </p><p>There are several chamber ensembles such as wind quintets, <a href="/wiki/String_quartets" class="mw-redirect" title="String quartets">string quartets</a>, brass choirs, and groups specializing in <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">baroque</a> performance practices. Among these, the <i>Millennium Ensemble</i> has raised much attention by their first performances of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">baroque</a>, and classical works from colonial Guatemala, which they have presented at festivals and concerts in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, North- and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. Since their first CD, released in 1992, up to their twelfth CD <i>Joyas del Barroco in Guatemala</i> (2006), they have revived numerous works of 18th-century composers as <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Jos%C3%A9_de_Quir%C3%B3s" title="Manuel José de Quirós">Manuel José de Quirós</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Antonio_Castellanos" title="Rafael Antonio Castellanos">Rafael Antonio Castellanos</a>, and Pedro Nolasco Estrada Aristondo, with mezzo-soprano <a href="/wiki/Cristina_Altamira" title="Cristina Altamira">Cristina Altamira</a> performing villancicos and cantatas for different occasions of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> liturgical year. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">Opera</a> has also regained favour, with yearly performances at local festivals in Guatemala City and <a href="/wiki/Antigua_Guatemala" title="Antigua Guatemala">Antigua Guatemala</a>. Guatemalan Baritone Luis Girón May (b. 1953, d. August 2013) has been influential in obtaining significant sponsorships for the staging of several operas by <a href="/wiki/Verdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Verdi">Verdi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puccini" class="mw-redirect" title="Puccini">Puccini</a>. Foreign opera companies also visit the country on occasion, performing in the magnificent <a href="/wiki/Centro_Cultural_Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Asturias" title="Centro Cultural Miguel Ángel Asturias">National Theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guatemala_City" title="Guatemala City">Guatemala City</a> or on historical locations in <a href="/wiki/Antigua_Guatemala" title="Antigua Guatemala">Antigua Guatemala</a>. </p><p>There are also well known film scoring composers from Guatemala such as <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Schlosser" title="Pieter Schlosser">Pieter Schlosser</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauricio_Trabanino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mauricio Trabanino (page does not exist)">Mauricio Trabanino</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_popular_music">Modern popular music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Guatemala&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern popular music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In recent decades, Guatemala has produced a variety of popular performers, such as pop vocalists, <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_rock" title="Guatemalan rock">Guatemalan rock</a> bands, bachata, <a href="/wiki/Salsa_music" title="Salsa music">salsa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merengue_music" title="Merengue music">merengue</a> bands, <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a> and reggaeton, disk-jockeys, trios, and <a href="/wiki/Mariachi" title="Mariachi">mariachi</a> bands. The best known popsinger/songwriter from Guatemala is <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Arjona" title="Ricardo Arjona">Ricardo Arjona</a>. </p><p>One of the better-known pop-rock bands during the 1980s and 90s was the group <a href="/wiki/Alux_Nahual" title="Alux Nahual">Alux Nahual</a>. While this group has been separated since 1998, their recordings are still favoured by a certain age group of Guatemalan city-dwellers. In the teen pop genre, artists like Vanessa Spatz were exported internationally, with the support of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siempre_En_Domingo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siempre En Domingo (page does not exist)">Siempre En Domingo</a> and toured broadly around Latin America. Her music being distributed worldwide by <a href="/wiki/PolyGram" title="PolyGram">PolyGram</a>. She retired as a performer in 1991 and continued her career as a producer and songwriter, co-producing the song "Email Me" for <a href="/wiki/Jose_Jose" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose Jose">Jose Jose</a> with <a href="/wiki/Luny_Tunes" title="Luny Tunes">Luny Tunes</a> for the record label <a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann_Music_Group" title="Bertelsmann Music Group">Bertelsmann Music Group</a> known as BMG. Notable vocalists from the 20th century include Luis Galich, <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Rey" title="Roberto Rey">Roberto Rey</a>, Herman May, Tania Zea, Karim May, and Elizabeth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_music">Alternative music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Guatemala&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Alternative music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bands such as <a href="/wiki/Bohemia_Suburbana" title="Bohemia Suburbana">Bohemia Suburbana</a>, Viernes verde, La Tona and E.x.t.i.n.c.i.o.n. were the cornerstone for the alternative rock movement of the 90s, during the time of the post-war in Guatemala. These bands still enjoy a level of success, mostly because during that time FM Radio (stations such as Doble S then renamed Atmosfera, FM Fenix, Metroestereo, La Marca) represented a huge push for rock bands. </p><p>There were also underground movements during the 90s that went the opposite direction; with bands such as Pusher (metal), Fuerza X (hardcore), Domestic Fool (punk) among others setting new styles outside the mainstream movements. Recently there has been a documentary called "Alternativa" which documents the alternative and Garra Chapina movement from the 90s to this day. </p><p>Today, the musical scene in Guatemala is populated by diverse bands and vocalists. Online radio <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elcircodelrock.com">El Circo del Rock</a> promotes the diverse talent nationally and abroad, but it is still directed to a 90s audience. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Underground_music">Underground music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Guatemala&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Underground music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the year 2006, the last Rock station on FM disappeared from the airwaves and there was no longer support from the media. As a result, several hundreds of musicians started developing musical styles on underground movements and selfproducing, and also because of the lack of support from the media, the bands started promoting on the internet on sites such as Myspace.com and Rockrepublik.net and targeted on smaller audiences in more specific music genres, this also had as a consequence an overpopulation of musical projects which are still (nowadays) looking for a way to bring a new face to music in Guatemala. </p><p>In 2010 there are several projects which have been transcending among the overpopulated underground movement: Dubvolution in reggae dub. Evilminded in electronic Music. Treateth, Virus Belico, Metal Requiem and Zarkasmo in Metal. <a href="/wiki/Los_Mojarras" title="Los Mojarras">Los Mojarras</a> and Xb'alanke in instrumental music. and several other artists such as None at Last, Assabeth, Silent Poetry, Trinky, Madam Funtoo and pop sensation Woodser. </p><p>Perhaps the best known bands are <a href="/wiki/Bohemia_Suburbana" title="Bohemia Suburbana">Bohemia Suburbana</a>, La Tona, Viernes Verde, Viento en Contra, <a href="/wiki/Malacates_Trebol_Shop" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacates Trebol Shop">Malacates Trebol Shop</a> and El Tambor de la Tribu, although there are many others. Notable popular singers include a new generation of pop stars such as Tuco Cardenas (whose music genre is actually folk), Magda Angélica, <a href="/wiki/Shery" title="Shery">Shery</a>, Carlos Catania, Tavo Barcenas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.giovannipassarelli.com/">Giovanni Passarelli</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raulaguirre.com/">Raul Aguirre</a> and Carlos Peña, just to name a few. </p><p>In Metal music there are bands like Treateth, Virus Belico, Celula, Zarcasmo, Metal Requiem, E.X.T.I.N.C.I.O.N., TOBA, <a href="/wiki/Astaroth" title="Astaroth">Astaroth</a>, A Walking Legend and to many others. </p><p>Guatemala also has a growing rap scene with artists like Última Dosis, Kontra, Rebeca Lane, N.D.R., Expresión Illegal, Ikari, Bacteria Sound System Crew, Aliotos Lokos, among others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Guatemala&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHouston2012" class="citation journal cs1">Houston, Stephen (2012). "The Good Prince: Transition, Texting and Moral Narrative in the Murals of Bonampak, Chiapas, Mexico". <i>Cambridge Archaeological Journal</i>. <b>22</b> (2): 153–175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0959774312000212">10.1017/s0959774312000212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Archaeological+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Good+Prince%3A+Transition%2C+Texting+and+Moral+Narrative+in+the+Murals+of+Bonampak%2C+Chiapas%2C+Mexico&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=153-175&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0959774312000212&rft.aulast=Houston&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anthrojournal.com/issue/may/article/of-the-same-stuff-as-gods-musical-instruments-among-the-classic-maya">"ANTHROJOURNAL"</a>. <i>anthrojournal.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=anthrojournal.com&rft.atitle=ANTHROJOURNAL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanthrojournal.com%2Fissue%2Fmay%2Farticle%2Fof-the-same-stuff-as-gods-musical-instruments-among-the-classic-maya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bjmjr.com/?_nozc_=1">"Bjmjr.com"</a>. <i>bjmjr.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bjmjr.com&rft.atitle=Bjmjr.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbjmjr.com%2F%3F_nozc_%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFda_Fonseca-Wollheim2021" class="citation news cs1">da Fonseca-Wollheim, Corinna (2021-02-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/19/arts/music/joaqin-orellana-the-spine-of-music.html">"To Express the Sound of a Country's Soul, He Invented New Instruments"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=To+Express+the+Sound+of+a+Country%27s+Soul%2C+He+Invented+New+Instruments&rft.date=2021-02-19&rft.aulast=da+Fonseca-Wollheim&rft.aufirst=Corinna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F02%2F19%2Farts%2Fmusic%2Fjoaqin-orellana-the-spine-of-music.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><i>Chapinlandia: Marimba Music of Guatemala</i>. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Folkways Recordings, 2007. SFW CD 40542. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.folkways.si.edu.">Smithsonian Folkways Recordings</a></li> <li><i>Valses inolvidables de Guatemala</i>. Guatemala: ADESCA, 2000. Orquesta Metropolitana Millennium, <a href="/wiki/Dieter_Lehnhoff" title="Dieter Lehnhoff">Dieter Lehnhoff</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sophosenlinea.com/index.php?keyword=Valses+inolvidables+de+Guatemala+&Search=Buscar&Itemid=1&option=com_phpshop&page=shop.browse">Librería SOPHOS - Abrimos ventanas, acercamos mundos</a></li> <li><i>Tesoros musicales de la Antigua Guatemala</i>. Guatemala: Universidad Rafael Landívar, 2003. Orquesta Millennium, <a href="/wiki/Dieter_Lehnhoff" title="Dieter Lehnhoff">Dieter Lehnhoff</a>.</li> <li><i>Melodías inolvidables de Guatemala</i>. Guatemala: Universidad Rafael Landívar, Fundación Soros-Guatemala, 2007. Orquesta Millennium, <a href="/wiki/Dieter_Lehnhoff" title="Dieter Lehnhoff">Dieter Lehnhoff</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sophosenlinea.com/index.php?option=com_phpshop&page=shop.product_details&flypage=shop.flypage&product_id=73538&Itemid=8">Librería SOPHOS - Abrimos ventanas, acercamos mundos</a></li> <li><i>Shery: El amor es un fantasma</i>. Guatemala, C.A.: Creatorium Music, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shery.net">Shery</a></li> <li><i>Catania, Carlos: Nariz de Santo</i>. Guatemala, C.A.: Strip Records, 2007.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Music_of_Guatemala" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Music of Guatemala">Music of Guatemala</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><i>Giovanni Passarelli: Tu lugar</i>. Guatemala, C.A.: Talismano Musica, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdbaby.com/gpassarelli">Giovanni Passarelli</a></li> <li>Lester Godínez. <i>La marimba Guatemalteca</i>. Guatemala City: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2003.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Lehnhoff" title="Dieter Lehnhoff">Dieter Lehnhoff</a>. "Guatemala." <i>Diccionario de la Música Española e Hispanoamericana</i>, 10 vols., ed. Emilio Casares Rodicio. Madrid: Sociedad General de Autores y Editores, 2000, 6/1-11. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-8048-303-2" title="Special:BookSources/84-8048-303-2">84-8048-303-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Lehnhoff" title="Dieter Lehnhoff">Dieter Lehnhoff</a>. <i>Creación musical en Guatemala</i>. Guatemala City: Editorial Galería Guatemala, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99922-704-7-0" title="Special:BookSources/99922-704-7-0">99922-704-7-0</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.karnobooks.com/cgi-bin/karno/81112.html">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bjmjr.com/afromestizo/guatemala.htm">Bjmjr.com</a></li> <li>"Music of the Garifuna,"(article in RootsWorld) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rootsworld.com/reviews/garifuna.html">Garifuna Music: Michael Stone</a></li></ul> <p>[CAMPOS FONSECA, Susan: “Historia compensatoria y Filosofía: Un caso centroamericano”, en BABAB, Nº33, verano, España, 2008, ISSN · 1575–9385. Disponible en: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.babab.com/no33/susan_campos.php">BABAB.COM - Historia compensatoria y Filosofía: Un caso centroamericano</a>] </p> <ul><li>Rockrepublik.net [www.rockrepublik.net]</li></ul> <p><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Guatemala_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Guatemala_topics" title="Template:Guatemala topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Guatemala_topics" title="Template talk:Guatemala topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Guatemala_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Guatemala topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Guatemala_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Guatemala-related_articles" title="Index of Guatemala-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guatemala" title="History of Guatemala">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Spanish conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America_under_Mexican_rule" title="Central America under Mexican rule">Mexican rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">Federal Republic of Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_eruption_of_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="1902 eruption of Santa María">1902 eruption of Santa María</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Revolution" title="Guatemalan Revolution">Ten Years of Spring (1944–1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Guatemalan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1954 Guatemalan coup d'état">1954 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_genocide" title="Guatemalan genocide">Guatemalan genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Civil War (1960–1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Guatemala_earthquake" title="1976 Guatemala earthquake">1976 earthquake</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Guatemala" title="Coat of arms of Guatemala"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coat_of_arms_of_Guatemala.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coat_of_arms_of_Guatemala.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coat_of_arms_of_Guatemala.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="826" /></a></span> <div style="padding-top:1.0em;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Guatemala" title="Flag of Guatemala"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/70px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/105px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Flag_of_Guatemala.svg/140px-Flag_of_Guatemala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Guatemala" title="Geography of Guatemala">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala_Biodiversity" title="Guatemala Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_Guatemala" title="Biosphere reserves of Guatemala">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Guatemala" title="List of places in Guatemala">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Guatemala" title="List of earthquakes in Guatemala">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Guatemala" title="List of ecoregions in Guatemala">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Guatemala" title="Category:Fauna of Guatemala">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Guatemala" title="Category:Flora of Guatemala">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Guatemala" title="List of islands of Guatemala">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Guatemala" title="List of lakes of Guatemala">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Guatemala" title="List of national parks of Guatemala">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_Guatemala" title="List of Ramsar sites in Guatemala">Ramsar sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Guatemala" title="List of rivers of Guatemala">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Guatemala" title="List of volcanoes in Guatemala">Volcanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Guatemala" title="Water resources management in Guatemala">Water resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Guatemala" title="Category:World Heritage Sites in Guatemala">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Guatemala" title="Politics of Guatemala">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Guatemala" title="Departments of Guatemala">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of Guatemala">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Guatemala" title="Constitution of Guatemala">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Guatemala" title="Elections in Guatemala">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Guatemala" title="Foreign relations of Guatemala">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Guatemala" title="Law enforcement in Guatemala">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Guatemala">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Guatemala" title="List of political parties in Guatemala">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Guatemala" title="President of Guatemala">Presidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Guatemala" title="Economy of Guatemala">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Guatemala" title="Bank of Guatemala">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Guatemala" title="Coffee production in Guatemala">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_quetzal" title="Guatemalan quetzal">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guatemala" title="Telecommunications in Guatemala">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Guatemala" title="Tourism in Guatemala">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Guatemala" title="Transport in Guatemala">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Guatemala" title="Category:Society of Guatemala">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Guatemala" title="Crime in Guatemala">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guatemala" title="Education in Guatemala">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Guatemala" title="Health in Guatemala">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guatemala" title="Languages of Guatemala">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Guatemala">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalans" title="Guatemalans">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Guatemala" title="Demographics of Guatemala">Demographics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Guatemala" title="Prostitution in Guatemala">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Guatemala" title="Sex trafficking in Guatemala">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Guatemala" title="Water supply and sanitation in Guatemala">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Guatemala" title="Culture of Guatemala">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem_of_Guatemala" title="National anthem of Guatemala">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_cuisine" title="Guatemalan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Guatemala" title="Flag of Guatemala">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_literature" title="Guatemalan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Guatemala">Media</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of Guatemala">National emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Guatemala" title="Public holidays in Guatemala">Public holidays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Guatemala" title="Outline of Guatemala">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Guatemala-related_articles" title="Index of Guatemala-related articles">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Guatemala#Further_reading" title="Guatemala">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Guatemala" title="Category:Guatemala">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Guatemala" title="Portal:Guatemala">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Central_American_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Central_American_music" title="Template:Central American music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Central_American_music" title="Template talk:Central American music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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title="Maya music">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nicaragua" title="Music of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Panama" title="Music of Panama">Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_of_Latin_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil" title="Music of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chile" title="Music of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Colombia" title="Music of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Costa_Rica" title="Music of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ecuador" title="Music of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_El_Salvador" title="Music of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Honduras" title="Music of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nicaragua" title="Music of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Panama" title="Music of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Paraguay" title="Music of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Peru" title="Music of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_music_in_the_United_States" title="Latin American music in the United States">United States</a>: <small><a href="/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano</a></small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uruguay" title="Music of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Venezuela" title="Music of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_music" title="Andean music">Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Central American music">Central America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_Latin_America" title="Category:Music of Latin America">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, 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hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hispanophone_music" title="Template:Hispanophone music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hispanophone_music" title="Template talk:Hispanophone music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hispanophone_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hispanophone music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hispanophone_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Hispanophone music</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Argentina" title="Music of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bolivia" title="Music of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chile" title="Music of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Colombia" title="Music of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Costa_Rica" title="Music of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ecuador" title="Music of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_El_Salvador" title="Music of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Music of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Honduras" title="Music of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nicaragua" title="Music of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Panama" title="Music of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Paraguay" title="Music of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Peru" title="Music of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain" title="Music of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uruguay" title="Music of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Venezuela" title="Music of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Western_Sahara" title="Music of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Music of North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Music of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Bahamas" title="Music of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Barbados" title="Music of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belize" title="Music of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Costa_Rica" title="Music of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Dominica" title="Music of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_El_Salvador" title="Music of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Grenada" title="Music of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Honduras" title="Music of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nicaragua" title="Music of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Panama" title="Music of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Music of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Music of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Music of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Anguilla" title="Music of Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Aruba" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bermuda" title="Music of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bonaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Music of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Music of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greenland" title="Music of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guadeloupe" title="Music of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Martinique" title="Music of Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montserrat" title="Music of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saba_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sint_Eustatius" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sint_Maarten" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Music of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">culturaguatemala.6forum.info/t50-la-marimba</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">LA MARIMBA (Libro en papel)GODÍNEZ ORANTES, LESTER HOMERO</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mundochapin.com/">"MundoChapin"</a>. <i>Solo lo mejor de Guatemala</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Solo+lo+mejor+de+Guatemala&rft.atitle=MundoChapin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmundochapin.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Guatemala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gazeta.gt/lester-homero-godinez-orantes/">"Lester Homero Godínez Orantes"</a>. 4 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lester+Homero+God%C3%ADnez+Orantes&rft.date=2018-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgazeta.gt%2Flester-homero-godinez-orantes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+Guatemala" 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