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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extant_relatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extant_relatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Extant relatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extant_relatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossil_history_and_extinct_relatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_history_and_extinct_relatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Fossil history and extinct relatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_history_and_extinct_relatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Physical characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Range" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Range"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Range</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Range-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Range subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Range-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_native_range_in_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_native_range_in_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Recent native range in North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_native_range_in_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reintroductions_in_Eurasia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reintroductions_in_Eurasia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Reintroductions in Eurasia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reintroductions_in_Eurasia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introductions_in_eastern_Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introductions_in_eastern_Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Introductions in eastern Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introductions_in_eastern_Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Physiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_behavior_and_reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_behavior_and_reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Social behavior and reproduction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_behavior_and_reproduction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social behavior and reproduction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_behavior_and_reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Components_of_glandular_secretions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components_of_glandular_secretions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Components of glandular secretions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Components_of_glandular_secretions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Danger_to_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Danger_to_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Danger to humans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Danger_to_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Conservation status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Muskox</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskusos" title="Muskusos – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Muskusos" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8B%9D%E1%89%A3%E1%8B%B5_%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AC" title="የዝባድ በሬ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የዝባድ በሬ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myskivu%C3%A1ks%C3%A1" title="Myskivuáksá – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Myskivuáksá" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%83" title="ثور المسك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثور المسك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovibos_moschatus" title="Ovibos moschatus – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ovibos moschatus" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BC%C5%9Fk_%C3%B6k%C3%BCz%C3%BC" title="Müşk öküzü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Müşk öküzü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Аўцабык – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аўцабык" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Овцебик – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Овцебик" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejen-musk" title="Ejen-musk – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ejen-musk" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bou_mesquer" title="Bou mesquer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bou mesquer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovibos_moschatus" title="Ovibos moschatus – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ovibos moschatus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C5%BEmo%C5%88_severn%C3%AD" title="Pižmoň severní – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pižmoň severní" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskusokse" title="Moskusokse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Moskusokse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moschusochse" title="Moschusochse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Moschusochse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hak%CA%BCaz_ay%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Hakʼaz ayání – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Hakʼaz ayání" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskusveis" title="Muskusveis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Muskusveis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%87%CF%8C%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82" title="Μοσχόβους – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μοσχόβους" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovibos_moschatus" title="Ovibos moschatus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ovibos moschatus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moska_ovibovo" title="Moska ovibovo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Moska ovibovo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idi_musketadun" title="Idi musketadun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Idi musketadun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%B4%DA%A9" title="گاو مشک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گاو مشک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskusneyt" title="Moskusneyt – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Moskusneyt" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%93uf_musqu%C3%A9" title="Bœuf musqué – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bœuf musqué" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscdhamh" title="Muscdhamh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Muscdhamh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boi_almiscreiro" title="Boi almiscreiro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Boi almiscreiro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%96%A5%EC%86%8C" title="사향소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사향소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2" title="कस्तूरी बैल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कस्तूरी बैल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Muskox" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umi%C5%8Bmak" title="Umiŋmak – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Umiŋmak" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sau%C3%B0naut" title="Sauðnaut – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sauðnaut" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovibos_moschatus" title="Ovibos moschatus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ovibos moschatus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%A9_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%A7" title="כבש המושק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כבש המושק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umimmak" title="Umimmak – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Umimmak" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%A8" title="ಕಸ್ತೂರಿ ದನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಸ್ತೂರಿ ದನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%98" title="ხარვერძი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხარვერძი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksai_aktiki" title="Maksai aktiki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Maksai aktiki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivebol_(Ovibos_moschatus)" title="Rivebol (Ovibos moschatus) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Rivebol (Ovibos moschatus)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovibos_moschatus" title="Ovibos moschatus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ovibos moschatus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskusv%C4%93rsis" title="Muskusvērsis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Muskusvērsis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avijautis" title="Avijautis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Avijautis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bove_muscosa" title="Bove muscosa – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Bove muscosa" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/baklanme" title="baklanme – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="baklanme" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keleti_p%C3%A9zsmatulok" title="Keleti pézsmatulok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Keleti pézsmatulok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%83" title="ثور المسك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ثور المسك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskusos" title="Muskusos – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Muskusos" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%82%B3%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B7" title="ジャコウウシ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャコウウシ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskusoks" title="Moskusoks – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Moskusoks" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskusfe" title="Moskusfe – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Moskusfe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskusfe" title="Moskusfe – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Moskusfe" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C3%B2u_muscat" title="Buòu muscat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Buòu muscat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qo%CA%BByho%CA%BBkiz" title="Qoʻyhoʻkiz – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qoʻyhoʻkiz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%B9%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="مشکی ٹگا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مشکی ٹگا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C5%BCmow%C3%B3%C5%82_arktyczny" title="Piżmowół arktyczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Piżmowół arktyczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boi-almiscarado" title="Boi-almiscarado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Boi-almiscarado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misk_s%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1r%C4%B1" title="Misk sığırı – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Misk sığırı" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bou_moscat" title="Bou moscat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bou moscat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Овцебык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Овцебык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bualli_i_myshkut" title="Bualli i myshkut – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bualli i myshkut" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musk_ox" title="Musk ox – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Musk ox" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C5%BEmo%C5%88" title="Pižmoň – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pižmoň" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C5%A1katno_govedo" title="Moškatno govedo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Moškatno govedo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Мошусно говече – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мошусно говече" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C5%A1usno_gove%C4%8De" title="Mošusno goveče – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mošusno goveče" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myskih%C3%A4rk%C3%A4" title="Myskihärkä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Myskihärkä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myskoxe" title="Myskoxe – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Myskoxe" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muskoks" title="Muskoks – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Muskoks" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="கத்தூரி எருது – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கத்தூரி எருது" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Мушкгов – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мушкгов" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misk_s%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1r%C4%B1" title="Misk sığırı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Misk sığırı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Вівцебик – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вівцебик" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B2_x%E1%BA%A1_h%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Bò xạ hương – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bò xạ hương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovibos_moschatus" title="Ovibos moschatus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ovibos moschatus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%9D%E7%89%9B" title="麝牛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="麝牛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%9D%E7%89%9B" title="麝牛 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="麝牛" 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style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">0.2–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:219.93230769231px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></span><small><a href="/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Pleistocene">Middle Pleistocene</a> – Holocene</small></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Muskox_(Ovibos_moschatus)_male_Dovrefjell_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Muskox_%28Ovibos_moschatus%29_male_Dovrefjell_4.jpg/220px-Muskox_%28Ovibos_moschatus%29_male_Dovrefjell_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Muskox_%28Ovibos_moschatus%29_male_Dovrefjell_4.jpg/330px-Muskox_%28Ovibos_moschatus%29_male_Dovrefjell_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Muskox_%28Ovibos_moschatus%29_male_Dovrefjell_4.jpg/440px-Muskox_%28Ovibos_moschatus%29_male_Dovrefjell_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3649" data-file-height="2433" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">in Dovrefjell National park, Norway </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Status_TNC_G5.svg/220px-Status_TNC_G5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Status_TNC_G5.svg/330px-Status_TNC_G5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Status_TNC_G5.svg/440px-Status_TNC_G5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="64" /></span></span><br />Secure <small> (<a href="/wiki/NatureServe_conservation_status" title="NatureServe conservation status">NatureServe</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-NatureServe_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatureServe-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Ovibos" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">Artiodactyla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caprinae" title="Caprinae">Caprinae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tribe: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caprinae" title="Caprinae">Ovibovini</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Ovibos</i></a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Henri_Marie_Ducrotay_de_Blainville" title="Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville">Blainville</a>, 1816<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>O. moschatus</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Ovibos moschatus</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Eberhard_August_Wilhelm_von_Zimmermann" title="Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann">Zimmermann</a>, 1780)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Muskox_distribution_combined.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Muskox_distribution_combined.png/220px-Muskox_distribution_combined.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Muskox_distribution_combined.png/330px-Muskox_distribution_combined.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Muskox_distribution_combined.png/440px-Muskox_distribution_combined.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Range map: blue indicates areas where muskox reintroduction has been attempted in the 20th century; red indicates the previous established range. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lent_1988_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lent_1988-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>Generic: </p> <ul class="taxonlist"><li><i>Bosovis</i> <small>Kowarzik, 1911<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></li></ul> <p>Specific: </p> <ul class="taxonlist"><li><i>Bos moschatus</i> <small>Zimmermann, 1780<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmermann1780_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmermann1780-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </small></li><li><i>Bosovis moschatus</i> <small>(Zimmermann, 1780) Kowarzik, 1911 </small></li><li><i>Ovibos pallantis</i> <small>Hamilton-Smith, 1827<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>muskox</b> (<i><b>Ovibos moschatus</b></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Ungulate" title="Ungulate">hoofed mammal</a> of the family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MSW3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSW3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Native to the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a>, it is noted for its thick coat and for the strong odor emitted by males during the <a href="/wiki/Rut_(mammalian_reproduction)" title="Rut (mammalian reproduction)">seasonal rut</a>, from which its name derives. This <a href="/wiki/Musk" title="Musk">musky</a> odor has the effect of attracting females during <a href="/wiki/Seasonal_breeder" title="Seasonal breeder">mating season</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a> name "umingmak" translates to "the bearded one".<sup id="cite_ref-Flood1989_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flood1989-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its <a href="/wiki/Woods_Cree" title="Woods Cree">Woods Cree</a> names "mâthi-môs" and "mâthi-mostos" translate to "ugly moose" and "ugly bison", respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Houston2003_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houston2003-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In historic times, muskoxen primarily lived in <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Canadian Arctic</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were formerly present in Eurasia, with their youngest natural records in the region dating to around 2,700 years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with reintroduced populations in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">American state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Canadian territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, and an introduced population in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, part of which emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, where a small population now lives. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muskox&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extant_relatives">Extant relatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muskox&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Extant relatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The muskox is in the subtribe <a href="/wiki/Ovibovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovibovina">Ovibovina</a> (or tribe Ovibovini) in the tribe <a href="/wiki/Caprinae" title="Caprinae">Caprini</a> (or subfamily Caprinae) of the subfamily <a href="/wiki/Antilopinae" title="Antilopinae">Antilopinae</a> in the family Bovidae. It is therefore more closely related to <a href="/wiki/Domestic_sheep" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic sheep">sheep</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a> than to <a href="/wiki/Ox" title="Ox">oxen</a>; it is placed in its own genus, <i>Ovibos</i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: "sheep-ox"). It is one of the two largest <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">extant</a> members of the caprines, along with the similarly sized <a href="/wiki/Takin" title="Takin">Takin <i>Budorcas</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Burnie_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burnie-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the takin and muskox were once considered possibly closely related, the takin lacks common ovibovine features, such as the muskox's specialized horn morphology, and genetic analysis shows that their lineages actually separated early in caprine evolution. Instead, the muskox's closest living relatives appear to be the <a href="/wiki/Goral" title="Goral">gorals</a> of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Naemorhedus" class="mw-redirect" title="Naemorhedus">Naemorhedus</a></i>, nowadays common in many countries of central and east Asia. The vague similarity between takin and muskox is therefore an example of <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lent1999_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lent1999-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil_history_and_extinct_relatives">Fossil history and extinct relatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muskox&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fossil history and extinct relatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Preptoceras_sinclairi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Preptoceras_sinclairi.jpg/220px-Preptoceras_sinclairi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Preptoceras_sinclairi.jpg/330px-Preptoceras_sinclairi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Preptoceras_sinclairi.jpg/440px-Preptoceras_sinclairi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="691" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Euceratherium" title="Euceratherium">Euceratherium</a></i> skeleton (missing its ribs)</figcaption></figure> <p>The modern muskox is the last member of a line of ovibovines that first evolved in temperate regions of Asia and adapted to a cold <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a> environment late in its evolutionary history. Muskox ancestors with sheep-like high-positioned horns (horn cores being mostly over the plane of the <a href="/wiki/Frontal_bone" title="Frontal bone">frontal bones</a>, rather than below them as in modern muskoxen) first left the temperate forests for the developing grasslands of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a>, expanding into <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and the rest of northern <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>. Later migration waves of Asian ungulates that included high-horned muskoxen reached <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> during the first half of the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>. The first well known muskox, the "shrub-ox" <i><a href="/wiki/Euceratherium" title="Euceratherium">Euceratherium</a></i>, crossed to North America over an early version of the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Land_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bering Land Bridge">Bering Land Bridge</a> two million years ago and prospered in the <a href="/wiki/American_southwest" class="mw-redirect" title="American southwest">American southwest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. <i>Euceratherium</i> was larger yet more lightly built than modern muskoxen, resembling a giant sheep with massive horns, and preferred hilly grasslands. </p><p>A genus with intermediate horns, <i><a href="/wiki/Soergelia" title="Soergelia">Soergelia</a></i>, inhabited Eurasia in the early Pleistocene, from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> to Siberia, and crossed to North America during the <a href="/wiki/Irvingtonian" title="Irvingtonian">Irvingtonian</a> (1.8 million years to 240,000 years ago), soon after <i>Euceratherium</i>. Unlike <i>Euceratherium</i>, which survived in America until the Pleistocene-<a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_extinction_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaternary extinction event">extinction event</a>, <i>Soergelia</i> was a lowland dweller which disappeared fairly early, displaced by more advanced ungulates, such as the "giant muskox" <i><a href="/wiki/Praeovibos_priscus" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeovibos priscus">Praeovibos</a></i> (literally "before <i>Ovibos</i>"). The low-horned <i>Praeovibos</i> was present in Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> 1.5 million years ago, colonized <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> one million years ago and disappeared half a million years ago. <i>Praeovibos</i> was a highly adaptable animal apparently associated with cold tundra (<a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">reindeer</a>) and temperate woodland (<a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red deer</a>) faunas alike. During the <a href="/wiki/Mindel_glaciation" title="Mindel glaciation">Mindel glaciation</a> 500,000 years ago, <i>Praeovibos</i> was present in the <a href="/wiki/Kolyma_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolyma river">Kolyma river</a> area in eastern Siberia in association with many <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Ice Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafauna</a> that would later coexist with <i>Ovibos</i>, in the Kolyma itself and elsewhere, including <a href="/wiki/Wild_horse" title="Wild horse">wild horses</a>, reindeer, <a href="/wiki/Woolly_mammoth" title="Woolly mammoth">woolly mammoth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cervalces" title="Cervalces">stag-moose</a>. It is debated, however, if <i>Praeovibos</i> was directly ancestral to <i>Ovibos</i>, or both genera descended from a common ancestor, since the two occurred together during the middle Pleistocene. Defenders of ancestry from <i>Praeovibos</i> have proposed that <i>Praeovibos</i> evolved into <i>Ovibos</i> in one region during a period of isolation and expanded later, replacing the remaining populations of <i>Praeovibos</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lent1999_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lent1999-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two more <i>Praeovibos</i>-like genera were named in America in the 19th century, <i><a href="/wiki/Bootherium" title="Bootherium">Bootherium</a></i> and <i>Symbos</i>, which are now identified as the male and female forms of a single, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexually dimorphic</a> species, the "woodland muskox", <i>Bootherium bombifrons</i>. <i>Bootherium</i> inhabited open woodland areas of North America during the late Pleistocene, from Alaska to <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> and maybe even Mexico, but was most common in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a>, while <i>Ovibos</i> replaced it in the tundra-steppe to the north, immediately south of the <a href="/wiki/Laurentian_ice_sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurentian ice sheet">Laurentian ice sheet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lent1999_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lent1999-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wisconsinan_Mammalian_Faunas_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wisconsinan_Mammalian_Faunas-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern <i>Ovibos</i> appeared in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> almost one million years ago and was common in the region through the Pleistocene. By the Mindel, muskoxen had also reached the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>. Both Germany and Britain were just south of the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_ice_sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian ice sheet">Scandinavian ice sheet</a> and covered in tundra during cold periods, but Pleistocene muskoxen are also rarely recorded in more benign and wooded areas to the south like <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Spain">Green Spain</a>, where they coexisted with temperate ungulates like <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red deer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a>. Likewise, the muskox is known to have survived in Britain during warm <a href="/wiki/Interglacial" title="Interglacial">interglacial</a> periods.<sup id="cite_ref-Lent1999_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lent1999-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today's muskoxen are descended from others believed to have migrated from <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> to <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> between 200,000<sup id="cite_ref-WMAC_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMAC-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 90,000 years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-HWW_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HWW-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having previously occupied Alaska (at the time united to Siberia and isolated periodically from the rest of North America by the union of the Laurentide and <a href="/wiki/Cordilleran_Ice_Sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordilleran Ice Sheet">Cordilleran Ice Sheets</a> during colder periods) between 250,000 and 150,000 years ago. After migrating south during one of the warmer periods of the <a href="/wiki/Illinoian_(stage)" title="Illinoian (stage)">Illinoian glaciation</a>, non-Alaskan American muskoxen would be isolated from the rest in the colder periods. The muskox was already present in its current stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Banks_Island" title="Banks Island">Banks Island</a> 34,000 years ago, but the existence of other ice-free areas in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Arctic_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Arctic Archipelago">Canadian Arctic Archipelago</a> at the time is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-Lent1999_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lent1999-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with the <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">bison</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">pronghorn</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-smithsonian_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithsonian-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the muskox was one of a few species of <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene_megafauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleistocene megafauna">Pleistocene megafauna</a> in North America to survive the Pleistocene/<a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_extinction_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaternary extinction event">extinction event</a> and live to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-Switek_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Switek-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The muskox is thought to have been able to survive the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last glacial period</a> by finding ice-free areas (<a href="/wiki/Refugium_(population_biology)" title="Refugium (population biology)">refugia</a>) away from prehistoric peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-HWW_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HWW-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fossil DNA evidence suggests that muskoxen were not only more geographically widespread during the Pleistocene, but also more <a href="/wiki/Genetic_diversity" title="Genetic diversity">genetically diverse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SD_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SD-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During that time, other populations of muskoxen lived across the Arctic, from the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a> to Greenland. By contrast, the current genetic makeup of the species is more homogenous. Climate fluctuation may have affected this shift in genetic diversity: research indicates colder periods in Earth's history are correlated with more diversity, and warmer periods with more homogeneity.<sup id="cite_ref-Switek_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Switek-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muskox populations survived into the Holocene in Siberia, with their youngest records in the region being from the <a href="/wiki/Taymyr_Peninsula" title="Taymyr Peninsula">Taymyr Peninsula</a>, dating to around 2,700 years ago (~700 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_characteristics">Physical characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muskox&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Physical characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muskox_(Ovibos_moschatus)_male_Dovrefjell_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Muskox_%28Ovibos_moschatus%29_male_Dovrefjell_3.jpg/220px-Muskox_%28Ovibos_moschatus%29_male_Dovrefjell_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Muskox_%28Ovibos_moschatus%29_male_Dovrefjell_3.jpg/330px-Muskox_%28Ovibos_moschatus%29_male_Dovrefjell_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Muskox_%28Ovibos_moschatus%29_male_Dovrefjell_3.jpg/440px-Muskox_%28Ovibos_moschatus%29_male_Dovrefjell_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1788" data-file-height="1788" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Both male and female muskoxen have long, curved <a href="/wiki/Horn_(anatomy)" title="Horn (anatomy)">horns</a>. Muskoxen stand 1.1 to 1.5 m (3 ft 7 in to 4 ft 11 in) high at <a href="/wiki/Withers" title="Withers">withers</a>, with females measuring 135 to 200 cm (4 ft 5 in to 6 ft 7 in) in length, and the larger males 200 to 250 cm (6 ft 7 in to 8 ft 2 in). The small tail, often concealed under a layer of fur, measures only 10 cm (3.9 in) long. Adults, on average, weigh 285 kg (628 lb), but can range from 180 to 410 kg (400 to 900 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-Burnie_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burnie-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ellis_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ellis-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The thick coat and large head suggest a larger animal than the muskox truly is; the bison, to which the muskox is often compared, can weigh up to twice as much.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, heavy zoo-kept specimens have weighed up to 650 kg (1,430 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-Lent_1988_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lent_1988-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their coat, a mix of black, gray and brown, includes long <a href="/wiki/Guard_hair" title="Guard hair">guard hairs</a> that almost reach the ground. Rare "white muskoxen" have been spotted in the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Maud_Gulf_Bird_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Maud Gulf Bird Sanctuary">Queen Maud Gulf Bird Sanctuary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muskoxen are occasionally semi-domesticated for wool, and rarely for meat and milk. The U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> has several muskoxen farms specifically aimed at wool harvesting.<sup id="cite_ref-AK_Game_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AK_Game-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson1974_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson1974-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>, called <i><a href="/wiki/Qiviut" title="Qiviut">qiviut</a></i>, is highly prized for its softness, length, and insulation value. Prices for yarn range between $1.5 and $3/g ($40 and $80/oz).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A muskox can reach speeds of up to 60 <a href="/wiki/Kilometres_per_hour" title="Kilometres per hour">km/h</a> (37 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their life expectancy is between 12 and 20 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Range">Range</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muskox&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Range"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ovibos_moschatus_(fossil_musk_ox_skull)_(prehistoric;_Siberia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ovibos_moschatus_%28fossil_musk_ox_skull%29_%28prehistoric%3B_Siberia.jpg/220px-Ovibos_moschatus_%28fossil_musk_ox_skull%29_%28prehistoric%3B_Siberia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ovibos_moschatus_%28fossil_musk_ox_skull%29_%28prehistoric%3B_Siberia.jpg/330px-Ovibos_moschatus_%28fossil_musk_ox_skull%29_%28prehistoric%3B_Siberia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ovibos_moschatus_%28fossil_musk_ox_skull%29_%28prehistoric%3B_Siberia.jpg/440px-Ovibos_moschatus_%28fossil_musk_ox_skull%29_%28prehistoric%3B_Siberia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2649" data-file-height="1814" /></a><figcaption>Fossil <i>Ovibos moschatus</i> skull from prehistoric Siberia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muskox&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> period, muskoxen were much more widespread. Fossil evidence shows that they lived across the Siberian and North American Arctic, from the <a href="/wiki/Urals" class="mw-redirect" title="Urals">Urals</a> to <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Switek_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Switek-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancestors of today's muskoxen came across the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Land_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bering Land Bridge">Bering Land Bridge</a> to North America between 200,000<sup id="cite_ref-WMAC_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMAC-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 90,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-HWW_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HWW-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsinan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisconsinan">Wisconsinan</a>, modern muskox thrived in the <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a> south of the <a href="/wiki/Laurentide_Ice_Sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurentide Ice Sheet">Laurentide Ice Sheet</a>, in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwest">Midwest</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Appalachians" class="mw-redirect" title="Appalachians">Appalachians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, while distant relatives <i><a href="/wiki/Bootherium" title="Bootherium">Bootherium</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Euceratherium" title="Euceratherium">Euceratherium</a></i> lived in the forests of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a> and the western shrubland, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Wisconsinan_Mammalian_Faunas_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wisconsinan_Mammalian_Faunas-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though they were always less common than other Ice Age megafauna, muskox abundance peaked during the <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrm" title="Würm">Würm</a> II glaciation 20,000 years ago and declined afterwards, especially during the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>/<a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_extinction_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaternary extinction event">extinction event</a>, where its range was greatly reduced and only the populations in North America survived. The last known muskox population in Europe died out in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> 9,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Lent1999_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lent1999-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Asia, muskox persisted until just 615-555 BCE in <a href="/wiki/Tumat" title="Tumat">Tumat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Plasteeva_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plasteeva-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (August 2023)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Following the disappearance of the <a href="/wiki/Laurentide_Ice_Sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurentide Ice Sheet">Laurentide Ice Sheet</a>, the muskox gradually moved north across the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Arctic_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Arctic Archipelago">Canadian Arctic Archipelago</a>, arriving in <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Island" title="Ellesmere Island">Ellesmere Island</a> at about 350 AD, during the late <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>. Their arrival in northwestern Greenland probably occurred within a few hundred years of the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Dorset_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorset people">Dorset</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thule_people" title="Thule people">Thule</a> cultures in the present-day <a href="/wiki/Qaanaaq" title="Qaanaaq">Qaanaaq</a> area. Human predation around Qaanaaq may have restricted muskoxen from moving down the west coast, and instead kept them confined to the northeastern fringes of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_native_range_in_North_America">Recent native range in North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muskox&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Recent native range in North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muskoxen_with_mountains_and_rainbow_sky_in_the_distance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Muskoxen_with_mountains_and_rainbow_sky_in_the_distance.jpg/220px-Muskoxen_with_mountains_and_rainbow_sky_in_the_distance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Muskoxen_with_mountains_and_rainbow_sky_in_the_distance.jpg/330px-Muskoxen_with_mountains_and_rainbow_sky_in_the_distance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Muskoxen_with_mountains_and_rainbow_sky_in_the_distance.jpg/440px-Muskoxen_with_mountains_and_rainbow_sky_in_the_distance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1082" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Muskox at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Krusenstern_National_Monument" title="Cape Krusenstern National Monument">Cape Krusenstern National Monument</a>, Alaska</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greenland-musk-ox_hg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Greenland-musk-ox_hg.jpg/220px-Greenland-musk-ox_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Greenland-musk-ox_hg.jpg/330px-Greenland-musk-ox_hg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Greenland-musk-ox_hg.jpg/440px-Greenland-musk-ox_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2684" data-file-height="1532" /></a><figcaption>Muskox family in east <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In modern times, muskoxen were restricted to the Arctic areas of Northern Canada, Greenland, and Alaska. The <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaskan</a> population was wiped out in the late 19th or early 20th century. Their depletion has been attributed to excessive hunting, but an adverse change in climate may have contributed.<sup id="cite_ref-AK_Muskox_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AK_Muskox-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, muskoxen have since been <a href="/wiki/Reintroduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Reintroduction">reintroduced</a> to Alaska. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a> introduced the muskox onto <a href="/wiki/Nunivak_Island" title="Nunivak Island">Nunivak Island</a> in 1935 to support <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">subsistence</a> living.<sup id="cite_ref-FWS_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWS-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other reintroduced populations are in <a href="/wiki/Arctic_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Arctic National Wildlife Refuge">Arctic National Wildlife Refuge</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bering_Land_Bridge_National_Preserve" title="Bering Land Bridge National Preserve">Bering Land Bridge National Preserve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ivvavik_National_Park" title="Ivvavik National Park">Ivvavik National Park</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Wildlife_Conservation_Center" title="Alaska Wildlife Conservation Center">wildlife conservation center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aulavik_National_Park" title="Aulavik National Park">Aulavik National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanuti_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Kanuti National Wildlife Refuge">Kanuti National Wildlife Refuge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gates_of_the_Arctic_National_Park_and_Preserve" title="Gates of the Arctic National Park and Preserve">Gates of the Arctic National Park</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Whitehorse,_Yukon" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitehorse, Yukon">Whitehorse, Yukon</a>'s wildlife preserve.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been at least two domestication endeavours. In the 1950s, an American researcher and adventurer was able to capture muskox calves in Northern Canada for relocation to a property he prepared in Vermont.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One condition imposed by the Canadian government was that he was not allowed to kill adults defending their young. When nets and ropes proved useless, he and his crew herded family groups into open water, where calves were successfully separated from the adults. Once airfreighted to Montreal and trucked to Vermont, the young animals habituated to the temperate conditions. Although the calves thrived and grew to adulthood, parasite and disease resistance problems impaired the overall success of the effort. The surviving herd was eventually moved to a farm in <a href="/wiki/Palmer,_Alaska" title="Palmer, Alaska">Palmer, Alaska</a>, where it has been successful since the mid-1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reintroductions_in_Eurasia">Reintroductions in Eurasia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muskox&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reintroductions in Eurasia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muskox_(Ovibos_moschatus)_male_Dovrefjell_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Muskox_%28Ovibos_moschatus%29_male_Dovrefjell_6.jpg/220px-Muskox_%28Ovibos_moschatus%29_male_Dovrefjell_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Muskox_%28Ovibos_moschatus%29_male_Dovrefjell_6.jpg/330px-Muskox_%28Ovibos_moschatus%29_male_Dovrefjell_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Muskox_%28Ovibos_moschatus%29_male_Dovrefjell_6.jpg/440px-Muskox_%28Ovibos_moschatus%29_male_Dovrefjell_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Male in <a href="/wiki/Dovrefjell%E2%80%93Sunndalsfjella_National_Park" title="Dovrefjell–Sunndalsfjella National Park">Dovrefjell–Sunndalsfjella National Park</a>, Norway</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1913, workers building a railway over <a href="/wiki/Dovrefjell" title="Dovrefjell">Dovrefjell</a> found two fossil muskox vertebrae. This led to the idea of introducing muskoxen to Norway from Greenland. The first release in the world was made on <a href="/wiki/Gursk%C3%B8y" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurskøy">Gurskøy</a> outside <a href="/wiki/%C3%85lesund" title="Ålesund">Ålesund</a> in 1925–26. They were muskoxen caught by Norwegian seal-hunting boats in Greenland. The animals colonized the island, but eventually died out there. An attempt to introduce the muskox to <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> also failed. Seventeen animals were released in 1929 by <a href="/wiki/Adventfjorden" title="Adventfjorden">Adventfjorden</a> on <a href="/wiki/West_Spitsbergen" class="mw-redirect" title="West Spitsbergen">West Spitsbergen</a>. In 1940, the herd numbered 50, but in the 1970s, the whole herd disappeared. In September 1932, polar researcher <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hoel" title="Adolf Hoel">Adolf Hoel</a> conducted another experiment, importing 10 muskoxen to Dovrefjell. This herd survived until <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, when they were hunted and exterminated. In 1947 and later, new animals were released. A small group of muskoxen from Dovrefjell migrated across the national border to Sweden in 1971 and established themselves in <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4rjedalen" title="Härjedalen">Härjedalen</a>, whereby a Swedish herd was established.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Norwegian population on Dovrefjell is managed over an area of 340 km<sup>2</sup> (130 sq mi) and in the summer of 2012 consisted of approximately 300 animals. Since 1999, the population has mostly been increasing, but it suffered a measles outbreak in the summer of 2004 that killed 29. Some animals are also occasionally killed as a result of train collisions on the <a href="/wiki/Dovre_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Dovre Railway">Dovre Railway</a>. The population is divided into flocks in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nystuguh%C3%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nystuguhø (page does not exist)">Nystuguhø</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nystugguh%C3%B8a" class="extiw" title="no:Nystugguhøa">no</a>]</span> area, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolla_(Norway)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolla (Norway) (page does not exist)">Kolla</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolla_(Norway)" class="extiw" title="no:Kolla (Norway)">no</a>]</span> area and <a href="/wiki/Hjerkinn" title="Hjerkinn">Hjerkinn</a>. In the summer they move down towards <a href="/wiki/Driva" title="Driva">Driva</a>, where there are lush grass pastures. </p><p>Although the muskox belongs to the dry Arctic grassland, it seems to do well on Dovrefjell. However, the pastures are marginal, with little grass available in winter (the muskox eats only plants, not lichen as reindeer do), and over time, <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">inbreeding</a> depression is expected in such a small population which originated from only a few introduced animals. </p><p>In addition to the population on Dovrefjell, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Troms%C3%B8" title="University of Tromsø">University of Tromsø</a> had some animals on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ry%C3%B8ya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ryøya (page does not exist)">Ryøya</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry%C3%B8y" class="extiw" title="de:Ryøy">de</a>]</span> outside <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8" title="Tromsø">Tromsø</a> until 2018.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Muskoxen were introduced to <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> in 1925–26 and 1929, but this population died out in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were also introduced in <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> around 1930 but did not survive.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, animals imported from Banks and Nunivak were released in the <a href="/wiki/Taymyr_Peninsula" title="Taymyr Peninsula">Taymyr Peninsula</a> in 1974 and 1975, and some from Nunivak were released in <a href="/wiki/Wrangel_Island" title="Wrangel Island">Wrangel Island</a> in 1975. Both locations are north of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a>. By 2019 the population on Wrangel Island was about 1100,<sup id="cite_ref-muskoxRF_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muskoxRF-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Taymyr Peninsula, about 11,000–14,000.<sup id="cite_ref-автоссылка1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-автоссылка1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few muskoxen herds migrated from the Taymyr Peninsula far to the south to the <a href="/wiki/Putorana_Plateau" title="Putorana Plateau">Putorana Plateau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-muskoxRF_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muskoxRF-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once established, these populations have been, in turn, used as sources for further reintroductions in Siberia between 1996 and 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the last of these actions was the release of six animals within the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene_Park" title="Pleistocene Park">Pleistocene Park</a> project area in the <a href="/wiki/Kolyma_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolyma River">Kolyma River</a> in 2010, where a team of Russian scientists led by <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Zimov" title="Sergey Zimov">Sergey Zimov</a> aims to prove that muskoxen, along with other <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene_megafauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleistocene megafauna">Pleistocene megafauna</a> that survived into the early <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> in northern Siberia,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> did not disappear from the region due to climate change, but because of human hunting.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introductions_in_eastern_Canada">Introductions in eastern Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muskox&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Introductions in eastern Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ancient muskox remains have never been found in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">eastern Canada</a>, although the ecological conditions in the northern <a href="/wiki/Labrador_Peninsula" title="Labrador Peninsula">Labrador Peninsula</a> are suitable for them. In 1967, 14 animals were captured near <a href="/wiki/Eureka,_Nunavut" title="Eureka, Nunavut">Eureka</a> on <a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Island" title="Ellesmere Island">Ellesmere Island</a> by the Institute for Northern Agricultural Research (INAR) and brought to a farm in Old Fort Chimo <a href="/wiki/Kuujjuaq" title="Kuujjuaq">Kuujjuaq</a>, northern Quebec, for domestication to provide a local cottage industry based on <i><a href="/wiki/Qiviut" title="Qiviut">qiviut</a></i>, a fine natural fiber. The animals thrived and the <i>qiviut</i> industry showed early success with the training of Inuit knitters and marketing, but it soon became clear that the Quebec government had never intended that the muskoxen be domestic, but had used INAR to capture muskoxen to provide a wild population for hunting<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Government officials demanded that INAR leave Quebec and the farm be closed. Subsequently, 54 animals from the farm were released in three places in northern Quebec between 1973 and 1983, and the remaining were ceded to local <a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">zoos</a>. Between 1983 and 1986, the released animals increased from 148 to 290, at a rate of 25% per year, and by 2003, an estimated 1,400 muskoxen were in Quebec. Additionally, 112 adults and 25 calves were counted in the nearby <a href="/wiki/Diana_Island" title="Diana Island">Diana Island</a> in 2005, having arrived there by their own means from the mainland. <a href="/wiki/Vagrancy_(biology)" title="Vagrancy (biology)">Vagrant</a> adults are sometimes spotted in <a href="/wiki/Labrador" title="Labrador">Labrador</a>, though no herds have been observed in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muskox&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the summer, muskoxen live in wet areas, such as river valleys, moving to higher elevations in the winter to avoid deep snow. Muskoxen will eat grasses, <a href="/wiki/Arctic_willow" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic willow">arctic willows</a>, woody plants, lichens <i>(above lichens are excluded from the menu)</i>, and mosses. When food is abundant, they prefer succulent and nutritious grasses in an area. Willows are the most commonly eaten plants in the winter. Muskoxen require a high threshold of fat reserves in order to conceive, which reflects their conservative breeding strategy. Winter ranges typically have shallow snow to reduce the energy costs of digging through snow to reach forage.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary predators of muskoxen are <a href="/wiki/Arctic_wolf" title="Arctic wolf">arctic wolves</a>, which may account for up to half of all mortality for the species. Other occasional predators, likely mainly predators of calves or infirm adults, can include <a href="/wiki/Grizzly_bear" title="Grizzly bear">grizzly bears</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">polar bears</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lent_1988_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lent_1988-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Wolverine" title="Wolverine">wolverines</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (May 2023)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Muskox#Dubious" title="Talk:Muskox">discuss</a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiology">Physiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muskox&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Physiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Muskox are <a href="/wiki/Heterothermy" title="Heterothermy">heterothermic</a> mammals, meaning they have the ability to shut off thermal regulation in some parts of their body, like their lower limbs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maintaining the lower limbs at a cooler temperature than the rest of their body helps reduce the loss of body heat from their extremities. Muskox display the unique characteristic of having <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> that is three times less temperature sensitive than human hemoglobin.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This temperature insensitivity allows the muskox's hemoglobin to have a heightened oxygen affinity in an extremely cold environment and continue to diffuse high amounts of oxygen into its cold tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_behavior_and_reproduction">Social behavior and reproduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muskox&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Social behavior and reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MuskOxen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/MuskOxen.jpg" decoding="async" width="528" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nunivak_Island" title="Nunivak Island">Nunivak Island</a>, Alaskan muskoxen in the 1930s, shown here in defensive formation</figcaption></figure> <p>Muskoxen live in herds of 12–24 in the winter and 8–20 in the summer when dominant bulls expel other males from the herd.<sup id="cite_ref-Tener_1965_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tener_1965-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They do not hold territories, but they do mark their trails with <a href="/wiki/Preorbital_gland" title="Preorbital gland">preorbital glands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Male and female muskoxen have separate age-based hierarchies, with mature oxen being dominant over juveniles.<sup id="cite_ref-Tener_1965_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tener_1965-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dominant oxen tend to get access to the best resources<sup id="cite_ref-Lent_1988_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lent_1988-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and will displace subordinates from patches of grass during the winter.<sup id="cite_ref-Tener_1965_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tener_1965-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muskox bulls assert their dominance in many different ways. One is a "rush and butt", in which a dominant bull rushes a subordinate from the side with its horns, and will warn the subordinate so it can have a chance to get away.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson_1976_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson_1976-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bulls will also roar, swing their heads, and paw the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-Lent_1988_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lent_1988-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dominant bulls sometimes treat subordinate bulls like cows. A dominant bull will tap a subordinate with its foreleg, something they do to cows during mating.<sup id="cite_ref-Reinhardt_2005_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reinhardt_2005-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dominant bulls will also mock copulate subordinates and sniff their genitals.<sup id="cite_ref-Reinhardt_2005_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reinhardt_2005-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A subordinate bull can change his status by charging a dominant bull.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray_1986_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray_1986-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muskus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Muskus.jpg/220px-Muskus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Muskus.jpg/330px-Muskus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Muskus.jpg/440px-Muskus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption>Muskox in <a href="/wiki/Dovrefjell%E2%80%93Sunndalsfjella_National_Park" title="Dovrefjell–Sunndalsfjella National Park">Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The mating (or "rutting") season of the muskoxen begins in late June or early July. During this time, dominant bulls will fight others out of the herds and establish harems of usually six or seven cows and their offspring. Fighting bulls will first rub their preorbital glands against their legs while bellowing loudly, and then display their horns.<sup id="cite_ref-Gray_1986_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray_1986-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bulls then back up about 20 m (66 ft), lower their heads, and charge into each other, and will keep doing so until one bull gives up.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson_1976_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson_1976-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subordinate and elderly bulls will leave the herds to form bachelor groups or become solitary.<sup id="cite_ref-Lent_1988_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lent_1988-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when danger is present, the outside bulls can return to the herd for protection.<sup id="cite_ref-Freeman_1971_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freeman_1971-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dominant bulls will prevent cows from leaving their harems.<sup id="cite_ref-Lent_1988_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lent_1988-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During mating, a bull will tap an estrous cow with his foreleg to calm her down and make her more receptive to his advances.<sup id="cite_ref-Reinhardt_2005_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reinhardt_2005-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The herds reassemble when summer ends.<sup id="cite_ref-Freeman_1971_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freeman_1971-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the bulls are more aggressive during the rutting season and lead their groups, the females take charge during gestation.<sup id="cite_ref-Lent_1988_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lent_1988-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pregnant females are aggressive and decide what distance the herd travels in a day and where they will bed for the night.<sup id="cite_ref-Jingfors_1982_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jingfors_1982-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The herds move more often when cows are lactating, to let them get enough food to nurse their offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-Jingfors_1982_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jingfors_1982-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cows have an eight- to nine-month gestation period, with calving occurring from April to June. Cows do not calve every year. When winters are severe, cows will not go into estrus and thus not calve the next year. When calving, cows stay in the herd for protection. Muskox are <a href="/wiki/Precocial" class="mw-redirect" title="Precocial">precocial</a>, and calves can keep up with the herd within just a few hours after birth. The calves are welcomed into the herd and nursed for the first two months.<sup id="cite_ref-Lent_1988_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lent_1988-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After that, a calf then begins eating vegetation and nurses only occasionally. Cows communicate with their calves through braying. The calf's bond with its mother weakens after two years. </p><p>Muskoxen have a distinctive defensive behavior: when the herd is threatened, the adults will face outward to form a stationary ring or semicircle around the calves.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller_1980_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller_1980-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bulls are usually the front line for defense against predators, with the cows and juveniles gathering close to them.<sup id="cite_ref-Lent_1988_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lent_1988-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bulls determine the defensive formation during rutting, while the cows decide the rest of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-Freeman_1971_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freeman_1971-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Components_of_glandular_secretions">Components of glandular secretions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muskox&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Components of glandular secretions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9E%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8_-_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8_-_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg/220px-%D0%9E%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8_-_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8_-_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg/330px-%D0%9E%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8_-_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8_-_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg/440px-%D0%9E%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8_-_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Muskox on <a href="/wiki/Bolshoy_Begichev_Island" title="Bolshoy Begichev Island">Bolshoy Begichev Island</a>, Russia</figcaption></figure> <p>The preorbital gland secretion of muskoxen has a "light, sweetish, ethereal" odor.<sup id="cite_ref-Flood1989_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flood1989-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analysis of preorbital gland secretion extract showed the presence of <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> (which is nonvolatile), <a href="/wiki/Benzaldehyde" title="Benzaldehyde">benzaldehyde</a>, a series of straight-chain saturated <a href="/wiki/Gamma-lactone" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-lactone">γ-lactones</a> ranging from C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>14</sub>O<sub>2</sub> to C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>22</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (with C<sub>10</sub>H<sub>18</sub>O<sub>2</sub> being most abundant), and probably the monounsaturated γ-lactone C<sub>12</sub>H<sub>20</sub>O<sub>2</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-Flood1989_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flood1989-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The saturated γ-lactone series has an odor similar to that of the secretion.<sup id="cite_ref-Flood1989_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flood1989-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The odor of dominant rutting males is described as "strong" and "rank".<sup id="cite_ref-Flood1989_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flood1989-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It derives from the <a href="/wiki/Preputial_gland" title="Preputial gland">preputial gland</a> and is <a href="/wiki/Self-anointing_in_animals" title="Self-anointing in animals">distributed over the fur of the abdomen</a> via urine. Analysis of extract of washes of the <a href="/wiki/Penile_sheath" title="Penile sheath">prepuce</a> revealed the presence of <a href="/wiki/Benzoic_acid" title="Benzoic acid">benzoic acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/P-cresol" class="mw-redirect" title="P-cresol"><i>p</i>-cresol</a>, along with a series of <a href="/wiki/Alkane#Linear_alkanes" title="Alkane">straight-chain saturated hydrocarbons</a> from C<sub>22</sub>H<sub>46</sub> to C<sub>32</sub>H<sub>66</sub> (with C<sub>24</sub>H<sub>50</sub> being most abundant).<sup id="cite_ref-Flood1989_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flood1989-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Danger_to_humans">Danger to humans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muskox&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Danger to humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Muskoxen are not known to be aggressive. Fatal attacks are extremely rare, but humans who have come close and behaved aggressively have occasionally been attacked.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 July 1964, a 73-year-old man was killed in a muskox attack in Norway. The animal was later killed by local authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 December 2022, a court services officer with the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_State_Troopers" title="Alaska State Troopers">Alaska State Troopers</a> was killed by a muskox near <a href="/wiki/Nome,_Alaska" title="Nome, Alaska">Nome, Alaska</a>. The officer was trying to scare away a group of muskox near a dog kennel at his home when one of the animals attacked him.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation_status">Conservation status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muskox&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Conservation status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, this species declined because of overhunting, but populations have recovered following enforcement of hunting regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Management in the late 1900s was mostly conservative hunting quotas to foster recovery and recolonization from the historic declines.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current world population of muskoxen is estimated at between 80,000<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 125,000,<sup id="cite_ref-FWS_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FWS-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with an estimated 47,000 living on <a href="/wiki/Banks_Island" title="Banks Island">Banks Island</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Greenland, there are no major threats. However, populations are often small in size and scattered; this makes them vulnerable to local fluctuations in climate. Most populations are within national parks, where they are protected from hunting.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muskoxen occur in four of Greenland's protected areas, with indigenous populations in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Greenland_National_Park" title="Northeast Greenland National Park">Northeast Greenland National Park</a> and introduced populations in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnangarnup_Qoorua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arnangarnup Qoorua (page does not exist)">Arnangarnup Qoorua Nature Reserve</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q108071480#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q108071480"><span title=""Arnangarnup Qoorua" in other languages">d</span></a>]</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Kangerlussuaq" title="Kangerlussuaq">Kangerlussuaq</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniitsoq_Caribou_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maniitsoq Caribou Reserve (page does not exist)">Maniitsoq Caribou Reserves</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/121380808#sitelinks-wikipedia" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/121380808"><span title=""Maniitsoq Caribou Reserve" in other languages">d</span></a>]</sup>. In these areas, muskoxen receive full protection.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muskoxen are being domesticated for the production of <a href="/wiki/Qiviut" title="Qiviut">qiviut</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muskox&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">in Latin "musky sheep-ox"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">also spelled <b>musk ox</b> and <b>musk-ox</b>, plural <b>muskoxen</b> or <b>musk oxen</b> (in <a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuktitut language">Inuktitut</a>: <span lang="iu">ᐅᒥᖕᒪᒃ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Inuktitut" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Inuktitut">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Inuktitut-language romanization"><i lang="iu-Latn">umingmak</i></span>; in <a href="/wiki/Woods_Cree_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Woods Cree language">Woods Cree</a>: <span lang="cwd">ᒫᖨᒨᐢ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Woods Cree-language romanization"><i lang="cwd-Latn">mâthi-môs</i></span>, <span title="Woods Cree-language text"><span lang="cwd">ᒫᖨᒧᐢᑐᐢ</span></span>, <span title="Woods Cree-language romanization"><i lang="cwd-Latn">mâthi-mostos</i></span>)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muskox&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGunn,_A.Forchhammer,_M.2016" class="citation journal cs1">Gunn, A.; Forchhammer, M. (2016) [errata version of 2008 assessment]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/29684/86066477">"<i>Ovibos moschatus</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2008</b>: e.T29684A86066477. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T29684A9526203.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T29684A9526203.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Ovibos+moschatus&rft.volume=2008&rft.pages=e.T29684A86066477&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T29684A9526203.en&rft.au=Gunn%2C+A.&rft.au=Forchhammer%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F29684%2F86066477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuskox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NatureServe-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NatureServe_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102769/Ovibos_moschatus">"Ovibos moschatus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a> Explorer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NatureServe+Explorer&rft.atitle=Ovibos+moschatus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexplorer.natureserve.org%2FTaxon%2FELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102769%2FOvibos_moschatus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuskox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Blainville1816" class="citation journal cs1">de Blainville, M. H. (1816). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4153495">"Sur plusieurs espèces d'animaux mammifères, de l'ordre des ruminans"</a>. <i>Bulletin des Sciences Par la Société Philomathique de Paris</i>. <b>1816</b>: 76. <q>g. XI. <i>Ovibos</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+des+Sciences+Par+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Philomathique+de+Paris&rft.atitle=Sur+plusieurs+esp%C3%A8ces+d%27animaux+mammif%C3%A8res%2C+de+l%27ordre+des+ruminans&rft.volume=1816&rft.pages=76&rft.date=1816&rft.aulast=de+Blainville&rft.aufirst=M.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F4153495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuskox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKowarzik1911" class="citation journal cs1">Kowarzik, K. (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9742465">"Das Tränenbein von <i>Ovibos moschatus</i> Blainv"</a>. <i>Zoologischer Anzeiger</i>. <b>37</b>: 106–107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zoologischer+Anzeiger&rft.atitle=Das+Tr%C3%A4nenbein+von+Ovibos+moschatus+Blainv.&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=106-107&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Kowarzik&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F9742465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuskox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zimmermann1780-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zimmermann1780_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmermann1780" class="citation book cs1">Zimmermann, E.A.W. (1780). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VcsOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA86">"Der Muskusochse"</a>. <i>Enthält ein vollständiges Verzeichnis aller bekannten Quadrupeden</i>. Geographische Geschichte des Menschen, und der allgemein verbreiteten vierfüssigen Thiere. Vol. 2. Leipzig: Weygandschen Buchhandlung. pp. 86–88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Der+Muskusochse&rft.btitle=Enth%C3%A4lt+ein+vollst%C3%A4ndiges+Verzeichnis+aller+bekannten+Quadrupeden&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.series=Geographische+Geschichte+des+Menschen%2C+und+der+allgemein+verbreiteten+vierf%C3%BCssigen+Thiere&rft.pages=86-88&rft.pub=Weygandschen+Buchhandlung&rft.date=1780&rft.aulast=Zimmermann&rft.aufirst=E.A.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVcsOAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuskox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raufuss, I., & von Koenigswald, W. (1999). New remains of Pleistocene Ovibos moschatus from Germany and its geographic and stratigraphic occurrence in Europe. <i>Geologie en Mijnbouw</i>, 78(3), 383-394.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lent_1988-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lent_1988_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lent_1988_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lent_1988_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lent_1988_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lent_1988_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lent_1988_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lent_1988_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lent_1988_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lent_1988_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lent_1988_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLent,_Peter_C1988" class="citation journal cs1">Lent, Peter C (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130520210223/http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-302-01-0001.pdf">"<i>Ovibos moschatus</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mammalian Species</i>. <b>302</b> (1–9): 1–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3504280">10.2307/3504280</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3504280">3504280</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+Report+of+Research+and+Monitoring+in+National+Parks+of+the+Western+Arctic+2005%2C+Parks+Canada&rft.pub=Pc.gc.ca&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pc.gc.ca%2Fen%2Fpn-np%2Fyt%2Fivvavik%2Finfo%2Fplan%2Fplan5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuskox" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muskox&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Muskox" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Special:Search/Muskox">Muskox</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ovibos_moschatus" class="extiw" title="commons:Ovibos moschatus"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Ovibos moschatus</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lars.uaf.edu/animals">Robert G. White Large Animal Research Station</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alaska_Fairbanks" title="University of Alaska Fairbanks">University of Alaska Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwcc.wisc.edu/info/farmer/pre2001/030400k1.html">Alex Trebek and John Teal's Reintroduction of Muskox to Alaska</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191317/http://www.uwcc.wisc.edu/info/farmer/pre2001/030400k1.html">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060302143932/http://www.staff.uni-marburg.de/~meyerj/Ms%20Ovibos%20moschatus.pdf">Jork Meyer, "Sex ratio in muskox skulls (Ovibos moschatus) found at East Greenland" (Geschlechterverhältnis bei Schädeln des Moschusochsen (Ovibos moschatus) in Ostgrönland)</a> <i>Beiträge zur Jagd- und Wildtierforschung</i> 29 (2004): 187–192.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/Musk-Ox"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Musk-Ox">"Musk-Ox" </a></span>. <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work"><i>The New Student's Reference Work</i> </a></span>. 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Musk-Ox&rft.btitle=The+New+Student%27s+Reference+Work&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuskox" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Musk Ox"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Musk_Ox">"Musk Ox" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Musk+Ox&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuskox" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muskoxtrail.no/">"The Dovrefjell Musk Ox Trail"</a> – Dovrefjell Narional Park Board 2018</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/1053">The Papers of Frank H. Atkinson</a> at Dartmouth College Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/1131">The Papers of John J. Teal</a> at Dartmouth College Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/3516">Burges Smith diary concerning Nunivak Island Musk Ox Expedition</a> at Dartmouth College Library</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">Ruminantia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilocapridae" title="Antilocapridae">Antilocapridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Antilocapra" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">Antilocapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">Pronghorn (<i>A. americana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Giraffidae" title="Giraffidae">Giraffidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Okapi" title="Okapi">Okapia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okapi" title="Okapi">Okapi (<i>O. johnstoni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">Giraffa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_giraffe" title="Northern giraffe">Northern giraffe (<i>G. camelopardalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_giraffe" title="Southern giraffe">Southern giraffe (<i>G. giraffa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticulated_giraffe" title="Reticulated giraffe">Reticulated giraffe (<i>G. reticulata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masai_giraffe" title="Masai giraffe">Masai giraffe (<i>G. tippelskirchi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moschidae" title="Moschidae">Moschidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Moschus" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Musk_deer" title="Musk deer">Moschus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anhui_musk_deer" title="Anhui musk deer">Anhui musk deer (<i>M. anhuiensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_musk_deer" title="Dwarf musk deer">Dwarf musk deer (<i>M. berezovskii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_musk_deer" title="Alpine musk deer">Alpine musk deer (<i>M. chrysogaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_musk_deer" title="Kashmir musk deer">Kashmir musk deer (<i>M. cupreus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_musk_deer" title="Black musk deer">Black musk deer (<i>M. fuscus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-bellied_musk_deer" title="White-bellied musk deer">Himalayan musk deer (<i>M. leucogaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_musk_deer" title="Siberian musk deer">Siberian musk deer (<i>M. moschiferus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chevrotain" title="Chevrotain">Tragulidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Water_chevrotain" title="Water chevrotain">Hyemoschus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_chevrotain" title="Water chevrotain">Water chevrotain (<i>H. aquaticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Moschiola" title="Moschiola">Moschiola</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_spotted_chevrotain" title="Indian spotted chevrotain">Indian spotted chevrotain (<i>M. indica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-striped_chevrotain" title="Yellow-striped chevrotain">Yellow-striped chevrotain (<i>M. kathygre</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_spotted_chevrotain" title="Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain">Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (<i>M. meminna</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tragulus" title="Tragulus">Tragulus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Java_mouse-deer" title="Java mouse-deer">Java mouse-deer (<i>T. javanicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_mouse-deer" title="Lesser mouse-deer">Lesser mouse-deer (<i>T. kanchil</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_mouse-deer" title="Greater mouse-deer">Greater mouse-deer (<i>T. napu</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mouse-deer" title="Philippine mouse-deer">Philippine mouse-deer (<i>T. nigricans</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_mouse-deer" title="Vietnam mouse-deer">Vietnam mouse-deer (<i>T. versicolor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamson%27s_mouse-deer" title="Williamson's mouse-deer">Williamson's mouse-deer (<i>T. williamsoni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Cervidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large family listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large family listed below</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Cervidae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Cervidae</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cervinae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cervinae" title="Cervinae">Cervinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Muntjac" title="Muntjac">Muntiacus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_yellow_muntjac" title="Bornean yellow muntjac">Bornean yellow muntjac (<i>M. atherodes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairy-fronted_muntjac" title="Hairy-fronted muntjac">Hairy-fronted muntjac (<i>M. crinifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fea%27s_muntjac" title="Fea's muntjac">Fea's muntjac (<i>M. feae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongshan_muntjac" title="Gongshan muntjac">Gongshan muntjac (<i>M. gongshanensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_muntjac" title="Sumatran muntjac">Sumatran muntjac (<i>M. montanus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_red_muntjac" title="Southern red muntjac">Southern red muntjac (<i>M. muntjak</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu_Hoat_muntjac" title="Pu Hoat muntjac">Pu Hoat muntjac (<i>M. puhoatensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_muntjac" title="Leaf muntjac">Leaf muntjac (<i>M. putaoensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reeves%27s_muntjac" title="Reeves's muntjac">Reeves's muntjac (<i>M. reevesi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt%27s_muntjac" title="Roosevelt's muntjac">Roosevelt's muntjac (<i>M. rooseveltorum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truong_Son_muntjac" title="Truong Son muntjac">Truong Son muntjac (<i>M. truongsonensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_red_muntjac" title="Northern red muntjac">Northern red muntjac (<i>M. vaginalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_muntjac" title="Giant muntjac">Giant muntjac (<i>M. vuquangensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tufted_deer" title="Tufted deer">Elaphodus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tufted_deer" title="Tufted deer">Tufted deer (<i>E. cephalophus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Dama_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dama (genus)">Dama</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_fallow_deer" title="European fallow deer">European fallow deer (<i>D. dama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_fallow_deer" title="Persian fallow deer">Persian fallow deer (<i>D. mesopotamica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Axis_(genus)" title="Axis (genus)">Axis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">Chital (<i>A. axis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamian_deer" title="Calamian deer">Calamian deer (<i>A. calamianensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_deer" title="Bawean deer">Bawean deer (<i>A. kuhlii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_hog_deer" title="Indian hog deer">Hog deer (<i>A. porcinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rucervus" title="Rucervus">Rucervus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barasingha" title="Barasingha">Barasingha (<i>R. duvaucelii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eld%27s_deer" title="Eld's deer">Eld's deer (<i>R. eldii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Elaphurus" title="Elaphurus">Elaphurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_David%27s_deer" title="Père David's deer">Père David's deer (<i>E. davidianus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rusa_(genus)" title="Rusa (genus)">Rusa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_spotted_deer" title="Visayan spotted deer">Visayan spotted deer (<i>R. alfredi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_deer" title="Philippine deer">Philippine sambar (<i>R. mariannus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_rusa" title="Javan rusa">Rusa deer (<i>R. timorensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambar_deer" title="Sambar deer">Sambar (<i>R. unicolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Cervus" title="Cervus">Cervus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thorold%27s_deer" title="Thorold's deer">Thorold's deer (<i>C. albirostris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">Red deer (<i>C. elaphus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">Elk (<i>C. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_red_deer" title="Central Asian red deer">Central Asian red deer (<i>C. hanglu</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sika_deer" title="Sika deer">Sika deer (<i>C. nippon</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capreolinae" title="Capreolinae">Capreolinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Alces</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Moose (<i>A. alces</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Water_deer" title="Water deer">Hydropotes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_deer" title="Water deer">Water deer (<i>H. inermis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Capreolus" title="Capreolus">Capreolus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">European roe deer (<i>C. capreolus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_roe_deer" title="Siberian roe deer">Siberian roe deer (<i>C. pygargus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Rangifer</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Reindeer (<i>R. tarandus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hippocamelus" title="Hippocamelus">Hippocamelus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taruca" title="Taruca">Taruca (<i>H. antisensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Andean_deer" title="South Andean deer">South Andean deer (<i>H. bisulcus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Brocket_deer" title="Brocket deer">Mazama</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_brocket" title="Red brocket">Red brocket (<i>M. americana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_red_brocket" title="Small red brocket">Small red brocket (<i>M. bororo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merida_brocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Merida brocket">Merida brocket (<i>M. bricenii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_brocket" title="Dwarf brocket">Dwarf brocket (<i>M. chunyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_brocket" title="Gray brocket">Gray brocket (<i>M. gouazoubira</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_brocket" title="Pygmy brocket">Pygmy brocket (<i>M. nana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_brown_brocket" title="Amazonian brown brocket">Amazonian brown brocket (<i>M. nemorivaga</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_red_brocket" title="Little red brocket">Little red brocket (<i>M. rufina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_red_brocket" title="Central American red brocket">Central American red brocket (<i>M. temama</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pampas_deer" title="Pampas deer">Ozotoceros</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pampas_deer" title="Pampas deer">Pampas deer (<i>O. bezoarticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Marsh_deer" title="Marsh deer">Blastocerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_deer" title="Marsh deer">Marsh deer (<i>B. dichotomus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pudu" title="Pudu">Pudu</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_pudu" title="Northern pudu">Northern pudu (<i>P. mephistophiles</i>)</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_pudu" title="Southern pudu">Southern pudu (<i>P. pudu</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pudella" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudella">Pudella</a></i>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pudella_carlae" title="Pudella carlae">Peruvian Yungas pudu (<i>P. carlae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_pudu" title="Northern pudu">Northern pudu (<i>P. mephistophiles</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Odocoileus" title="Odocoileus">Odocoileus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">Mule deer (<i>O. hemionus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yucatan_brown_brocket" title="Yucatan brown brocket">Yucatan brown brocket (<i>O. pandora</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">White-tailed deer (<i>O. virginianus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grazing_antelope" title="Grazing antelope">Hippotraginae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hippotragus" title="Hippotragus">Hippotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roan_antelope" title="Roan antelope">Roan antelope (<i>H. equinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sable_antelope" title="Sable antelope">Sable antelope (<i>H. niger</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Oryx" title="Oryx">Oryx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_African_oryx" title="East African oryx">East African oryx (<i>O. beisa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scimitar_oryx" title="Scimitar oryx">Scimitar oryx (<i>O. dammah</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemsbok" title="Gemsbok">Gemsbok (<i>O. gazella</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_oryx" title="Arabian oryx">Arabian oryx (<i>O. leucoryx</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Addax" title="Addax">Addax</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addax" title="Addax">Addax (<i>A. nasomaculatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reduncinae" title="Reduncinae">Reduncinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Kobus_(antelope)" title="Kobus (antelope)">Kobus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waterbuck" title="Waterbuck">Waterbuck (<i>K. ellipsiprymnus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kob" title="Kob">Kob (<i>K. kob</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechwe" title="Lechwe">Lechwe (<i>K. leche</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_lechwe" title="Nile lechwe">Nile lechwe (<i>K. megaceros</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puku" title="Puku">Puku (<i>K. vardonii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Reedbuck" title="Reedbuck">Redunca</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_reedbuck" title="Southern reedbuck">Southern reedbuck (<i>R. arundinum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_reedbuck" title="Mountain reedbuck">Mountain reedbuck (<i>R. fulvorufula</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohor_reedbuck" title="Bohor reedbuck">Bohor reedbuck (<i>R. redunca</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Aepycerotinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Aepyceros" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Aepyceros</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Impala (<i>A. melampus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Peleinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pelea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Pelea</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Grey rhebok (<i>P. capreolus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcelaphinae" title="Alcelaphinae">Alcelaphinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hirola" title="Hirola">Beatragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hirola" title="Hirola">Hirola (<i>B. hunteri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Damaliscus" title="Damaliscus">Damaliscus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damaliscus_lunatus" title="Damaliscus lunatus">Common tsessebe (<i>D. lunatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bontebok" title="Bontebok">Bontebok (<i>D. pygargus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hartebeest" title="Hartebeest">Alcelaphus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hartebeest" title="Hartebeest">Hartebeest (<i>A. buselaphus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Wildebeest" title="Wildebeest">Connochaetes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_wildebeest" title="Black wildebeest">Black wildebeest (<i>C. gnou</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_wildebeest" title="Blue wildebeest">Blue wildebeest (<i>C. taurinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Pantholopinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pantholops" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Pantholops</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Tibetan antelope (<i>P. hodgsonii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caprinae" title="Caprinae">Caprinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilopinae" title="Antilopinae">Antilopinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Caprinae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Caprinae" title="Caprinae">Caprinae</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Barbary_sheep" title="Barbary sheep">Ammotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_sheep" title="Barbary sheep">Barbary sheep (<i>A. lervia</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Arabian_tahr" title="Arabian tahr">Arabitragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_tahr" title="Arabian tahr">Arabian tahr (<i>A. jayakari</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Takin" title="Takin">Budorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takin" title="Takin">Takin (<i>B. taxicolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Capra_(genus)" title="Capra (genus)">Capra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wild_goat" title="Wild goat">Wild goat (<i>C. aegagrus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Caucasian_tur" title="West Caucasian tur">West Caucasian tur (<i>C. caucasia</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Caucasian_tur" title="East Caucasian tur">East Caucasian tur (<i>C. cylindricornis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markhor" title="Markhor">Markhor (<i>C. falconeri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">Domestic goat (<i>C. hircus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_ibex" title="Alpine ibex">Alpine ibex (<i>C. ibex</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_ibex" title="Nubian ibex">Nubian ibex (<i>C. nubiana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_ibex" title="Iberian ibex">Iberian ibex (<i>C. pyrenaica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_ibex" title="Siberian ibex">Siberian ibex (<i>C. sibirica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walia_ibex" title="Walia ibex">Walia ibex (<i>C. walie</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Serow" title="Serow">Capricornis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_serow" title="Japanese serow">Japanese serow (<i>C. crispus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_serow" title="Red serow">Red serow (<i>C. rubidus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_serow" title="Mainland serow">Mainland serow (<i>C. sumatraensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_serow" title="Taiwan serow">Taiwan serow (<i>C. swinhoei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tahr" title="Tahr">Hemitragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_tahr" title="Himalayan tahr">Himalayan tahr (<i>H. jemlahicus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Goral" title="Goral">Naemorhedus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_goral" title="Red goral">Red goral (<i>N. baileyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_goral" title="Long-tailed goral">Long-tailed goral (<i>N. caudatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_goral" title="Himalayan goral">Himalayan goral (<i>N. goral</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_goral" title="Chinese goral">Chinese goral (<i>N. griseus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">Oreamnos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">Mountain goat (<i>O. americanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ovibos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muskox (<i>O. moschatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiritragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiri tahr (<i>N. hylocrius</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Ovis" title="Ovis">Ovis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argali" title="Argali">Argali (<i>O. ammon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">Domestic sheep (<i>O. aries</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">Bighorn sheep (<i>O. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dall_sheep" title="Dall sheep">Dall sheep (<i>O. dalli</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouflon" title="Mouflon">Mouflon (<i>O. gmelini</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_sheep" title="Snow sheep">Snow sheep (<i>O. nivicola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urial" title="Urial">Urial (<i>O. vignei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudois" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudois">Pseudois</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharal" title="Bharal">Bharal (<i>P. nayaur</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rupicapra" title="Rupicapra">Rupicapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrenean_chamois" title="Pyrenean chamois">Pyrenean chamois (<i>R. pyrenaica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamois" title="Chamois">Chamois (<i>R. rupicapra</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Bovinae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boselaphini" title="Boselaphini">Boselaphini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Four-horned_antelope" title="Four-horned antelope">Tetracerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four-horned_antelope" title="Four-horned antelope">Four-horned antelope (<i>T. quadricornis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nilgai" title="Nilgai">Boselaphus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nilgai" title="Nilgai">Nilgai (<i>B. tragocamelus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovini" title="Bovini">Bovini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Bubalus" title="Bubalus">Bubalus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wild_water_buffalo" title="Wild water buffalo">Wild water buffalo (<i>B. arnee</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">Domestic water buffalo (<i>B. bubalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_anoa" title="Lowland anoa">Lowland anoa (<i>B. depressicornis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaraw" title="Tamaraw">Tamaraw (<i>B. mindorensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_anoa" title="Mountain anoa">Mountain anoa (<i>B. quarlesi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">Bos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison (<i>B. bison</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_bison" title="European bison">European bison (<i>B. bonasus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_cattle" title="Bali cattle">Bali cattle (<i>B. domesticus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayal" title="Gayal">Gayal (<i>B. frontalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">Gaur (<i>B. gaurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Domestic yak (<i>B. grunniens</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebu" title="Zebu">Zebu (<i>B. indicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banteng" title="Banteng">Banteng (<i>B. javanicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_yak" title="Wild yak">Wild yak (<i>B. mutus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle (<i>B. taurus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Saola" title="Saola">Pseudoryx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saola" title="Saola">Saola (<i>P. nghetinhensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">Syncerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">African buffalo (<i>S. caffer</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tragelaphini" title="Tragelaphini">Tragelaphini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tragelaphus" title="Tragelaphus">Tragelaphus</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(including <a href="/wiki/Kudu" title="Kudu">kudus</a>)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyala" title="Nyala">Nyala (<i>T. angasii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_nyala" title="Mountain nyala">Mountain nyala (<i>T. buxtoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongo_(antelope)" title="Bongo (antelope)">Bongo (<i>T. eurycerus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_kudu" title="Lesser kudu">Lesser kudu (<i>T. imberbis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harnessed_bushbuck" title="Harnessed bushbuck">Harnessed bushbuck (<i>T. scriptus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitatunga" title="Sitatunga">Sitatunga (<i>T. spekeii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_kudu" title="Greater kudu">Greater kudu (<i>T. strepsiceros</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_bushbuck" title="Cape bushbuck">Cape bushbuck (<i>T. sylvaticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Taurotragus" title="Taurotragus">Taurotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_eland" title="Giant eland">Giant eland (<i>T. derbianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_eland" title="Common eland">Common eland (<i>T. oryx</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Antilopinae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Antilopinae" title="Antilopinae">Antilopinae</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilopini" title="Antilopini">Antilopini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Dibatag" title="Dibatag">Ammodorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dibatag" title="Dibatag">Dibatag (<i>A. clarkei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Springbok" title="Springbok">Antidorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Springbok" title="Springbok">Springbok (<i>A. marsupialis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">Antilope</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">Blackbuck (<i>A. cervicapra</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Eudorcas" title="Eudorcas">Eudorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongalla_gazelle" title="Mongalla gazelle">Mongalla gazelle (<i>E. albonotata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-fronted_gazelle" title="Red-fronted gazelle">Red-fronted gazelle (<i>E. rufifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomson%27s_gazelle" title="Thomson's gazelle">Thomson's gazelle (<i>E. thomsonii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heuglin%27s_gazelle" title="Heuglin's gazelle">Heuglin's gazelle (<i>E. tilonura</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Gazelle" title="Gazelle">Gazella</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinkara" title="Chinkara">Chinkara (<i>G. bennettii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuvier%27s_gazelle" title="Cuvier's gazelle">Cuvier's gazelle (<i>G. cuvieri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas_gazelle" title="Dorcas gazelle">Dorcas gazelle (<i>G. dorcas</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlanger%27s_gazelle" title="Erlanger's gazelle">Erlanger's gazelle (<i>G. erlangeri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_gazelle" title="Mountain gazelle">Mountain gazelle (<i>G. gazella</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhim_gazelle" title="Rhim gazelle">Rhim gazelle (<i>G. leptoceros</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speke%27s_gazelle" title="Speke's gazelle">Speke's gazelle (<i>G. spekei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goitered_gazelle" title="Goitered gazelle">Goitered gazelle (<i>G. subgutturosa</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Gerenuk" title="Gerenuk">Litocranius</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerenuk" title="Gerenuk">Gerenuk (<i>L. walleri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nanger" title="Nanger">Nanger</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dama_gazelle" title="Dama gazelle">Dama gazelle (<i>N. dama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant%27s_gazelle" title="Grant's gazelle">Grant's gazelle (<i>N. granti</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright%27s_gazelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright's gazelle">Bright's gazelle (<i>N. notatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter%27s_gazelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter's gazelle">Peter's gazelle (<i>N. petersii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soemmerring%27s_gazelle" title="Soemmerring's gazelle">Soemmerring's gazelle (<i>N. soemmerringii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Procapra" title="Procapra">Procapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_gazelle" title="Mongolian gazelle">Mongolian gazelle (<i>P. gutturosa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_(antelope)" title="Goa (antelope)">Goa (<i>P. picticaudata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przewalski%27s_gazelle" title="Przewalski's gazelle">Przewalski's gazelle (<i>P. przewalskii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saigini</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Saiga" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Saiga_antelope" title="Saiga antelope">Saiga</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saiga_antelope" title="Saiga antelope">Saiga antelope (<i>S. tatarica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neotragini" title="Neotragini">Neotragini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Beira_(antelope)" title="Beira (antelope)">Dorcatragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beira_(antelope)" title="Beira (antelope)">Beira (<i>D. megalotis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Dik-dik" title="Dik-dik">Madoqua</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther%27s_dik-dik" title="Günther's dik-dik">Günther's dik-dik (<i>M. guentheri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%27s_dik-dik" title="Kirk's dik-dik">Kirk's dik-dik (<i>M. kirkii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_dik-dik" title="Silver dik-dik">Silver dik-dik (<i>M. piacentinii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt%27s_dik-dik" title="Salt's dik-dik">Salt's dik-dik (<i>M. saltiana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Neotragus" title="Neotragus">Neotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_antelope" title="Royal antelope">Royal antelope (<i>N. pygmaeus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nesotragus" title="Nesotragus">Nesotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bates%27s_pygmy_antelope" title="Bates's pygmy antelope">Bates' pygmy antelope (<i>N. batesi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suni" title="Suni">Suni (<i>N. moschatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Klipspringer" title="Klipspringer">Oreotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klipspringer" title="Klipspringer">Klipspringer (<i>O. oreotragus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Oribi" title="Oribi">Ourebia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oribi" title="Oribi">Oribi (<i>O. ourebi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Raphicerus" title="Raphicerus">Raphicerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steenbok" title="Steenbok">Steenbok (<i>R. campestris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_grysbok" title="Cape grysbok">Cape grysbok (<i>R. melanotis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpe%27s_grysbok" title="Sharpe's grysbok">Sharpe's grysbok (<i>R. sharpei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Cephalophini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Cephalophus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aders%27s_duiker" title="Aders's duiker">Aders's duiker (<i>C. adersi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooke%27s_duiker" title="Brooke's duiker">Brooke's duiker (<i>C. brookei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peters%27s_duiker" title="Peters's duiker">Peters' duiker (<i>C. callipygus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-legged_duiker" title="White-legged duiker">White-legged duiker (<i>C. crusalbum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_duiker" title="Bay duiker">Bay duiker (<i>C. dorsalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey%27s_duiker" title="Harvey's duiker">Harvey's duiker (<i>C. harveyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jentink%27s_duiker" title="Jentink's duiker">Jentink's duiker (<i>C. jentinki</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-bellied_duiker" title="White-bellied duiker">White-bellied duiker (<i>C. leucogaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_forest_duiker" title="Red forest duiker">Red forest duiker (<i>C. natalensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_duiker" title="Black duiker">Black duiker (<i>C. niger</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-fronted_duiker" title="Black-fronted duiker">Black-fronted duiker (<i>C. nigrifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogilby%27s_duiker" title="Ogilby's duiker">Ogilby's duiker (<i>C. ogilbyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruwenzori_duiker" title="Ruwenzori duiker">Ruwenzori duiker (<i>C. rubidis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-flanked_duiker" title="Red-flanked duiker">Red-flanked duiker (<i>C. rufilatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-backed_duiker" title="Yellow-backed duiker">Yellow-backed duiker (<i>C. silvicultor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott%27s_duiker" title="Abbott's duiker">Abbott's duiker (<i>C. spadix</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weyns%27s_duiker" title="Weyns's duiker">Weyns's duiker (<i>C. weynsi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_duiker" title="Zebra duiker">Zebra duiker (<i>C. zebra</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Philantomba</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_duiker" title="Blue duiker">Blue duiker (<i>P. monticola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_duiker" title="Maxwell's duiker">Maxwell's duiker (<i>P. maxwellii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter%27s_duiker" title="Walter's duiker">Walter's duiker (<i>P. walteri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Common_duiker" title="Common duiker">Sylvicapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_duiker" title="Common duiker">Common duiker (<i>S. grimmia</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Suina" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Suina" title="Suina">Suina</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suidae" title="Suidae">Suidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Babirusa" title="Babirusa">Babyrousa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buru_babirusa" title="Buru babirusa">Buru babirusa (<i>B. babyrussa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sulawesi_babirusa" title="North Sulawesi babirusa">North Sulawesi babirusa (<i>B. celebensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togian_babirusa" title="Togian babirusa">Togian babirusa (<i>B. togeanensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_hog" title="Giant forest hog">Hylochoerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_hog" title="Giant forest hog">Giant forest hog (<i>H. meinertzhageni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Phacochoerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Phacochoerus">Phacochoerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warthog" title="Desert warthog">Desert warthog (<i>P. aethiopicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_warthog" title="Common warthog">Common warthog (<i>P. africanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hog" title="Pygmy hog">Porcula</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hog" title="Pygmy hog">Pygmy hog (<i>P. salvania</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Potamochoerus" title="Potamochoerus">Potamochoerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushpig" title="Bushpig">Bushpig (<i>P. larvatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_river_hog" title="Red river hog">Red river hog (<i>P. porcus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Sus_(genus)" title="Sus (genus)">Sus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palawan_bearded_pig" title="Palawan bearded pig">Palawan bearded pig (<i>S. ahoenobarbus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_bearded_pig" title="Bornean bearded pig">Bornean bearded pig (<i>S. barbatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_warty_pig" title="Visayan warty pig">Visayan warty pig (<i>S. cebifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebes_warty_pig" title="Celebes warty pig">Celebes warty pig (<i>S. celebensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">Domestic pig (<i>S. domesticus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores_warty_pig" title="Flores warty pig">Flores warty pig (<i>S. heureni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver%27s_warty_pig" title="Oliver's warty pig">Oliver's warty pig (<i>S. oliveri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_warty_pig" title="Philippine warty pig">Philippine warty pig (<i>S. philippensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">Wild boar (<i>S. scrofa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor_warty_pig" title="Timor warty pig">Timor warty pig (<i>S. timoriensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_warty_pig" title="Javan warty pig">Javan warty pig (<i>S. verrucosus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peccary" title="Peccary">Tayassuidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/White-lipped_peccary" title="White-lipped peccary">Tayassu</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White-lipped_peccary" title="White-lipped peccary">White-lipped peccary (<i>T. pecari</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Chacoan_peccary" title="Chacoan peccary">Catagonus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chacoan_peccary" title="Chacoan peccary">Chacoan peccary (<i>C. wagneri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Collared_peccary" title="Collared peccary">Dicotyles</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collared_peccary" title="Collared peccary">Collared peccary (<i>D. tajacu</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Tylopoda" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Tylopoda" title="Tylopoda">Tylopoda</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Camelidae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><a href="/wiki/Camelidae" title="Camelidae">Camelidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Lama_(genus)" title="Lama (genus)">Lama</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama (<i>L. glama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanaco" title="Guanaco">Guanaco (<i>L. guanicoe</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">Alpaca (<i>L. pacos</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a" title="Vicuña">Vicuña (<i>L. vicugna</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">Camelus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_camel" title="Bactrian camel">Domestic Bactrian camel (<i>C. bactrianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromedary" title="Dromedary">Dromedary/Arabian camel (<i>C. dromedarius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Bactrian_camel" title="Wild Bactrian camel">Wild Bactrian camel (<i>C. ferus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Whippomorpha" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Whippomorpha" title="Whippomorpha">Whippomorpha</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamidae" title="Hippopotamidae">Hippopotamidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus_(genus)" title="Hippopotamus (genus)">Hippopotamus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">Hippopotamus (<i>H. amphibius</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hippopotamus" title="Pygmy hippopotamus">Choeropsis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hippopotamus" title="Pygmy hippopotamus">Pygmy hippopotamus (<i>C. liberiensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">Cetacea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Cetacea" title="Template:Cetacea">Cetacea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Game_animals_and_shooting_in_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_American_Game" title="Template:North American Game"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_American_Game" title="Template talk:North American Game"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_American_Game" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North American Game"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Game_animals_and_shooting_in_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Game animals and shooting in North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Game birds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_bobwhite" title="Northern bobwhite">Bobwhite quail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukar_partridge" title="Chukar partridge">Chukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_partridge" title="Grey partridge">Hungarian partridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_prairie_chicken" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater prairie chicken">Prairie chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_dove" title="Mourning dove">Mourning dove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_pheasant" title="Common pheasant">Ring-necked pheasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_ptarmigan" title="Rock ptarmigan">Ptarmigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruffed_grouse" title="Ruffed grouse">Ruffed grouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp-tailed_grouse" title="Sharp-tailed grouse">Sharp-tailed grouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_snipe" title="Wilson's snipe">Snipe (common snipe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_grouse" title="Spruce grouse">Spruce grouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_turkey" title="Wild turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodcock" title="Woodcock">Woodcock</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BgforhuntingCrop.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Waterfowl hunters"><img alt="Waterfowl hunters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BgforhuntingCrop.JPG/65px-BgforhuntingCrop.JPG" decoding="async" width="65" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BgforhuntingCrop.JPG/98px-BgforhuntingCrop.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/BgforhuntingCrop.JPG/130px-BgforhuntingCrop.JPG 2x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="218" /></a><figcaption>Waterfowl hunters</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Waterfowl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_black_duck" title="American black duck">Black duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_goose" title="Canada goose">Canada goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvasback" title="Canvasback">Canvasback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadwall" title="Gadwall">Gadwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_scaup" title="Greater scaup">Greater scaup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_scaup" title="Lesser scaup">Lesser scaup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallard" title="Mallard">Mallard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_pintail" title="Northern pintail">Northern pintail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redhead_(bird)" title="Redhead (bird)">Redhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross%27s_goose" title="Ross's goose">Ross's goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_goose" title="Snow goose">Snow goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_duck" title="Wood duck">Wood duck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Big-game_hunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Big-game hunting">Big game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">Bighorn sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">Black bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feral_pig" title="Feral pig">Razorback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">Brown bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">Bison (buffalo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Caribou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">Cougar (mountain lion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">Elk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Moose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">White-tailed deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">Mountain goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">Mule deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">Pronghorn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Muskox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dall_sheep" title="Dall sheep">Dall sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">Polar bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">Whales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other quarry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_alligator" title="American alligator">American alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badger" title="Badger">Badger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">Bobcat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">Coyote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_squirrel" title="Fox squirrel">Fox squirrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_fox" title="Gray fox">Gray fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_gray_squirrel" title="Eastern gray squirrel">Gray squirrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_opossum" title="Virginia opossum">Opossum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">Raccoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">Red fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowshoe_hare" title="Snowshoe hare">Snowshoe hare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big-game_hunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Big-game hunting">Big-game hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bison_hunting" title="Bison hunting">Bison hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_hunting" title="Deer hunting">Deer hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">Fox hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Waterfowl hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">Whaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting" title="Wolf hunting">Wolf hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_hunting" title="Upland hunting">Upland hunting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Ovibos moschatus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184004" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q184004">Q184004</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ovibos_moschatus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Ovibos moschatus">Ovibos moschatus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Ovibos/">Ovibos</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/ovibos-moschatus/">ovibos-moschatus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id20926">20926</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=64741">64741</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4B9SQ">4B9SQ</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/328656">328656</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/OVIBMO">OVIBMO</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:305235">305235</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/e450a8fc-7557-4db4-aa48-51b667b88eb6">e450a8fc-7557-4db4-aa48-51b667b88eb6</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2441108">2441108</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/42412">42412</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11177784">11177784</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=180708">180708</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/29684">29684</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mammalogists#Mammal_Diversity_Database" title="American Society of Mammalogists">MDD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1006202">1006202</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=14200813">14200813</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102769/">2.102769</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0000377046">NHMSYS0000377046</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=37176">37176</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/85470/">85470</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=123197">123197</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=49513">49513</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierstimmenarchiv" class="extiw" title="de:Tierstimmenarchiv">TSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=12673">12673</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Bos moschatus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122524998" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q122524998">Q122524998</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4409360">4409360</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/5C7A9B0D-C6BA-470B-9A8E-FAB2F450B828">5C7A9B0D-C6BA-470B-9A8E-FAB2F450B828</a></span></span></li></ul> 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