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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="background-color: white"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_music_genres" title="List of Caribbean music genres">Music of the Anglophone Caribbean</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> Genres</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benna_(genre)" title="Benna (genre)">Benna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">Calypso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chutney_music" title="Chutney music">Chutney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dancehall" title="Dancehall">Dancehall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub_music" title="Dub music">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goombay" title="Goombay">Goombay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkanoo" title="Junkanoo">Junkanoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mento" title="Mento">Mento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rake-and-scrape" title="Rake-and-scrape">Rake-and-scrape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragga" title="Ragga">Ragga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapso" title="Rapso">Rapso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">Reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripsaw_music" title="Ripsaw music">Ripsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady">Rocksteady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scratch_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Scratch band">Scratch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">Ska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soca_music" title="Soca music">Soca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spouge" title="Spouge">Spouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelpan" title="Steelpan">Steelpan</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: #E5E4E2"> Regional music</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Local forms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Anguilla" title="Music of Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Music of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Barbados" title="Music of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bermuda" title="Music of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">British Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Music of the Cayman Islands">Caymans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Grenada" title="Music of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montserrat" title="Music of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Music of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Music of Saint Kitts and Nevis">St. Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Music of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Music of the Virgin Islands">UK Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Music of the Virgin Islands">US Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_music_genres" title="List of Caribbean music genres">Other Anglophone islands</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_former_Netherlands_Antilles" title="Music of the former Netherlands Antilles">Aruba and the Dutch Antilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Dominica" title="Music of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guadeloupe" title="Music of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guyana" title="Music of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Martinique" title="Music of Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Music of Saint Lucia">St Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Suriname" title="Music of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_of_the_Anglophone_Caribbean" title="Template:Music of the Anglophone Caribbean"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_of_the_Anglophone_Caribbean" title="Template talk:Music of the Anglophone Caribbean"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_of_the_Anglophone_Caribbean" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music of the Anglophone Caribbean"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>music of the Bahamas</b> is associated primarily with <a href="/wiki/Junkanoo" title="Junkanoo">Junkanoo</a>, a celebration which occurs on <a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Boxing Day</a> and again on <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a>. <a href="/wiki/Parade" title="Parade">Parades</a> and other celebrations mark the ceremony. Groups like <a href="/wiki/The_Baha_Men" class="mw-redirect" title="The Baha Men">The Baha Men</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Butler" title="Ronnie Butler">Ronnie Butler</a>,Kirkland Bodie and Twindem have gained massive popularity in Japan, the United States and other places. Other popular Bahamian artists include Stileet and Stevie S. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calypso">Calypso</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_the_Bahamas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Calypso"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">Calypso</a> is a style of <a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_music" title="Afro-Caribbean music">Afro-Caribbean music</a> which originated in <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>. This form of music has spread through many parts of the Caribbean, including <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">the Bahamas</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soca">Soca</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_the_Bahamas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Soca"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Soca_music" title="Soca music">Soca</a> is a form of dance music which originated from many calypso music in <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>. It originally combined the melodic lilting sound of calypso with insistent percussion (which is often electronic in recent music) and local chutney music. Soca music has evolved in the last 20 years primarily by musicians from various Anglophone Caribbean countries including Trinidad, Guyana, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Barbados, Grenada, Saint Lucia, Antigua and Barbuda, United States Virgin Islands, the Bahamas, Dominica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Jamaica and Belize. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Junkanoo">Junkanoo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_the_Bahamas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Junkanoo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Junkanoo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Junkanoo.jpg/220px-Junkanoo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Junkanoo.jpg/330px-Junkanoo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Junkanoo.jpg/440px-Junkanoo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Junkanoo celebration in <a href="/wiki/Nassau,_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau, Bahamas">Nassau</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The word <i>Junkanoo</i> is said to be derived from a <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghanaian</a> leader, <a href="/wiki/John_Canoe" title="John Canoe">John Connu</a>, or from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qujo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qujo (page does not exist)">Qujo</a> supreme deity (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Canno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canno (page does not exist)">Canno</a>) and ancestral spirits (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jannanin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jannanin (page does not exist)">jannanin</a>). The junkanoo is still practiced in <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> and remnants still exist in <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>. It is most well known, though, from <a href="/wiki/Nassau,_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau, Bahamas">Nassau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freeport,_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeport, Bahamas">Freeport</a>. Since the 1950s the influence of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">American culture</a> has increased, mainly through TV and radio broadcasts from <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> stations, and other <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> styles have made inroads: <a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">calypso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soca_music" title="Soca music">soca</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a>, and other islands. <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">Tourism</a> has also had an impact, bringing in Japanese, European and North Americans with their attendant forms of cultural expression. In this milieu more traditional Bahamas performers such as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Spence_(musician)" title="Joseph Spence (musician)">Joseph Spence</a>, have still enjoyed successful careers playing junkanoo, Christian <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a> and the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant%27em&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ant'em (page does not exist)">ant'ems</a></i> of the local <a href="/wiki/Sea_sponge" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea sponge">sponge</a> fishermen, which include "<a href="/wiki/Sloop_John_B" title="Sloop John B">Sloop John B</a>", later made famous by <a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">The Beach Boys</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Junkanoo2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Junkanoo2.jpg/220px-Junkanoo2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Junkanoo2.jpg/330px-Junkanoo2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Junkanoo2.jpg/440px-Junkanoo2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Junkanoo celebration in Nassau in 2003</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1973, the year the Bahamas achieved independence from the United Kingdom, black professionals of the middle and upper classes began to dominate junkanoo celebrations. Costuming and competitions became more complex and commonplace, and soon became a tourist draw. </p><p>Aside from being a type of drum, <a href="/wiki/Goombay" title="Goombay">goombay</a> is also a <a href="/wiki/Percussion_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Percussion music">percussion music</a> made famous by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alphonso_%27Blind_Blake%27_Higgs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alphonso 'Blind Blake' Higgs (page does not exist)">Alphonso 'Blind Blake' Higgs</a>, who played to tourists arriving at <a href="/wiki/Nassau_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau International Airport">Nassau International Airport</a> for several years. <a href="/wiki/Rake-and-scrape" title="Rake-and-scrape">Rake-and-scrape</a> music is a unique type of instrumental music made by bending a saw and scraping with a small object, most typically a <a href="/wiki/Screwdriver" title="Screwdriver">screwdriver</a>; it is used to accompany dances derived from European forms like <a href="/wiki/Polka" title="Polka">polka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waltz" title="Waltz">waltz</a>. Rake-and-scrape's popularity has been declining in recent years, but performers like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lassie_Do_and_the_Boys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lassie Do and the Boys (page does not exist)">Lassie Do and the Boys</a> continue to keep the tradition alive. Christian <a href="/wiki/Rhyming_spiritual" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhyming spiritual">rhyming spirituals</a> and the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant%27em&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ant'em (page does not exist)">ant'ems</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Sponge_fishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sponge fishing">sponge fishermen</a> are now mostly dead traditions, decimated by the arrival of pop music, a 1930s sponge blight and other causes. </p><p><a href="/wiki/E._Clement_Bethel" title="E. Clement Bethel">E. Clement Bethel</a>'s master's thesis on traditional Bahamian music was adapted for the stage by his daughter, <a href="/wiki/Nicolette_Bethel" title="Nicolette Bethel">Nicolette Bethel</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_A._Burrows&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip A. Burrows (page does not exist)">Philip A. Burrows</a>. <i>Music of The Bahamas</i> was first performed at the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Festival_Fringe" title="Edinburgh Festival Fringe">Edinburgh Festival Fringe</a> in 1991, and was revived in 2002 for fresh Bahamian audiences. A recording of that show is available for sale from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ringplay_Productions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ringplay Productions (page does not exist)">Ringplay Productions</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rake_and_scrape">Rake and scrape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_the_Bahamas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rake and scrape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rake-and-scrape" title="Rake-and-scrape">Rake-and-scrape</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rake_and_scrape_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Rake and scrape Music">Rake and scrape music</a> is played traditionally with <a href="/wiki/Concertinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Concertinas">concertinas</a>, Goombay drums, and a <a href="/wiki/Handsaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Handsaw">handsaw</a>. Rake and scrape is believed to have originated on the island of Cat Island but evidence suggest that it was emerging in many places simultaneously. The earliest reference to usage of the accordion by Bahamians is in 1886 in an Article in the Nassau Guardian. The term rake and scrape became the norm in 1969 by Charles Carter although he claims the people of Cat Island were already calling it that when he visited the Island.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organology_of_instruments">Organology of instruments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_the_Bahamas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Organology of instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Membranophones: The Goombay drum is the main rhythmic component in rake-n-scrape. It is also referred to a goatskin drum, as the skin of a goat was stretched over a wooden barrel. It is decorated by simple or complex geometric designs in bright colors. The drum is always heated over fire to retain its tone. In 1971, when manufacturers started shipping products in metal barrels, Bahamians switched the drum to metal, slightly changing the tone of the drum.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Idiophones: The main component that makes Rake-N-Scrape unique is the use of the Carpenter's Saw. This instrument is scraped with a nail or butter knife. Bent against the body of the player and flexed, various timbral effects are obtained.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In more modern music, the saw is replaced with maracas or a guiro.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aerophones: The accordion is the component that adds the round form which enables dancers to dance the ring dance. This is of European descent. In more modern bands, it is replaced by an electric guitar or electronic keyboard.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_the_Bahamas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bahamian_musicians" title="List of Bahamian musicians">List of Bahamian musicians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_the_Bahamas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRommen2011" class="citation book cs1">Rommen, Timothy (19 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bp94R0EiBn4C&q=nassau+guardian+concertinas+1886&pg=PA135"><i>Funky Nassau: Roots, Routes, and Representation in Bahamian Popular Music</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520265684" title="Special:BookSources/9780520265684"><bdi>9780520265684</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Funky+Nassau%3A+Roots%2C+Routes%2C+and+Representation+in+Bahamian+Popular+Music&rft.date=2011-05-19&rft.isbn=9780520265684&rft.aulast=Rommen&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbp94R0EiBn4C%26q%3Dnassau%2Bguardian%2Bconcertinas%2B1886%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+the+Bahamas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060813031922/http://www.bahamasentertainers.com/Paper/rkeNscr.html">"Music of The Bahamas - Rake 'n' Scrape"</a>. <i>www.bahamasentertainers.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bahamasentertainers.com/Paper/rkeNscr.html">the original</a> on 13 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bahamasentertainers.com&rft.atitle=Music+of+The+Bahamas+-+Rake+%27n%27+Scrape&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bahamasentertainers.com%2FPaper%2FrkeNscr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMusic+of+the+Bahamas" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ingraham 368</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ingraham 369</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rommen 173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ingraham 369</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Kaliss, Jeff. "Junkanoo and Sloop John B.". 2000. In Broughton, Simon and Ellingham, Mark with McConnachie, James and Duane, Orla (Ed.), <i>World Music, Vol. 2: Latin & North America, Caribbean, India, Asia and Pacific</i>, pp 317–324. Rough Guides Ltd, Penguin Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85828-636-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85828-636-0">1-85828-636-0</a></li> <li>Rommen, Timothy. "Come Back Home: Regional Travels, Global Encounters, and Local Nostalgias in Bahamian Popular Musics." Project Muse: Latin American Music Review, Vol 30, Number 2, Fall/Winter 2009. University of Texas Press, 159–183.</li> <li>Ingraham, Veronica. 2007. "The Bahamas" in An Encyclopedic History: Music in Latin America and the Caribbean, vol. 2, Performing the Caribbean Experience, Ed. By Malena Kuss. Texas: University of Texas Press, 359–376.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.bahamasentertainers.com/">http://www.bahamasentertainers.com/</a></li> <li>The Bahamas: Islands of song, recorded and produced by Oete Reiniger, with introductory essays by Gail Saunders and Kayla Olubumni Lockhart Edwards. I CD, Smithsonian Folkways SF 40405 (1997).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_the_Bahamas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ville-ge.ch/meg/musinfo_ph.php?what=pays=Bahamas&debut=0&bool=AND">Audio clips: traditional music of the Bahamas.</a> <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27ethnographie_de_Gen%C3%A8ve" title="Musée d'ethnographie de Genève">Musée d'ethnographie de Genève</a>. Accessed 25 November 2010.</li> <li><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/DrivetheNailA%27right%2CBoys.ogg" class="internal" title="DrivetheNailA'right,Boys.ogg">"Drive the Nail A'Right, Boys." (Downloadable recording)</a> Bahamanian conch song. Library of Congress, <i>Florida Folklife from the WPA Collections</i>; performed by Naomi Nelson on 15 January 1940 in <a href="/wiki/Riviera_Beach,_Florida" title="Riviera Beach, Florida">Riviera, Florida</a>. Accessed 10 September 2010.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Bahamas_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Bahamas_topics" title="Template:The Bahamas topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Bahamas_topics" title="Template talk:The Bahamas topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Bahamas_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Bahamas topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Bahamas_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_the_Bahamas%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of the Bahamas–related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Bahamas" title="List of governors of the Bahamas">Colonial heads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleutheran_Adventurers" title="Eleutheran Adventurers">Eleutheran Adventurers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Charles_Town" title="Raid on Charles Town">Raid on Charles Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Nassau" title="Raid on Nassau">Raid on Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Nassau_(1720)" title="Raid on Nassau (1720)">Raid on Nassau (1720)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Nassau">Battle of Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Bahamas_(1782)" title="Capture of the Bahamas (1782)">Capture of the Bahamas (1782)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Bahamas_(1783)" title="Capture of the Bahamas (1783)">Capture of the Bahamas (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Bahamas" title="Slavery in the Bahamas">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamas_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="Bahamas and the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Bahamas" title="Geography of the Bahamas">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Bahamas" title="List of cities in the Bahamas">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nassau,_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau, Bahamas">Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeport,_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeport, Bahamas">Freeport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bahamas" title="List of islands of the Bahamas">Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Providence" title="New Providence">New Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Bahama" title="Grand Bahama">Grand Bahama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rivers of the Bahamas">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biota_of_the_Bahamas" title="Category:Biota of the Bahamas">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_the_Bahamas" title="List of birds of the Bahamas">birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_the_Bahamas" title="List of mammals of the Bahamas">mammals</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Bahamas" title="Politics of the Bahamas">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Bahamas_Defence_Force" title="Royal Bahamas Defence Force">Defence Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Bahamas" title="Elections in the Bahamas">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Bahamas" title="Foreign relations of the Bahamas">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Bahamas" title="Governor-General of the Bahamas">Governor-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Bahamas" title="Law of the Bahamas">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Bahamas_Police_Force" title="Royal Bahamas Police Force">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Bahamas" title="Local government in the Bahamas">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Bahamas" title="Parliament of the Bahamas">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_Parliament_Building" title="Bahamian Parliament Building">Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constituencies_of_the_Bahamas" title="Constituencies of the Bahamas">Constituencies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Bahamas" title="List of political parties in the Bahamas">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Bahamas" title="Prime Minister of the Bahamas">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Branch#Bahamas" title="Special Branch">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Economy of the Bahamas">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_and_fisheries_in_the_Bahamas" title="Agriculture and fisheries in the Bahamas">Agriculture and fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Bahamas" title="Telecommunications in the Bahamas">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_dollar" title="Bahamian dollar">Dollar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamas_Securities_Exchange" title="Bahamas Securities Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_the_Bahamas" title="Squatting in the Bahamas">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Bahamas" title="Taxation in the Bahamas">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Bahamas" title="Transport in the Bahamas">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_On,_Bahamaland" title="March On, Bahamaland">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Bahamas" title="Coat of arms of the Bahamas">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_Creole" title="Bahamian Creole">Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Bahamas" title="Culture of the Bahamas">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Bahamas" title="Education in the Bahamas">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Bahamas" title="Flag of the Bahamas">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bahamian_films" title="List of Bahamian films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Bahamas" title="Public holidays in the Bahamas">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_the_Bahamas" title="Category:Languages of the Bahamas">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Bahamas">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Bless_our_Sunny_Clime" class="mw-redirect" title="God Bless our Sunny Clime">National song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamians" title="Bahamians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Bahamas" title="Demographics of the Bahamas">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Bahamas" title="Category:Ethnic groups in the Bahamas">Ethnic groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pledge_of_Allegiance_(Bahamas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pledge of Allegiance (Bahamas)">Pledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_The_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in The Bahamas">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Bahamas" title="Television in the Bahamas">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Bahamas" title="Outline of the Bahamas">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_the_Bahamas%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of the Bahamas–related articles">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Bahamas" title="Bibliography of the Bahamas">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:The_Bahamas" title="Category:The Bahamas">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_of_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Americas_topic" title="Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Americas_topic" title="Template talk:Americas topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Americas_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_of_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Music of the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states in the Americas">Sovereign<br />states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Music of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Argentina" title="Music of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Barbados" title="Music of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belize" title="Music of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bolivia" title="Music of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil" title="Music of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chile" title="Music of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Colombia" title="Music of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Costa_Rica" title="Music of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Dominica" title="Music of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ecuador" title="Music of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_El_Salvador" title="Music of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Grenada" title="Music of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guatemala" title="Music of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guyana" title="Music of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Honduras" title="Music of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nicaragua" title="Music of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Panama" title="Music of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Paraguay" title="Music of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Peru" title="Music of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Music of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Music of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Music of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Suriname" title="Music of Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Uruguay" title="Music of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Venezuela" title="Music of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Anguilla" title="Music of Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Aruba" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bermuda" title="Music of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bonaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Music of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Music of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Falkland_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_French_Guiana" title="Music of French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greenland" title="Music of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guadeloupe" title="Music of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Martinique" title="Music of Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montserrat" title="Music of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saba_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sint_Eustatius" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sint_Maarten" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (page does not exist)">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Music of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_North_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of North America (page does not exist)">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Central_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Central America">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latin_America" title="Music of Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_South_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of South America (page does not exist)">South America</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Music of North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Music of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Barbados" title="Music of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belize" title="Music of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Costa_Rica" title="Music of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Dominica" title="Music of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_El_Salvador" title="Music of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Grenada" title="Music of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guatemala" title="Music of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Honduras" title="Music of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico" title="Music of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nicaragua" title="Music of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Panama" title="Music of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Music of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Music of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Music of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Anguilla" title="Music of Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Aruba" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bermuda" title="Music of Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bonaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Music of the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Music of Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greenland" title="Music of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guadeloupe" title="Music of Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Martinique" title="Music of Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Montserrat" title="Music of Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Music of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Saba_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sint_Eustatius" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sint_Maarten" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Music of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Lesser_Antilles" title="Music of the Lesser Antilles">Lesser Antilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Music of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" 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