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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metal_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metal_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Metal Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metal_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viking_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viking_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Viking Age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viking_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 High Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kalmar_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kalmar_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Kalmar Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kalmar_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Early modern period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Later modern period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissolution_of_the_union_and_the_First_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissolution_of_the_union_and_the_First_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Dissolution of the union and the First World War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissolution_of_the_union_and_the_First_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Second World War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post–World_War_II_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post–World_War_II_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Post–World War II history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post–World_War_II_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Politics and government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics_and_government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics and government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dependencies_of_Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dependencies_of_Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Dependencies of Norway </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dependencies_of_Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_populated_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_populated_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Largest populated areas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_populated_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_system_and_law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_system_and_law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Judicial system and law enforcement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_system_and_law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Resources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oil_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Oil industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Population </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Migration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Church_of_Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_of_Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Church of Norway </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_of_Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_affiliation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_affiliation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.2 Religious affiliation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_affiliation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.3 Indigenous religions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Norwegian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norwegian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.1 Norwegian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norwegian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sámi_and_Kven" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sámi_and_Kven"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.2 Sámi and Kven </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sámi_and_Kven-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6.3 Other languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Norway</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 304 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-304" aria-hidden="true" > 304 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norw%C3%A8gia" title="Norwègia – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Norwègia" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8D" title="Норуегиэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Норуегиэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Норвегие – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Норвегие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noorwe%C3%AB" title="Noorweë – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Noorweë" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegen" title="Norwegen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Norwegen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%96%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%8C%E1%8B%AD" title="ኖርዌይ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኖርዌይ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taa%C5%BE%C3%A2" title="Taažâ – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Taažâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="नॉर्वे – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="नॉर्वे" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor%C3%BEweg" title="Norþweg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Norþweg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Норвегиа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Норвегиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AC" title="النرويج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="النرويج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noruega" title="Noruega – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Noruega" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A2%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%93" title="ܢܘܪܒܝܓ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܢܘܪܒܝܓ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Նորվեկիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Նորվեկիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norveghia" title="Norveghia – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Norveghia" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norv%C3%A8ge" title="Norvège – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Norvège" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noruega" title="Noruega – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Noruega" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="नार्वे – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="नार्वे" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noru%C3%A9ga" title="Noruéga – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Noruéga" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Норвегия – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Норвегия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurweka" title="Nurweka – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Nurweka" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norve%C3%A7" title="Norveç – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Norveç" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98" title="نوروژ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نوروژ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegia" title="Norwegia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Norwegia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwij" title="Norwij – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Norwij" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87" title="নরওয়ে – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নরওয়ে" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurwigia" title="Nurwigia – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Nurwigia" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1-ui" title="Ná-ui – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ná-ui" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegia" title="Norwegia – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Norwegia" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Норвегия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Норвегия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Нарвегія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нарвегія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Нарвэгія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нарвэгія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="नार्वे – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नार्वे" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwey" title="Norwey – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Norwey" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowei" title="Nowei – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Nowei" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Норвегия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Норвегия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegn" title="Norwegn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Norwegn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9D%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8D" title="ནོར་ཝེ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ནོར་ཝེ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norve%C5%A1ka" title="Norveška – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Norveška" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvegia" title="Norvegia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Norvegia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Норвеги – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Норвеги" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noruega" title="Noruega – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Noruega" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Норвеги – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Норвеги" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noruwega" title="Noruwega – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Noruwega" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsko" title="Norsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Norsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norge" title="Norge – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Norge" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noruega" title="Noruega – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Noruega" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norge" title="Norge – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Norge" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noruweyi" title="Noruweyi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Noruweyi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Norway" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurvegia" title="Nurvegia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Nurvegia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwy" title="Norwy – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Norwy" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Norway" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norge" title="Norge – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Norge" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A4%D9%8A%D8%AC" title="النورڤيج – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="النورڤيج" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norga" title="Norga – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Norga" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegen" title="Norwegen – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Norwegen" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegen" title="Norwegen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Norwegen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%82%DE%AF%DE%88%DE%AD" title="ނޯވޭ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ނޯވޭ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingh%C4%85%CC%81%C4%85%CC%81%CA%BC_Haltsoo%C3%AD_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Kinghą́ą́ʼ Haltsooí Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Kinghą́ą́ʼ Haltsooí Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegska" title="Norwegska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Norwegska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="नर्वे – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="नर्वे" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9D%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B" title="ནོ་ཝེ་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ནོ་ཝེ་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norra" title="Norra – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Norra" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Νορβηγία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νορβηγία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurv%C3%A9gia" title="Nurvégia – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Nurvégia" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Норвегия Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Норвегия Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noruega" title="Noruega – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Noruega" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvegio" title="Norvegio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Norvegio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noruega" title="Noruega – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Noruega" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvegia" title="Norvegia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Norvegia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Norway" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98" title="نروژ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نروژ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Norway" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noreg" title="Noreg – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Noreg" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norv%C3%A8ge" title="Norvège – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Norvège" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noarwegen" title="Noarwegen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Noarwegen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwees" title="Norwees – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Norwees" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvegje" title="Norvegje – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Norvegje" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Iorua" title="An Iorua – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Iorua" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norlynn" title="Norlynn – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Norlynn" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvegiya" title="Norvegiya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Norvegiya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirribhidh" title="Nirribhidh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Nirribhidh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noruega" title="Noruega – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Noruega" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Норгехье – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Норгехье" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81" title="挪威 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="挪威" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now%C4%A9" title="Nowĩ – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Nowĩ" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A4%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98" title="نؤروژ – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="نؤروژ" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%87" title="નોર્વે – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નોર્વે" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌽𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="नॉर्वे – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="नॉर्वे" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B2-v%C3%AE" title="Nò-vî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Nò-vî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%A5%B4%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4" title="노르웨이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노르웨이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Norway" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolewai" title="Nolewai – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Nolewai" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Նորվեգիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նորվեգիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="नॉर्वे – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नॉर्वे" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegska" title="Norwegska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Norwegska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norve%C5%A1ka" title="Norveška – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Norveška" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegia" title="Norwegia – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Norwegia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvegia" title="Norvegia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Norvegia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Norway" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwega" title="Norwega – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Norwega" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%B1%E0%A7%87" title="নরৱে – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="নরৱে" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegia" title="Norwegia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Norwegia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvegia" title="Norvegia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Norvegia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvegia" title="Norvegia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Norvegia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%84%E1%95%90%E1%92%8B/nurgi" title="ᓄᕐᒋ/nurgi – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓄᕐᒋ/nurgi" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuuka" title="Nuuka – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Nuuka" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Норвеги – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Норвеги" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/INoki" title="INoki – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="INoki" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noregur" title="Noregur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Noregur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvegia" title="Norvegia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Norvegia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="נורווגיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נורווגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurw%C3%A8gen" title="Nurwègen – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nurwègen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C9%94%C9%94r%C9%A9v%C9%9B%C9%9Bz%C9%A9" title="Nɔɔrɩvɛɛzɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Nɔɔrɩvɛɛzɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%87" title="ನಾರ್ವೇ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಾರ್ವೇ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwega" title="Norwega – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Norwega" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Норвегия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Норвегия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ნორვეგია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნორვეგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%92" title="ناروے – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ناروے" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwesk%C3%B4" title="Norweskô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Norweskô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Норвегия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Норвегия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norgagh" title="Norgagh – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Norgagh" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noruveje" title="Noruveje – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Noruveje" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Norway" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwei" title="Norwei – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Norwei" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Норвегия – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Норвегия" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norge" title="Norge – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Norge" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norga" title="Norga – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Norga" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B2v%C3%A8j" title="Nòvèj – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Nòvèj" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norv%C3%A8j" title="Norvèj – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Norvèj" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norw%C3%AAc" title="Norwêc – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Norwêc" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Норвегия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Норвегия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Норвеги – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Норвеги" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvegia" title="Norvegia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Norvegia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvejia" title="Norvejia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Norvejia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Норвегия – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Норвегия" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%81%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%94" title="ປະເທດນອກແວດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດນອກແວດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvegeja" title="Norvegeja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Norvegeja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvegia" title="Norvegia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Norvegia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norv%C4%93%C4%A3ija" title="Norvēģija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Norvēģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegen" title="Norwegen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Norwegen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Норвегия – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Норвегия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvegija" title="Norvegija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Norvegija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norveggia" title="Norveggia – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Norveggia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noorwege" title="Noorwege – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Noorwege" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvej" title="Norvej – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Norvej" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noria" title="Noria – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Noria" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norviegii" title="Norviegii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Norviegii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/noreg" title="noreg – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="noreg" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noowe" title="Noowe – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Noowe" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurvegia" title="Nurvegia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Nurvegia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norv%C3%A9gia" title="Norvégia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Norvégia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegia" title="Norwegia – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Norwegia" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="नार्वे – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="नार्वे" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Норвешка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Норвешка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B4rvezy" title="Nôrvezy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nôrvezy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86" title="നോർവെ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നോർവെ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norve%C4%A1ja" title="Norveġja – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Norveġja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C5%8Dwei" title="Nōwei – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Nōwei" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="नॉर्वे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नॉर्वे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ნორვეგია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნორვეგია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AC" title="النرويج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="النرويج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98" title="نروژ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نروژ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Norway" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A6" title="ꯅꯣꯔꯋꯦ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯅꯣꯔꯋꯦ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegia" title="Norwegia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Norwegia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B2%CC%A4-%C5%ADi" title="Nò̤-ŭi – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nò̤-ŭi" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noruega" title="Noruega – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Noruega" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Норвэгия – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Норвэгия" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Норвеги – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Норвеги" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B1%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="နော်ဝေနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နော်ဝေနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowei" title="Nowei – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Nowei" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noorwegen" title="Noorwegen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Noorwegen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noorwegen" title="Noorwegen – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Noorwegen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="नर्वे – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नर्वे" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="नर्वे – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="नर्वे" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC" title="ノルウェー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノルウェー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvegia" title="Norvegia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Norvegia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Норвеги – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Норвеги" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noorweegen" title="Noorweegen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Noorweegen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwaii" title="Norwaii – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Norwaii" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norge" title="Norge – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Norge" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noreg" title="Noreg – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Noreg" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norouague" title="Norouague – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Norouague" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvegia" title="Norvegia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Norvegia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norv%C3%A8gia" title="Norvègia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Norvègia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Норвегий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Норвегий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%B1%E0%AD%87" title="ନରୱେ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ନରୱେ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noorwey" title="Noorwey – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Noorwey" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvegiya" title="Norvegiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Norvegiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87" title="ਨਾਰਵੇ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਾਰਵੇ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="नार्वे – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="नार्वे" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegen" title="Norwegen – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Norwegen" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noru%C3%A9ga" title="Noruéga – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Noruéga" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Norway" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%92" title="ناروے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ناروے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noruega" title="Noruega – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Noruega" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%90" title="ناروې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ناروې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naawie" title="Naawie – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Naawie" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3" title="Норвег – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Норвег" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9F" title="ន័រវែស – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ន័រវែស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norv%C3%A8ge" title="Norvège – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Norvège" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvegia" title="Norvegia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Norvegia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowe" title="Nowe – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Nowe" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegen" title="Norwegen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Norwegen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegia" title="Norwegia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Norwegia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Νορβηγία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Νορβηγία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noruega" title="Noruega – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Noruega" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvegiya" title="Norvegiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Norvegiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvegiya" title="Norvegiya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Norvegiya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noruvetia" title="Noruvetia – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Noruvetia" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norweje" title="Norweje – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Norweje" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvegia" title="Norvegia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Norvegia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvejiya" title="Norvejiya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Norvejiya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvegia" title="Norvegia – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Norvegia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurwikya" title="Nurwikya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Nurwikya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Норьско – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Норьско" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Норвегия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Норвегия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Норвегия – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Норвегия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Norway" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouei" title="Nouei – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Nouei" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87" title="नार्वे – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="नार्वे" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B6rv%C3%AAzi" title="Nörvêzi – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Nörvêzi" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%AE" title="ᱱᱚᱨᱣᱮ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱱᱚᱨᱣᱮ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%92" title="ناروے – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ناروے" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norv%C3%A8gia" title="Norvègia – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Norvègia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norawa" title="Norawa – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Norawa" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Norway" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegen" title="Norwegen – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Norwegen" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norge" title="Norge – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Norge" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norge" title="Norge – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Norge" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Norway" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvegjia" title="Norvegjia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Norvegjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norveggia" title="Norveggia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Norveggia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A" title="නෝර්වේ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නෝර්වේ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Norway" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A" title="ناروي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ناروي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/INoweyi" title="INoweyi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="INoweyi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B3rsko" title="Nórsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nórsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norve%C5%A1ka" title="Norveška – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Norveška" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%94%D0%B3%D1%8A" title="Норєгъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Норєгъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwygijo" title="Norwygijo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Norwygijo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Norway" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%98" title="نەرویژ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نەرویژ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvegikondre" title="Norvegikondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Norvegikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Норвешка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Норвешка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norve%C5%A1ka" title="Norveška – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Norveška" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norw%C3%A9gia" title="Norwégia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Norwégia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norja" title="Norja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Norja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norge" title="Norge – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Norge" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noruwega" title="Noruwega – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Noruwega" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87" title="நோர்வே – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நோர்வே" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu%E1%B9%9Bvij" title="Nuṛvij – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Nuṛvij" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norveggie" title="Norveggie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Norveggie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Норвегия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Норвегия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B0%E1%81%BA%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းၼေႃႇဝူၺ်း – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၼေႃႇဝူၺ်း" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Norway" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87" title="నార్వే – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నార్వే" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noruega" title="Noruega – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Noruega" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="ประเทศนอร์เวย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศนอร์เวย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%96%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%88%E1%8B%AD" title="ኖርወይ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ኖርወይ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B6" title="Нурвеж – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Нурвеж" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noau%C4%93" title="Noauē – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Noauē" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%83%E1%8F%AA" title="ᏃᏪ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏃᏪ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Norway" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norge" title="Norge – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Norge" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norve%C3%A7" title="Norveç – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Norveç" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegi%C3%BDa" title="Norwegiýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Norwegiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Norway" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Норвегия – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Норвегия" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Норвегия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Норвегия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%9A%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%81%E1%A8%99" title="ᨊᨚᨑᨁᨙ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨊᨚᨑᨁᨙ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Норвегія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Норвегія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%92" title="ناروے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ناروے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8B%DB%90%DA%AF%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="نورۋېگىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="نورۋېگىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nozveih" title="Nozveih – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Nozveih" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norveza" title="Norveza – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Norveza" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvegii" title="Norvegii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Norvegii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_Uy" title="Na Uy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Na Uy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norg%C3%A4n" title="Norgän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Norgän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norra" title="Norra – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Norra" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvedje" title="Norvedje – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Norvedje" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81" title="挪威 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="挪威" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B4orweegn" title="Nôorweegn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Nôorweegn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noruega" title="Noruega – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Noruega" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noorwees" title="Noorwees – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Noorwees" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81" title="挪威 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="挪威" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norge" title="Norge – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Norge" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2" title="נארוועגיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="נארוועגיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BB%8D%CC%81rw%C3%A8y" title="Nọ́rwèy – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Nọ́rwèy" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81" title="挪威 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="挪威" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwec" title="Norwec – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Norwec" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noorwegen" title="Noorwegen – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Noorwegen" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuorveg%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Nuorvegėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Nuorvegėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8C%AA%E5%A8%81" title="挪威 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="挪威" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BB%8Dw%C3%A8" title="Nọwè – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Nọwè" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a 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hreflang="kge" data-title="Norwegia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvec" title="Norvec – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Norvec" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%A1%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8A" title="ⵏⵓⵔⵡⵉⵊ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵏⵓⵔⵡⵉⵊ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q20#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Norway&params=61_N_8_E_type:country_region:NO">61°N 8°E / 61°N 8°E / 61; 8</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in Northern Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the European country. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Norway_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Norway (disambiguation)">Norway (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Norway</div><div class="ib-country-names">Kongeriket Norge (<a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bokmål language">Bokmål</a>) Kongeriket Noreg (<a href="/wiki/Nynorsk_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nynorsk language">Nynorsk</a>) <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent; text-align:center; line-height:normal; font-size:84%;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Other official names</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Norgga gonagasriika (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Sami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sami language">Northern Sami</a>)</li><li>Vuona gånågisrijkka (<a href="/wiki/Lule_Sami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lule Sami language">Lule Sami</a>)</li><li>Nøørjen gånkarïjhke (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Sami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Sami language">Southern Sami</a>)</li><li>Norjan kuninkhaanvaltakunta (<a href="/wiki/Kven_language" title="Kven language">Kven</a>)</li></ul></div> </div> </li></ul> </div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Norway.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Norway"><img alt="Flag of Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/125px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/188px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/250px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Norway" title="Flag of Norway">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Norway"><img alt="Coat of arms of Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg/65px-Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg/98px-Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg/130px-Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="909" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway" title="Coat of arms of Norway"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: <a href="/wiki/Ja,_vi_elsker_dette_landet" title="Ja, vi elsker dette landet">Ja, vi elsker dette landet</a> (English: "Yes, we love this country") <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="63" data-mwtitle="Norway_(National_Anthem).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Norway_%28National_Anthem%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/Norway_%28National_Anthem%29.ogg/Norway_%28National_Anthem%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANorway_%28National_Anthem%29.ogg&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANorway_%28National_Anthem%29.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANorway_%28National_Anthem%29.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANorway_%28National_Anthem%29.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANorway_%28National_Anthem%29.ogg&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANorway_%28National_Anthem%29.ogg&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANorway_%28National_Anthem%29.ogg&lang=my&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="my" label="မြန်မာဘာသာ ‪(my)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANorway_%28National_Anthem%29.ogg&lang=nb&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nb" label="norsk bokmål ‪(nb)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANorway_%28National_Anthem%29.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANorway_%28National_Anthem%29.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="ib-country-anthem"><a href="/wiki/Royal_anthem" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal anthem">Royal anthem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kongesangen" title="Kongesangen">Kongesangen</a> (English: "King's Song")<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="78" data-mwtitle="Kongesangen.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Kongesangen.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7a/Kongesangen.ogg/Kongesangen.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AKongesangen.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AKongesangen.ogg&lang=nb&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nb" label="norsk bokmål ‪(nb)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AKongesangen.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Europe-Norway_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Europe-Norway_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Europe-Norway_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Europe-Norway_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Europe-Norway_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Europe-Norway_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Europe-Norway_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a>Show globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Europe-Norway.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Europe-Norway.svg/250px-Europe-Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Europe-Norway.svg/375px-Europe-Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Europe-Norway.svg/500px-Europe-Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a>Show map of Europe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Norway_in_the_World_(%2BAntarctica_claims)_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Norway_in_the_World_%28%2BAntarctica_claims%29_cropped.svg/250px-Norway_in_the_World_%28%2BAntarctica_claims%29_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Norway_in_the_World_%28%2BAntarctica_claims%29_cropped.svg/375px-Norway_in_the_World_%28%2BAntarctica_claims%29_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Norway_in_the_World_%28%2BAntarctica_claims%29_cropped.svg/500px-Norway_in_the_World_%28%2BAntarctica_claims%29_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1062" data-file-height="1274" /></a>Show <a href="/wiki/List_of_possessions_of_Norway" title="List of possessions of Norway">overseas territories and dependencies</a></div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of the Kingdom of Norway (green)in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (green and dark grey)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Norway&params=59_56_N_10_41_E_type:city">59°56′N 10°41′E / 59.933°N 10.683°E / 59.933; 10.683</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[note 1]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi</a><a href="#cite_note-LanguageCouncilSami-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[note 2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognised national languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kven_language" title="Kven language">Kven</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Scandoromani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandoromani language">Scandoromani</a><a href="#cite_note-min-4">[2]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sign_Language" title="Norwegian Sign Language">Norwegian Sign Language</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2021)<a href="#cite_note-immigrant_population_2020_detailed-5">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-immigrant_population_2020-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-9">[7]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>81.5% <a href="/wiki/Norwegians" title="Norwegians">Norwegian</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[note 3]</a></li> <li>18.5% <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Norway" title="Immigration to Norway">non-Norwegian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2021)<a href="#cite_note-stat2021statechurch-11">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-stat2021other-12">[9]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space;">74.9% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><ul><li>68% <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Norway" title="Church of Norway">Church of Norway</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[note 4]</a></li> <li>6.9% other <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li style="white-space;">21.2% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space;">3.1% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Norway" title="Islam in Norway">Islam</a></li><li style="white-space;">0.8% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">other</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Norwegians" title="Norwegians">Norwegian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Norway" title="Politics of Norway">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_constitutional_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary constitutional monarchy">parliamentary constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Monarch</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harald_V_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Harald V of Norway">Harald V</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Norway" title="Prime Minister of Norway">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Gahr_St%C3%B8re" title="Jonas Gahr Støre">Jonas Gahr Støre</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Storting" title="List of presidents of the Storting">President of the Storting</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Masud_Gharahkhani" title="Masud Gharahkhani">Masud Gharahkhani</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Norway" title="Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Norway">Chief Justice</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Toril_Marie_%C3%98ie" title="Toril Marie Øie">Toril Marie Øie</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Storting" title="Storting">Storting</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway" title="History of Norway">History</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Norway" title="Unification of Norway">State established prior to unification</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">872</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)" title="Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)">Old Kingdom of Norway</a> (Peak extent) </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1263</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1397</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1524</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(1814)" title="Kingdom of Norway (1814)">Re-established state</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[11]</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Meeting_of_Notables" title="Meeting of Notables">25 February 1814</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Norway" title="Constitution of Norway">Constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 May 1814</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">Union between Sweden and Norway</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">4 November 1814</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_union_between_Norway_and_Sweden" title="Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden">Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7 June 1905</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Norway" title="Geography of Norway">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">385,207 km2 (148,729 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-kart_2019-17">[13]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">61stb</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">5.32 (2015)<a href="#cite_note-16">[12]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Norway" title="Demographics of Norway">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 5,550,203<a href="#cite_note-ssbf-18">[14]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">118th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">14.4/km2 (37.3/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">227th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $576.236 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.NO-19">[15]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">51st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $103,446<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.NO-19">[15]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">8th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $503.752 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.NO-19">[15]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">27th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $90,433<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.NO-19">[15]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">3rd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2020)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 25.3<a href="#cite_note-eurogini-20">[16]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>low inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.966<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-21">[17]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">2nd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_krone" title="Norwegian krone">Norwegian krone</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">NOK</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1 (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2 (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="day">dd</abbr>.<abbr title="month">mm</abbr>.<abbr title="year">yyyy</abbr></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Norway" title="Telephone numbers in Norway">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Norway" title="Telephone numbers in Norway">+47</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:NO" title="ISO 3166-2:NO">NO</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.no" title=".no">.no</a>d</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1">The country has no official motto, but the oath from the 1814 <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Norwegian Constituent Assembly">Norwegian Constituent Assembly</a> can be regarded as the closest unofficial equivalent: <a href="/wiki/Enige_og_tro_inntil_Dovre_faller" title="Enige og tro inntil Dovre faller">Enige og tro inntil Dovre faller</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a>) Einige og tru inntil Dovre fell (<a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a>) "United and loyal until <a href="/wiki/Dovrefjell" title="Dovrefjell">Dovre</a> falls"</li><li value="2">Includes the mainland, <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_and_Jan_Mayen" title="Svalbard and Jan Mayen">Svalbard and Jan Mayen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kart_2019-17">[13]</a> (Without the integral territories, it is the 67th largest country at 323,802<a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a> square kilometres)</li><li value="3">This percentage is for the mainland, Svalbard, and Jan Mayen. This percentage counts glaciers as "land". It's calculated as 19,940.14/(365,246.17+19,940.14).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li><li value="4">Two more TLDs have been assigned, but are not used: <a href="/wiki/.sj" title=".sj">.sj</a> for Svalbard and Jan Mayen; <a href="/wiki/.bv" title=".bv">.bv</a> for <a href="/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a>.</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Norway (<a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bokmål language">Bokmål</a>: Norge, <a href="/wiki/Nynorsk_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nynorsk language">Nynorsk</a>: Noreg), officially the Kingdom of Norway,<a href="#cite_note-23">[a]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic country</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>, situated on the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a> with a population of 5.5 million as of 2024.<a href="#cite_note-24">[19]</a> The remote <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> island of <a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen" title="Jan Mayen">Jan Mayen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> of <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> also form part of the Kingdom of Norway.<a href="#cite_note-Svalbard-26">[note 5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a>, located in the <a href="/wiki/Subantarctic" title="Subantarctic">Subantarctic</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Dependencies_of_Norway" title="Dependencies of Norway">dependency</a>, and not a part of the Kingdom; Norway also <a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">claims</a> the Antarctic territories of <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_Island" title="Peter I Island">Peter I Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land" title="Queen Maud Land">Queen Maud Land</a>. The capital and largest city in Norway is <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>. Norway has a total area of 385,207 square kilometres (148,729 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-kart_2019-17">[13]</a> The country shares a long eastern border with <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, and is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> to the northeast. Norway has an extensive coastline facing the <a href="/wiki/Skagerrak" title="Skagerrak">Skagerrak</a> strait, the North Atlantic Ocean, and the <a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a>. The unified kingdom of Norway was established in 872 as a merger of <a href="/wiki/Petty_kingdoms_of_Norway" title="Petty kingdoms of Norway">petty kingdoms</a> and has existed continuously for 1,151–1,152 years. From 1537 to 1814, Norway was part of <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a>, and, from 1814 to 1905, it was in a <a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">personal union</a> with Sweden. Norway was neutral during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a> until April 1940 when it was <a href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">invaded</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway" title="German occupation of Norway">occupied</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> until the end of the war. <a href="/wiki/Harald_V" title="Harald V">Harald V</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Gl%C3%BCcksburg" title="House of Glücksburg">House of Glücksburg</a> is the current <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">King of Norway</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Gahr_St%C3%B8re" title="Jonas Gahr Støre">Jonas Gahr Støre</a> has been <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Norway" title="Prime Minister of Norway">Prime Minister of Norway</a> since 2021. As a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>, Norway <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">divides state power</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Storting" title="Storting">parliament</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Norway)" title="Council of State (Norway)">cabinet</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Norway" title="Supreme Court of Norway">supreme court</a>, as determined by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Norway" title="Constitution of Norway">1814 constitution</a>. Norway has both administrative and political subdivisions on two levels: <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Norway" title="Counties of Norway">counties</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Norway" title="List of municipalities of Norway">municipalities</a>. The <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_peoples" title="Sámi peoples">Sámi people</a> have a certain amount of self-determination and influence over traditional territories through the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_Parliament_of_Norway" title="Sámi Parliament of Norway">Sámi Parliament</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Finnmark_Act" title="Finnmark Act">Finnmark Act</a>. Norway <a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Norway–European Union relations">maintains close ties</a> with the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Norway–United States relations">United States</a>. Norway is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a>; a member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>; and a part of the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a>. The Norwegian dialects share <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a> with <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>. Norway maintains the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic welfare model</a> with <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a> and a comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">social security</a> system, and its values are rooted in egalitarian ideals.<a href="#cite_note-27">[21]</a> The Norwegian state has large ownership positions in key industrial sectors, having extensive reserves of petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood, and fresh water. The <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">petroleum industry</a> accounts for around a quarter of the country's gross domestic product (GDP).<a href="#cite_note-28">[22]</a> On a <a href="/wiki/Per_capita" title="Per capita">per-capita</a> basis, Norway is the world's largest producer of oil and natural gas outside of the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-29">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[24]</a> The country has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">fourth- and eighth-highest</a> per-capita income in the world on the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a>'s list, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-31">[25]</a> It has the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_wealth_fund" title="Sovereign wealth fund">sovereign wealth fund</a>, with a value of US$1.3 trillion.<a href="#cite_note-32">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meredith_2023-33">[27]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Norway" title="Etymology of Norway">Etymology of Norway</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ohthere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ohthere.jpg/330px-Ohthere.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ohthere.jpg/495px-Ohthere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ohthere.jpg/660px-Ohthere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="161" /></a><figcaption>Opening of <a href="/wiki/Ohthere_of_H%C3%A5logaland" title="Ohthere of Hålogaland">Ohthere's</a> <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> account, translated: "Ohthere told his lord Ælfrede king that he lived northmost of all Norwegians…"</figcaption></figure> Norway has two official names: Norge in <a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a> and Noreg in <a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a>. The English name Norway comes from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> word Norþweg mentioned in 880, meaning "northern way" or "way leading to the north", which is how the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a> referred to the coastline of Atlantic Norway.<a href="#cite_note-Nomino-NRK-34">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tvil-Forskning-35">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-36">[30]</a> The Anglo-Saxons of Britain also referred to the kingdom of Norway in 880 as Norðmanna land.<a href="#cite_note-Nomino-NRK-34">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tvil-Forskning-35">[29]</a> There is some disagreement about whether the native name of Norway originally had the same etymology as the English form. According to the traditional dominant view, the first component was originally <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nor%C3%B0r" class="extiw" title="wikt:norðr">norðr</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> of English north, so the full name was Norðr <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vegr" class="extiw" title="wikt:vegr">vegr</a>, "the way northwards", referring to the sailing route along the Norwegian coast, and contrasting with suðrvegar "southern way" (from <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/su%C3%B0r" class="extiw" title="wikt:suðr">suðr</a>) for (Germany), and austrvegr "eastern way" (from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/austr" class="extiw" title="wikt:austr">austr</a>) for the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Heide_2016_p.-37">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway" title="History of Norway">History of Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Scandinavia" title="History of Scandinavia">History of Scandinavia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_prehistory" title="Scandinavian prehistory">Scandinavian prehistory</a></div> The earliest traces of human occupation in Norway are found along the coast, where the huge ice shelf of the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last ice age</a> first melted between 11,000 and 8000 BC. The oldest finds are stone tools dating from 9500 to 6000 BC, discovered in <a href="/wiki/Finnmark" title="Finnmark">Finnmark</a> (<a href="/wiki/Komsa_culture" title="Komsa culture">Komsa culture</a>) in the north and <a href="/wiki/Rogaland" title="Rogaland">Rogaland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fosna-Hensbacka_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Fosna-Hensbacka culture">Fosna culture</a>) in the southwest. Theories about the two cultures being separate were deemed obsolete in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-Randsborg2009-38">[32]</a> Between 3000 and 2500 BC, new settlers (<a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a>) arrived in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Norway" title="Eastern Norway">eastern Norway</a>. They were <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Indo-European</a> farmers who grew grain and kept livestock, and gradually replaced the hunting-fishing population of the west coast. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metal_Ages">Metal Ages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Scandinavia" title="Iron Age Scandinavia">Iron Age Scandinavia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_Age_boats.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Bronze_Age_boats.png/220px-Bronze_Age_boats.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Bronze_Age_boats.png/330px-Bronze_Age_boats.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Bronze_Age_boats.png/440px-Bronze_Age_boats.png 2x" data-file-width="3054" data-file-height="3336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Rock_carvings" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock carvings">rock carvings</a> at <a href="/wiki/Steinkjer" title="Steinkjer">Steinkjer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Norway" title="Central Norway">Central Norway</a></figcaption></figure> From about 1500 BC, <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> was gradually introduced. Burial cairns built close to the sea as far north as <a href="/wiki/Harstad" class="mw-redirect" title="Harstad">Harstad</a> and also inland in the south are characteristic of this period, with rock carving motifs that differ from those of the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>, depicting ships resembling the <a href="/wiki/Hjortspring_boat" title="Hjortspring boat">Hjortspring boat</a>, while large stone burial monuments known as <a href="/wiki/Stone_ship" title="Stone ship">stone ships</a> were also erected.<a href="#cite_note-39">[33]</a> There is little archaeological evidence dating to the early <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> (the last 500 years BC). The dead were cremated, and their graves contained few goods. During the first four centuries AD, the people of Norway were in contact with Roman-occupied <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>; about 70 Roman bronze cauldrons, often used as burial urns, have been found. Contact with countries farther south brought a knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">runes</a>; the oldest known Norwegian runic inscription dates from the third century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viking_Age">Viking Age</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Petty_kingdoms_of_Norway" title="Petty kingdoms of Norway">Petty kingdoms of Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Norway" title="Unification of Norway">Unification of Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_Kingdom_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary Kingdom of Norway">Hereditary Kingdom of Norway</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:182px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_bateau_viking_dOseberg_(4835828216).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Le_bateau_viking_dOseberg_%284835828216%29.jpg/137px-Le_bateau_viking_dOseberg_%284835828216%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Le_bateau_viking_dOseberg_%284835828216%29.jpg/206px-Le_bateau_viking_dOseberg_%284835828216%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Le_bateau_viking_dOseberg_%284835828216%29.jpg/274px-Le_bateau_viking_dOseberg_%284835828216%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Oseberg_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Oseberg ship">Oseberg ship</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Oslo)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)">Viking Ship Museum</a> in Oslo</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:182px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Viking_swords_at_Bergen_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Viking_swords_at_Bergen_Museum.jpg/127px-Viking_swords_at_Bergen_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Viking_swords_at_Bergen_Museum.jpg/191px-Viking_swords_at_Bergen_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Viking_swords_at_Bergen_Museum.jpg/254px-Viking_swords_at_Bergen_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1838" data-file-height="2646" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Viking_sword" title="Viking sword">Viking swords</a> found in Norway, preserved at the <a href="/wiki/Bergen_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergen Museum">Bergen Museum</a></div></div></div></div></div> By the time of the first historical records of Scandinavia, about the 8th century, several small political entities existed in Norway. It has been estimated that there were nine petty realms in Western Norway during the early <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[34]</a> Archaeologist Bergljot Solberg on this basis estimates that there would have been at least 20 in the whole country.<a href="#cite_note-41">[35]</a> In the Viking period, Norwegian Viking explorers discovered <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> by accident in the ninth century when heading for the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>, and eventually came across <a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a>, known today as <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>, in Canada. The Vikings from Norway were most active in the northern and western <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">North America isles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gjermundbu_helmet_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gjermundbu_helmet_-_cropped.jpg/140px-Gjermundbu_helmet_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gjermundbu_helmet_-_cropped.jpg/210px-Gjermundbu_helmet_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Gjermundbu_helmet_-_cropped.jpg/280px-Gjermundbu_helmet_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="827" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gjermundbu_helmet" title="Gjermundbu helmet">Gjermundbu helmet</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Buskerud" title="Buskerud">Buskerud</a> is the only known reconstructable <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> helmet.</figcaption></figure> According to tradition, <a href="/wiki/Harald_Fairhair" title="Harald Fairhair">Harald Fairhair</a> unified them into one in 872 after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hafrsfjord" title="Battle of Hafrsfjord">Battle of Hafrsfjord</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stavanger" title="Stavanger">Stavanger</a>, thus becoming the first king of a united Norway.<a href="#cite_note-43">[37]</a> Harald's realm was mainly a South Norwegian coastal state. Fairhair ruled with a strong hand and according to the sagas, many Norwegians left the country to live in Iceland, the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a> and Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-44">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Haakon_I_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon I of Norway">Haakon I the Good</a> was Norway's first Christian king, in the mid-10th century, though his attempt to introduce the religion was rejected. <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse traditions</a> were replaced slowly by <a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Christian ones</a> in the late 10th and early 11th centuries. This is largely attributed to the missionary kings <a href="/wiki/Olaf_I_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Olaf I of Norway">Olaf I Tryggvasson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway" title="Olaf II of Norway">Olaf II Haraldsson</a> (St. Olaf). Olaf Tryggvasson conducted raids in England, including attacking London. Arriving back in Norway in 995, Olaf landed in <a href="/wiki/Moster_(island)" title="Moster (island)">Moster</a> where he built a church which became the first <a href="/wiki/Old_Moster_Church" title="Old Moster Church">Christian church</a> in Norway. From Moster, Olaf sailed north to <a href="/wiki/Trondheim_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trondheim (city)">Trondheim</a> where he was proclaimed King of Norway by the Eyrathing in 995.<a href="#cite_note-45">[39]</a> One of the most important sources for the history of the 11th century Vikings is the treaty between the Icelanders and Olaf II Haraldsson, king of Norway circa 1015 to 1028.<a href="#cite_note-46">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a> never really developed in Norway or Sweden, as it did in the rest of Europe. However, the administration of government took on a very conservative feudal character. The <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> forced royalty to cede to them greater and greater concessions over foreign trade and the economy, because of the loans the Hansa had made to the royals and the large debt the kings were carrying. The League's monopolistic control over the economy of Norway put pressure on all classes, especially the peasantry, to the degree that no real <a href="/wiki/Burgher_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgher (title)">burgher</a> class existed in Norway.<a href="#cite_note-47">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_Middle_Ages">High Middle Ages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)" title="Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)">Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Greater_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Norway">Greater Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_war_era_in_Norway" title="Civil war era in Norway">Civil war era in Norway</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norwegian_Hereditary_Empire_excluding_Greenland.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Norwegian_Hereditary_Empire_excluding_Greenland.png/220px-Norwegian_Hereditary_Empire_excluding_Greenland.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Norwegian_Hereditary_Empire_excluding_Greenland.png/330px-Norwegian_Hereditary_Empire_excluding_Greenland.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Norwegian_Hereditary_Empire_excluding_Greenland.png/440px-Norwegian_Hereditary_Empire_excluding_Greenland.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)" title="Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)">The Norwegian Kingdom</a> at its greatest extent during the 13th century, including the <a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93Russia_border#History" title="Norway–Russia border">Open Border</a> with the Novgorod Republic</figcaption></figure> From the 1040s to 1130, the country was at peace.<a href="#cite_note-48">[42]</a> In 1130, the <a href="/wiki/Civil_war_era_in_Norway" title="Civil war era in Norway">civil war era</a> broke out on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_Norwegian_throne" class="mw-redirect" title="Line of succession to the Norwegian throne">unclear succession laws</a>, which allowed the king's sons to rule jointly. The <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Nidaros" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Nidaros">Archdiocese of Nidaros</a> was created in 1152 and attempted to control the appointment of kings.<a href="#cite_note-49">[43]</a> The church inevitably had to take sides in the conflicts. The wars ended in 1217 with the appointment of <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5kon_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Håkon IV">Håkon IV Håkonsson</a>, who introduced clear laws of succession.<a href="#cite_note-50">[44]</a> From 1000 to 1300, the population increased from 150,000 to 400,000, resulting both in more land being cleared and the subdivision of farms. While in the Viking Age farmers owned their own land, by 1300, seventy per cent of the land was owned by the king, the church, or the aristocracy, and about twenty per cent of yields went to these landowners.<a href="#cite_note-51">[45]</a> The 14th century is described as Norway's <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_(metaphor)" title="Golden age (metaphor)">golden age</a>, with peace and increase in trade, especially with the British Islands, although Germany became increasingly important towards the end of the century. Throughout the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, the king established Norway as a sovereign state with a central administration and local representatives.<a href="#cite_note-52">[46]</a> In 1349, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> spread to Norway and within a year killed a third of the population. Later plagues reduced the population to half the starting point by 1400. Many communities were entirely wiped out, resulting in an abundance of land, allowing farmers to switch to more <a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">animal husbandry</a>. The reduction in taxes weakened the king's position,<a href="#cite_note-53">[47]</a> and many aristocrats lost the basis for their surplus. High <a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">tithes</a> to church made it increasingly powerful and the archbishop became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Council_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Council of State">Council of State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-s45-54">[48]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barrio_de_Bryggen,_Bergen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Barrio_de_Bryggen%2C_Bergen.jpg/220px-Barrio_de_Bryggen%2C_Bergen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Barrio_de_Bryggen%2C_Bergen.jpg/330px-Barrio_de_Bryggen%2C_Bergen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Barrio_de_Bryggen%2C_Bergen.jpg/440px-Barrio_de_Bryggen%2C_Bergen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bryggen" title="Bryggen">Bryggen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bergen_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergen (city)">Bergen</a>, once the centre of trade in Norway under the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> trade network, now preserved as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a> took control over Norwegian trade during the 14th century and established a trading centre in <a href="/wiki/Bergen_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergen (city)">Bergen</a>. In 1380, <a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Denmark" title="Olaf II of Denmark">Olaf Haakonsson</a> inherited both the Norwegian (as Olaf IV) and Danish thrones (as Olaf II), creating a union between the two countries.<a href="#cite_note-s45-54">[48]</a> In 1397, under <a href="/wiki/Margaret_I_of_Denmark" title="Margaret I of Denmark">Margaret I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a> was created between the three Scandinavian countries. She waged war against the Germans, resulting in a trade blockade and higher taxation on Norwegian goods, which led to <a href="/wiki/Engelbrekt_rebellion" title="Engelbrekt rebellion">a rebellion</a>. However, the Norwegian Council of State was too weak to pull out of the union.<a href="#cite_note-s46-55">[49]</a> Margaret pursued a centralising policy which inevitably favoured Denmark because of its greater population.<a href="#cite_note-56">[50]</a> Margaret also granted trade privileges to the Hanseatic merchants of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a> in Bergen in return for recognition of her rule, and these hurt the Norwegian economy. The Hanseatic merchants formed a state within a state in Bergen for generations.<a href="#cite_note-57">[51]</a> The "<a href="/wiki/Victual_Brothers" title="Victual Brothers">Victual Brothers</a>" launched three devastating pirate raids on the port (the last in 1427).<a href="#cite_note-58">[52]</a> Norway slipped ever more to the background under the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">Oldenburg dynasty</a> (established 1448). There was one revolt under <a href="/wiki/Knut_Alvsson" title="Knut Alvsson">Knut Alvsson</a> in 1502.<a href="#cite_note-59">[53]</a> Norway took no part in the events which led to Swedish independence from Denmark in the 1520s.<a href="#cite_note-60">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kalmar_Union">Kalmar Union</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/First_Swedish%E2%80%93Norwegian_union" title="First Swedish–Norwegian union">First Swedish–Norwegian union</a></div> Upon the death of King <a href="/wiki/Haakon_V_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon V of Norway">Haakon V</a> in 1319, <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Eriksson" title="Magnus Eriksson">Magnus Eriksson</a>, at just three years old, inherited the throne as King Magnus VII. A simultaneous movement to make Magnus King of Sweden proved successful (he was a grandson of King <a href="/wiki/Magnus_III_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus III of Sweden">Magnus Ladulås</a> of Sweden), and both the kings of Sweden and of Denmark were elected to the throne by their respective nobles. Thus Sweden and Norway were united under King Magnus VII.<a href="#cite_note-larsen-61">[55]</a> In 1349, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> killed between 50% and 60% of Norway's population<a href="#cite_note-62">[56]</a> and led to a period of social and economic decline.<a href="#cite_note-enc-63">[57]</a> Although the death rate was comparable with the rest of Europe, economic recovery took much longer because of the small, scattered population.<a href="#cite_note-enc-63">[57]</a> Even before the plague, the population was only about 500,000.<a href="#cite_note-end-64">[58]</a> After the plague, many farms lay idle while the population slowly increased.<a href="#cite_note-enc-63">[57]</a> However, the few surviving farms' tenants found their bargaining positions with their landlords greatly strengthened.<a href="#cite_note-enc-63">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_of_Kalmar_(1500).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Union_of_Kalmar_%281500%29.svg/220px-Union_of_Kalmar_%281500%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Union_of_Kalmar_%281500%29.svg/330px-Union_of_Kalmar_%281500%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Union_of_Kalmar_%281500%29.svg/440px-Union_of_Kalmar_%281500%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500</figcaption></figure> King Magnus VII ruled Norway until 1350, when his son, Haakon, was placed on the throne as <a href="/wiki/Haakon_VI_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon VI of Norway">Haakon VI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-65">[59]</a> In 1363, Haakon married <a href="/wiki/Margaret_I_of_Denmark" title="Margaret I of Denmark">Margaret</a>, daughter of King <a href="/wiki/Valdemar_IV_of_Denmark" title="Valdemar IV of Denmark">Valdemar IV of Denmark</a>.<a href="#cite_note-enc-63">[57]</a> Upon the death of Haakon in 1379, his 10-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Denmark" title="Olaf II of Denmark">Olaf IV</a> acceded to the throne.<a href="#cite_note-enc-63">[57]</a> As Olaf had already been elected to the throne of Denmark in 1376,<a href="#cite_note-enc-63">[57]</a> Denmark and Norway entered a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-66">[60]</a> Olaf's mother and Haakon's widow, Queen Margaret, managed the foreign affairs of Denmark and Norway during Olaf's minority.<a href="#cite_note-enc-63">[57]</a> Margaret was on the verge of achieving a union of Sweden with Denmark and Norway when Olaf IV suddenly died.<a href="#cite_note-enc-63">[57]</a> Denmark made Margaret temporary ruler on the death of Olaf. On 2 February 1388, Norway followed suit and crowned Margaret.<a href="#cite_note-enc-63">[57]</a> Queen Margaret knew that her power would be more secure if she were able to find a king to rule in her place. She settled on <a href="/wiki/Eric_of_Pomerania" title="Eric of Pomerania">Eric of Pomerania</a>, grandson of her sister. Thus at an all-Scandinavian meeting held at Kalmar, Erik of Pomerania was crowned king of all three Scandinavian countries, bringing the thrones of Norway, Denmark, and Sweden under the control of Queen Margaret when the country entered into the <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a></div> After Sweden broke out of the <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a> in 1521, Norway tried to follow suit,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] but the subsequent rebellion was defeated, and Norway remained in a union with Denmark until 1814. This period was <a href="/wiki/Nicolai_Wergeland" title="Nicolai Wergeland">by some</a> referred to as the "400-Year Night", since all of the kingdom's intellectual and administrative power was centred in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eerste_fase_van_de_Zeeslag_in_de_Sont_-_First_phase_of_the_Battle_of_the_Sound_-_November_8_1658_(Jan_Abrahamsz_Beerstraten,_1660).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Eerste_fase_van_de_Zeeslag_in_de_Sont_-_First_phase_of_the_Battle_of_the_Sound_-_November_8_1658_%28Jan_Abrahamsz_Beerstraten%2C_1660%29.jpg/220px-Eerste_fase_van_de_Zeeslag_in_de_Sont_-_First_phase_of_the_Battle_of_the_Sound_-_November_8_1658_%28Jan_Abrahamsz_Beerstraten%2C_1660%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Eerste_fase_van_de_Zeeslag_in_de_Sont_-_First_phase_of_the_Battle_of_the_Sound_-_November_8_1658_%28Jan_Abrahamsz_Beerstraten%2C_1660%29.jpg/330px-Eerste_fase_van_de_Zeeslag_in_de_Sont_-_First_phase_of_the_Battle_of_the_Sound_-_November_8_1658_%28Jan_Abrahamsz_Beerstraten%2C_1660%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Eerste_fase_van_de_Zeeslag_in_de_Sont_-_First_phase_of_the_Battle_of_the_Sound_-_November_8_1658_%28Jan_Abrahamsz_Beerstraten%2C_1660%29.jpg/440px-Eerste_fase_van_de_Zeeslag_in_de_Sont_-_First_phase_of_the_Battle_of_the_Sound_-_November_8_1658_%28Jan_Abrahamsz_Beerstraten%2C_1660%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sound" title="Battle of the Sound">Battle of the Sound</a> between an allied Dano-Norwegian–<a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch</a> fleet and the Swedish navy, 8 November 1658 (29 October <a href="/wiki/Old_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Style">OS</a>)</figcaption></figure> With the <a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_Denmark%E2%80%93Norway_and_Holstein" title="Reformation in Denmark–Norway and Holstein">introduction of Protestantism</a> in 1536, the archbishopric in Trondheim was dissolved; Norway lost its independence and effectually became a colony of Denmark. The Church's incomes and possessions were instead redirected to the court in Copenhagen. Norway lost the steady stream of pilgrims to the relics of <a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway" title="Olaf II of Norway">St. Olav</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Nidaros" title="Nidaros">Nidaros</a> shrine, and with them, much of the contact with cultural and economic life in the rest of Europe. Eventually restored as a kingdom (albeit in legislative union with Denmark) in 1661, Norway saw its land area decrease in the 17th century with the loss of the provinces <a href="/wiki/Bohusl%C3%A4n" title="Bohuslän">Båhuslen</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland">Jemtland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4rjedalen" title="Härjedalen">Herjedalen</a> to Sweden, as the result of a number of disastrous wars with Sweden. In the north, its territory was increased by the acquisition of the northern provinces of <a href="/wiki/Troms" title="Troms">Troms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finnmark" title="Finnmark">Finnmark</a>, at the expense of Sweden and Russia. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_1695%E2%80%931697" title="Great Famine of 1695–1697">famine of 1695–1696</a> killed roughly 10% of Norway's population.<a href="#cite_note-67">[61]</a> The harvest failed in Scandinavia at least nine times between 1740 and 1800, with great loss of life.<a href="#cite_note-68">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_modern_period">Later modern period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdoms_of_Sweden_and_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway">United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Norway_in_1814" class="mw-redirect" title="Norway in 1814">Norwegian protectorate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Norwegian romantic nationalism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eidsvoll_riksraad_1814.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Eidsvoll_riksraad_1814.jpeg/220px-Eidsvoll_riksraad_1814.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Eidsvoll_riksraad_1814.jpeg/330px-Eidsvoll_riksraad_1814.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Eidsvoll_riksraad_1814.jpeg/440px-Eidsvoll_riksraad_1814.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3330" data-file-height="2234" /></a><figcaption>The 1814 constitutional assembly, painted by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wergeland" title="Oscar Wergeland">Oscar Wergeland</a></figcaption></figure> After Denmark–Norway was attacked by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> at the 1807 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1807)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1807)">Battle of Copenhagen</a>, it entered into an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, with the war leading to dire conditions and mass <a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">starvation</a> in 1812. As the Danish kingdom was on the losing side in 1814, it was forced by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Treaty of Kiel</a> to cede Norway to Sweden, while the old Norwegian provinces of Iceland, Greenland, and the Faroe Islands remained with the Danish crown.<a href="#cite_note-69">[63]</a> Norway took this opportunity to declare independence, adopted a constitution based on <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_France" title="Constitution of France">French</a> models, and elected the Crown Prince of Denmark and Norway, <a href="/wiki/Christian_VIII_of_Denmark" title="Christian VIII of Denmark">Christian Frederick</a>, as king on 17 May 1814 – celebrated as the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Constitution_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Constitution Day">Syttende mai</a> (Seventeenth of May) holiday. Norwegian opposition to the decision to link Norway with Sweden caused the <a href="/wiki/Swedish%E2%80%93Norwegian_War_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish–Norwegian War (1814)">Norwegian–Swedish War</a> to break out as Sweden tried to subdue Norway by military means. As Sweden's military was not strong enough to defeat the Norwegian forces outright, and Norway's treasury was not large enough to support a protracted war, and as British and Russian navies blockaded the Norwegian coast,<a href="#cite_note-70">[64]</a> the belligerents were forced to negotiate the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Moss" title="Convention of Moss">Convention of Moss</a>. Christian Frederik abdicated the Norwegian throne and authorised the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Norway">Parliament of Norway</a> to make the necessary constitutional amendments to allow for the <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> that Norway was forced to accept. On 4 November 1814, the Parliament (Storting) elected <a href="/wiki/Charles_XIII_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles XIII of Sweden">Charles XIII of Sweden</a> as king of Norway, thereby establishing the <a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">union with Sweden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[65]</a> Under this arrangement, Norway kept its liberal constitution and its own independent institutions, though it shared a monarch and foreign policy with Sweden. Following the recession caused by the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, economic development of Norway remained slow until 1830.<a href="#cite_note-72">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:17th_of_May_celebrations_(4598341140).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/17th_of_May_celebrations_%284598341140%29.jpg/220px-17th_of_May_celebrations_%284598341140%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/17th_of_May_celebrations_%284598341140%29.jpg/330px-17th_of_May_celebrations_%284598341140%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/17th_of_May_celebrations_%284598341140%29.jpg/440px-17th_of_May_celebrations_%284598341140%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5136" data-file-height="3906" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Day_(Norway)" title="Constitution Day (Norway)">17th of May celebration</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stongfjorden" title="Stongfjorden">Stongfjorden</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1910</figcaption></figure> This period also saw the rise of <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Norwegian romantic nationalism</a>, as Norwegians sought to define and express a distinct national character. The movement covered all branches of culture, including literature (<a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Henrik Wergeland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson" title="Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson">Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Christen_Asbj%C3%B8rnsen" title="Peter Christen Asbjørnsen">Peter Christen Asbjørnsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Moe" title="Jørgen Moe">Jørgen Moe</a>), painting (<a href="/wiki/Hans_Gude" title="Hans Gude">Hans Gude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Tidemand" title="Adolph Tidemand">Adolph Tidemand</a>), music (<a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Edvard Grieg</a>), and even language policy, where attempts to define a native written language for Norway led to today's two official written forms for Norwegian: <a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles XIV John of Sweden">King Charles III John</a> came to the throne of Norway and Sweden in 1818 and reigned to 1844. He protected the constitution and liberties of Norway and Sweden during the age of <a href="/wiki/Klemens_Wenzel,_Prince_von_Metternich" class="mw-redirect" title="Klemens Wenzel, Prince von Metternich">Metternich</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> is <a href="/wiki/Talk:Norway#Added_WP:NPOV_tag" title="Talk:Norway">disputed</a>] As such, he was regarded as a liberal monarch. However, he was ruthless in his use of paid informers, secret police and restrictions on the freedom of the press to put down public movements for reform—especially the Norwegian national independence movement.<a href="#cite_note-73">[67]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic Era</a> that followed the reign of Charles III John brought some significant social and political reforms. In 1854, women won the right to inherit property. In 1863, the last trace of keeping unmarried women in the status of minors was removed. Furthermore, women were eligible for different occupations, particularly the common school teacher.<a href="#cite_note-74">[68]</a> By mid-century, Norway's democracy was limited; voting was limited to officials, property owners, leaseholders and burghers of incorporated towns.<a href="#cite_note-75">[69]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saami_Family_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Saami_Family_1900.jpg/220px-Saami_Family_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Saami_Family_1900.jpg/330px-Saami_Family_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Saami_Family_1900.jpg/440px-Saami_Family_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3320" data-file-height="2440" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sámi people">Sámi</a> family in Norway, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1900</figcaption></figure> Norway remained a conservative society. Life in Norway (especially economic life) was "dominated by the aristocracy of professional men who filled most of the important posts in the central government".<a href="#cite_note-76">[70]</a> There was no strong bourgeois class to demand a breakdown of this aristocratic control.<a href="#cite_note-Marx_Engels-77">[71]</a> Thus, even while revolution swept over most of the countries of Europe in 1848, Norway was largely unaffected.<a href="#cite_note-Marx_Engels-77">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Thrane" title="Marcus Thrane">Marcus Thrane</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialist</a> who in 1848 organised a labour society in <a href="/wiki/Drammen_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drammen (town)">Drammen</a>. In just a few months, this society had a membership of 500 and was publishing its own newspaper. Within two years, 300 societies had been organised all over Norway, with a total membership of 20,000 drawn from the lower classes of both urban and rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-78">[72]</a> In the end, the revolt was easily crushed; Thrane was captured and jailed.<a href="#cite_note-79">[73]</a> In 1898, all men were granted <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>, followed by all <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women</a> in 1913. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dissolution_of_the_union_and_the_First_World_War">Dissolution of the union and the First World War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_union_dissolution_referendum,_1905" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian union dissolution referendum, 1905">Union dissolution referendum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_union_between_Norway_and_Sweden" title="Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden">Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Michelsen" title="Christian Michelsen">Christian Michelsen</a>, Prime Minister of Norway from 1905 to 1907, played a central role in the peaceful separation of Norway from Sweden on 7 June 1905. A national referendum confirmed the people's preference for a monarchy over a republic. However, no Norwegian could legitimately claim the throne, since none of Norway's noble families could claim <a href="/wiki/Royal_descent" title="Royal descent">royal descent</a>. The government then offered the throne of Norway to Prince Carl of Denmark, a prince of the Dano-German royal <a href="/wiki/House_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gl%C3%BCcksburg" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg">house of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg</a> and a distant relative of Norway's medieval kings. Following the plebiscite, he was unanimously elected king by the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Norway">Parliament</a>; he took the name <a href="/wiki/Haakon_VII_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon VII of Norway">Haakon VII</a>. Throughout the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, Norway remained neutral; however, diplomatic pressure from the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> meant that it heavily favoured the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a>. During the war, Norway exported fish to both Germany and Britain, until an <a href="/wiki/Ultimatum" title="Ultimatum">ultimatum</a> from the British government and <a href="/wiki/Anti-German_sentiment" title="Anti-German sentiment">anti-German sentiments</a> as a result of <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">German submarines</a> <a href="/wiki/Unrestricted_submarine_warfare" title="Unrestricted submarine warfare">targeting</a> Norwegian merchantmen led to a termination of trade with Germany. 436 Norwegian merchantmen were sunk by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy" title="Imperial German Navy">Kaiserliche Marine</a>, with 1,150 Norwegian sailors killed.<a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement">disputed</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Norway" title="Talk:Norway">discuss</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway" title="German occupation of Norway">German occupation of Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Norwegen" title="Reichskommissariat Norwegen">Reichskommissariat Norwegen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quisling_regime" title="Quisling regime">Quisling regime</a></div> Norway once more proclaimed its neutrality during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, but was <a href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">invaded by German forces</a> on 9 April 1940. Although Norway was unprepared for the German surprise attack (see: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dr%C3%B8bak_Sound" title="Battle of Drøbak Sound">Battle of Drøbak Sound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Campaign">Norwegian Campaign</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">Invasion of Norway</a>), military and naval resistance lasted for two months. Norwegian armed forces in the north launched an offensive against the German forces in the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Narvik" title="Battles of Narvik">Battles of Narvik</a>, but were forced to surrender on 10 June after losing British support which had been diverted to France during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">German invasion of France</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bombingen_av_Kristiansund,_1940,_Riksarkivet,_Arkivreferanse_PA_1667U2_050.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bombingen_av_Kristiansund%2C_1940%2C_Riksarkivet%2C_Arkivreferanse_PA_1667U2_050.jpg/220px-Bombingen_av_Kristiansund%2C_1940%2C_Riksarkivet%2C_Arkivreferanse_PA_1667U2_050.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bombingen_av_Kristiansund%2C_1940%2C_Riksarkivet%2C_Arkivreferanse_PA_1667U2_050.jpg/330px-Bombingen_av_Kristiansund%2C_1940%2C_Riksarkivet%2C_Arkivreferanse_PA_1667U2_050.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bombingen_av_Kristiansund%2C_1940%2C_Riksarkivet%2C_Arkivreferanse_PA_1667U2_050.jpg/440px-Bombingen_av_Kristiansund%2C_1940%2C_Riksarkivet%2C_Arkivreferanse_PA_1667U2_050.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4090" data-file-height="2704" /></a><figcaption>Bombing of <a href="/wiki/Kristiansund" title="Kristiansund">Kristiansund</a>. The German invasion resulted in 24 towns being bombed in the spring of 1940.</figcaption></figure> King Haakon and the Norwegian government escaped to <a href="/wiki/Rotherhithe" title="Rotherhithe">Rotherhithe</a> in London. Throughout the war they sent radio speeches and supported clandestine military actions against the Germans. On the day of the invasion, the leader of the small National-Socialist party <a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling" title="Vidkun Quisling">Vidkun Quisling</a>, tried to seize power, but was forced by the German occupiers to step aside. Real power was wielded by the leader of the German occupation authority, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Terboven" title="Josef Terboven">Josef Terboven</a>. Quisling, as minister president, later formed a <a href="/wiki/Quisling_regime" title="Quisling regime">collaborationist government under German control</a>. Up to 15,000 Norwegians volunteered to fight in German units, including the <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[75]</a> Many Norwegians and persons of Norwegian descent joined the Allied forces as well as the <a href="/wiki/Free_Norwegian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Norwegian Forces">Free Norwegian Forces</a>. In June 1940, a small group had left Norway following their king to Britain. This group included 13 ships, five aircraft, and 500 men from the Royal Norwegian Navy. By the end of the war, the force had grown to 58 ships and 7,500 men in service in the Royal Norwegian Navy, 5 squadrons of aircraft in the newly formed Norwegian Air Force, and land forces including the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Independent_Company_1" title="Norwegian Independent Company 1">Norwegian Independent Company 1</a> and 5 Troop as well as No. 10 <a href="/wiki/British_Commandos" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commandos">Commandos</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway" title="German occupation of Norway">German occupation</a>, Norwegians built a <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">resistance movement</a> which incorporated civil disobedience and armed resistance including the destruction of <a href="/wiki/Norsk_Hydro" title="Norsk Hydro">Norsk Hydro</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">heavy water</a> plant and stockpile of heavy water at <a href="/wiki/Vemork" title="Vemork">Vemork</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_heavy_water_sabotage" title="Norwegian heavy water sabotage">crippled the German nuclear programme</a>. More important to the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> war effort, however, was the role of the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Merchant_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant Navy">Merchant Marine</a>, the fourth-largest merchant marine fleet in the world. It was led by the Norwegian shipping company <a href="/wiki/Nortraship" title="Nortraship">Nortraship</a> under the Allies throughout the war and took part in every war operation from the <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">evacuation of Dunkirk</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a>. Every December Norway gives a <a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Christmas tree</a> to the United Kingdom as thanks for the British assistance during the war.<a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> was not occupied by German troops, but Germany secretly <a href="/wiki/Operation_Haudegen" title="Operation Haudegen">established a meteorological station</a> there in 1944.<a href="#cite_note-83">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post–World_War_II_history">Post–World War II history</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StatfjordA(Jarvin1982).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/StatfjordA%28Jarvin1982%29.jpg/220px-StatfjordA%28Jarvin1982%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/StatfjordA%28Jarvin1982%29.jpg/330px-StatfjordA%28Jarvin1982%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/StatfjordA%28Jarvin1982%29.jpg/440px-StatfjordA%28Jarvin1982%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Since the 1970s oil production has helped to expand the Norwegian economy and finance the Norwegian state (<a href="/wiki/Statfjord_oil_field" title="Statfjord oil field">Statfjord oil field</a>).</figcaption></figure> From 1945 to 1962, the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour Party</a> held an absolute majority in the parliament. The government, led by prime minister <a href="/wiki/Einar_Gerhardsen" title="Einar Gerhardsen">Einar Gerhardsen</a>, embarked on a programme inspired by <a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian economics</a>, emphasising state financed <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialisation</a> and co-operation between trade unions and <a href="/wiki/Employers%27_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Employers' organisation">employers' organisations</a>. Many measures of state control of the economy imposed during the war were continued, although the <a href="/wiki/Rationing" title="Rationing">rationing</a> of dairy products was lifted in 1949, while price controls and rationing of housing and cars continued until 1960. The wartime alliance with the United Kingdom and the United States continued in the post-war years. Although pursuing the goal of a socialist economy, the Labour Party distanced itself from the Communists, especially after the Communists' seizure of power in <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> in 1948, and strengthened its foreign policy and defence policy ties with the US. Norway received <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> aid from the United States starting in 1947, joined the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD) one year later, and became a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO) in 1949. Oil was discovered at the small Balder field in 1967, but production only began in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-84">[78]</a> In 1969, the <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Petroleum_Company" title="Phillips Petroleum Company">Phillips Petroleum Company</a> discovered petroleum resources at the <a href="/wiki/Ekofisk_oil_field" title="Ekofisk oil field">Ekofisk</a> field west of Norway. In 1973, the Norwegian government founded the State oil company, Statoil (now <a href="/wiki/Equinor" title="Equinor">Equinor</a>). Oil production did not provide net income until the early 1980s because of the large capital investment required. Around 1975, both the proportion and absolute number of workers in industry peaked. Since then labour-intensive industries and services like factory mass production and shipping have largely been outsourced. Norway was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association</a> (EFTA). Norway was twice invited to join the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, but ultimately declined after referendums that failed by narrow margins in <a href="/wiki/1972_Norwegian_European_Communities_membership_referendum" title="1972 Norwegian European Communities membership referendum">1972</a> and <a href="/wiki/1994_Norwegian_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="1994 Norwegian European Union membership referendum">1994</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[79]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2011_Norway_attacks_flower_march_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/2011_Norway_attacks_flower_march_2.jpg/220px-2011_Norway_attacks_flower_march_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/2011_Norway_attacks_flower_march_2.jpg/330px-2011_Norway_attacks_flower_march_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/2011_Norway_attacks_flower_march_2.jpg/440px-2011_Norway_attacks_flower_march_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Town Hall Square in Oslo filled with people with roses mourning the victims of the <a href="/wiki/2011_Norway_attacks#Utøya_mass_shooting" title="2011 Norway attacks">Utøya massacre</a> of 22 July 2011.</figcaption></figure> In 1981, a <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">Conservative Party</a> government led by <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A5re_Willoch" title="Kåre Willoch">Kåre Willoch</a> replaced the Labour Party with a policy of stimulating the <a href="/wiki/Stagflation" title="Stagflation">stagflated economy</a> with tax cuts, economic liberalisation, deregulation of markets, and measures to curb record-high inflation (13.6% in 1981). Norway's first female prime minister <a href="/wiki/Gro_Harlem_Brundtland" title="Gro Harlem Brundtland">Gro Harlem Brundtland</a> of the Labour Party continued many of the reforms, while backing traditional Labour concerns such as <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social security</a>, high taxes, the industrialisation of nature, and feminism. By the late 1990s, Norway had paid off its foreign debt and had started accumulating a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_wealth_fund" title="Sovereign wealth fund">sovereign wealth fund</a>. Since the 1990s, a divisive question in politics has been how much of the income from petroleum production the government should spend, and how much it should save. In 2011, Norway suffered <a href="/wiki/2011_Norway_attacks" title="2011 Norway attacks">two terrorist attacks</a> by <a href="/wiki/Anders_Behring_Breivik" title="Anders Behring Breivik">Anders Behring Breivik</a> which struck the <a href="/wiki/Regjeringskvartalet" title="Regjeringskvartalet">government quarter</a> in Oslo and a summer camp of the Labour party's <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Youth_League_(Norway)" title="Workers' Youth League (Norway)">youth movement</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ut%C3%B8ya" title="Utøya">Utøya</a> island, resulting in 77 deaths and 319 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-86">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jens_Stoltenberg" title="Jens Stoltenberg">Jens Stoltenberg</a> led Norway as prime minister for eight years from 2005 to 2013.<a href="#cite_note-87">[81]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2013_Norwegian_parliamentary_election" title="2013 Norwegian parliamentary election">2013 Norwegian parliamentary election</a> brought a more conservative government to power, with the Conservative Party and the <a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Norway)" title="Progress Party (Norway)">Progress Party</a> winning 43% of the electorate's votes.<a href="#cite_note-88">[82]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2017_Norwegian_parliamentary_election" title="2017 Norwegian parliamentary election">Norwegian parliamentary election 2017</a> the centre-right government of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Erna_Solberg" title="Erna Solberg">Erna Solberg</a> won re-election.<a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-89">[83]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2021_Norwegian_parliamentary_election" title="2021 Norwegian parliamentary election">2021 Norwegian parliamentary election</a> saw a big win for the left-wing opposition in an election fought on climate change, inequality, and oil;<a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a> Labour leader <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Gahr_St%C3%B8re" title="Jonas Gahr Støre">Jonas Gahr Støre</a> was sworn in as prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-91">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Norway" title="Geography of Norway">Geography of Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Norway" title="Geology of Norway">Geology of Norway</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satellite_image_of_Norway_in_February_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Satellite_image_of_Norway_in_February_2003.jpg/220px-Satellite_image_of_Norway_in_February_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Satellite_image_of_Norway_in_February_2003.jpg/330px-Satellite_image_of_Norway_in_February_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Satellite_image_of_Norway_in_February_2003.jpg/440px-Satellite_image_of_Norway_in_February_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4960" data-file-height="5820" /></a><figcaption>A satellite image of continental Norway and nearby countries in winter</figcaption></figure> Norway's core territory comprises the western and northernmost portion of the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a>; the remote island of <a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen" title="Jan Mayen">Jan Mayen</a> and the archipelago of <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> are also included.<a href="#cite_note-Svalbard-26">[note 5]</a> The Antarctic <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_Island" title="Peter I Island">Peter I Island</a> and the sub-Antarctic <a href="/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a> are <a href="/wiki/Dependencies_of_Norway" title="Dependencies of Norway">dependent territories</a> and thus not considered part of the Kingdom. Norway also claims a section of <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land" title="Queen Maud Land">Queen Maud Land</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Norge-92">[86]</a> Norwegian possessions in the North Atlantic, <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, remained Danish when Norway was passed to Sweden at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Treaty of Kiel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[87]</a> Norway also comprised <a href="/wiki/Bohusl%C3%A4n" title="Bohuslän">Bohuslän</a> until 1658, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland">Jämtland</a> and <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4rjedalen" title="Härjedalen">Härjedalen</a> until 1645,<a href="#cite_note-Norge-92">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> until 1468,<a href="#cite_note-94">[88]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Perth" title="Treaty of Perth">Treaty of Perth</a> in 1266.<a href="#cite_note-95">[89]</a> Norway comprises the western and northernmost part of <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> in Northern Europe,<a href="#cite_note-SNL-96">[90]</a> between latitudes <a href="/wiki/57th_parallel_north" title="57th parallel north">57°</a> and <a href="/wiki/81st_parallel_north" title="81st parallel north">81° N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/4th_meridian_east" title="4th meridian east">4°</a> and <a href="/wiki/32nd_meridian_east" title="32nd meridian east">32° E</a>. Norway is the northernmost of the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a> and if Svalbard is included also the easternmost.<a href="#cite_note-97">[91]</a> Norway includes the northernmost point on the European mainland.<a href="#cite_note-98">[92]</a> The rugged coastline is broken by huge <a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">fjords</a> and thousands of islands. The coastal <a href="/wiki/Baseline_(sea)" title="Baseline (sea)">baseline</a> is 2,532 kilometres (1,573 mi). The coastline of the mainland including fjords stretches 28,953 kilometres (17,991 mi), when islands are included the coastline has been estimated to 100,915 kilometres (62,706 mi).<a href="#cite_note-99">[93]</a> Norway shares a 1,619-kilometre (1,006 mi) land border with Sweden, 727 kilometres (452 mi) with Finland, and 196 kilometres (122 mi) with Russia to the east. To the north, west and south, Norway is bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Skagerrak" title="Skagerrak">Skagerrak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-factbook-100">[94]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Mountains" title="Scandinavian Mountains">Scandinavian Mountains</a> form much of the border with Sweden. At 385,207 square kilometres (148,729 sq mi) (including <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen" title="Jan Mayen">Jan Mayen</a>; 323,808 square kilometres (125,023 sq mi) without),<a href="#cite_note-kart_2019-17">[13]</a> much of the country is dominated by mountainous or high terrain, with a great variety of natural features caused by prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> and varied <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a>. The most noticeable of these are the fjords. <a href="/wiki/Sognefjorden" class="mw-redirect" title="Sognefjorden">Sognefjorden</a> is the world's second deepest fjord, and the world's longest at 204 kilometres (127 mi). The lake <a href="/wiki/Hornindalsvatnet" title="Hornindalsvatnet">Hornindalsvatnet</a> is the deepest lake in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-101">[95]</a> Norway has about 400,000 lakes<a href="#cite_note-102">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[97]</a> and 239,057 registered islands.<a href="#cite_note-SNL-96">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">Permafrost</a> can be found all year in the higher mountain areas and in the interior of Finnmark county. <a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Norway" title="List of glaciers in Norway">Numerous glaciers</a> are found in Norway. The land is mostly made of hard <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneiss</a> rock, but <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">slate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> are also common, and the lowest elevations contain marine deposits. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_NOR_1991%E2%80%932020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_NOR_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_NOR_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_NOR_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_NOR_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_NOR_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/440px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_NOR_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> types of Norway 1991–2020 (0C/32F isotherm for coldest month dividing C and D climates).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Precipitation_normal_Norway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Precipitation_normal_Norway.jpg/220px-Precipitation_normal_Norway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="440" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Precipitation_normal_Norway.jpg/330px-Precipitation_normal_Norway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Precipitation_normal_Norway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Map of Norway showing the normal precipitation (annual average). Period 1961–1990.</figcaption></figure> Because of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a> and prevailing westerlies, Norway experiences higher temperatures and more precipitation than expected at such northern latitudes, especially along the coast. The mainland experiences four distinct seasons, with colder winters and less precipitation inland. The northernmost part has a mostly maritime <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">Subarctic climate</a>, while Svalbard has an <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a> <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a> climate. The southern and western parts of Norway, fully exposed to Atlantic storm fronts, experience more precipitation and have milder winters than the eastern and far northern parts. Areas to the east of the coastal mountains are in a <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a>, and have lower rain and snow totals than the west. The lowlands around Oslo have the warmest summers, but also cold weather and snow in wintertime. The sunniest weather is along the south coast, but sometimes even the coast far north can be very sunny – the sunniest month with 430 sun hours was recorded in Tromsø.<a href="#cite_note-Norwegian-Meteorological-Institute-104">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Book-Climate-105">[99]</a> Because of Norway's high <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>, there are large seasonal variations in daylight. From late May to late July, the sun never completely descends beneath the horizon in areas north of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a>, and the rest of the country experiences up to 20 hours of daylight per day. Conversely, from late November to late January, the sun never rises above the horizon in the north, and daylight hours are very short in the rest of the country. Temperature anomalies found in coastal locations are exceptional, with southern Lofoten and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B8_Municipality_(Nordland)" title="Bø Municipality (Nordland)">Bø Municipality</a> having all monthly means above freezing in spite of being north of the Arctic Circle. The very northernmost coast of Norway would be ice-covered in winter if not for the Gulf Stream.<a href="#cite_note-106">[100]</a> The east of the country has a more continental climate, and the mountain ranges have subarctic and tundra climates. There is also higher rainfall in areas exposed to the Atlantic, especially the western slopes of the mountain ranges and areas close, such as Bergen. The valleys east of the mountain ranges are the driest; some of the valleys are sheltered by mountains in most directions. <a href="/wiki/Saltdal_Municipality" title="Saltdal Municipality">Saltdal Municipality</a> in Nordland is the driest place with 211 millimetres (8.3 inches) precipitation annually (1991–2020). In southern Norway, <a href="/wiki/Skj%C3%A5k_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Skjåk Municipality">Skjåk Municipality</a> in Innlandet county gets 295 millimetres (11.6 inches) precipitation. <a href="/wiki/Finnmarksvidda" title="Finnmarksvidda">Finnmarksvidda</a> and some interior valleys of <a href="/wiki/Troms" title="Troms">Troms</a> county receive around 400 millimetres (16 inches) annually, and the high Arctic <a href="/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen">Longyearbyen</a> 217 millimetres (8.5 inches).<a href="#cite_note-107">[101]</a> Parts of southeastern Norway including parts of <a href="/wiki/Mj%C3%B8sa" title="Mjøsa">Mjøsa</a> have a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> Dfb), the southern and western coasts and also the coast north to Bodø have an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (Cfb), and the outer coast further north almost to North Cape has a subpolar oceanic climate (Cfc). Further inland in the south and at higher altitudes, and also in much of Northern Norway, the <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">subarctic climate</a> (Dfc) dominates. A small strip of land along the coast east of North Cape (including Vardø) earlier had <a href="/wiki/Polar_climate" title="Polar climate">tundra/alpine/polar climate</a> (ET), but this is mostly gone with the updated 1991–2020 climate normals, making this also subarctic. Large parts of Norway are covered by mountains and high altitude plateaus, and about one third of the land is above the treeline and thus exhibit <a href="/wiki/Tundra_climate" title="Tundra climate">tundra/alpine/polar climate</a> (ET).<a href="#cite_note-Norwegian-Meteorological-Institute-104">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-Book-Climate-105">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Norway" title="Wildlife of Norway">Wildlife of Norway</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elk-telemark_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Elk-telemark_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Elk-telemark_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Elk-telemark_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Elk-telemark_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Elk-telemark_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Elk-telemark_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1384" data-file-height="1018" /></a><figcaption>A Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a>, called elg in Norwegian.</figcaption></figure> Norway has a larger number of different <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a> than almost any other European country. There are approximately 60,000 species in Norway and adjacent waters (excluding bacteria and viruses). The Norwegian Shelf large marine ecosystem is considered highly productive.<a href="#cite_note-111">[105]</a> The total number of species include 16,000 species of insects (probably 4,000 more species yet to be described), 20,000 species of <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, 1,800 species of <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichen</a>, 1,050 species of <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a>, 2,800 species of <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a>, up to 7,000 species of <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a>, 450 species of birds (250 species nesting in Norway), 90 species of mammals, 45 fresh-water species of fish, 150 salt-water species of fish, 1,000 species of fresh-water <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a>, and 3,500 species of salt-water invertebrates.<a href="#cite_note-112">[106]</a> About 40,000 of these species have been described by science. The <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">red list</a> of 2010 encompasses 4,599 species.<a href="#cite_note-red-113">[107]</a> Norway contains five terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Sarmatic_mixed_forests" title="Sarmatic mixed forests">Sarmatic mixed forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_coastal_conifer_forests" title="Scandinavian coastal conifer forests">Scandinavian coastal conifer forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_and_Russian_taiga" title="Scandinavian and Russian taiga">Scandinavian and Russian taiga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kola_Peninsula_tundra" title="Kola Peninsula tundra">Kola Peninsula tundra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_montane_birch_forest_and_grasslands" title="Scandinavian montane birch forest and grasslands">Scandinavian montane birch forest and grasslands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-114">[108]</a> Seventeen species are listed mainly because they are endangered on a global scale, such as the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_beaver" title="Eurasian beaver">European beaver</a>, even if the population in Norway is not seen as endangered. The number of threatened and near-threatened species equals to 3,682; it includes 418 fungi species, many of which are closely associated with the small remaining old-growth forests,<a href="#cite_note-115">[109]</a> 36 bird species, and 16 species of mammals. In 2010, 2,398 species were listed as endangered or vulnerable; of these 1,250 were listed as vulnerable (VU), 871 as endangered (EN), and 276 species as critically endangered (CR), among which were the <a href="/wiki/Grey_wolf" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey wolf">grey wolf</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic fox</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pool_frog" title="Pool frog">pool frog</a>.<a href="#cite_note-red-113">[107]</a> The largest predator in Norwegian waters is the <a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">sperm whale</a>, and the largest fish is the <a href="/wiki/Basking_shark" title="Basking shark">basking shark</a>. The largest predator on land is the <a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">polar bear</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bear</a> is the largest predator on the Norwegian mainland. The largest land animal on the mainland is the elk (American English: <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3></div> Attractive and dramatic scenery and landscape are found throughout Norway.<a href="#cite_note-116">[110]</a> The west coast of southern Norway and the coast of northern Norway present some of the most visually impressive coastal sceneries in the world. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</a> has listed the Norwegian fjords as the world's top tourist attraction.<a href="#cite_note-117">[111]</a> The country is also home to the natural phenomena of the Midnight sun (during summer), as well as the <a href="/wiki/Aurora" title="Aurora">Aurora borealis</a> known also as the Northern lights.<a href="#cite_note-118">[112]</a> The 2016 <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Performance_Index" title="Environmental Performance Index">Environmental Performance Index</a> from <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a> put Norway in seventeenth place, immediately below Croatia and Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-epi-119">[113]</a> The index is based on environmental risks to human health, habitat loss, and changes in CO2 emissions. The index notes over-exploitation of fisheries, but not <a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_Norway" title="Whaling in Norway">Norway's whaling</a> or <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Norway" title="Energy in Norway">oil exports</a>.<a href="#cite_note-indi-120">[114]</a> Norway had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 6.98/10, ranking it 60th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-121">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_and_government">Politics and government</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Norway" title="Politics of Norway">Politics of Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Norway" title="Law of Norway">Law of Norway</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2021_Norwegian_parliamentary_election" title="2021 Norwegian parliamentary election">2021 Norwegian parliamentary election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spring_Royal_Palace_Slottet_Oslo_Norway_(2022.04.21).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Spring_Royal_Palace_Slottet_Oslo_Norway_%282022.04.21%29.jpg/220px-Spring_Royal_Palace_Slottet_Oslo_Norway_%282022.04.21%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Spring_Royal_Palace_Slottet_Oslo_Norway_%282022.04.21%29.jpg/330px-Spring_Royal_Palace_Slottet_Oslo_Norway_%282022.04.21%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Spring_Royal_Palace_Slottet_Oslo_Norway_%282022.04.21%29.jpg/440px-Spring_Royal_Palace_Slottet_Oslo_Norway_%282022.04.21%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9248" data-file-height="5993" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace,_Oslo" title="Royal Palace, Oslo">The Royal Palace</a> in Oslo</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kong_Harald_og_Dronning_Sonja_-_Kino_2012.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Kong_Harald_og_Dronning_Sonja_-_Kino_2012.JPG/220px-Kong_Harald_og_Dronning_Sonja_-_Kino_2012.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Kong_Harald_og_Dronning_Sonja_-_Kino_2012.JPG/330px-Kong_Harald_og_Dronning_Sonja_-_Kino_2012.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Kong_Harald_og_Dronning_Sonja_-_Kino_2012.JPG/440px-Kong_Harald_og_Dronning_Sonja_-_Kino_2012.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3270" data-file-height="2331" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">King of Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harald_V_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Harald V of Norway">Harald V</a> and his consort, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Sonja_of_Norway" title="Queen Sonja of Norway">Queen Sonja</a> (reigning since 17 January 1991)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nordic_prime_ministers%E2%80%99_meeting_in_Helsinki_1.11.2022_-_52469398971_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Nordic_prime_ministers%E2%80%99_meeting_in_Helsinki_1.11.2022_-_52469398971_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Nordic_prime_ministers%E2%80%99_meeting_in_Helsinki_1.11.2022_-_52469398971_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Nordic_prime_ministers%E2%80%99_meeting_in_Helsinki_1.11.2022_-_52469398971_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Nordic_prime_ministers%E2%80%99_meeting_in_Helsinki_1.11.2022_-_52469398971_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Nordic_prime_ministers%E2%80%99_meeting_in_Helsinki_1.11.2022_-_52469398971_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Nordic_prime_ministers%E2%80%99_meeting_in_Helsinki_1.11.2022_-_52469398971_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2020" data-file-height="2692" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Norway" title="Prime Minister of Norway">Prime Minister of Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Gahr_St%C3%B8re" title="Jonas Gahr Støre">Jonas Gahr Støre</a> (since 14 October 2021)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stortinget,_Oslo,_Norway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Stortinget%2C_Oslo%2C_Norway.jpg/220px-Stortinget%2C_Oslo%2C_Norway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Stortinget%2C_Oslo%2C_Norway.jpg/330px-Stortinget%2C_Oslo%2C_Norway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Stortinget%2C_Oslo%2C_Norway.jpg/440px-Stortinget%2C_Oslo%2C_Norway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4167" data-file-height="2773" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Storting_building" title="Storting building">The Storting</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Norway">Parliament of Norway</a>.</figcaption></figure> Norway is considered to be one of the most developed democracies and <a href="/wiki/Rechtsstaat" title="Rechtsstaat">states of justice</a> in the world. Since 2010, Norway has been classified as the world's most democratic country by the <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">Democracy Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[118]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Norway" title="Constitution of Norway">Constitution of Norway</a>, which was adopted on 17 May 1814<a href="#cite_note-Constitution-125">[119]</a> and was inspired by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, Norway is a unitary <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a> of government, wherein the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">King of Norway</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Norway" title="Prime Minister of Norway">prime minister</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>. Power is separated among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government, as defined by the Constitution, which serves as the country's supreme legal document. The <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Royal_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Royal Family">monarch</a> officially retains executive power. But following the introduction of a parliamentary system of government, the duties of the monarch became strictly representative and ceremonial.<a href="#cite_note-126">[120]</a> The Monarch is <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Armed_Forces" title="Norwegian Armed Forces">Norwegian Armed Forces</a>, and serves as chief diplomatic official abroad and as a symbol of unity. <a href="/wiki/Harald_V_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Harald V of Norway">Harald V</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Gl%C3%BCcksburg" title="House of Glücksburg">House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg</a> ascended to the Norwegian throne in 1991, the first since the 14th century who has been born in the country.<a href="#cite_note-norway.org-127">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Haakon,_Crown_Prince_of_Norway" title="Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway">Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway</a>, is the heir to the throne. In practice, the Prime Minister exercises the executive powers. Constitutionally, legislative power is vested with both the government and the Parliament of Norway, but the latter is the supreme legislature and a <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> body.<a href="#cite_note-128">[122]</a> Norway is fundamentally structured as a <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>. The Parliament can pass a law by simple majority of the 169 representatives, of which 150 are elected directly from 19 constituencies, and an additional 19 seats ("levelling seats") are allocated on a nationwide basis to make the representation in parliament correspond better with the popular vote for the political parties. A 4% election threshold is required for a party to gain levelling seats in Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-Election_threshold-129">[123]</a> The Parliament of Norway, called the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Norway">Storting</a>, ratifies national <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaties</a> developed by the executive branch. It can <a href="/wiki/Impeachment" title="Impeachment">impeach</a> members of the government if their acts are declared unconstitutional. If an indicted suspect is impeached, Parliament has the power to remove the person from office. The position of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Norway" title="Prime Minister of Norway">prime minister</a> is allocated to the member of Parliament who can obtain the confidence of a majority in Parliament, usually the current leader of the largest political party or, more effectively, through a coalition of parties; Norway has often been ruled by minority governments. The prime minister nominates the cabinet, traditionally drawn from members of the same political party or parties in the Storting, making up the government. The PM organises the executive government and exercises its power as vested by the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-130">[124]</a> Norway has a state church, the Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Norway" title="Church of Norway">Church of Norway</a>, which has gradually been granted more internal autonomy in day-to-day affairs, but which still has a special constitutional status. Formerly, the PM had to have more than half the members of cabinet be members of the Church of Norway; this rule was removed in 2012. The issue of <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a> in Norway has been increasingly controversial. A part of this is the evolution of the public school subject Christianity, a required subject since 1739. Even the state's loss in a battle at the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> at <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[125]</a> in 2007 did not settle the matter. As of 1 January 2017, the Church of Norway is a separate legal entity, and no longer a branch of the civil service.<a href="#cite_note-132">[126]</a> Through the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Council_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Council of State">Council of State</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Privy_council" title="Privy council">privy council</a> presided over by the monarch, the prime minister and the cabinet meet at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace,_Oslo" title="Royal Palace, Oslo">Royal Palace</a> and formally consult the Monarch. All government bills need formal approval by the monarch before and after introduction to Parliament. The Council approves all of the monarch's actions as head of state.<a href="#cite_note-norway.org-127">[121]</a> Members of the Storting are directly elected from <a href="/wiki/Party-list_proportional_representation" title="Party-list proportional representation">party-list proportional representation</a> in nineteen <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality voting system">plural-member</a> constituencies in a national <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[127]</a> Historically, both the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Labour Party">Norwegian Labour Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)" title="Conservative Party (Norway)">Conservative Party</a> have played leading political roles. In the early 21st century, the Labour Party has been in power since the <a href="/wiki/2005_Norwegian_parliamentary_election" title="2005 Norwegian parliamentary election">2005 election</a>, in a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Red%E2%80%93Green_Coalition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Red–Green Coalition (page does not exist)">Red–Green Coalition</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Left_Party_(Norway)" title="Socialist Left Party (Norway)">Socialist Left Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)" title="Centre Party (Norway)">Centre Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[128]</a> Since 2005, both the Conservative Party and the <a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Norway)" title="Progress Party (Norway)">Progress Party</a> have won numerous seats in the Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-135">[129]</a> In national elections in September 2013, two political parties, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B8yre" class="mw-redirect" title="Høyre">Høyre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Norway)" title="Progress Party (Norway)">Fremskrittspartiet</a>, were elected on promises of tax cuts, more spending on infrastructure and education, better services and stricter rules on immigration, formed a government. <a href="/wiki/Erna_Solberg" title="Erna Solberg">Erna Solberg</a> became prime minister, the second female prime minister after <a href="/wiki/Gro_Harlem_Brundtland" title="Gro Harlem Brundtland">Gro Harlem Brundtland</a> and the first conservative prime minister since <a href="/wiki/Jan_P._Syse" title="Jan P. Syse">Jan P. Syse</a>. Solberg said her win was "a historic election victory for the right-wing parties".<a href="#cite_note-136">[130]</a> Her centre-right government won re-election in the <a href="/wiki/2017_Norwegian_parliamentary_election" title="2017 Norwegian parliamentary election">2017 Norwegian parliamentary election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-89">[83]</a> Norway's new centre-left cabinet under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Gahr_St%C3%B8re" title="Jonas Gahr Støre">Jonas Gahr Støre</a>, the leader the Labour Party, took office on 14 October 2021.<a href="#cite_note-137">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Norway" title="Administrative divisions of Norway">Administrative divisions of Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Norway" title="Counties of Norway">Counties of Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Norway">Municipalities of Norway</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Norway" title="List of towns and cities in Norway">List of towns and cities in Norway</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi_(area)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sápmi (area)">Sápmi (area)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fylkesinndeling2024_original.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Fylkesinndeling2024_original.webp/200px-Fylkesinndeling2024_original.webp.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Fylkesinndeling2024_original.webp/300px-Fylkesinndeling2024_original.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Fylkesinndeling2024_original.webp/400px-Fylkesinndeling2024_original.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>A municipal and regional reform: "From 14 June 2022, the Storting decided the following division of counties."</figcaption></figure> Norway, a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a>, is divided into fifteen first-level administrative <a href="/wiki/County" title="County">counties</a> (fylke).<a href="#cite_note-138">[132]</a> The counties are administered through directly elected <a href="/wiki/County_municipality_(Norway)" title="County municipality (Norway)">county councils</a> who elect the <a href="/wiki/County_mayor" class="mw-redirect" title="County mayor">County Mayor</a>. Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Royal_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Royal Family">King</a> and government are represented in every county by a <a href="/wiki/County_governor_(Norway)" title="County governor (Norway)">County Governor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>: statsforvalteren).<a href="#cite_note-139">[133]</a> The counties are then sub-divided into 357 second-level municipalities (<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>: kommuner), which in turn are administered by directly elected <a href="/wiki/Municipal_council_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal council (Norway)">municipal council</a>, headed by a mayor and a small executive cabinet. The capital of <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> is considered both a county and a municipality. Norway has two integral overseas territories out of mainland: <a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen" title="Jan Mayen">Jan Mayen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a>, the only developed island in the archipelago of the same name, located far to the north of the Norwegian mainland.<a href="#cite_note-140">[134]</a> There are 108 settlements that have <a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Norway" title="List of towns and cities in Norway">town/city</a> status in Norway (the Norwegian word by is used to represent these places and that word can be translated as either town or city in English). Cities/towns in Norway were historically designated by the King and used to have special rules and privileges under the law. This was changed in the late 20th century, so now towns/cities have no special rights and a municipality can designate an urban settlement as a city/town. Towns and cities in Norway do not have to be large. Some cities have over a million residents such as Oslo, while others are much smaller such as <a href="/wiki/Honningsv%C3%A5g" title="Honningsvåg">Honningsvåg</a> with about 2,200 residents. Usually, there is only one town within a municipality, but there are some municipalities that have more than one town within it (such as <a href="/wiki/Larvik_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Larvik Municipality">Larvik Municipality</a> which has the <a href="/wiki/Larvik_(town)" title="Larvik (town)">town of Larvik</a> and the town of <a href="/wiki/Stavern" title="Stavern">Stavern</a>.<a href="#cite_note-byer-norge-141">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dependencies_of_Norway">Dependencies of Norway</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dependencies_of_Norway" title="Dependencies of Norway">Dependencies of Norway</a></div> There are three <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subantarctic" title="Subantarctic">Subantarctic</a> <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependencies</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_Island" title="Peter I Island">Peter I Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land" title="Queen Maud Land">Queen Maud Land</a>. On most maps, there was an unclaimed area between Queen Maud Land and the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a> until 12 June 2015 when Norway formally annexed that area.<a href="#cite_note-142">[136]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norway_(%2Boverseas),_administrative_divisions_-_english.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Norway_%28%2Boverseas%29%2C_administrative_divisions_-_english.svg/550px-Norway_%28%2Boverseas%29%2C_administrative_divisions_-_english.svg.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Norway_%28%2Boverseas%29%2C_administrative_divisions_-_english.svg/825px-Norway_%28%2Boverseas%29%2C_administrative_divisions_-_english.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Norway_%28%2Boverseas%29%2C_administrative_divisions_-_english.svg/1100px-Norway_%28%2Boverseas%29%2C_administrative_divisions_-_english.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption>Norway and its overseas administrative divisions</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_populated_areas">Largest populated areas</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Norway" title="List of towns and cities in Norway">List of towns and cities in Norway</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_Norway" title="Template:Largest cities of Norway"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Norway" title="Template talk:Largest cities of Norway"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_Norway" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of Norway"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Norway <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">According to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/beftett/aar">Statistics Dec. 2018</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Norway" title="List of towns and cities in Norway">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Norway" title="List of towns and cities in Norway">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Norway" title="Counties of Norway">County</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Norway" title="List of towns and cities in Norway"> Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Norway" title="List of towns and cities in Norway">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Norway" title="List of towns and cities in Norway">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Norway" title="Counties of Norway">County</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Norway" title="List of towns and cities in Norway"> Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Oslo_from_Ekeberg_2015-04_--7.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Oslo"><img alt="Oslo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Oslo_from_Ekeberg_2015-04_--7.JPG/120px-Oslo_from_Ekeberg_2015-04_--7.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Oslo_from_Ekeberg_2015-04_--7.JPG/180px-Oslo_from_Ekeberg_2015-04_--7.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Oslo_from_Ekeberg_2015-04_--7.JPG/240px-Oslo_from_Ekeberg_2015-04_--7.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5077" data-file-height="3305" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> <a href="/wiki/File:08-08-01_Fl%C3%B8yen_utsikt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bergen"><img alt="Bergen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/08-08-01_Fl%C3%B8yen_utsikt.jpg/120px-08-08-01_Fl%C3%B8yen_utsikt.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/08-08-01_Fl%C3%B8yen_utsikt.jpg/180px-08-08-01_Fl%C3%B8yen_utsikt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/08-08-01_Fl%C3%B8yen_utsikt.jpg/240px-08-08-01_Fl%C3%B8yen_utsikt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000,467</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Moss,_Norway" title="Moss, Norway">Moss</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%98stfold" title="Østfold">Østfold</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">46,618 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Stavanger_sett_fra_fly.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stavanger/Sandnes"><img alt="Stavanger/Sandnes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Stavanger_sett_fra_fly.jpg/120px-Stavanger_sett_fra_fly.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Stavanger_sett_fra_fly.jpg/180px-Stavanger_sett_fra_fly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Stavanger_sett_fra_fly.jpg/240px-Stavanger_sett_fra_fly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Stavanger/Sandnes" title="Stavanger/Sandnes">Stavanger/Sandnes</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Overview_of_Trondheim_2008_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trondheim"><img alt="Trondheim" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Overview_of_Trondheim_2008_03.jpg/120px-Overview_of_Trondheim_2008_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Overview_of_Trondheim_2008_03.jpg/180px-Overview_of_Trondheim_2008_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Overview_of_Trondheim_2008_03.jpg/240px-Overview_of_Trondheim_2008_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="857" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Trondheim" title="Trondheim">Trondheim</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vestland" title="Vestland">Vestland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">255,464</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Haugesund" title="Haugesund">Haugesund</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rogaland" title="Rogaland">Rogaland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">44,830 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Stavanger/Sandnes" title="Stavanger/Sandnes">Stavanger/Sandnes</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rogaland" title="Rogaland">Rogaland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">222,697</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sandefjord" title="Sandefjord">Sandefjord</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vestfold" title="Vestfold">Vestfold</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">43,595 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Trondheim" title="Trondheim">Trondheim</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag" title="Trøndelag">Trøndelag</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">183,378</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Arendal_(town)" title="Arendal (town)">Arendal</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Agder" title="Agder">Agder</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">43,084 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Drammen" title="Drammen">Drammen</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Buskerud" title="Buskerud">Buskerud</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">117,510</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bod%C3%B8_(town)" title="Bodø (town)">Bodø</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nordland" title="Nordland">Nordland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">40,705 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fredrikstad/Sarpsborg" title="Fredrikstad/Sarpsborg">Fredrikstad/Sarpsborg</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%98stfold" title="Østfold">Østfold</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">111,267</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_(city)" title="Tromsø (city)">Tromsø</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Troms" title="Troms">Troms</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">38,980 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Porsgrunn/Skien" title="Porsgrunn/Skien">Porsgrunn/Skien</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Telemark" title="Telemark">Telemark</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">92,753</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hamar" title="Hamar">Hamar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Innlandet" title="Innlandet">Innlandet</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">27,324 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kristiansand" title="Kristiansand">Kristiansand</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Agder" title="Agder">Agder</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">61,536</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Halden" title="Halden">Halden</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%98stfold" title="Østfold">Østfold</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">25,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%85lesund_(town)" title="Ålesund (town)">Ålesund</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B8re_og_Romsdal" title="Møre og Romsdal">Møre og Romsdal</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">52,163</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Larvik_(town)" title="Larvik (town)">Larvik</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vestfold" title="Vestfold">Vestfold</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">24,208 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B8nsberg_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tønsberg (town)">Tønsberg</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vestfold" title="Vestfold">Vestfold</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">51,571</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ask%C3%B8y" title="Askøy">Askøy</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vestland" title="Vestland">Vestland</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">23,194 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial_system_and_law_enforcement">Judicial system and law enforcement</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Norway" title="Judiciary of Norway">Judiciary of Norway</a></div> Norway uses a <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law system</a> where laws are created and amended in Parliament and the system regulated through the <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_justice_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts of justice of Norway">Courts of justice of Norway</a>. It consists of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Norway" title="Supreme Court of Norway">Supreme Court</a> of 20 permanent judges and a <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Norway" title="Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Norway">Chief Justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appellate_court" title="Appellate court">appellate courts</a>, city and <a href="/wiki/Courts_of_justice_of_Norway#District_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts of justice of Norway">district courts</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conciliation_councils&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conciliation councils (page does not exist)">conciliation councils</a>.<a href="#cite_note-norway-143">[137]</a> The judiciary is independent of executive and legislative branches. While the Prime Minister nominates Supreme Court Justices for office, their nomination must be approved by Parliament and formally confirmed by the Monarch. Usually, judges attached to regular courts are formally appointed by the Monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister. The Courts' formal mission is to regulate the Norwegian judicial system, interpret the Constitution, and implement the legislation adopted by Parliament. In its judicial reviews, it monitors the legislative and executive branches to ensure that they comply with provisions of enacted legislation.<a href="#cite_note-norway-143">[137]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Norway">law is enforced in Norway</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Police_Service" title="Norwegian Police Service">Norwegian Police Service</a>. It is a Unified National Police Service made up of 27 Police Districts and several specialist agencies, such as <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_National_Authority_for_the_Investigation_and_Prosecution_of_Economic_and_Environmental_Crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian National Authority for the Investigation and Prosecution of Economic and Environmental Crime">Norwegian National Authority for the Investigation and Prosecution of Economic and Environmental Crime</a>, known as Økokrim; and the <a href="/wiki/National_Criminal_Investigation_Service_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Criminal Investigation Service (Norway)">National Criminal Investigation Service</a>, known as Kripos, each headed by a chief of police. The Police Service is headed by the <a href="/wiki/National_Police_Directorate" class="mw-redirect" title="National Police Directorate">National Police Directorate</a>, which reports to the Ministry of Justice and the Police. The Police Directorate is headed by a National Police Commissioner. The only exception is the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Police_Security_Service" title="Norwegian Police Security Service">Norwegian Police Security Agency</a>, whose head answers directly to the Ministry of Justice and the Police. Norway abolished the death penalty for regular criminal acts in 1902 and for high treason in war and war-crimes in 1979. Norwegian prisons are humane, rather than tough, with emphasis on rehabilitation. At 20%, Norway's re-conviction rate is among the lowest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-144">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a>, in its 2023 <a href="/wiki/World_Press_Freedom_Index" title="World Press Freedom Index">World Press Freedom Index</a>, ranked Norway in first place out of 180 countries.<a href="#cite_note-145">[139]</a> In general, the legal and institutional framework in Norway is characterised by a high degree of transparency, accountability and integrity, and the perception and the occurrence of corruption are very low.<a href="#cite_note-146">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Norway" title="Human rights in Norway">Human rights in Norway</a></div> Norway has been considered a progressive country, which has adopted legislation and policies to support women's rights, minority rights, and <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Norway">LGBT rights</a>. As early as 1884, 171 of the leading figures, among them five Prime Ministers, co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Association_for_Women%27s_Rights" title="Norwegian Association for Women's Rights">Norwegian Association for Women's Rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[141]</a> They successfully campaigned for women's <a href="/wiki/Right_to_education" title="Right to education">right to education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_work" title="Right to work">right to work</a>, and other gender equality policies. From the 1970s, gender equality also came high on the state agenda, with the establishment of a public body to promote gender equality, which evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Gender_Equality_and_Anti-Discrimination_Ombud" title="Gender Equality and Anti-Discrimination Ombud">Gender Equality and Anti-Discrimination Ombud</a>. Civil society organisations also continue to play an important role; women's rights organisations are today organised in the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Women%27s_Lobby" title="Norwegian Women's Lobby">Norwegian Women's Lobby</a> umbrella organisation. In 1990, the Norwegian constitution was amended to grant <a href="/wiki/Absolute_primogeniture" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute primogeniture">absolute primogeniture</a> to the Norwegian throne, meaning that the eldest child, regardless of gender, takes precedence in the line of succession. As it was not retroactive, the current successor to the throne is the eldest son of the King, rather than his eldest child.<a href="#cite_note-148">[142]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women%27s_Day_2020_IMG_1418_(49636190341).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Women%27s_Day_2020_IMG_1418_%2849636190341%29.jpg/220px-Women%27s_Day_2020_IMG_1418_%2849636190341%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Women%27s_Day_2020_IMG_1418_%2849636190341%29.jpg/330px-Women%27s_Day_2020_IMG_1418_%2849636190341%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Women%27s_Day_2020_IMG_1418_%2849636190341%29.jpg/440px-Women%27s_Day_2020_IMG_1418_%2849636190341%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a> march in Oslo</figcaption></figure> The Sámi people have for centuries been the subject of discrimination and abuse by the dominant cultures in Scandinavia and Russia, those countries claiming possession of Sámi lands.<a href="#cite_note-149">[143]</a> Norway has been greatly criticised by the international community for the politics of <a href="/wiki/Norwegianization" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegianization">Norwegianization</a> of and discrimination against the indigenous population of the country.<a href="#cite_note-150">[144]</a> Nevertheless, Norway was, in 1990, the first country to recognise <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_and_Tribal_Peoples_Convention,_1989" title="Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989">ILO-convention 169</a> on <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people">indigenous people</a> recommended by the UN. Norway was the first country in the world to enact an anti-discrimination law protecting the rights of gay men and lesbians. In 1993, Norway became the second country to legalise <a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">civil union</a> partnerships for same-sex couples, and on 1 January 2009, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Norway" title="Same-sex marriage in Norway">Norway became the sixth country</a> to legalise <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[145]</a> As a promoter of human rights, Norway has held the annual <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Freedom_Forum" title="Oslo Freedom Forum">Oslo Freedom Forum</a> conference, a gathering described by <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> as "on its way to becoming a human-rights equivalent of the Davos economic forum".<a href="#cite_note-152">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Norway" title="Foreign relations of Norway">Foreign relations of Norway</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Norway_and_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Norway and the European Union">Norway and the European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_Norway" title="Whaling in Norway">Whaling in Norway</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KNM_Fridtjof_Nansen-2006-06-01-side.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/KNM_Fridtjof_Nansen-2006-06-01-side.jpg/220px-KNM_Fridtjof_Nansen-2006-06-01-side.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/KNM_Fridtjof_Nansen-2006-06-01-side.jpg/330px-KNM_Fridtjof_Nansen-2006-06-01-side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/KNM_Fridtjof_Nansen-2006-06-01-side.jpg/440px-KNM_Fridtjof_Nansen-2006-06-01-side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Navy" title="Royal Norwegian Navy">Royal Norwegian Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen-class_frigate" title="Fridtjof Nansen-class frigate">Fridtjof Nansen class frigate</a></figcaption></figure> Norway maintains embassies in 82 countries.<a href="#cite_note-153">[147]</a> 60 countries maintain an embassy in Norway, all of them in the capital, Oslo. Norway is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN), the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO), the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association</a> (EFTA). Norway issued applications for accession to the European Union (EU) and its predecessors in 1962, 1967 and 1992, respectively. While Denmark, Sweden and Finland obtained membership, the Norwegian electorate rejected the treaties of accession in referendums in <a href="/wiki/1972_Norwegian_European_Communities_membership_referendum" title="1972 Norwegian European Communities membership referendum">1972</a> and <a href="/wiki/1994_Norwegian_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="1994 Norwegian European Union membership referendum">1994</a>. After the 1994 referendum, Norway maintained its membership in the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a> (EEA), granting the country access to the <a href="/wiki/Single_market_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Single market of the European Union">internal market</a> of the Union, on the condition that Norway implements the Union's pieces of legislation which are deemed relevant.<a href="#cite_note-154">[148]</a> Successive Norwegian governments have, since 1994, requested participation in parts of the EU's co-operation that go beyond the provisions of the EEA agreement. Non-voting participation by Norway has been granted in, for instance, the Union's <a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">Common Security and Defence Policy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Agreement" title="Schengen Agreement">Schengen Agreement</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/European_Defence_Agency" title="European Defence Agency">European Defence Agency</a>, as well as 19 separate programmes.<a href="#cite_note-155">[149]</a> Norway participated in the 1990s brokering of the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a>, an unsuccessful attempt to resolve the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Armed_Forces" title="Norwegian Armed Forces">Norwegian Armed Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Norwegian_F-35.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/First_Norwegian_F-35.png/220px-First_Norwegian_F-35.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/First_Norwegian_F-35.png/330px-First_Norwegian_F-35.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/First_Norwegian_F-35.png/440px-First_Norwegian_F-35.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The first Norwegian <a href="/wiki/F-35_Lightning_II" class="mw-redirect" title="F-35 Lightning II">F-35 Lightning II</a> lands at Luke Air Force Base.</figcaption></figure> The Norwegian Armed Forces numbers about 25,000 personnel, including civilian employees. According to 2009 mobilisation plans, full mobilisation produces approximately 83,000 combatant personnel. Norway has <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> (including 6–12 months of training);<a href="#cite_note-NDFnumbers-156">[150]</a> in 2013, the country became the first in Europe and NATO to draft women as well as men. However, due to less need for conscripts after the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, few people have to serve if they are not motivated.<a href="#cite_note-157">[151]</a> The Armed Forces are subordinate to the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Ministry_of_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Ministry of Defence">Norwegian Ministry of Defence</a>. The Commander-in-Chief is <a href="/wiki/Harald_V_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Harald V of Norway">King Harald V</a>. The military of Norway is divided into the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Army" title="Norwegian Army">Norwegian Army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Navy" title="Royal Norwegian Navy">Royal Norwegian Navy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Air_Force" title="Royal Norwegian Air Force">Royal Norwegian Air Force</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Cyber_Defence_Force" title="Norwegian Cyber Defence Force">Norwegian Cyber Defence Force</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Home_Guard_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Guard (Norway)">Home Guard</a>. The country was one of the founding nations of the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO) on 4 April 1949. Norway contributed in the <a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">International Security Assistance Force</a> (ISAF) in <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[152]</a> Additionally, Norway has contributed in several missions in contexts of the United Nations, NATO, and the <a href="/wiki/Common_Security_and_Defence_Policy" title="Common Security and Defence Policy">Common Security and Defence Policy</a> of the European Union. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Norway" title="Economy of Norway">Economy of Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Norway" title="Energy in Norway">Energy in Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone#Norway" title="Exclusive economic zone">Exclusive economic zone § Norway</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Territorial_waters_-_Norway.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Territorial_waters_-_Norway.svg/220px-Territorial_waters_-_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Territorial_waters_-_Norway.svg/330px-Territorial_waters_-_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Territorial_waters_-_Norway.svg/440px-Territorial_waters_-_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Norway's claimed economic zones</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EU_and_EFTA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/EU_and_EFTA.svg/220px-EU_and_EFTA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/EU_and_EFTA.svg/330px-EU_and_EFTA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/EU_and_EFTA.svg/440px-EU_and_EFTA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association</a> (green) participate in the <a href="/wiki/European_Single_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="European Single Market">European Single Market</a> and are part of the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a>.</figcaption></figure> Norwegians enjoy the second-highest <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">GDP per capita</a> among European countries (after <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>), and the sixth-highest <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">GDP (PPP) per capita</a> in the world. Norway ranks as the second-wealthiest country in monetary value, with the largest capital reserve per capita of any nation.<a href="#cite_note-159">[153]</a> According to the CIA World Factbook, Norway is a net external creditor of debt.<a href="#cite_note-factbook-100">[94]</a> Norway reclaimed first place in the world in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">UNDP</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> (HDI) in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-160">[154]</a> The standard of living in Norway is among the highest in the world. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a> magazine ranks Norway last in its <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Failed_States_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by Failed States Index">Failed States Index</a> for 2009 and 2023, judging Norway to be the world's most well-functioning and stable country. The <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> ranks Norway fourth in the 2013 equalised <a href="/wiki/OECD_Better_Life_Index" title="OECD Better Life Index">Better Life Index</a> and third in intergenerational earnings elasticity according to a 2010 study.<a href="#cite_note-161">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-OECD_Better_Life_Index-162">[156]</a> The Norwegian economy is an example of a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a>; a prosperous capitalist <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>, it features a combination of <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> activity and large state ownership in certain key sectors, influenced by both liberal governments from the late 19th century and later by <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">social democratic</a> governments in the postwar era.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Norway" title="Healthcare in Norway">Public healthcare in Norway</a> is free (after an annual charge of around 2000 <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_krone" title="Norwegian krone">kroner</a> for those over 16), and parents have 46 weeks paid<a href="#cite_note-163">[157]</a> parental leave. The state income derived from natural resources includes a significant contribution from petroleum production. As of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norway&action=edit">[update]</a>, Norway has an unemployment rate of 4.8%, with 68% of the population aged 15–74 employed.<a href="#cite_note-164">[158]</a> People in the labour force are either employed or looking for work.<a href="#cite_note-165">[159]</a> As of 2013<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norway&action=edit">[update]</a>, 9.5% of the population aged 18–66 receive a disability pension<a href="#cite_note-166">[160]</a> and 30% of the labour force are employed by the government, the highest in the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[161]</a> The hourly productivity levels, as well as average hourly wages in Norway, are among the highest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-168">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[163]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarian</a> values of Norwegian society have kept the wage difference between the lowest paid worker and the CEO of most companies as much less than in comparable western economies.<a href="#cite_note-170">[164]</a> This is also evident in <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_income_equality" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by income equality">Norway's low Gini coefficient</a>. The state has large ownership positions in key industrial sectors, such as the strategic petroleum sector (Equinor), hydroelectric energy production (<a href="/wiki/Statkraft" title="Statkraft">Statkraft</a>), aluminium production (<a href="/wiki/Norsk_Hydro" title="Norsk Hydro">Norsk Hydro</a>), the largest Norwegian bank (<a href="/wiki/DNB_ASA" title="DNB ASA">DNB</a>), and telecommunication provider (<a href="/wiki/Telenor" title="Telenor">Telenor</a>). Through these big companies, the government controls approximately 30% of the stock values at the Oslo Stock Exchange. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] When non-listed companies are included, the state has even higher share in ownership (mainly from direct oil licence ownership).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Norway is a major shipping nation and has the world's sixth largest <a href="/wiki/Ship_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship transport">merchant fleet</a>, with 1,412 Norwegian-owned merchant vessels.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] By referendums in <a href="/wiki/1972_Norwegian_European_Communities_membership_referendum" title="1972 Norwegian European Communities membership referendum">1972</a> and <a href="/wiki/1994_Norwegian_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="1994 Norwegian European Union membership referendum">1994</a>, Norwegians rejected proposals to join the European Union (EU). However, Norway, together with <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>, participates in the European Union's single market through the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a> (EEA) agreement. The EEA Treaty between the European Union countries and the EFTA countries—transposed into Norwegian law via "EØS-loven"<a href="#cite_note-171">[165]</a>—describes the procedures for implementing European Union rules in Norway and the other EFTA countries. Norway is a highly integrated member of most sectors of the EU internal market. Some sectors, such as agriculture, oil and fish, are not wholly covered by the EEA Treaty. Norway has also acceded to the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Agreement" title="Schengen Agreement">Schengen Agreement</a> and several other intergovernmental agreements among the EU member states. The country is richly endowed with natural resources including petroleum, <a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydropower</a>, fish, <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forests</a>, and minerals. Large reserves of petroleum and natural gas were discovered in the 1960s, which led to an economic boom.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Norway has obtained one of the highest standards of living in the world in part by having a large amount of natural resources compared to the size of the population.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2011, 28% of state revenues were generated from the petroleum industry.<a href="#cite_note-172">[166]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Norway was the first country to ban deforestation, with a view to preventing its rain forests from vanishing. The country declared its intention at the UN Climate Summit in 2014 alongside Great Britain and Germany.<a href="#cite_note-173">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resources">Resources</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaulosen_og_%C3%98ysand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Gaulosen_og_%C3%98ysand.jpg/220px-Gaulosen_og_%C3%98ysand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Gaulosen_og_%C3%98ysand.jpg/330px-Gaulosen_og_%C3%98ysand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Gaulosen_og_%C3%98ysand.jpg/440px-Gaulosen_og_%C3%98ysand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption>Agriculture is a significant sector, in spite of the mountainous landscape (<a href="/wiki/%C3%98ysand" title="Øysand">Øysand</a>).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stockfish_in_Lofoten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Stockfish_in_Lofoten.jpg/220px-Stockfish_in_Lofoten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Stockfish_in_Lofoten.jpg/330px-Stockfish_in_Lofoten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Stockfish_in_Lofoten.jpg/440px-Stockfish_in_Lofoten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stockfish" title="Stockfish">Stockfish</a> has been exported from <a href="/wiki/Lofoten" title="Lofoten">Lofoten</a> in Norway for at least 1,000 years.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oil_industry">Oil industry</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heidrun,_Norskehavet_(28276260560).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Heidrun%2C_Norskehavet_%2828276260560%29.jpg/220px-Heidrun%2C_Norskehavet_%2828276260560%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Heidrun%2C_Norskehavet_%2828276260560%29.jpg/330px-Heidrun%2C_Norskehavet_%2828276260560%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Heidrun%2C_Norskehavet_%2828276260560%29.jpg/440px-Heidrun%2C_Norskehavet_%2828276260560%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5460" data-file-height="3630" /></a><figcaption>Oil production has been central to the Norwegian economy since the 1970s, with a dominating <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">state ownership</a> (<a href="/wiki/Heidrun_oil_field" title="Heidrun oil field">Heidrun oil field</a>).</figcaption></figure> Export revenues from oil and gas have risen to over 40% of total exports and constitute almost 20% of the GDP.<a href="#cite_note-174">[168]</a> Norway is the fifth-largest oil exporter and third-largest gas exporter in the world, but it is not a member of <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>. In 1995, the Norwegian government established the sovereign wealth fund (<a href="/wiki/The_Government_Pension_Fund_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="The Government Pension Fund of Norway">"Government Pension Fund – Global"</a>) to be funded with oil revenues. The government controls its petroleum resources through a combination of state ownership in major operators in the oil fields (with approximately 62% ownership in Equinor in 2007) and the fully state-owned <a href="/wiki/Petoro" title="Petoro">Petoro</a>, which has a market value of about twice Equinor, and <a href="/wiki/State%27s_Direct_Financial_Interest" title="State's Direct Financial Interest">SDFI</a>. Finally, the government controls licensing of exploration and production of fields. The fund invests in developed financial markets outside Norway. Spending from the fund is constrained by the budgetary rule (Handlingsregelen), which limits spending over time to no more than the real value yield of the fund, lowered in 2017 to 3% of the fund's total value.<a href="#cite_note-175">[169]</a> Between 1966 and 2013, Norwegian companies drilled 5,085 oil wells, mostly in the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NorwegianSectorOnly?4053wells-176">[170]</a> Oil fields not yet in the production phase include: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisting_Central&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wisting Central (page does not exist)">Wisting Central</a>—calculated size in 2013 at 65–156 million barrels of oil and 10 to 40 billion cubic feet (0.28 to 1.13 billion cubic metres), (utvinnbar) of gas.<a href="#cite_note-WistingCentral-177">[171]</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Castberg_Oil_Field&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castberg Oil Field (page does not exist)">Castberg Oil Field</a> (Castberg-feltet<a href="#cite_note-WistingCentral-177">[171]</a>)—calculated size at 540 million barrels of oil, and 2 to 7 billion cubic feet (57 to 198 million cubic metres) (utvinnbar) of gas.<a href="#cite_note-Castberg-feltet-178">[172]</a> Both oil fields are located in the <a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a>. Norway is also the world's second-largest exporter of fish (in value, after China).<a href="#cite_note-GGT-179">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[174]</a> Fish from fish farms and catch constitutes the second largest (behind oil/natural gas) export product measured in value.<a href="#cite_note-181">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[176]</a> Norway is the world's largest producer of salmon, followed by <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[177]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectric plants</a> generate roughly 98–99% of Norway's electric power, more than any other country in the world.<a href="#cite_note-184">[178]</a> Norway contains significant mineral resources, and in 2013, its mineral production was valued at US$1.5 billion (Norwegian Geological Survey data). The most valuable minerals are calcium carbonate (<a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>), building stone, <a href="/wiki/Nepheline_syenite" title="Nepheline syenite">nepheline syenite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a>, iron, <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[179]</a> In 2017, the Government Pension Fund controlled assets surpassed a value of US$1 trillion (equal to US$190,000 per capita),<a href="#cite_note-186">[180]</a> about 250% of Norway's 2017 GDP.<a href="#cite_note-187">[181]</a> It is the largest <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_wealth_fund" title="Sovereign wealth fund">sovereign wealth fund</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-188">[182]</a> Other nations with economies based on natural resources, such as Russia, are trying to learn from Norway by establishing similar funds. The investment choices of the Norwegian fund are directed by <a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_investing" title="Socially responsible investing">ethical guidelines</a>; for example, the fund is not allowed to invest in companies that produce parts for nuclear weapons. Norway's highly <a href="/wiki/Transparency_(market)" title="Transparency (market)">transparent</a> investment scheme<a href="#cite_note-189">[183]</a> is lauded by the international community.<a href="#cite_note-190">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Norway" title="Transport in Norway">Transport in Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Norway" title="Rail transport in Norway">Rail transport in Norway</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Norway" title="List of airports in Norway">List of airports in Norway</a></div> Due to the low population density, narrow shape and long coastlines of Norway, its public transport is less developed than in many European countries, especially outside the major cities. The country has long-standing water transport traditions, but the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Ministry_of_Transport_and_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications">Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications</a> has in recent years implemented rail, road, and air transport through numerous subsidiaries to develop the country's infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-191">[185]</a> Under discussion is development of a new high-speed rail system between the nation's largest cities.<a href="#cite_note-192">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[187]</a> Norway's main railway network consists of 4,114 kilometres (2,556 mi) of <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a> lines, of which 242 kilometres (150 mi) is <a href="/wiki/Double_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Double track">double track</a> and 64 kilometres (40 mi) <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed rail</a> (210 km/h) while 62% is electrified at <a href="/wiki/15_kV_AC_railway_electrification" title="15 kV AC railway electrification">15 kV 16.7 Hz AC</a>. The railways transported 56,827,000 passengers, 2,956 million <a href="/wiki/Units_of_transportation_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Units of transportation measurement">passenger-kilometres</a>, and 24,783,000 tonnes of cargo for 3,414 million <a href="/wiki/Units_of_transportation_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="Units of transportation measurement">tonne-kilometres</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-194">[188]</a> The entire network is owned by <a href="/wiki/Bane_NOR" title="Bane NOR">Bane NOR</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[189]</a> Domestic passenger trains are operated by various companies, including <a href="/wiki/Vy" title="Vy">Vy</a>, <a href="/wiki/SJ_AB#SJ_Norge" title="SJ AB">SJ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Go-Ahead_Norge" title="Go-Ahead Norge">Go-Ahead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flytoget" title="Flytoget">Flytoget</a>, while freight trains are operated by <a href="/wiki/CargoNet" title="CargoNet">CargoNet</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=OnRail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OnRail (page does not exist)">OnRail</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[190]</a> Investment in new infrastructure and maintenance is financed through the state budget,<a href="#cite_note-jbvabout-197">[191]</a> and subsidies are provided for passenger train operations.<a href="#cite_note-minpt-198">[192]</a> NSB operates long-haul trains, including <a href="/wiki/NSB_Night_Train" class="mw-redirect" title="NSB Night Train">night trains</a>, regional services and four <a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">commuter train</a> systems, around <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Commuter_Rail" title="Oslo Commuter Rail">Oslo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag_Commuter_Rail" title="Trøndelag Commuter Rail">Trondheim</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bergen_Commuter_Rail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bergen Commuter Rail (page does not exist)">Bergen</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A6ren_Line" title="Jæren Line">Stavanger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[193]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oslo_Airport_terminal_night_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Oslo_Airport_terminal_night_view.jpg/220px-Oslo_Airport_terminal_night_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Oslo_Airport_terminal_night_view.jpg/330px-Oslo_Airport_terminal_night_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Oslo_Airport_terminal_night_view.jpg/440px-Oslo_Airport_terminal_night_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6223" data-file-height="3671" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oslo_Airport,_Gardermoen" title="Oslo Airport, Gardermoen">Oslo Airport, Gardermoen</a></figcaption></figure> Norway has approximately 92,946 kilometres (57,754 mi) of road network, of which 72,033 kilometres (44,759 mi) are paved and 664 kilometres (413 mi) are motorway.<a href="#cite_note-factbook-100">[94]</a> The four tiers of road routes are national, county, municipal and private, with national and primary county roads numbered en route. The most important national routes are part of the <a href="/wiki/International_E-road_network" title="International E-road network">European route</a> scheme. The two most prominent are the <a href="/wiki/European_route_E6" title="European route E6">European route E6</a> going north–south through the entire country, and the <a href="/wiki/European_route_E39" title="European route E39">E39</a>, which follows the West Coast. National and county roads are managed by the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Public_Roads_Administration" title="Norwegian Public Roads Administration">Norwegian Public Roads Administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[194]</a> Norway has the world's largest registered stock of <a href="/wiki/Plug-in_electric_vehicles_in_Norway" title="Plug-in electric vehicles in Norway">plug-in electric vehicles per capita</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NorwayLargest-201">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-AVERE-202">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-NorwaySales2011-203">[197]</a> In March 2014, Norway became the first country where over 1 in every 100 passenger cars on the roads is a plug-in electric.<a href="#cite_note-NorwayEVSales032014-204">[198]</a> The plug-in electric segment <a href="/wiki/Market_share" title="Market share">market share</a> of new car sales is also the highest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Top6Global2013-205">[199]</a> According to a report by <a href="/wiki/Dagens_N%C3%A6ringsliv" title="Dagens Næringsliv">Dagens Næringsliv</a> in June 2016, the country would like to ban sales of gasoline and diesel powered vehicles as early as 2025.<a href="#cite_note-206">[200]</a> Of the 98 airports in Norway,<a href="#cite_note-factbook-100">[94]</a> 52 are public,<a href="#cite_note-avinorpassengers-207">[201]</a> and 46 are operated by the state-owned <a href="/wiki/Avinor" title="Avinor">Avinor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_airports_in_the_Nordic_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the largest airports in the Nordic countries">Seven airports</a> have more than one million passengers annually.<a href="#cite_note-avinorpassengers-207">[201]</a> A total of 41,089,675 passengers passed through Norwegian airports in 2007, of whom 13,397,458 were international.<a href="#cite_note-avinorpassengers-207">[201]</a> The central gateway to Norway by air is <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Airport,_Gardermoen" title="Oslo Airport, Gardermoen">Oslo Airport, Gardermoen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-avinorpassengers-207">[201]</a> Located about 35 kilometres (22 mi) northeast of Oslo, it is <a href="/wiki/Airline_hub" title="Airline hub">hub</a> for the two major Norwegian airlines: <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Airlines" title="Scandinavian Airlines">Scandinavian Airlines</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[203]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Air_Shuttle" title="Norwegian Air Shuttle">Norwegian Air Shuttle</a>,<a href="#cite_note-210">[204]</a> and for regional aircraft from Western Norway.<a href="#cite_note-wideroemap-211">[205]</a> There are departures to most European countries and some intercontinental destinations.<a href="#cite_note-212">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[207]</a> A direct high-speed train connects to Oslo Central Station every 10 minutes for a 20 min ride. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research">Research</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niels_Henrik_Abel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Niels_Henrik_Abel.jpg/170px-Niels_Henrik_Abel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Niels_Henrik_Abel.jpg/255px-Niels_Henrik_Abel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Niels_Henrik_Abel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Niels_Henrik_Abel" title="Niels Henrik Abel">Niels Henrik Abel</a> made pioneering contributions in a variety of fields. The <a href="/wiki/Abel_Prize" title="Abel Prize">Abel Prize</a> in mathematics, originally proposed in 1899 to complement the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prizes</a>, is named in his honour.</figcaption></figure> Internationally recognised Norwegian scientists include the mathematicians <a href="/wiki/Niels_Henrik_Abel" title="Niels Henrik Abel">Niels Henrik Abel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sophus_Lie" title="Sophus Lie">Sophus Lie</a>. <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Wessel" title="Caspar Wessel">Caspar Wessel</a> was the first to describe <a href="/wiki/Vector_(mathematics_and_physics)" title="Vector (mathematics and physics)">vectors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Complex_number" title="Complex number">complex numbers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Complex_plane" title="Complex plane">complex plane</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Sejersted_Selmer" title="Ernst Sejersted Selmer">Ernst S. Selmer</a>'s advanced research lead to the modernisation of <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">crypto-algorithms</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thoralf_Skolem" title="Thoralf Skolem">Thoralf Skolem</a> made revolutionary contributions to <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_logic" title="Mathematical logic">mathematical logic</a>. <a href="/wiki/%C3%98ystein_Ore" title="Øystein Ore">Øystein Ore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ludwig_Mejdell_Sylow" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Ludwig Mejdell Sylow">Ludwig Sylow</a> made important contributions in <a href="/wiki/Group_theory" title="Group theory">group theory</a>. <a href="/wiki/Atle_Selberg" title="Atle Selberg">Atle Selberg</a> was one of the most significant mathematicians of the 20th century, for which he was awarded a <a href="/wiki/Fields_Medal" title="Fields Medal">Fields Medal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Mathematics" title="Wolf Prize in Mathematics">Wolf Prize</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abel_Prize" title="Abel Prize">Abel Prize</a>. Other scientists include the physicists <a href="/wiki/%C3%86gidius_Elling" title="Ægidius Elling">Ægidius Elling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Ivar Giaever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Anton_Bjerknes" title="Carl Anton Bjerknes">Carl Anton Bjerknes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hansteen" title="Christopher Hansteen">Christopher Hansteen</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Houlder_Zachariasen" title="William Houlder Zachariasen">William Zachariasen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kristian_Birkeland" title="Kristian Birkeland">Kristian Birkeland</a>, the neuroscientists <a href="/wiki/May-Britt_Moser" title="May-Britt Moser">May-Britt Moser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Moser" title="Edvard Moser">Edvard Moser</a>, and the chemists <a href="/wiki/Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Lars Onsager</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odd_Hassel" title="Odd Hassel">Odd Hassel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Waage" title="Peter Waage">Peter Waage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erik_Rotheim" title="Erik Rotheim">Erik Rotheim</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cato_Maximilian_Guldberg" title="Cato Maximilian Guldberg">Cato Maximilian Guldberg</a>. Mineralogist <a href="/wiki/Victor_Goldschmidt" title="Victor Goldschmidt">Victor Goldschmidt</a> is considered to be one of two founders of modern <a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">geochemistry</a>. The meteorologists <a href="/wiki/Vilhelm_Bjerknes" title="Vilhelm Bjerknes">Vilhelm Bjerknes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Fj%C3%B8rtoft" title="Ragnar Fjørtoft">Ragnar Fjørtoft</a> played a central role in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_numerical_weather_prediction" title="History of numerical weather prediction">history of numerical weather prediction</a>. Web pioneer <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5kon_Wium_Lie" title="Håkon Wium Lie">Håkon Wium Lie</a> developed <a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">Cascading Style Sheets</a>. <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A5l_Spilling" title="Pål Spilling">Pål Spilling</a> participated in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a> and brought the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> to Europe.<a href="#cite_note-214">[208]</a> Computer scientists <a href="/wiki/Ole-Johan_Dahl" title="Ole-Johan Dahl">Ole-Johan Dahl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kristen_Nygaard" title="Kristen Nygaard">Kristen Nygaard</a> are considered to be the fathers of the tremendously influential <a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a>, for which they were awarded a <a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a>. In the 20th century, Norwegian academics have been pioneering in many <a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">social sciences</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">criminology</a>, sociology and <a href="/wiki/Peace_and_conflict_studies" title="Peace and conflict studies">peace and conflict studies</a>. Prominent academics include <a href="/wiki/Arne_N%C3%A6ss" title="Arne Næss">Arne Næss</a>, a philosopher and founder of <a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">deep ecology</a>; <a href="/wiki/Johan_Galtung" title="Johan Galtung">Johan Galtung</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Peace_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace studies">peace studies</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nils_Christie" title="Nils Christie">Nils Christie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mathiesen" title="Thomas Mathiesen">Thomas Mathiesen</a>, criminologists; <a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Barth" title="Fredrik Barth">Fredrik Barth</a>, a social anthropologist; <a href="/wiki/Vilhelm_Aubert" title="Vilhelm Aubert">Vilhelm Aubert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Holter" title="Harriet Holter">Harriet Holter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erik_Gr%C3%B8nseth" title="Erik Grønseth">Erik Grønseth</a>, sociologists; <a href="/wiki/Tove_Stang_Dahl" title="Tove Stang Dahl">Tove Stang Dahl</a>, a pioneer of women's law; <a href="/wiki/Stein_Rokkan" title="Stein Rokkan">Stein Rokkan</a>, a political scientist; and <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Frisch" title="Ragnar Frisch">Ragnar Frisch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trygve_Haavelmo" title="Trygve Haavelmo">Trygve Haavelmo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Finn_E._Kydland" title="Finn E. Kydland">Finn E. Kydland</a>, economists. The Kingdom of Norway has produced thirteen <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_country" title="List of Nobel laureates by country">Nobel laureates</a>. Norway was ranked 21st in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-215">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Norway" title="Tourism in Norway">Tourism in Norway</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Norway" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Norway">Tourist attractions in Norway</a></div> In 2008, Norway ranked 17th in the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Travel_and_Tourism_Competitiveness_Report" title="Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report">Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wef1-216">[210]</a> Tourism in Norway contributed to 4.2% of the gross domestic product as reported in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-auto-217">[211]</a> Every one in fifteen people throughout the country work in the tourism industry.<a href="#cite_note-auto-217">[211]</a> Tourism is seasonal in Norway, with more than half of total tourists visiting between the months of May and August.<a href="#cite_note-auto-217">[211]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T%C3%B8nsberg_-_tower_and_ruins.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/T%C3%B8nsberg_-_tower_and_ruins.JPG/220px-T%C3%B8nsberg_-_tower_and_ruins.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/T%C3%B8nsberg_-_tower_and_ruins.JPG/330px-T%C3%B8nsberg_-_tower_and_ruins.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/T%C3%B8nsberg_-_tower_and_ruins.JPG/440px-T%C3%B8nsberg_-_tower_and_ruins.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2217" data-file-height="1434" /></a><figcaption>The ruin park of <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B8nsberg_Fortress" title="Tønsberg Fortress">Tønsberg Fortress</a> in <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B8nsberg" title="Tønsberg">Tønsberg</a>. The tower in the background was built in 1888 during the city's 1000th anniversary. The ruin park and the tower are today popular tourist attractions.</figcaption></figure> The main attractions of Norway are the varied landscapes that extend across the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a>. It is famous for its coastline and its mountains, ski resorts, lakes and woods. Popular tourist destinations in Norway include <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%85lesund_(town)" title="Ålesund (town)">Ålesund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bergen_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergen (city)">Bergen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stavanger_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stavanger (city)">Stavanger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trondheim_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trondheim (city)">Trondheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kristiansand_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristiansand (town)">Kristiansand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arendal_(town)" title="Arendal (town)">Arendal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_(city)" title="Tromsø (city)">Tromsø</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fredrikstad_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fredrikstad (town)">Fredrikstad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B8nsberg" title="Tønsberg">Tønsberg</a>. Much of the nature of Norway remains unspoiled, and thus attracts numerous hikers and skiers. The fjords, mountains and waterfalls in <a href="/wiki/Western_Norway" title="Western Norway">Western Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Norway" title="Northern Norway">Northern Norway</a> attract several hundred thousand foreign tourists each year. In the cities, cultural idiosyncrasies such as the <a href="/wiki/Holmenkollen_ski_jump" class="mw-redirect" title="Holmenkollen ski jump">Holmenkollen ski jump</a> in Oslo and <a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C2%ABSaga_Oseberg%C2%BB" class="extiw" title="no:«Saga Oseberg»">Saga Oseberg</a> in Tønsberg attract many visitors, as do landmarks such as <a href="/wiki/Bryggen" title="Bryggen">Bryggen</a> in Bergen, <a href="/wiki/Vigeland_installation" class="mw-redirect" title="Vigeland installation">Vigeland installation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Frogner_Park" title="Frogner Park">Frogner Park</a> in Oslo, <a href="/wiki/Nidaros_Cathedral" title="Nidaros Cathedral">Nidaros Cathedral</a> in Trondheim, <a href="/wiki/Fredrikstad_Fortress" title="Fredrikstad Fortress">Fredrikstad Fortress</a> (Gamlebyen) in Fredrikstad, and <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B8nsberg_Fortress" title="Tønsberg Fortress">the ruin park of Tønsberg Fortress</a> in Tønsberg. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Norway" title="Demographics of Norway">Demographics of Norway</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population">Population</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annual_population_growth_of_Norway.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Annual_population_growth_of_Norway.svg/260px-Annual_population_growth_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Annual_population_growth_of_Norway.svg/390px-Annual_population_growth_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Annual_population_growth_of_Norway.svg/520px-Annual_population_growth_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="219" /></a><figcaption>Annual <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a> in Norway 1951–2016, in thousands</figcaption></figure> Norway's population was 5,384,576 people in the third quarter of 2020.<a href="#cite_note-218">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/Norwegians" title="Norwegians">Norwegians</a> are an ethnic North <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> people. The <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> (TFR) in 2018 was estimated at 1.56 children born per woman,<a href="#cite_note-219">[213]</a> below the replacement rate of 2.1, it remains considerably below the high of 4.69 children born per woman in 1877.<a href="#cite_note-220">[214]</a> In 2018 the <a href="/wiki/Median_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Median age">median age</a> of the Norwegian population was 39.3 years. The <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sámi people">Sámi people</a> are indigenous to the Far North and have traditionally inhabited central and northern parts of Norway and Sweden, as well as areas in northern Finland and in Russia on the <a href="/wiki/Kola_Peninsula" title="Kola Peninsula">Kola Peninsula</a>. Another national minority are the <a href="/wiki/Kven_people" title="Kven people">Kven people</a>, descendants of Finnish-speaking people who migrated to northern Norway from the 18th up to the 20th century. From the 19th century up to the 1970s, the Norwegian government tried to assimilate both the Sámi and the Kven, encouraging them to adopt the majority language, culture and religion.<a href="#cite_note-221">[215]</a> Because of this "<a href="/wiki/Norwegianization" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegianization">Norwegianization</a> process", many families of Sámi or Kven ancestry now identify as ethnic Norwegian.<a href="#cite_note-222">[216]</a> The national minorities of Norway are Kvens, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forest_Finns" title="Forest Finns">Forest Finns</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-223">[217]</a> In 2017, the population of Norway ranked first on the <a href="/wiki/World_Happiness_Report" title="World Happiness Report">World Happiness Report</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rankin_2017-224">[218]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration">Migration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_diaspora" title="Norwegian diaspora">Norwegian diaspora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Norway" title="Immigration to Norway">Immigration to Norway</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Percentage_of_Norwegians_born_to_two_Norwegian_parents.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Percentage_of_Norwegians_born_to_two_Norwegian_parents.png/260px-Percentage_of_Norwegians_born_to_two_Norwegian_parents.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Percentage_of_Norwegians_born_to_two_Norwegian_parents.png/390px-Percentage_of_Norwegians_born_to_two_Norwegian_parents.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Percentage_of_Norwegians_born_to_two_Norwegian_parents.png/520px-Percentage_of_Norwegians_born_to_two_Norwegian_parents.png 2x" data-file-width="1914" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Norwegians of two Norwegian parents, either born abroad or in Norway as a percentage proportionally and nationally in Norway as of 2021</figcaption></figure> Particularly in the 19th century, when economic conditions were difficult in Norway, tens of thousands of people migrated to the United States and Canada, where they could work and buy land in frontier areas. Many went to the Midwest and Pacific Northwest. In 2006, according to the US Census Bureau, almost 4.7 million persons identified as <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Americans" title="Norwegian Americans">Norwegian Americans</a>,<a href="#cite_note-225">[219]</a> which was larger than the population of ethnic Norwegians in Norway itself.<a href="#cite_note-Pop16-226">[220]</a> In the 2011 Canadian census, 452,705 Canadian citizens identified as having <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Canadians" title="Norwegian Canadians">Norwegian ancestry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Norwegian_Canadians-227">[221]</a> In 2024, approximately 931,081 individuals (16.8% of the population) of the population of Norway were immigrants. Of these, 386,559 (41.5%) had a <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western</a> background (Europe, USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand), while 544,521 (58.5%) had a non-Western background (Asia, Africa, South and Central America). 221,459 invidiuals (4% of the population) were children of immigrants, born in Norway.<a href="#cite_note-:0-228">[222]</a> The largest groups of immigrants have come from <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-:0-228">[222]</a> Immigrants have settled in all Norwegian municipalities. In 2013, the cities with the highest share of immigrants were <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> (32%) and <a href="/wiki/Drammen_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drammen (town)">Drammen</a> (27%).<a href="#cite_note-innvbef-229">[223]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>, Oslo is the "fastest growing city in Europe because of increased immigration".<a href="#cite_note-230">[224]</a> In recent years, immigration has accounted for most of Norway's population growth.<a href="#cite_note-231">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Religion in Norway</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Church_of_Norway">Church of Norway</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nidaros_Cathedral,_Trondheim,_West_view_20150605_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Nidaros_Cathedral%2C_Trondheim%2C_West_view_20150605_1.jpg/220px-Nidaros_Cathedral%2C_Trondheim%2C_West_view_20150605_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Nidaros_Cathedral%2C_Trondheim%2C_West_view_20150605_1.jpg/330px-Nidaros_Cathedral%2C_Trondheim%2C_West_view_20150605_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Nidaros_Cathedral%2C_Trondheim%2C_West_view_20150605_1.jpg/440px-Nidaros_Cathedral%2C_Trondheim%2C_West_view_20150605_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4260" data-file-height="4286" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nidaros_Cathedral" title="Nidaros Cathedral">Nidaros Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Trondheim" title="Trondheim">Trondheim</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Norway" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> happened significantly later in Norway than in most of Europe, and remains incomplete. In 2012, the Norwegian parliament voted to grant the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Norway" title="Church of Norway">Church of Norway</a> greater autonomy,<a href="#cite_note-232">[226]</a> a decision which was confirmed in a constitutional amendment on 21 May 2012.<a href="#cite_note-233">[227]</a> Until 2012 parliamentary officials were required to be members of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Norway, and at least half of all government ministers had to be a member of the state church. As state church, the Church of Norway's clergy were viewed as state employees, and the central and regional church administrations were part of the state administration. Members of the Royal family are required to be members of the Lutheran church. On 1 January 2017, Norway made the church independent of the state, but retained the Church's status as the "people's church".<a href="#cite_note-234">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[229]</a> Most Norwegians are registered at baptism as members of the Church of Norway. Many remain in the church to participate in the community and practices such as <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">confirmation</a>, marriage, and burial rites. About 70.6% of Norwegians were members of the Church of Norway in 2017. In 2017, about 53.6% of all newborns were baptised and about 57.9% of all 15-year-olds were <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_(Lutheran_Church)" title="Confirmation (Lutheran Church)">confirmed</a> in the church.<a href="#cite_note-236">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religious_affiliation">Religious affiliation</h4></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 15915.284869129px; border-left-color:Tomato"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Tomato"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Tomato"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 8376.1780133552px; border-left-color:Honeydew"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Honeydew"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Honeydew"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 43.199286574855px; border-left-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 30.009047636821px; border-left-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 28.576344666814px; border-left-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 25.876655471249px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3.8975466644089px; border-left-color:Indigo"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Indigo"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Indigo"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:99.501387970691px 9.9736548920614px 0 0; border-top-color:Aquamarine"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Aquamarine"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:99.250355074682px 12.221579993989px 0 0; border-top-color:Orchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orchid"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:98.78841420425px 15.519317607727px 0 0; border-top-color:DarkTurquoise"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkTurquoise"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:97.935003233802px 20.217199153077px 0 0; border-top-color:DarkOrchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkOrchid"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:92.218747234955px 38.674315228786px 0 0; border-top-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Official religious affiliation in Norway (31 December 2019):<a href="#cite_note-stat2019statechurch-237">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-stat2019other-238">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[233]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Norway">Evangelical Lutheran Church of Norway</a> (68.68%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Norway" title="Catholic Church in Norway">Catholic Church</a> (3.08%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism_in_Norway" title="Pentecostalism in Norway">Pentecostal congregations</a> (0.76%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Norway" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Norway">Eastern Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Norway" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Norway">Oriental Orthodox</a> (0.53%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Free_Church_of_Norway" title="Evangelical Lutheran Free Church of Norway">Evangelical Lutheran Free Church</a> (0.36%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other Christian denominations (2.21%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Norway" title="Islam in Norway">Islam</a> (3.41%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (0.40%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Norway" title="Hinduism in Norway">Hinduism</a> (0.21%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Humanist_Association" title="Norwegian Humanist Association">Secular Humanism</a> (1.85%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Norway" title="Irreligion in Norway">Unaffiliated</a> (18.32%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other Religion (0.09%)</div> </div> </div></div> According to the 2010 Eurobarometer Poll, 22% of Norwegian citizens responded that "they believe there is a God", 44% responded that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 29% responded that "they don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force". Five per cent gave no response.<a href="#cite_note-eurobarometer_2010-240">[234]</a> In the early 1990s, studies estimated that between 4.7% and 5.3% of Norwegians attended church on a weekly basis.<a href="#cite_note-241">[235]</a> This figure has dropped to about 2%.<a href="#cite_note-242">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[237]</a> In 2010, 10% of the population was <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">religiously unaffiliated</a>, while another 9% were members of religious communities outside the Church of Norway.<a href="#cite_note-Norway1-244">[238]</a> Other Christian denominations total about 4.9%<a href="#cite_note-Norway1-244">[238]</a> of the population, the largest of which is the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, with 83,000 members, according to 2009 government statistics.<a href="#cite_note-Norwayreligion2-245">[239]</a> The Aftenposten (Evening Post) in October 2012 reported there were about 115,234 registered Roman Catholics in Norway; the reporter estimated that the total number of people with a Roman Catholic background may be 170,000–200,000 or higher.<a href="#cite_note-246">[240]</a> Others include <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostals</a> (39,600),<a href="#cite_note-Norwayreligion2-245">[239]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Free_Church_of_Norway" title="Evangelical Lutheran Free Church of Norway">Evangelical Lutheran Free Church of Norway</a> (19,600),<a href="#cite_note-Norwayreligion2-245">[239]</a> the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church_in_Norway" title="United Methodist Church in Norway">United Methodist Church in Norway</a> (11,000),<a href="#cite_note-Norwayreligion2-245">[239]</a> <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a> (9,900),<a href="#cite_note-Norwayreligion2-245">[239]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> (9,900),<a href="#cite_note-Norwayreligion2-245">[239]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brunstad_Christian_Church" title="Brunstad Christian Church">Brunstad Christian Church</a> (6,800),<a href="#cite_note-Norwayreligion2-245">[239]</a> <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventists" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-day Adventists">Seventh-day Adventists</a> (5,100),<a href="#cite_note-Norwayreligion2-245">[239]</a> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq#Christianity" title="Religion in Iraq">Assyrians and Chaldeans</a>, and others. The Swedish, Finnish and Icelandic Lutheran congregations in Norway have about 27,500 members in total.<a href="#cite_note-Norwayreligion2-245">[239]</a> Other Christian denominations comprise less than 1% each, including 4,000 members in <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> and 12,000 <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Norwayreligion2-245">[239]</a> Among non-Christian religions, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Norway" title="Islam in Norway">Islam</a> is the largest, with 166,861 registered members (2018), and probably fewer than 200,000 in total.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-247">[241]</a> Other religions comprise less than 1% each, including 819 adherents of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Norway" title="History of the Jews in Norway">Judaism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Norwayreligion-248">[242]</a> Indian immigrants introduced Hinduism to Norway, which in 2011 has slightly more than 5,900 adherents, or 1% of non-Lutheran Norwegians.<a href="#cite_note-Norwayreligion-248">[242]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> has approximately 3,000 adherents, with most living in Oslo, which has two <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">gurdwaras</a>. Drammen also has a sizeable population of Sikhs; the largest gurdwara in north Europe was built in <a href="/wiki/Lier,_Norway" title="Lier, Norway">Lier</a>. There are eleven Buddhist organisations, grouped under the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Federation_of_Norway" title="Buddhist Federation of Norway">Buddhistforbundet</a> organisation, with slightly over 14,000 members,<a href="#cite_note-Norwayreligion-248">[242]</a> which make up 0.2% of the population. The <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> religion has slightly more than 1,000 adherents.<a href="#cite_note-Norwayreligion-248">[242]</a> Around 1.7% (84,500) of Norwegians belong to the secular <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Humanist_Association" title="Norwegian Humanist Association">Norwegian Humanist Association</a>. From 2006 to 2011, the fastest-growing religious communities in Norway were <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Norway" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Norway">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_Norway" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in Norway">Oriental Orthodox Christianity</a>, which grew in membership by 80%; however, their share of the total population remains small, at 0.2%. It is associated with the immigration from Eritrea and Ethiopia, and to a lesser extent from <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and Eastern European and Middle Eastern countries. Other fast-growing religions were <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Norway">Roman Catholicism</a> (78.7%), <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Norway" title="Hinduism in Norway">Hinduism</a> (59.6%), <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Norway" title="Islam in Norway">Islam</a> (48.1%), and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Buddhism</a> (46.7%).<a href="#cite_note-249">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indigenous_religions">Indigenous religions</h4></div> As in other Scandinavian countries, the ancient Norse followed a form of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Norse_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse paganism">Norse paganism</a>. By the end of the 11th century, when Norway had been <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianised</a>, the indigenous Norse religion and practices were prohibited. Remnants of the native religion and beliefs of Norway survive today in the form of names, referential names of cities and locations, the days of the week, and everyday language. Modern interest in the old ways has led to a revival of pagan religious practices in the form of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Neopaganism">Åsatru</a>. The Norwegian <a href="/wiki/%C3%85satrufellesskapet_Bifrost" title="Åsatrufellesskapet Bifrost">Åsatrufellesskapet Bifrost</a> formed in 1996; in 2011, the fellowship had about 300 members. Foreningen Forn Sed was formed in 1999 and has been recognised by the Norwegian government. The Sámi minority retained their <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">shamanistic religion</a> well into the 18th century, when most converted to Christianity under the influence of Dano-Norwegian Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a>. Today there is a renewed appreciation for the Sámi traditional way of life, which has led to a revival of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Noaidevuohta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noaidevuohta (page does not exist)">Noaidevuohta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-250">[244]</a> Some Norwegian and Sámi celebrities are reported to visit <a href="/wiki/Shamans" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamans">shamans</a> for guidance.<a href="#cite_note-251">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Norway" title="Health in Norway">Health in Norway</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_in_Norway.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Life_expectancy_in_Norway.svg/220px-Life_expectancy_in_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Life_expectancy_in_Norway.svg/330px-Life_expectancy_in_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Life_expectancy_in_Norway.svg/440px-Life_expectancy_in_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Development of life expectancy in Norway</figcaption></figure> Norway was awarded first place according to the UN's <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> (HDI) for 2013.<a href="#cite_note-253">[247]</a> From the 1900s, improvements in public health occurred as a result of development in several areas such as social and <a href="/wiki/Living_condition" class="mw-redirect" title="Living condition">living conditions</a>, changes in disease and medical outbreaks, establishment of the health care system, and emphasis on public health matters. <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">Vaccination</a> and increased treatment opportunities with antibiotics resulted in great improvements within the Norwegian population. Improved hygiene and better nutrition were factors that contributed to improved health. The disease pattern in Norway changed from communicable diseases to non-communicable diseases and chronic diseases as <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>. Inequalities and social differences are still present in public health in Norway.<a href="#cite_note-Folkehelse_i_Norge_1814_–_2014-254">[248]</a> In 2013 the infant mortality rate was 2.5 per 1,000 live births among children under the age of one. For girls it was 2.7 and for boys 2.3, which is the lowest infant mortality rate for boys ever recorded in Norway.<a href="#cite_note-255">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Norway" title="Education in Norway">Education in Norway</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NTNU.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/NTNU.jpg/220px-NTNU.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/NTNU.jpg/330px-NTNU.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/NTNU.jpg/440px-NTNU.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2964" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>The main building of the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Norwegian University of Science and Technology">Norwegian University of Science and Technology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Trondheim_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trondheim (city)">Trondheim</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Norway" title="Higher education in Norway">Higher education in Norway</a> is offered by a range of seven <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Norway" title="List of universities in Norway">universities</a>, five specialised colleges, 25 <a href="/wiki/University_college" title="University college">university colleges</a> as well as a range of private colleges. Education follows the <a href="/wiki/Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna Process</a> involving <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">Bachelor</a> (3 years), <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">Master</a> (2 years) and PhD (3 years) degrees.<a href="#cite_note-256">[250]</a> Acceptance is offered after finishing <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Norway" title="Education in Norway">upper secondary school</a> with general study competence. Public education is virtually free for citizens from EU/EEA and Switzerland, but other nationalities need to pay tuition fees.<a href="#cite_note-257">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[253]</a> Higher education has historically been free for everyone regardless of nationality, but tuition fees for all students from outside EU/EEA and Switzerland was implemented in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-260">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[255]</a> The academic year has two <a href="/wiki/Academic_term" title="Academic term">semesters</a>, from August to December and from January to June. The ultimate responsibility for the education lies with the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Ministry_of_Education_and_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research">Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Norway" title="Languages of Norway">Languages of Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_dialects" title="Norwegian dialects">Norwegian dialects</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian language</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_languages" title="Sámi languages">Sámi languages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norske_M%C3%A5lgreiner.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Norske_M%C3%A5lgreiner.png/220px-Norske_M%C3%A5lgreiner.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Norske_M%C3%A5lgreiner.png/330px-Norske_M%C3%A5lgreiner.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Norske_M%C3%A5lgreiner.png/440px-Norske_M%C3%A5lgreiner.png 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="935" /></a><figcaption>The map shows the division of the Norwegian dialects within the main groups.</figcaption></figure> Norwegian in its two forms, <a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a>, is the main national official language of all of Norway. Sámi, a group which includes three separate languages, is recognised as a minority language on the national level and is a co-official language alongside Norwegian in the Sámi administrative linguistic area (Forvaltningsområdet for samisk språk) in Northern Norway.<a href="#cite_note-LanguageCouncilSami-2">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kven_language" title="Kven language">Kven</a> is a minority language and is a co-official language alongside Norwegian in one municipality, also in Northern Norway.<a href="#cite_note-262">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Norwegian">Norwegian</h4></div> Norwegian is a <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic</a> language descended from <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>. It is the main national language of Norway and is spoken throughout the country. Norwegian is spoken natively by over 5 million people mainly in Norway, but is generally understood throughout <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> and to a lesser degree other <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a>. It has two official written forms, <a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a>. Both are used in public administration, schools, churches, and media. Bokmål is the written language used by a majority of about 85%. Around 95% of the population speak Norwegian as their first or native language, although many speak dialects that may differ significantly from the written languages. Norwegian dialects are mutually intelligible, although listeners with limited exposure to dialects other than their own may struggle with certain phrases and pronunciations. Norwegian is closely related to and generally mutually intelligible with its neighbour <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">Scandinavian languages</a>; <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, and the three main Scandinavian languages thus form both a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> and a larger language community with about 25 million speakers. All three languages are commonly employed in communication among inhabitants of the Scandinavian countries. As a result of the co-operation within the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a>, inhabitants of all Nordic countries always have the right to communicate with Norwegian authorities in Danish or Swedish as equal alternatives to Norwegian.<a href="#cite_note-265">[259]</a> In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Norwegian language was subject to <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language_conflict" title="Norwegian language conflict">strong political and cultural controversies</a>. This led to the development of Nynorsk in the 19th century and to the formation of alternative spelling standards in the 20th century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sámi_and_Kven">Sámi and Kven</h4></div> Several <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> Sámi languages, which are related but not generally mutually intelligible, are traditionally spoken by the Sámi people primarily in Northern Norway and to much lesser extent in some parts of Central Norway. Around 15,000 people have officially registered as Sámi in the Sámi census (Samemanntallet), but the number of people of recent Sámi heritage is often estimated at 50,000 people. The number of people who have some knowledge of Northern Sámi, including as a second language, is estimated at 25,000 people, but only a minority are native speakers. The other Sámi languages are heavily endangered and spoken by at most a few hundred people. Most people of Sámi heritage are today native speakers of Norwegian as a result of past assimilation policies.<a href="#cite_note-266">[260]</a> Speakers have a right to be educated and to receive communication from the government in their own language in a special forvaltningsområde (administrative area) for Sámi languages.<a href="#cite_note-267">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[262]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kven_people" title="Kven people">Kven</a> minority historically spoke the Uralic <a href="/wiki/Kven_language" title="Kven language">Kven language</a> (considered a separate language in Norway, but generally perceived as a Finnish dialect in Finland). Today the majority of ethnic Kven have little or no knowledge of the language.<a href="#cite_note-269">[263]</a> As Norway has ratified the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a> (ECRML) the Kven language together with <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scandoromani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandoromani language">Scandoromani language</a> has become officially recognised minority languages.<a href="#cite_note-270">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_languages">Other languages</h4></div> Some supporters have also advocated making <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sign_Language" title="Norwegian Sign Language">Norwegian Sign Language</a> an official language.<a href="#cite_note-272">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[267]</a> The primary foreign language taught in Norwegian schools is English, and the majority of the population, especially those born after World War II, is fairly fluent in English. German, French and Spanish are also commonly taught as second or, more often, third languages. Russian, Japanese, Italian, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, and rarely <a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Chinese (Mandarin)</a> are offered in some schools, mostly in the cities. Traditionally, English, German and French were considered the main foreign languages in Norway. These languages, for instance, were used on <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_passport" title="Norwegian passport">Norwegian passports</a> until the 1990s, and university students have a general right to use these languages when submitting their theses. 90% of Norwegians are fluent in English.<a href="#cite_note-274">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Norway" title="Culture of Norway">Culture of Norway</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilhelmine_Seippel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Wilhelmine_Seippel.jpg/220px-Wilhelmine_Seippel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Wilhelmine_Seippel.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Norwegian farmer's costumes, known as folkedrakt, and modern costumes inspired by those costumes, known as <a href="/wiki/Bunad" title="Bunad">bunad</a>, are widely used on special occasions.</figcaption></figure> The Norwegian farm culture continues to play a role in contemporary Norwegian culture. In the 19th century, it inspired a strong <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">romantic nationalistic</a> movement, which is still visible in the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Norway" title="Category:Mass media in Norway">media</a>. Norwegian culture expanded with nationalist efforts to achieve an independent identity in the areas of literature, art and music. This continues today in the performing arts and as a result of government support for exhibitions, cultural projects and artwork.<a href="#cite_note-275">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Norway" title="Cinema of Norway">Cinema of Norway</a></div> Norwegian cinema has received international recognition. The documentary film <a href="/wiki/Kon-Tiki_(1950_film)" title="Kon-Tiki (1950 film)">Kon-Tiki</a> (1950) won an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</a>. Another notable film is <a href="/wiki/The_Pinchcliffe_Grand_Prix" title="The Pinchcliffe Grand Prix">The Pinchcliffe Grand Prix</a>, an animated feature film directed by <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Caprino" title="Ivo Caprino">Ivo Caprino</a>. The film was released in 1975 and is the most widely seen Norwegian film of all time.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Nils_Gaup" title="Nils Gaup">Nils Gaup</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_(1987_film)" title="Pathfinder (1987 film)">Pathfinder</a> (1987), the story of the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sámi people">Sámi</a>, was nominated for an Oscar. <a href="/wiki/Berit_Nesheim" title="Berit Nesheim">Berit Nesheim</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Other_Side_of_Sunday" title="The Other Side of Sunday">The Other Side of Sunday</a> was nominated for an Oscar in 1997. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Monn_Keys_(cropped)_-_Egil_Monn-Iversen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/The_Monn_Keys_%28cropped%29_-_Egil_Monn-Iversen.jpg/180px-The_Monn_Keys_%28cropped%29_-_Egil_Monn-Iversen.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/The_Monn_Keys_%28cropped%29_-_Egil_Monn-Iversen.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="247" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Egil_Monn-Iversen" title="Egil Monn-Iversen">Egil Ragnar Monn-Iversen</a> had so much influence in Norwegian culture that he received the nickname the Godfather.</figcaption></figure> Since the 1990s, the film industry has expanded, producing up to 20 feature films each year. Particular successes were <a href="/wiki/Kristin_Lavransdatter" title="Kristin Lavransdatter">Kristin Lavransdatter</a>, based on a novel by a Nobel Prize winner; <a href="/wiki/The_Telegraphist" title="The Telegraphist">The Telegraphist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gurin_with_the_Foxtail" title="Gurin with the Foxtail">Gurin with the Foxtail</a>. <a href="/wiki/Knut_Erik_Jensen" title="Knut Erik Jensen">Knut Erik Jensen</a> was among the more successful new directors, together with <a href="/wiki/Erik_Skjoldbj%C3%A6rg" title="Erik Skjoldbjærg">Erik Skjoldbjærg</a>, who is remembered for <a href="/wiki/Insomnia_(1997_film)" title="Insomnia (1997 film)">Insomnia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[270]</a> <a href="/wiki/Elling" title="Elling">Elling</a> and the 2012 adaption of <a href="/wiki/Kon-Tiki_(2012_film)" title="Kon-Tiki (2012 film)">Kon-Tiki</a> was nominated for an Oscar for the best foreign language film. The TV-series <a href="/wiki/Skam_(TV_series)" title="Skam (TV series)">Skam</a> created by <a href="/wiki/Julie_Andem" title="Julie Andem">Julie Andem</a> received a cult following and international recognition, with many countries making their own adaptations. Norwegian directors such as <a href="/wiki/Joachim_R%C3%B8nning" title="Joachim Rønning">Joachim Rønning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anja_Breien" title="Anja Breien">Anja Breien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Espen_Sandberg" title="Espen Sandberg">Espen Sandberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liv_Ullmann" title="Liv Ullmann">Liv Ullmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morten_Tyldum" title="Morten Tyldum">Morten Tyldum</a> have made internationally successful movies such as <a href="/wiki/The_Imitation_Game" title="The Imitation Game">The Imitation Game</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passengers_(2016_film)" title="Passengers (2016 film)">Passengers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean:_Dead_Men_Tell_No_Tales" title="Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales">Pirates of the Caribbean: Salazar's Revenge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maleficent:_Mistress_of_Evil" title="Maleficent: Mistress of Evil">Maleficent: Mistress of Evil</a>, as well as the TV series <a href="/wiki/Jack_Ryan_(TV_series)" title="Jack Ryan (TV series)">Jack Ryan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_(2014_TV_series)" title="Marco Polo (2014 TV series)">Marco Polo</a>. Composers include <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bergersen" title="Thomas Bergersen">Thomas Bergersen</a>, who composed for <a href="/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film)" title="Avatar (2009 film)">Avatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Knight" title="The Dark Knight">The Dark Knight</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)" title="Harry Potter (film series)">Harry Potter</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia_(film_series)" title="The Chronicles of Narnia (film series)">Narnia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Egil_Monn-Iversen" title="Egil Monn-Iversen">Egil Monn-Iversen</a> has been one of the most influential modern composers in Norway, having composed scores to over 100 Norwegian movies and TV series. Norway has been used as filming location for Hollywood and other international productions, including <a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Empire_Strikes_Back" title="The Empire Strikes Back">The Empire Strikes Back</a> (1980). Among the thousands of movies filmed in Norway include <a href="/wiki/Die_Another_Day" title="Die Another Day">Die Another Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/No_Time_to_Die" title="No Time to Die">No Time to Die</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Compass_(film)" title="The Golden Compass (film)">The Golden Compass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spies_Like_Us" title="Spies Like Us">Spies Like Us</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mission:_Impossible_%E2%80%93_Fallout" title="Mission: Impossible – Fallout">Mission: Impossible – Fallout</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mission:_Impossible_%E2%80%93_Dead_Reckoning_Part_One" title="Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One">Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Widow_(2021_film)" title="Black Widow (2021 film)">Black Widow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenet_(film)" title="Tenet (film)">Tenet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Half-Blood_Prince_(film)" title="Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film)">Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Heroes_of_Telemark" title="The Heroes of Telemark">Heroes of Telemark</a>, as well as the TV series <a href="/wiki/Lilyhammer" title="Lilyhammer">Lilyhammer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vikings_(2013_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikings (2013 TV series)">Vikings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-277">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Norway" title="Music of Norway">Music of Norway</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nordic_popular_music#Norway" title="Nordic popular music">Norwegian music industry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edvard_Grieg_(1888)_by_Elliot_and_Fry_-_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Edvard_Grieg_%281888%29_by_Elliot_and_Fry_-_02.jpg/170px-Edvard_Grieg_%281888%29_by_Elliot_and_Fry_-_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Edvard_Grieg_%281888%29_by_Elliot_and_Fry_-_02.jpg/255px-Edvard_Grieg_%281888%29_by_Elliot_and_Fry_-_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Edvard_Grieg_%281888%29_by_Elliot_and_Fry_-_02.jpg/340px-Edvard_Grieg_%281888%29_by_Elliot_and_Fry_-_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="863" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Edvard Grieg</a>, composer and pianist</figcaption></figure> The classical music of the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romantic</a> composers <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Edvard Grieg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rikard_Nordraak" title="Rikard Nordraak">Rikard Nordraak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johan_Svendsen" title="Johan Svendsen">Johan Svendsen</a> is internationally known, as is the modern music of <a href="/wiki/Arne_Nordheim" title="Arne Nordheim">Arne Nordheim</a>. Norway's classical performers include <a href="/wiki/Leif_Ove_Andsnes" title="Leif Ove Andsnes">Leif Ove Andsnes</a>, a pianist; <a href="/wiki/Truls_M%C3%B8rk" title="Truls Mørk">Truls Mørk</a>, an outstanding <a href="/wiki/Cellist" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellist">cellist</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Wagnerian" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagnerian">Wagnerian</a> soprano <a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Flagstad" title="Kirsten Flagstad">Kirsten Flagstad</a>. The jazz scene is thriving. <a href="/wiki/Jan_Garbarek" title="Jan Garbarek">Jan Garbarek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terje_Rypdal" title="Terje Rypdal">Terje Rypdal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mari_Boine" title="Mari Boine">Mari Boine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arild_Andersen" title="Arild Andersen">Arild Andersen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bugge_Wesseltoft" title="Bugge Wesseltoft">Bugge Wesseltoft</a> are internationally recognised while <a href="/wiki/Paal_Nilssen-Love" title="Paal Nilssen-Love">Paal Nilssen-Love</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supersilent" title="Supersilent">Supersilent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaga_Jazzist" title="Jaga Jazzist">Jaga Jazzist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wibutee" title="Wibutee">Wibutee</a> are becoming world-class artists.<a href="#cite_note-278">[272]</a> Norway has a strong <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> tradition which remains popular.<a href="#cite_note-279">[273]</a> Among the most prominent folk musicians are <a href="/wiki/Hardanger_fiddle" title="Hardanger fiddle">Hardanger fiddlers</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Een" title="Andrea Een">Andrea Een</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olav_J%C3%B8rgen_Hegge" title="Olav Jørgen Hegge">Olav Jørgen Hegge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Annbj%C3%B8rg_Lien" title="Annbjørg Lien">Annbjørg Lien</a>, and the vocalists <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Buen_Garn%C3%A5s" title="Agnes Buen Garnås">Agnes Buen Garnås</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirsten_Br%C3%A5ten_Berg" title="Kirsten Bråten Berg">Kirsten Bråten Berg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odd_Nordstoga" title="Odd Nordstoga">Odd Nordstoga</a>. <a href="/wiki/Early_Norwegian_black_metal_scene" title="Early Norwegian black metal scene">Norwegian black metal</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Norway" title="Rock music in Norway">rock music in Norway</a>, has been an influence in world music since the late 20th century. Since the 1990s, Norway's export of <a href="/wiki/Black_metal" title="Black metal">black metal</a> has been developed by such bands as <a href="/wiki/Emperor_(band)" title="Emperor (band)">Emperor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darkthrone" title="Darkthrone">Darkthrone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorgoroth" title="Gorgoroth">Gorgoroth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayhem_(band)" title="Mayhem (band)">Mayhem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burzum" title="Burzum">Burzum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immortal_(band)" title="Immortal (band)">Immortal</a>. Bands such as <a href="/wiki/Enslaved_(band)" title="Enslaved (band)">Enslaved</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kvelertak" title="Kvelertak">Kvelertak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dimmu_Borgir" title="Dimmu Borgir">Dimmu Borgir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satyricon_(band)" title="Satyricon (band)">Satyricon</a> have evolved the genre while still garnering worldwide fans. Ylvis rose to international stardom with the song <a href="/wiki/The_Fox_(What_Does_the_Fox_Say%3F)" title="The Fox (What Does the Fox Say?)">What Does the Fox Say?</a>, which received over 1 billion views on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. A-ha's most popular song and music video <a href="/wiki/Take_On_Me" title="Take On Me">Take On Me</a> has over 1.3 billion views. <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>-based pop-singer named <a href="/wiki/Aurora_(singer)" title="Aurora (singer)">Aurora</a> gained international recognition starting in the 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-280">[274]</a> Other notable female solo artists from Norway include <a href="/wiki/Susanne_Sundf%C3%B8r" title="Susanne Sundfør">Susanne Sundfør</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sigrid_(singer)" title="Sigrid (singer)">Sigrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrid_S" title="Astrid S">Astrid S</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adel%C3%A9n" title="Adelén">Adelén</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julie_Bergan" title="Julie Bergan">Julie Bergan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Mena" title="Maria Mena">Maria Mena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tone_Damli" title="Tone Damli">Tone Damli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Berger" title="Margaret Berger">Margaret Berger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lene_Marlin" title="Lene Marlin">Lene Marlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christel_Alsos" title="Christel Alsos">Christel Alsos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Arredondo" title="Maria Arredondo">Maria Arredondo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marion_Raven" title="Marion Raven">Marion Raven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marit_Larsen" title="Marit Larsen">Marit Larsen</a> (both former members of the defunct pop-rock band <a href="/wiki/M2M_(band)" title="M2M (band)">M2M</a>), <a href="/wiki/Lene_Nystr%C3%B8m" title="Lene Nystrøm">Lene Nystrøm</a> (vocalist of the Danish eurodance group <a href="/wiki/Aqua_(band)" title="Aqua (band)">Aqua</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Anni-Frid_Lyngstad" title="Anni-Frid Lyngstad">Anni-Frid Lyngstad</a> (vocalist of the Swedish pop group <a href="/wiki/ABBA" title="ABBA">ABBA</a>). Norwegian songwriters and producers for international artists include <a href="/wiki/Stargate_(production_team)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stargate (production team)">Stargate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Espen_Lind" title="Espen Lind">Espen Lind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lene_Marlin" title="Lene Marlin">Lene Marlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ina_Wroldsen" title="Ina Wroldsen">Ina Wroldsen</a>. Norway has been a constant competitor in the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Eurovision Song Contest">Eurovision Song Contest</a>, participating 62 times. Since its first participation in 1960, Norway has won the competition three times: <a href="/wiki/Bobbysocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobbysocks">Bobbysocks</a>'s win in <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1985" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1985">1985</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secret_Garden_(duo)" title="Secret Garden (duo)">Secret Garden</a>'s win in <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1995" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1995">1995</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rybak" title="Alexander Rybak">Alexander Rybak</a>'s win in <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2009" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2009">2009</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[275]</a> Alexander Rybak's win in 2009 with his song <a href="/wiki/Fairytale_(Alexander_Rybak_song)" title="Fairytale (Alexander Rybak song)">Fairytale</a> was a major win in Eurovision's history as it scored the biggest margin of victory ever.<a href="#cite_note-282">[276]</a> The song was an international hit, peaking at number one in several countries.<a href="#cite_note-Hung_2009_c028-283">[277]</a> Norway enjoys many music festivals throughout the year, all over the country. Norway is the host of one of the world's biggest <a href="/wiki/Extreme_sport" title="Extreme sport">extreme sport</a> festivals with music, <a href="/wiki/Ekstremsportveko" title="Ekstremsportveko">Ekstremsportveko</a>—a festival held annually in <a href="/wiki/Voss" title="Voss">Voss</a>. Oslo is the host of many festivals, such as <a href="/wiki/%C3%98yafestivalen" title="Øyafestivalen">Øyafestivalen</a> and <a href="/wiki/By:Larm" title="By:Larm">by:Larm</a>. Oslo used to have a summer parade similar to the German <a href="/wiki/Love_Parade" title="Love Parade">Love Parade</a>. In 1992, the city of Oslo wanted to adopt the French music festival Fête de la Musique. <a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Carl_St%C3%B8rmer" title="Fredrik Carl Størmer">Fredrik Carl Størmer</a> established the festival. From its first year, "Musikkens Dag" gathered thousands of people and artists in the streets of Oslo. "Musikkens Dag" is now renamed Musikkfest Oslo. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_literature" title="Norwegian literature">Norwegian literature</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_writers" title="List of Norwegian writers">List of Norwegian writers</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Norway" title="Special:EditPage/Norway">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (February 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sigrid_Undset_1928.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Sigrid_Undset_1928.jpg/170px-Sigrid_Undset_1928.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Sigrid_Undset_1928.jpg/255px-Sigrid_Undset_1928.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Sigrid_Undset_1928.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sigrid_Undset" title="Sigrid Undset">Sigrid Undset</a></figcaption></figure> The history of Norwegian literature starts with the <a href="/wiki/Norse_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse paganism">pagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Eddaic poems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">skaldic</a> verse of the ninth and tenth centuries, with poets such as <a href="/wiki/Bragi_Boddason" title="Bragi Boddason">Bragi Boddason</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eyvindr_sk%C3%A1ldaspillir" title="Eyvindr skáldaspillir">Eyvindr skáldaspillir</a>. The arrival of Christianity around the year 1000 brought Norway into contact with European medieval learning, <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiography</a> and history writing. Merged with native oral tradition and Icelandic influence, this influenced the literature written in the late 12th and early 13th centuries. Major works of that period include <a href="/wiki/Historia_Norwegi%C3%A6" title="Historia Norwegiæ">Historia Norwegiæ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ei%C3%B0rekssaga" class="mw-redirect" title="Þiðrekssaga">Þiðrekssaga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Konungs_skuggsj%C3%A1" title="Konungs skuggsjá">Konungs skuggsjá</a>. Little Norwegian literature came out of the period of the Scandinavian Union and the subsequent Dano-Norwegian union (1387–1814), with some notable exceptions such as <a href="/wiki/Petter_Dass" title="Petter Dass">Petter Dass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludvig_Holberg" title="Ludvig Holberg">Ludvig Holberg</a>. During the union with Denmark, the government imposed using only written Danish, which decreased the writing of Norwegian literature. Two major events precipitated a major resurgence in Norwegian literature: in 1811 a Norwegian university was established in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Christiania</a>, and in 1814 the Norwegians created their first <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Norway" title="Constitution of Norway">Constitution</a>. Authors were inspired and became recognised first in Scandinavia, and then worldwide; among them were <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Henrik Wergeland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Christen_Asbj%C3%B8rnsen" title="Peter Christen Asbjørnsen">Peter Christen Asbjørnsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Moe" title="Jørgen Moe">Jørgen Moe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camilla_Collett" title="Camilla Collett">Camilla Collett</a>. By the late 19th century, in the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a> of Norwegian literature, the so-called "Great Four" emerged: <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Henrik Ibsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson" title="Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson">Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kielland" title="Alexander Kielland">Alexander Kielland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Lie_(writer)" title="Jonas Lie (writer)">Jonas Lie</a>. Bjørnson's "peasant novels", such as Ein glad gut (A Happy Boy) and Synnøve Solbakken, are typical of the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Norwegian romantic nationalism</a> of their day. Kielland's novels and short stories are mostly naturalistic. Although an important contributor to early romantic nationalism, (especially <a href="/wiki/Peer_Gynt" title="Peer Gynt">Peer Gynt</a>), <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Henrik Ibsen</a> is better known for his pioneering realistic dramas such as <a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Duck" title="The Wild Duck">The Wild Duck</a> and <a href="/wiki/A_Doll%27s_House" title="A Doll's House">A Doll's House</a>. In the 20th century, three Norwegian novelists were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson" title="Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson">Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson</a> in 1903, <a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Knut Hamsun</a> for the book Markens grøde ("<a href="/wiki/Growth_of_the_Soil" title="Growth of the Soil">Growth of the Soil</a>") in 1920, and <a href="/wiki/Sigrid_Undset" title="Sigrid Undset">Sigrid Undset</a> (known for <a href="/wiki/Kristin_Lavransdatter" title="Kristin Lavransdatter">Kristin Lavransdatter</a>) in 1928. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Norway" title="Architecture of Norway">Architecture of Norway</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urnesstavkirke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Urnesstavkirke.jpg/220px-Urnesstavkirke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Urnesstavkirke.jpg/330px-Urnesstavkirke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Urnesstavkirke.jpg/440px-Urnesstavkirke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Urnes_Stave_Church" title="Urnes Stave Church">Urnes Stave Church</a> has been listed by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dalen_Hotell_IMG_4773.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Dalen_Hotell_IMG_4773.jpg/220px-Dalen_Hotell_IMG_4773.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Dalen_Hotell_IMG_4773.jpg/330px-Dalen_Hotell_IMG_4773.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Dalen_Hotell_IMG_4773.jpg/440px-Dalen_Hotell_IMG_4773.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1707" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dalen_Hotel" title="Dalen Hotel">Dalen Hotel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Telemark" title="Telemark">Telemark</a> built in <a href="/wiki/Dragestil" title="Dragestil">Dragon Style</a>, a style of design architecture that originated during the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Norwegian romantic nationalism</a>.</figcaption></figure> With expansive forests, Norway has long had a tradition of building in wood. Many of today's most interesting new buildings are made of wood, reflecting the strong appeal that this material continues to hold for Norwegian designers and builders.<a href="#cite_note-284">[278]</a> With Norway's conversion to Christianity, churches were built. Stonework architecture was introduced from Europe for the most important structures, beginning with the construction of <a href="/wiki/Nidaros_Cathedral" title="Nidaros Cathedral">Nidaros Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Trondheim_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trondheim (city)">Trondheim</a>. In the early <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, wooden <a href="/wiki/Stave_church" title="Stave church">stave churches</a> were constructed throughout Norway. Some of them have survived; they represent Norway's most unusual contribution to architectural history. <a href="/wiki/Urnes_Stave_Church" title="Urnes Stave Church">Urnes Stave Church</a> in inner <a href="/wiki/Sognefjord" title="Sognefjord">Sognefjord</a> is on <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_List" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage List">World Heritage List</a>. Another notable example of wooden architecture is the buildings at <a href="/wiki/Bryggen" title="Bryggen">Bryggen</a> Wharf in Bergen, also on the list for World Cultural Heritage sites, consisting of a row of tall, narrow wooden structures along the quayside. In the 17th century, under the Danish monarchy, cities and villages such as <a href="/wiki/Kongsberg_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kongsberg (town)">Kongsberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8ros_(town)" title="Røros (town)">Røros</a> were established. The city Kongsberg had a church built in the Baroque style. Traditional wooden buildings that were constructed in Røros have survived. After Norway's union with Denmark was dissolved in 1814, Oslo became the capital. The architect <a href="/wiki/Christian_Heinrich_Grosch" title="Christian Heinrich Grosch">Christian H. Grosch</a> designed the earliest parts of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo" title="University of Oslo">University of Oslo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Stock_Exchange" title="Oslo Stock Exchange">Oslo Stock Exchange</a>, and many other buildings and churches constructed in that early national period. At the beginning of the 20th century, the city of <a href="/wiki/%C3%85lesund_(town)" title="Ålesund (town)">Ålesund</a> was rebuilt in the <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> style, influenced by styles of France. The 1930s, when functionalism dominated, became a strong period for Norwegian architecture. It is only since the late 20th century that Norwegian architects have achieved international renown. One of the most striking modern buildings in Norway is the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_Parliament_of_Norway" title="Sámi Parliament of Norway">Sámi Parliament</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karasjok_(village)" title="Karasjok (village)">Kárášjohka</a>, designed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stein_Halvorson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stein Halvorson (page does not exist)">Stein Halvorson</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Sundby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Sundby (page does not exist)">Christian Sundby</a>. Its debating chamber, in timber, is an abstract version of a <a href="/wiki/Lavvu" title="Lavvu">lavvo</a>, the traditional tent used by the nomadic <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sámi people">Sámi people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-285">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_art" title="Norwegian art">Norwegian art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Scream.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/The_Scream.jpg/220px-The_Scream.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/The_Scream.jpg/330px-The_Scream.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/The_Scream.jpg/440px-The_Scream.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3822" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Scream" title="The Scream">The Scream</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Edvard Munch</a>, 1893</figcaption></figure> For an extended period, the Norwegian art scene was dominated by artwork from Germany and Holland as well as by the influence of Copenhagen. It was in the 19th century that a truly Norwegian era began, first with portraits, later with impressive landscapes. <a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Dahl" title="Johan Christian Dahl">Johan Christian Dahl</a>, originally from the Dresden school, eventually returned to paint the landscapes of western Norway, defining Norwegian painting for the first time."<a href="#cite_note-HFG-286">[280]</a> Norway's newly found independence from Denmark encouraged painters to develop their Norwegian identity, especially with landscape painting by artists such as <a href="/wiki/Kitty_Lange_Kielland" class="mw-redirect" title="Kitty Lange Kielland">Kitty Kielland</a>, a female painter who studied under <a href="/wiki/Hans_Gude" title="Hans Gude">Hans Gude</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Backer" title="Harriet Backer">Harriet Backer</a>, another pioneer among female artists, influenced by <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">impressionism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Frits_Thaulow" title="Frits Thaulow">Frits Thaulow</a>, an impressionist, was influenced by the art scene in Paris as was <a href="/wiki/Christian_Krohg" title="Christian Krohg">Christian Krohg</a>, a realist painter, famous for his paintings of prostitutes.<a href="#cite_note-287">[281]</a> Of particular note is <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Munch" title="Edvard Munch">Edvard Munch</a>, a symbolist/expressionist painter who became world-famous for <a href="/wiki/The_Scream" title="The Scream">The Scream</a> which is said to represent the anxiety of modern man. Other notable works from Munch includes <a href="/wiki/The_Sick_Child_(Munch)" title="The Sick Child (Munch)">The Sick Child</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madonna_(Munch)" title="Madonna (Munch)">Madonna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puberty_(Munch)" title="Puberty (Munch)">Puberty</a>. Other artists of note include <a href="/wiki/Harald_Sohlberg" title="Harald Sohlberg">Harald Sohlberg</a>, a neo-romantic painter remembered for his paintings of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8ros" title="Røros">Røros</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Odd_Nerdrum" title="Odd Nerdrum">Odd Nerdrum</a>, a figurative painter who maintains that his work is not art, but <a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">kitsch</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_cuisine" title="Norwegian cuisine">Norwegian cuisine</a></div> Norway's culinary traditions show the influence of long seafaring and farming traditions, with <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a> (fresh and cured), <a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a> (pickled or marinated), <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">codfish</a>, and other seafood, balanced by cheeses (such as <a href="/wiki/Brunost" title="Brunost">brunost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jarlsberg_cheese" title="Jarlsberg cheese">Jarlsberg cheese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gamalost" title="Gamalost">gamalost</a>), dairy products, and breads (predominantly dark/darker). <a href="/wiki/Lefse" title="Lefse">Lefse</a> is a Norwegian potato flatbread, usually topped with large amounts of butter and sugar, most commonly eaten around Christmas. Traditional Norwegian dishes include <a href="/wiki/Lutefisk" title="Lutefisk">lutefisk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smalahove" title="Smalahove">smalahove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinnekj%C3%B8tt" title="Pinnekjøtt">pinnekjøtt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raspeball" title="Raspeball">raspeball</a>, and <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A5rik%C3%A5l" title="Fårikål">fårikål</a>.<a href="#cite_note-288">[282]</a> A Norwegian speciality is rakefisk, which is fermented trout, consumed with thin flatbread and sour cream. The most popular pastry is vaffel. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_sport_governing_bodies" title="List of Norwegian sport governing bodies">List of Norwegian sport governing bodies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Norway" title="Football in Norway">Football in Norway</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marit_Bj%C3%B8rgen_Holmenkollen_2011_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Marit_Bj%C3%B8rgen_Holmenkollen_2011_001.jpg/220px-Marit_Bj%C3%B8rgen_Holmenkollen_2011_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Marit_Bj%C3%B8rgen_Holmenkollen_2011_001.jpg/330px-Marit_Bj%C3%B8rgen_Holmenkollen_2011_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Marit_Bj%C3%B8rgen_Holmenkollen_2011_001.jpg/440px-Marit_Bj%C3%B8rgen_Holmenkollen_2011_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Skier <a href="/wiki/Marit_Bj%C3%B8rgen" title="Marit Bjørgen">Marit Bjørgen</a> from Norway is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_multiple_Winter_Olympic_medallists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of multiple Winter Olympic medallists">most successful Winter Olympian</a> of all time, with 15 medals</figcaption></figure> Sports are a central part of Norwegian culture, and popular sports include <a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_(sport)" title="Cross-country skiing (sport)">cross-country skiing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ski_jumping" title="Ski jumping">ski jumping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">mountaineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">hiking</a>, association football, <a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">handball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biathlon" title="Biathlon">biathlon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_track_speed_skating" class="mw-redirect" title="Long track speed skating">speed skating</a>, and, to a lesser degree, <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a>. Norway is known internationally for its role in the development of modern winter sports, particularly skiing. From the 19th century Norway also became a premier <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">mountaineering</a> destination, with books such as <a href="/wiki/William_Cecil_Slingsby" title="William Cecil Slingsby">William Cecil Slingsby</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Norway,_the_Northern_Playground" title="Norway, the Northern Playground">Norway, the Northern Playground</a> contributing to the country's popularity among early mountain climbers.<a href="#cite_note-289">[283]</a> Association football is the most popular sport in Norway in terms of active membership. In 2014–2015 polling, football ranked far behind <a href="/wiki/Biathlon" title="Biathlon">biathlon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_(sport)" title="Cross-country skiing (sport)">cross-country skiing</a> in terms of popularity as spectator sports.<a href="#cite_note-Spopop-290">[284]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a> is the biggest indoor sport.<a href="#cite_note-NorHall-291">[285]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Norway_women%27s_national_handball_team" title="Norway women's national handball team">women's handball national team</a> has won several titles, including two <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer Olympics">Summer Olympics</a> championships (<a href="/wiki/Handball_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics" title="Handball at the 2008 Summer Olympics">2008</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handball_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" title="Handball at the 2012 Summer Olympics">2012</a>), three <a href="/wiki/World_Women%27s_Handball_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="World Women's Handball Championship">World Championships</a> (<a href="/wiki/1999_World_Women%27s_Handball_Championship" title="1999 World Women's Handball Championship">1999</a>, <a href="/wiki/2011_World_Women%27s_Handball_Championship" title="2011 World Women's Handball Championship">2011</a>, <a href="/wiki/2015_World_Women%27s_Handball_Championship" title="2015 World Women's Handball Championship">2015</a>), and six <a href="/wiki/European_Women%27s_Handball_Championship" title="European Women's Handball Championship">European Championship</a> (<a href="/wiki/1998_European_Women%27s_Handball_Championship" title="1998 European Women's Handball Championship">1998</a>, <a href="/wiki/2004_European_Women%27s_Handball_Championship" title="2004 European Women's Handball Championship">2004</a>, <a href="/wiki/2006_European_Women%27s_Handball_Championship" title="2006 European Women's Handball Championship">2006</a>, <a href="/wiki/2008_European_Women%27s_Handball_Championship" title="2008 European Women's Handball Championship">2008</a>, <a href="/wiki/2010_European_Women%27s_Handball_Championship" title="2010 European Women's Handball Championship">2010</a>, <a href="/wiki/2014_European_Women%27s_Handball_Championship" title="2014 European Women's Handball Championship">2014</a>). In association football, the <a href="/wiki/Norway_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Norway women's national football team">women's national team</a> has won the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup" title="FIFA Women's World Cup">FIFA Women's World Cup</a> in <a href="/wiki/1995_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup" title="1995 FIFA Women's World Cup">1995</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Football_at_the_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Football at the Olympics">Olympic Football Tournament</a> in <a href="/wiki/Football_at_the_2000_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_tournament" title="Football at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's tournament">2000</a>. The women's team also has two <a href="/wiki/UEFA_European_Women%27s_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="UEFA European Women's Championship">UEFA European Women's Championship</a> titles (<a href="/wiki/1987_European_Competition_for_Women%27s_Football" title="1987 European Competition for Women's Football">1987</a>, <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Euro_1993" title="UEFA Women's Euro 1993">1993</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Norway_national_football_team" title="Norway national football team">men's national football team</a> has participated three times in the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> (<a href="/wiki/1938_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1938 FIFA World Cup">1938</a>, <a href="/wiki/1994_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1994 FIFA World Cup">1994</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1998 FIFA World Cup">1998</a>), and once in the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_European_Football_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="UEFA European Football Championship">European Championship</a> (<a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2000" title="UEFA Euro 2000">2000</a>). The highest FIFA ranking Norway has achieved is second, a position it has held twice, in 1993 and in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-NorRank-292">[286]</a> Norwegian players in the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> include <a href="/wiki/Halvor_Hagen" title="Halvor Hagen">Halvor Hagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Irgens" title="Bill Irgens">Bill Irgens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leif_Olve_Dolonen_Larsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Leif Olve Dolonen Larsen">Leif Olve Dolonen Larsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mike_Mock" title="Mike Mock">Mike Mock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Stenerud" title="Jan Stenerud">Jan Stenerud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-293">[287]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bandy" title="Bandy">Bandy</a> is a traditional sport in Norway and the country is one of the four founders of <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_International_Bandy" title="Federation of International Bandy">Federation of International Bandy</a>. In terms of licensed athletes, it is the second biggest winter sport in the world.<a href="#cite_note-294">[288]</a> As of January 2018, <a href="/wiki/Norway_national_bandy_team" title="Norway national bandy team">the men's national team</a> has captured one silver and one bronze, while <a href="/wiki/Norway_women%27s_national_bandy_team" title="Norway women's national bandy team">the women's national team</a> has managed five bronzes at <a href="/wiki/Bandy#Overview_of_international_competitions" title="Bandy">the World Championships</a>. Norway first participated at the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> in 1900, and has sent athletes to compete in every Games since then, except for the sparsely attended <a href="/wiki/1904_Summer_Olympics" title="1904 Summer Olympics">1904 Games</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics" title="1980 Summer Olympics">1980 Summer Olympics</a> in Moscow when they participated in the <a href="/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics_boycott" title="1980 Summer Olympics boycott">American-led boycott</a>. Norway leads <a href="/wiki/All-time_Olympic_Games_medal_table" title="All-time Olympic Games medal table">the overall medal tables</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games" title="Winter Olympic Games">Winter Olympic Games</a> by a considerable margin. Norway has hosted the Games on two occasions: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Winter_Olympics" title="1952 Winter Olympics">1952 Winter Olympics</a> in Oslo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics" title="1994 Winter Olympics">1994 Winter Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lillehammer" title="Lillehammer">Lillehammer</a></li></ul> It also hosted the <a href="/wiki/2016_Winter_Youth_Olympics" title="2016 Winter Youth Olympics">2016 Winter Youth Olympics</a> in Lillehammer, making Norway the first country to host both Winter regular and Youth Olympics. Norway featured a women's national team in <a href="/wiki/Beach_volleyball" title="Beach volleyball">beach volleyball</a> that competed at the <a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932020_CEV_Beach_Volleyball_Continental_Cup" title="2018–2020 CEV Beach Volleyball Continental Cup">2018–2020 CEV Beach Volleyball Continental Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-295">[289]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">Chess</a> has gained huge popularity in Norway. <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Carlsen" title="Magnus Carlsen">Magnus Carlsen</a>, a Norwegian, was the <a href="/wiki/World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">world chess champion</a> between 2013 and 2023.<a href="#cite_note-MagCham-296">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/48px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/64px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Norway" title="Portal:Norway">Norway portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Norway" title="Outline of Norway">Outline of Norway</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Names in the official and recognised languages: <a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a>: Norge <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Norwegian" title="Help:IPA/Norwegian">[ˈnɔ̂rɡə]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/22\/No-Norge.oga\/No-Norge.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"No-Norge.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/22/No-Norge.oga/No-Norge.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:No-Norge.oga" title="File:No-Norge.oga">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a>: <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e9\/No-Noreg.oga\/No-Noreg.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Noreg"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"No-Noreg.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e9/No-Noreg.oga/No-Noreg.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Noreg</a><a href="/wiki/File:No-Noreg.oga" title="File:No-Noreg.oga">ⓘ</a>; official names in minority languages: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sami" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sami">Northern Sami</a>: Norga; <a href="/wiki/Lule_Sami" class="mw-redirect" title="Lule Sami">Lule Sami</a>: Vuodna; <a href="/wiki/Southern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Southern Sámi">Southern Sami</a>: Nöörje; <a href="/wiki/Kven_language" title="Kven language">Kven</a>: Norja. </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Written <a href="/wiki/Bokm%C3%A5l" title="Bokmål">Bokmål</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sami" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sami">Northern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lule_Sami" class="mw-redirect" title="Lule Sami">Lule</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_S%C3%A1mi" title="Southern Sámi">Southern</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Including <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous group</a> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sámi people">Sámi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minority groups</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Norway">Jewish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_and_Swedish_Travellers" title="Norwegian and Swedish Travellers">Traveller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forest_Finns" title="Forest Finns">Forest Finn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kven_people" title="Kven people">Kven</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Until the 2012 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Norway" title="Constitution of Norway">constitutional amendment</a> the Evangelical-Lutheran religion was the public religion of the State.<a href="#cite_note-13">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Svalbard-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Svalbard_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Svalbard_26-1">b</a> The <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Spitsbergen Treaty</a> (also known as the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>) of 9 February 1920 recognises Norway's full and absolute sovereignty over the arctic archipelago of Spitsbergen (now called <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Board1986-25">[20]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LanguageCouncilSami-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LanguageCouncilSami_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LanguageCouncilSami_2-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sprakradet.no/Spraka-vare/Spraka-i-Norden/Samisk/">"Offisiell status for samisk"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Language_Council_of_Norway" title="Language Council of Norway">Language Council of Norway</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230815194636/https://www.sprakradet.no/Spraka-vare/Spraka-i-Norden/Samisk/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2023. Retrieved 19 August 2021. <q>Samisk har status som minoritetsspråk i Noreg, Sverige og Finland, og i alle tre landa har samisk status som offisielt språk i dei samiske forvaltningsområda.</q> [Sámi is recognised as a minority language in Norway, Sweden and Finland, and is an official language within the Sámi administrative areas in all three countries.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Offisiell+status+for+samisk&rft.pub=Language+Council+of+Norway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sprakradet.no%2FSpraka-vare%2FSpraka-i-Norden%2FSamisk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-min-4"><a href="#cite_ref-min_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sprakradet.no/Spraka-vare/Minoritetssprak/">"Minoritetsspråk"</a>. Språkrådet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180115020835/http://www.sprakradet.no/Spraka-vare/Minoritetssprak">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2018. Retrieved 8 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spr%C3%A5kr%C3%A5det&rft.atitle=Minoritetsspr%C3%A5k&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sprakradet.no%2FSpraka-vare%2FMinoritetssprak%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-immigrant_population_2020_detailed-5"><a href="#cite_ref-immigrant_population_2020_detailed_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ssb.no/befolkning/statistikker/innvbef/aar/2020-03-09">"Immigrants and their children as of 1 January 2020"</a>. Statistics Norway. 9 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210103133145/https://www.ssb.no/befolkning/statistikker/innvbef/aar/2020-03-09">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2021. 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Retrieved 14 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eventyrlig+elbilsalg+i+2011&rft.pub=Gr%C3%B8nn+bil&rft.date=2012-01-09&rft.au=Hannisdahl%2C+Ole+Henrik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgronnbil.no%2Fnyheter%2Feventyrlig-elbilsalg-i-2011-article218-239.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorway" class="Z3988"> See table "Elbilsalg i 2011 fordelt på måned og merke" (Electric vehicle sales in 2011, by month and brand) to see monthly sales for 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-NorwayEVSales032014-204"><a href="#cite_ref-NorwayEVSales032014_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140405182251/http://www.gronnbil.no/nyheter/elbilsalget-i-mars-slo-alle-rekorder-article380-239.html">"Elbilsalget i mars slo alle rekorder"</a> [Electric vehicle sales in March broke all records] (in Norwegian). 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Retrieved 3 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=swedishcharts.com&rft.atitle=Alexander+Rybak+Fairytale&rft.date=2009-04-24&rft.aulast=Hung&rft.aufirst=Steffen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fswedishcharts.com%2Fshowitem.asp%3Finterpret%3DAlexander%2BRybak%26titel%3DFairytale%26cat%3Ds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorway" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130606075917/http://www.norway.org/aboutnorway/culture/architecture/norwegian/">"The evolution of Norwegian architecture"</a>. The official site of Norway. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norway.org/aboutnorway/culture/architecture/norwegian/">the original</a> on 6 June 2013. 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Scarecrow Press. 490 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810878570" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810878570">978-0810878570</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181017132109/http://www.worldbandy.com/newspost_7640.html">"Bandy destined for the Olympic Winter Games!"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbandy.com/newspost_7640.html">the original</a> on 17 October 2018. 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Retrieved 22 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carlsen+er+verdensmester+%E2%80%93+Jeg+er+lykkelig+og+lettet&rft.pub=NRK&rft.date=2015-06-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrk.no%2Fsport%2Fcarlsen-er-verdensmester_-_-jeg-er-lykkelig-og-lettet-1.12060026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorway" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Larsen" class="citation book cs1">Larsen, Karen (1948). A History of Norway. <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Norway&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Larsen&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorway" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Norway at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Norway" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Norway">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Norge" class="extiw" title="c:Norge">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Norway" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Norway">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Norway" class="extiw" title="q:Norway">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Norway" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Norway">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikijunior:Europe/Norway" class="extiw" title="b:Wikijunior:Europe/Norway">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Norway" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Norway">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Norway" class="extiw" title="voy:Norway">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20" class="extiw" title="d:Q20">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1905 <a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Norway" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Norway">Norway</a>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://regjeringen.no/en/id4/">regjeringen.no</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220924112706/https://www.regjeringen.no/en/id4/">Archived</a> 24 September 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, official Norwegian government website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060209022219/http://www.norway.no/">Norway.no</a>, Norway's official portal</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssb.no/english/">Statistics Norway</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110226231149/http://ssb.no/english/">Archived</a> 26 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170531174956/http://www.environment.no/">State of the Environment Norway</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/norway/">Norway</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111023530/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/norway/">Archived</a> 11 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/420178/Norway">Norway</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150502183400/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/420178/Norway">Archived</a> 2 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> entry at <a href="/wiki/Britannica.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica.com">Britannica.com</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGosse1884" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gosse" title="Edmund Gosse">Gosse, Edmund William</a> (1884). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Norway">"Norway" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. XVII (9th ed.). pp. 575–592.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Norway&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=575-592&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Gosse&rft.aufirst=Edmund+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGosseand_four_others1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gosse" title="Edmund Gosse">Gosse, Edmund William</a>; and four others (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Norway">"Norway" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). pp. 799–818.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Norway&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=799-818&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Gosse&rft.aufirst=Edmund+William&rft.au=and+four+others&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammer1922" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Christian_Hammer" title="Simon Christian Hammer">Hammer, Simon Christian</a> (1922). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1922_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Norway">"Norway" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 31 (12th ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Norway&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=12th&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Hammer&rft.aufirst=Simon+Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorway" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160126102504/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/norway.htm">Norway</a> from UCB Libraries GovPubs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17743896">Norway profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181129020321/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17743896">Archived</a> 29 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norway.info/">Norway.info</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210326195754/http://www.norway.info/">Archived</a> 26 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, official foreign portal of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Norway)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Norway)">Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Norway" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Norway">Wikimedia Atlas of Norway</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1059668">Norway</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssb.no/a/english/minifakta/en/">Official facts about Norway</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140419093212/http://www.ssb.no/a/english/minifakta/en/">Archived</a> 19 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110916144449/http://www.visitnorway.com/">VisitNorway.com</a>, official travel guide to Norway.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M1h_wIvwhzI">National Anthem of Norway</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=NO">Key Development Forecasts for Norway</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120512033624/http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=NO">Archived</a> 12 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/NOR/Year/2017/Summary">World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Norway</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Norway_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Norway_topics" title="Template:Norway topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Norway_topics" title="Template talk:Norway topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norway_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Norway topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Norway_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norway</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway" title="History of Norway">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Stone_Age" title="Nordic Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petty_kingdoms_of_Norway" title="Petty kingdoms of Norway">Petty kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Norway" title="Unification of Norway">Unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway#Norway_in_the_High_Middle_Ages_(1066–1380)" title="History of Norway">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)" title="Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)">Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_Kingdom_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary Kingdom of Norway">Hereditary Kingdom of Norway</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(1814)" title="Kingdom of Norway (1814)">Kingdom of Norway (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">Sweden–Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_union_between_Norway_and_Sweden" title="Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden">End of the union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway" title="German occupation of Norway">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Norwegen" title="Reichskommissariat Norwegen">Reichskommissariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisling_regime" title="Quisling regime">Quisling regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_government-in-exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian government-in-exile">Norwegian government-in-exile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway#Postwar" title="History of Norway">1945–2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway#21st_century" title="History of Norway">21st century</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway" title="Coat of arms of Norway"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="909" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Norway" title="Geography of Norway">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Norway#Climate" title="Geography of Norway">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Norway" title="Districts of Norway">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Norway" title="Extreme points of Norway">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Norway" title="List of islands of Norway">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Norway" title="List of lakes of Norway">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Norway" title="List of mammals of Norway">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Norway_by_height" title="List of mountains in Norway by height">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Norway" title="List of municipalities of Norway">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_Norway" title="List of towns and cities in Norway">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Norway" title="Protected areas of Norway">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Norway" title="List of rivers of Norway">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Norway" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Norway">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Norway" title="Politics of Norway">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Norway" title="Administrative divisions of Norway">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_budget_of_Norway" title="State budget of Norway">National budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Norway" title="Constitution of Norway">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Correctional_Service" title="Norwegian Correctional Service">Correctional Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_justice_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts of justice of Norway">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Norway" title="Elections in Norway">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Norway" title="Foreign relations of Norway">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_governments" title="List of Norwegian governments">Governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_Norway" title="Incarceration in Norway">Incarceration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Norway">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Armed_Forces" title="Norwegian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storting" title="Storting">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Police_Service" title="Norwegian Police Service">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Norway" title="List of political parties in Norway">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Norway" title="Prime Minister of Norway">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Norway_ties" title="Template:Norway ties">Membership of International organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Norway" title="Economy of Norway">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Norway" title="Energy in Norway">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fishing_in_Norway" title="Category:Fishing in Norway">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Pension_Fund_of_Norway" title="Government Pension Fund of Norway">Government Pension Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Industry_in_Norway" title="Category:Industry in Norway">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mining_in_Norway" title="Category:Mining in Norway">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_gas_industry_in_Norway" title="Category:Natural gas industry in Norway">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_krone" title="Norwegian krone">Krone (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norges_Bank" title="Norges Bank">National bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model">Nordic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_paradox" title="Norwegian paradox">Norwegian paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_fields_in_Norway" title="Category:Oil fields in Norway">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Norway" title="Renewable energy in Norway">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo_Stock_Exchange" title="Oslo Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Norway" title="Taxation in Norway">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Norway" title="Telecommunications in Norway">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Norway" title="Tourism in Norway">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Norway" title="Trade unions in Norway">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Norway" title="Transport in Norway">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaling_in_Norway" title="Whaling in Norway">Whaling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Norway" title="Category:Society of Norway">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Norway" title="Climate change in Norway">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Norway" title="Crime in Norway">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Norway" title="Demographics of Norway">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Norway" title="Education in Norway">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Norway" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Norway">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Norway" title="Health in Norway">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Norway" title="Immigration to Norway">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_Norway" title="Incarceration in Norway">Incarceration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Norway" title="Irreligion in Norway">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Norway" title="Languages of Norway">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language_conflict" title="Norwegian language conflict">language conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegians" title="Norwegians">Norwegians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Norway" title="Pensions in Norway">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Norway" title="Poverty in Norway">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Norway">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Norway" title="Culture of Norway">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Norway" title="Architecture of Norway">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_art" title="Norwegian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunad" title="Bunad">Bunad (clothing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Norway" title="Christmas in Norway">Christmas (season)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Norway" title="Cinema of Norway">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_cuisine" title="Norwegian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Jante" title="Law of Jante">Jante law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Norway" title="Music of Norway">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_literature" title="Norwegian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Norway">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Norway" title="Prostitution in Norway">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Norway" title="Public holidays in Norway">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sport_in_Norway" title="Category:Sport in Norway">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_nationalism" title="Norwegian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ja,_vi_elsker_dette_landet" title="Ja, vi elsker dette landet">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway" title="Coat of arms of Norway">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_flags" title="List of Norwegian flags">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Norway" title="Flag of Norway">national flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mottos_of_Norwegian_institutions" title="Mottos of Norwegian institutions">Mottos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Norway">Name of Norway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Norway" title="Outline of Norway">Outline</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Norway" title="Category:Norway">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Norway" title="Portal:Norway">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Norway" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Norway" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Norway</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>4</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/100px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/150px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/200px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Special areas of internal sovereignty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_convention" title="Åland convention">Åland convention</a> of 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated area</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country of the United Kingdom</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">British-Irish Agreement</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.</li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">Oceanic islands</a> within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.</li> <li>4 Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> which has sovereignty over Vatican City.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nordic_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nordic_countries" title="Template:Nordic countries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nordic_countries" title="Template talk:Nordic countries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nordic_countries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nordic countries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nordic_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norway</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries"><img alt="Map of the Nordic countries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nordic_countries_orthographic.svg/120px-Nordic_countries_orthographic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nordic_countries_orthographic.svg/180px-Nordic_countries_orthographic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nordic_countries_orthographic.svg/240px-Nordic_countries_orthographic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">Autonomous countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/23px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/35px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/46px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="340" /> <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/41px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Special status</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cultural_area" title="Cultural area">cultural area</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sami_flag.svg/20px-Sami_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sami_flag.svg/31px-Sami_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sami_flag.svg/41px-Sami_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Nordic_countries" title="Climate of the Nordic countries">Climate of the Nordic countries</a></li> <li>Comparison of the Nordic countries</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Cross_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic Cross flag">Nordic Cross flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Nordic_countries" title="Subdivisions of the Nordic countries">Subdivisions of the Nordic countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_the_Nordic_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in the Nordic countries">LGBT in the Nordic countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Nordic_countries" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Nordic countries">Nordic diplomatic missions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_identity_in_Estonia" title="Nordic identity in Estonia">Nordic identity in Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nordic_countries" title="Category:Nordic countries">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nordic_Council" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nordic_Council" title="Template:Nordic Council"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nordic_Council" title="Template talk:Nordic Council"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nordic_Council" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nordic Council"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nordic_Council" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Norway</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council_2016.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Nordic Council"><img alt="Flag of the Nordic Council" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council_2016.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council_2016.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council_2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council_2016.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Nordic_Council_2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/23px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/35px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/46px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="340" /> <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/41px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observer / offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sami_flag.svg/20px-Sami_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sami_flag.svg/31px-Sami_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Sami_flag.svg/41px-Sami_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nordic_identity_in_Estonia" title="Nordic identity in Estonia">identity</a>)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/23px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/35px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg/46px-Flag_of_Schleswig-Holstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_organizations_with_the_Kingdom_of_Norway_as_a_member" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Norway_ties" title="Template:Norway ties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Norway_ties" title="Template talk:Norway ties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norway_ties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Norway ties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_organizations_with_the_Kingdom_of_Norway_as_a_member" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International organizations with the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of Norway</a> as a member</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographical and geopolitical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe (CE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization" title="International Hydrographic Organization">International Hydrographic Organization (IHO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Union" title="Inter-Parliamentary Union">Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States (OAS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical and cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee (IOC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">International Organization for Migration (IOM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization (ISO)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economic and social development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">African Development Bank (AfDB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank (ADB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">Bank for International Settlements (BIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extractive_Industries_Transparency_Initiative" title="Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative">Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="European Bank for Reconstruction and Development">European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Action_Task_Force_on_Money_Laundering" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering">Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Development_Bank" title="Inter-American Development Bank">Inter-American Development Bank (IADB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="International Chamber of Commerce">International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (ICRM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="International Trade Union Confederation">International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Investment_Bank" title="Nordic Investment Bank">Nordic Investment Bank (NIB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Club" title="Paris Club">Paris Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Customs_Organization" title="World Customs Organization">World Customs Organization (WCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization (WTO)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Security</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Baltic_Sea_States" title="Council of the Baltic Sea States">Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro-Atlantic_Partnership_Council" title="Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council">Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court (ICCt)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration" title="Permanent Court of Arbitration">Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangger_Committee" title="Zangger Committee">Zangger Committee (ZC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology and research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_Group" title="Australia Group">Australia Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency (ESA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency (IEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Mobile_Satellite_Organization" title="International Mobile Satellite Organization">International Mobile Satellite Organization (IMSO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization" title="International Telecommunications Satellite Organization">International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (ITSO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Energy_Agency" title="Nuclear Energy Agency">Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Suppliers_Group" title="Nuclear Suppliers Group">Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations (UN)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference on Trade and Development">UNCTAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">UNHCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Truce_Supervision_Organization" title="United Nations Truce Supervision Organization">UNTSO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Specialized agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">ICAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fund_for_Agricultural_Development" title="International Fund for Agricultural Development">IFAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">ILO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">IMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">ITU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Multidimensional_Integrated_Stabilization_Mission_in_Mali" title="United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali">MINUSMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organization" title="United Nations Industrial Development Organization">UNIDO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">UPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Institute_for_Training_and_Research" title="United Nations Institute for Training and Research">UNITAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_South_Sudan" title="United Nations Mission in South Sudan">UNMISS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Relief_and_Works_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Relief and Works Agency">UNRWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="World Tourism Organization">UNWTO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">WIPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">WMO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">IBRD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">IDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">IFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateral_Investment_Guarantee_Agency" title="Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency">MIGA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates observer status</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" 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