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State cultural policy overview subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-State_cultural_policy_overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Historical context</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-KMT_era_cultural_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#KMT_era_cultural_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>KMT era cultural policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-KMT_era_cultural_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwanization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwanization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Taiwanization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taiwanization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Taiwanization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taiwanization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-After_1975" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_1975"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>After 1975</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_1975-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Tea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Recreation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Convenience_store_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Convenience_store_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Convenience store culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Convenience_store_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cram_school_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cram_school_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Cram school culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cram_school_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Culture of Taiwan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2i-o%C3%A2n_%C3%AA_b%C3%BBn-h%C3%B2a" title="Tâi-oân ê bûn-hòa – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tâi-oân ê bûn-hòa" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فرهنگ در تایوان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرهنگ در تایوان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_de_Ta%C3%AFwan" title="Culture de Taïwan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Culture de Taïwan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EB%A7%8C%EC%9D%98_%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94" title="대만의 문화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대만의 문화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya_Taiwan" title="Budaya Taiwan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Budaya Taiwan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_di_Taiwan" title="Cultura di Taiwan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cultura di Taiwan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajvan_kult%C3%BAr%C3%A1ja" title="Tajvan kultúrája – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tajvan kultúrája" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebudayaan_Republik_China" title="Kebudayaan Republik China – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kebudayaan Republik China" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E3%81%AE%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="台湾の文化 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="台湾の文化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_de_Taiwan" title="Cultura de Taiwan – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cultura de Taiwan" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kult%C3%BAra_Taiwanu" title="Kultúra Taiwanu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kultúra Taiwanu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83n_h%C3%B3a_%C4%90%C3%A0i_Loan" title="Văn hóa Đài Loan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Văn hóa Đài Loan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="臺灣文化 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="臺灣文化" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="臺灣文化 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="臺灣文化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Táiwān wénhuà</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Tâi-oân bûn-hoà</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>culture of Taiwan</b> is a blend of <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Taiwanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Taiwanese">indigenous Taiwanese</a> cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang19941–5_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang19941–5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the overwhelming <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese cultural</a> influence and minority indigenous Taiwanese cultural influence, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Japanese culture</a> has significantly influenced Taiwanese culture as well.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The common socio-political experience in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> gradually developed into a sense of Taiwanese <a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">cultural identity</a> and a feeling of Taiwanese cultural awareness, which has been widely debated domestically.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYip2004230–248_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYip2004230–248-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakeham20052–8_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakeham20052–8-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang2005224_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang2005224-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reflecting the continuing controversy surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">political status of Taiwan</a>, politics continues to play a role in the conception and development of a Taiwanese cultural identity, especially in the prior dominant frame of a Taiwanese and Chinese dualism. In recent years, the concept of Taiwanese <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a> has been proposed as a relatively apolitical alternative view, which has allowed for the inclusion of mainlanders and other minority groups into the continuing re-definition of Taiwanese culture as collectively held systems of meaning and customary patterns of thought and behavior shared by the <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_people" title="Taiwanese people">people of Taiwan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsiau2005125–129_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsiau2005125–129-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinckler199423–41_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinckler199423–41-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_cultural_policy_overview">State cultural policy overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Taiwan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: State cultural policy overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Aborigines">Taiwanese Aborigines</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwan" title="History of Taiwan">History of Taiwan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_context">Historical context</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Taiwan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan under Japanese rule</a></div> <p>Taiwan's culture and cultural legacy has been largely shaped by the processes of <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonization</a> as the structural and psychological effects of successive colonial projects have been integral to developing Taiwan's self-image and the evolution of both official and unofficial Taiwanese culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYip20042–5_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYip20042–5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For most of its colonized existence, Taiwan remained on the cultural margins, far from the centers of civil and cultural life of each regime, and with every regime change, Taiwan's cultural center shifted. At various times Taiwan's cultural center has been indigenous Taiwan, Amsterdam, <a href="/wiki/Amoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoy">Amoy</a> (Xiamen), <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a>-era <a href="/wiki/Peking" class="mw-redirect" title="Peking">Peking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Imperial Japan</a>, postwar China and even, arguably, the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinckler199428–31_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinckler199428–31-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiwan_bunun_dancer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Taiwan_bunun_dancer.jpg/220px-Taiwan_bunun_dancer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Taiwan_bunun_dancer.jpg/330px-Taiwan_bunun_dancer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Taiwan_bunun_dancer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bunun_people" title="Bunun people">Bunun</a> dancer in traditional aboriginal dress (1989)</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Qing_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Empire">Qing Empire</a> ceded Taiwan to Japan in 1895, Taiwan's culture was characterized by Qing frontier societies of <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> farmers and highland <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese aborigines">Aborigines</a>. Due to Taiwan's strategic location along East Asian trade routes, the Taiwanese were also exposed to cosmopolitan influences and the effects of European commerce. By the middle of the Japanese era (1895–1945), Taiwan had begun to shift from local to contemporary global culture, under the guidance of Japanese style "westernization". Beginning during Japan's build-up for war,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWachman19946–7_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachman19946–7-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japan invigorated its policies to Japanize Taiwan for mobilization against the Allies. Japan's effort taught Taiwan's elite Japanese culture and language but did not largely interfere in religious organizations. When Japan's suppressive wartime policies were lifted following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Taiwanese were eager to continue with their prewar <a href="/wiki/Multicultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Multicultural">cosmopolitan</a> activities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendel197013–14_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendel197013–14-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japan's colonial legacy has shaped many of the customs and mannerisms of the Taiwanese. Japan's colonial legacy is still visible, due to Japan's massive effort in constructing Taiwan's economic infrastructure and industrial base, which is often cited as a major factor in Taiwan's rapid <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGold198621–32_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGold198621–32-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="KMT_era_cultural_policy">KMT era cultural policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Taiwan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: KMT era cultural policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_KMT_cultural_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of KMT cultural policy">History of KMT cultural policy</a></div> <p>During the early postwar period the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Chinese Nationalist Party</a> (KMT) suppressed Taiwanese cultural expression and barred Taiwanese from cosmopolitan life except in the spheres of science and technology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinckler199429_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinckler199429-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authoritarian KMT dominated public cultural space and Chinese nationalist networks became a part of cultural institutions, leaving little resource for cultural autonomy to grow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips200310–15_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips200310–15-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the early KMT, Taiwan was realigned from a Japanese imperial center to a Chinese nationalist center, under the influence of KMT and American <a href="/wiki/Geo-political" class="mw-redirect" title="Geo-political">geo-political</a> interests.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Although American cultural activities were modest, they played a significant role in Taiwan's developing cultural scene. The KMT claimed a loss of morale led to "losing China" and thus the state issued a series of ideological reforms aimed to "retake" China, which became the major state cultural program of the time. The immediate preoccupation with losing China diverted long-term investment in the humanities and social sciences. On another level, the state's main objective was to "<a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">sinicize</a>" the Taiwanese by teaching them <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> and Nationalist ideology through compulsory primary education.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWachman199482–88_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachman199482–88-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the late 1940s the KMT had <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">eliminated dissent</a> for its cultural policies. When the Taiwanese had resumed the cultural activities, which were outlawed by the Japanese in 1937, the Nationalist attitude was that the local Taiwanese had been Japanese "slaves" and would therefore have to complete a period of moral and ideological tutelage before they could enjoy their full rights as citizens of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr196572,_266_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr196572,_266-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/February_28_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="February 28 Incident">February 28 Incident</a> destroyed Taiwan's urban elite and the arrival of the mainlander elite ensured Nationalist domination of urban cultural centers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGates1981266–269_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGates1981266–269-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1953, Generalissimo <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> issued his first major opinion on culture to complete <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People">Three Principles of the People</a>, which included prescribing Nationalist curriculum for education, building facilities for intellectual and physical recreation and the major state cultural program of promoting anti-communist propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinckler199430_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinckler199430-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In regard to Taiwanese cultural life, the major thrust was for "universalization" of education in Mandarin, which was enforced by law. Despite the hard-line Chinese control over culture, the Soviet advances in technology led to a new Nationalist focus on building closer cooperation with American universities and developing engineering programs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1970_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1970-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American presence in Taiwan also encouraged Taiwanese to resume some politically, ethnically neutral cultural activities, which was expressed in a flourishing Taiwanese-language media market.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinckler199432_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinckler199432-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between the 1960s and the 1980s Taiwan's culture was described by its media as the contrast between Taiwan (Free China) and China (Communist China), often drawing from the official tropes of Taiwan as a bastion of traditional Chinese culture, which had preserved "true" Chinese values against the "false" Chinese values of post Communist China. At the same time, Taiwanese cultural expressions were brutally suppressed by Chiang Kai-shek and the KMT. In response to the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> of China, the government of Taiwan began promoting the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cultural_Renaissance" title="Chinese Cultural Renaissance">Chinese Cultural Renaissance</a>" (中華文化復興運動), with a myriad of programs designed to promote traditional Chinese culture to counter the communist movement on the mainland which aimed at uprooting the "<a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a>". These programs involved subsidized publication of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Classics" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Classics">Chinese Classics</a>, the symbolic functions of the <a href="/wiki/National_Palace_Museum" title="National Palace Museum">National Palace Museum</a>, promoting famous prewar scholars to prominent positions in government and academic institutions, textbook and curriculum design with a focus on the official view of "traditional" Chinese culture and involvement in social and community events and the exemplification of Confucian ideology intertwined with <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> thought.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taiwanization">Taiwanization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Taiwan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Taiwanization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taiwanization" title="Taiwanization">Taiwanization</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_1975">After 1975</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Taiwan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: After 1975"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bentuhua" class="mw-redirect" title="Bentuhua">Bentuhua</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bentuhua" class="mw-redirect" title="Bentuhua">Taiwanization</a>/<a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_localization" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese localization">Taiwanese localization</a> has become, arguably, the most important symbol of cultural change over the past twenty years. Bentuhua describes the social and cultural movement by the people of Taiwan to identify with Taiwan's unique mixed historical and cultural legacy. Bentuhua has often been associated with <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Name_Rectification_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan Name Rectification Campaign">Taiwan Name Rectification Campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan Independence">Taiwan Independence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanese nationalism</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Taiwan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yin_yang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Yin_yang.svg/100px-Yin_yang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Yin_yang.svg/150px-Yin_yang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Yin_yang.svg/200px-Yin_yang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Yin and Yang symbol of <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/100px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/150px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/200px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></i> represents the <a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Religion in Taiwan</a></div> <p>The prevalent form of religious belief in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> is a blend of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Chinese_ancestral_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese ancestral worship">Chinese ancestral worship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazu" title="Mazu">Mazu worship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Ye_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Wang Ye worship">Wang Ye worship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_religions_of_fasting" title="Chinese religions of fasting">Zhai Jiao Traditions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are also large numbers of devotees to each of these belief systems.<sup id="cite_ref-taipei_times_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taipei_times-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from the syncretic form of traditional Chinese folk religion, <a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanistic Buddhism</a> is the major distinguishing trait of modern Taiwanese Buddhism. Humanistic Buddhism traces its roots to Chinese monk <a href="/wiki/Taixu" title="Taixu">Venerable Taixu</a> (1890–1947), who promoted more direct contributions to society through the Buddhist community and was a significant influence for <a href="/wiki/Yin_Shun" title="Yin Shun">Venerable Yin Shun</a>, who is generally considered to be the key figure who brought Humanistic Buddhism to Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christian churches have been active in Taiwan for many years, a majority of which are Protestant (with 2.6% of the population identifying themselves as Protestant)<sup id="cite_ref-taipei_times_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taipei_times-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Presbyterians playing a particularly significant role. The <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Taiwan" title="Presbyterian Church in Taiwan">Presbyterian Church in Taiwan</a> has been active in promoting human rights and the use of the spoken and written <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a>), both during Japanese rule, as well as the martial law period of the Republic of China, during which the exclusive use of <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin</a> was legally mandated. As such, the church has been associated with the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Name_Rectification_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan Name Rectification Campaign">Taiwan Name Rectification Campaign</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pan-green" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-green">pan-green</a> coalition.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Several Taiwanese religious organizations have extended their operations beyond the country. Several organizations, especially <a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Light_International_Association" title="Buddha's Light International Association">Buddha's Light International Association</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fo_Guang_Shan" title="Fo Guang Shan">Fo Guang Shan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tzu_Chi_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzu Chi Foundation">Tzu Chi Foundation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dharma_Drum_Mountain" title="Dharma Drum Mountain">Dharma Drum Mountain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chung_Tai_Shan" title="Chung Tai Shan">Chung Tai Shan</a>, have set up branch temples (or centres) and extended their humanitarian or missionary works around the world.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Buddhist-Taoist religious belief makes up 93%, Christian 4.5%, and others 2.5%.<sup id="cite_ref-factbook_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factbook-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Food">Food</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Taiwan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pearl_Milktea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Pearl_Milktea.jpg/100px-Pearl_Milktea.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Pearl_Milktea.jpg/150px-Pearl_Milktea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Pearl_Milktea.jpg/200px-Pearl_Milktea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="1858" /></a><figcaption>Pearl milk tea</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Taiwanese cuisine</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pearl_milk_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl milk tea">Pearl milk tea</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Bubble_tea" title="Bubble tea">bubble tea</a> or boba) is a popular tea drink available in many parts of the world. A notable Japanese influence exists due to the period when Taiwan was under Japanese rule. Taiwanese cuisine itself is often associated with influences from mid to southern provinces of China, most notably from the province of <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>, but influences from all of China can easily be found due to the large number of Chinese who immigrated to Taiwan during the <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Retreat of the Republic of China to Taiwan">retreat of the Republic of China to Taiwan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Taiwan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Languages of Taiwan">Languages of Taiwan</a></div> <p>The most widely spoken and de facto language in Taiwan is <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> which was introduced to Taiwan by people who emigrated from <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a> after 1949. <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese Hokkien</a>, or "Taiwanese" for short, is spoken by about 70% of the population. The <a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a>, who make about 13% of the population, speak the distinct <a href="/wiki/Hakka_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka language">Hakka language</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan languages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yami_language" title="Yami language">Yami language</a> are the native languages of the <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">indigenous Taiwanese</a>, comprising about 2.3% of the island's population.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> is the official language and is almost universally spoken and understood. English is taught universally, starting in elementary school. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwanese Mandarin</a>, derived from Standard Chinese, is spoken at different levels according to the social class and situation of the speakers. </p><p>Some terms have different meanings in Taiwan and mainland China, such as: 土豆 (<i>tǔdòu</i>), which means peanut in Taiwan, but potato in China. There also exist differences in official<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pronunciations of a few words such as 垃圾, which is pronounced <i>lèsè</i> in Taiwan but <i>lājī</i> in China, with the former being derived from <a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghainese</a>. </p><p>In Taiwan, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese characters</a> are generally used, rather than the <a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">simplified characters</a> used predominantly in mainland China.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art">Art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Taiwan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_art" title="Taiwanese art">Taiwanese art</a></div> <p>The artistic heritage of Taiwan is extremely diverse. Stonecutters of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Changbin_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Changbin culture (page does not exist)">Changbin culture</a> began to make art on Taiwan at least 30,000 years ago. Around 5,000 years ago jade and earthenware works started to appear. Art was first institutionalized in Taiwan during the Japanese Colonial period and the establishment of public schools dedicated to the fine arts. The Japanese introduced oil and watercolor paintings to Taiwan and Taiwanese artists were heavily influenced by their Japanese counterparts. As was typical of colonel rulers Japanese did not establish tertiary institutions for art education in Taiwan, all students wishing to pursue an advanced degree in the arts had to travel to Japan to do so. When the Nationalists fled to Taiwan in 1949 they brought many of China's most prestigious artists with them. The Nationalists also established the first art colleges and universities in Taiwan. Along with Chinese influences the Nationalists also allowed the United States to establish a series of military bases in Taiwan, American <a href="/wiki/Pop_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pop culture">pop culture</a> and artistic ideas such as <a href="/wiki/Abstract_expressionism" title="Abstract expressionism">abstract expressionism</a> were introduced to Taiwan by the Americans. Democratization in the late 1980s and the lifting of martial law granted Taiwanese artists freedom of expression for the first time in history. The economic boom of the '80s and '90s also saw the financial resources of Taiwanese museums and patrons increase significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-Taiwan_Today_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taiwan_Today-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1990 Taiwan was Asia's biggest art market.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Taiwan's art scene matured there began to be a greater specialization in exhibit spaces with dedicated museums for things like photography and ceramics opening. In the 21st century Taiwan's artistic community embraced new technologies and new mediums.<sup id="cite_ref-Taiwan_Today_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taiwan_Today-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While no longer the largest art market in Asia the tastes of Taiwan's collectors have matured and Taiwan remains the most cutting-edge art market in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Taiwan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Taiwan">Media of Taiwan</a></div> <p>Taiwan's <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of press">freedom of press</a> is guaranteed by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">Constitution</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Worldwide_Press_Freedom_Index#Worldwide_Press_Freedom_Index_Ranking" class="mw-redirect" title="Worldwide Press Freedom Index">worldwide press freedom index</a> ranks at 32 among 169 nations, as of 2007. Taiwan had been under martial law, with strict restrictions on the press and broadcasting, before political liberalization loosened restrictions in the 1980s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Taiwan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Taiwan" title="Sport in Taiwan">Sport in Taiwan</a></div> <p>Popular sports in Taiwan include: </p> <ul><li>Badminton</li> <li>Baseball</li> <li>Basketball</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheerleading" title="Cheerleading">Cheerleading</a></li> <li>Golf</li> <li>Martial arts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billiards" class="mw-redirect" title="Billiards">Pool</a></li> <li>Swimming</li> <li>Table tennis</li> <li>Tennis</li> <li>Volleyball</li></ul> <p>Athletes from Taiwan compete in international sporting events, often under the banner of "<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taipei" title="Chinese Taipei">Chinese Taipei</a>" due to PRC's opposition to the use of "Taiwan" or "ROC" under such circumstances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tea">Tea</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Taiwan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_tea" title="Taiwanese tea">Taiwanese tea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_tea_culture" title="Taiwanese tea culture">Taiwanese tea culture</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_tea_culture" title="Taiwanese tea culture">Taiwanese tea culture</a>, include tea arts, <a href="/wiki/Tea_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Tea ceremony">tea ceremony</a>, and a very social way of enjoying tea. While the most common teas are oolongs, especially Taiwanese oolongs such as Iron Goddess and Alpine Oolong. However, black teas and green teas are also popular. Many of the classical arts can be seen in the <a href="/wiki/Tea_culture" title="Tea culture">tea culture</a>, examples: <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a>, flower arts, incense arts, and such. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recreation">Recreation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Taiwan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Recreation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taipei_KTV-Eingangshalle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Taipei_KTV-Eingangshalle.jpg/200px-Taipei_KTV-Eingangshalle.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Taipei_KTV-Eingangshalle.jpg/300px-Taipei_KTV-Eingangshalle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Taipei_KTV-Eingangshalle.jpg/400px-Taipei_KTV-Eingangshalle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>Entrance hall of a K-TV in Taipei</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Karaoke" title="Karaoke">Karaoke</a> is incredibly popular in Taiwan, where it is termed KTV (karaoke television). This is an example of something the Taiwanese have drawn, on scale, from contemporary <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Japanese culture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pachinko" title="Pachinko">Pachinko</a> is another example. During typhoons, many young Taiwanese will spend the day singing karaoke or playing <a href="/wiki/Mahjong" title="Mahjong">mahjong</a>. Many people enjoy watching <a href="/wiki/Miniseries" title="Miniseries">miniseries</a> collectively called <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese drama">Taiwanese drama</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Indoor_fishing" title="Indoor fishing">Indoor shrimping</a> has remained a popular form of recreation in Taiwan since the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1999, <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_hot_springs" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese hot springs">hot springs</a>, known as <i>wēnquán</i> in <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Chinese</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Onsen" title="Onsen">onsen</a></i> in Japanese, have been making a comeback thanks to efforts by the government. Over 100 hot springs have been discovered since the Japanese introduced their rich <a href="/wiki/Onsen" title="Onsen">onsen</a> culture to Taiwan, with the largest concentration on the northernmost part of Taiwan island. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a> are very popular in Taiwan. Comics, including manga, are called <i><a href="/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">manhua</a></i> in Taiwan. It is common to see a manga rental shop or a manga store every couple of streets in larger cities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Convenience_store_culture">Convenience store culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Taiwan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Convenience store culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:7_ELEVEn_Outles_in_Sindian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/7_ELEVEn_Outles_in_Sindian.jpg/200px-7_ELEVEn_Outles_in_Sindian.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/7_ELEVEn_Outles_in_Sindian.jpg/300px-7_ELEVEn_Outles_in_Sindian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/7_ELEVEn_Outles_in_Sindian.jpg/400px-7_ELEVEn_Outles_in_Sindian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Two <a href="/wiki/7-Eleven" title="7-Eleven">7-Eleven</a> stores opposite each other on a crossroad. Taiwan has the highest density of 7-Eleven stores per person in the world</figcaption></figure> <p>Boasting over 9,200 <a href="/wiki/Convenience_store" title="Convenience store">convenience stores</a> in an area of 35,980 km<sup>2</sup> and a population of 22.9 million, Taiwan has the <a href="/wiki/Asia_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Pacific">Asia Pacific</a>'s and perhaps the world's highest density of convenience stores per person: one store per 2,500 people or .0004 stores per person.<sup id="cite_ref-amcham.com.tw_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amcham.com.tw-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 1 January 2009, Taiwan also has 4,800 <a href="/wiki/7-Eleven" title="7-Eleven">7-Eleven</a> stores, and thus the world's highest density of 7-Elevens per person: one store per 4,786 people or .000210 stores per person.<sup id="cite_ref-factbook_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factbook-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Taipei, it is not unusual to see two 7-Elevens across the street from or several of them within a few hundred meters of each other. </p><p>Because they are found nearly everywhere, convenience stores in Taiwan provide services on behalf of financial institutions or government agencies such as collection of the city parking fee, utility bills, traffic violation fines, and credit card payments. Eighty-one percent of urban household shoppers in Taiwan visit a convenience store each week.<sup id="cite_ref-amcham.com.tw_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amcham.com.tw-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea of being able to purchase food items, drink, fast food, magazines, videos, computer games, and so on 24 hours a day and at any corner of a street makes life easier for Taiwan's extremely busy and rushed population. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cram_school_culture">Cram school culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Taiwan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cram school culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Taiwan" title="Education in Taiwan">Education in Taiwan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gaokao" title="Gaokao">Gaokao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suneung" class="mw-redirect" title="Suneung">Suneung</a></div> <p>Taiwan, like its neighbors in East Asia, is well known for its <i>buxiban</i> (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A3%9C%E7%BF%92%E7%8F%AD" class="extiw" title="zh:補習班">補習班</a>), often translated as <a href="/wiki/Cram_school" title="Cram school">cram school</a>, and literally meaning "make-up class" or "catch-up class" or to learn more advanced classes. Nearly all students attend some sort of <i>buxiban</i>, whether for mathematics, computer skills, English, other foreign languages, or exam preparation (college, graduate school, <a href="/wiki/TOEFL" class="mw-redirect" title="TOEFL">TOEFL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graduate_Record_Examinations" title="Graduate Record Examinations">GRE</a>, <a href="/wiki/SAT" title="SAT">SAT</a>, etc.). This is perpetuated by a <a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">meritocratic</a> culture that measures merit through testing, with entrance into college, graduate school, and government service decided entirely on testing. This has also led to a remarkable respect for degrees, including PhDs and overseas Western degrees (US and Great Britain). </p><p>English teaching is a big business in Taiwan, with Taiwan, as part of its project to reinvigorate the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Miracle" title="Taiwan Miracle">Taiwan Miracle</a>, aiming to become a trilingual country—fluent in Mandarin, Taiwanese, and English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Taiwan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Wave">Taiwanese Wave</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Taiwan" title="Music of Taiwan">Music of Taiwan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese drama">Taiwanese drama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teresa_Teng_la.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Teresa_Teng_la.jpg/220px-Teresa_Teng_la.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Teresa_Teng_la.jpg/330px-Teresa_Teng_la.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Teresa_Teng_la.jpg/440px-Teresa_Teng_la.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Teng" title="Teresa Teng">Teresa Teng</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Cell phones</a> are very popular in Taiwan. Mobile penetration rate stands at just over 120%.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of their high use, phones in Taiwan have many functions and are becoming cheaper. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Internet_cafe" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet cafe">Internet cafes</a> are very popular with teenagers. They often sell food. Many gamers eat while using the internet. Many parents and teachers are concerned with the amount of time youth spend in the internet cafes. </p><p>One of the best known figures in Taiwanese cinema is director <a href="/wiki/Ang_Lee" title="Ang Lee">Ang Lee</a>, who has also made movies in the West and has won an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a>. Some popular pop artists in Taiwan include <a href="/wiki/Leehom_Wang" class="mw-redirect" title="Leehom Wang">Leehom Wang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jay_Chou" title="Jay Chou">Jay Chou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jolin_Tsai" title="Jolin Tsai">Jolin Tsai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Tao" title="David Tao">David Tao</a>. Some of them have gained international fame and toured Asian countries like Japan, Malaysia and Singapore. Since Taiwan is well known for its entertainment scene, some of its TV stations have organised talent search to find new and young talents to join the big family of pop culture here. Some successful bands like <a href="/wiki/S.H.E" title="S.H.E">S.H.E</a> were formed in the talent search. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_culture" title="Hip-hop culture">Hip-hop culture</a> from the United States, the United Kingdom and Japan also flourished in Taiwan. <a href="/wiki/J-pop" title="J-pop">J-pop</a>, <a href="/wiki/G-Unit" title="G-Unit">G-Unit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eminem" title="Eminem">Eminem</a> are also very popular as well. In this process, Taiwan produced several hip-hop artists, including <a href="/wiki/Dog_G" class="mw-redirect" title="Dog G">Dog G</a>, <a href="/wiki/MC_HotDog" title="MC HotDog">MC HotDog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machi_(Hip-Hop)" class="mw-redirect" title="Machi (Hip-Hop)">Machi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/L.A._Boyz" title="L.A. Boyz">L.A. Boyz</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Taiwanization" title="Taiwanization">Taiwanization</a> of the culture of Taiwan has been a trend since democratisation in the 1980s and 1990s. In 2000, after half a century of Chinese <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT) party rule, the first ever democratic change of ruling parties in Taiwan occurred with the election of Chen Shui-bian and his Taiwan-centric <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Democratic Progressive Party">Democratic Progressive Party</a> (DPP), marking an important step towards Taiwanization. While generally the KMT, the other major political party, is also more open to promoting Taiwan's cultural autonomy than in the past, the DPP made Taiwanization a key plank in its political platform. The Chen administration's policies included measures designed to focus on Taiwan while de-emphasizing cultural and historical ties to China. These policies included changes such as revising textbooks and changing school curricula to focus more on Taiwan's own history to the exclusion of China, and changing the names of institutions that contain "China" to "Taiwan". This sometimes led to incongruities such as <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> being treated as both a "foreign" (Chinese) historical figure and as the "Father of the Country" (Republic of China). These policies are called <a href="/wiki/Taiwanization" title="Taiwanization">Taiwanization</a> but have been attacked by detractors as "<a href="/wiki/Desinicization" class="mw-redirect" title="Desinicization">desinicization</a>", which explains why these policies are generally applauded by most ethnic Taiwanese and opposed by the KMT. </p><p>One phenomenon that has resulted from the Taiwanization movement is the advent of <i>Taike</i> subculture, in which people consciously adopt the wardrobe, language and cuisine to emphasize the uniqueness of popular, groundroots Taiwanese culture, which in previous times had often been seen as provincial and brutally suppressed by <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>. </p><p>The Kuomintang took power in 2008 with the election of <a href="/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Ma Ying-jeou">Ma Ying-jeou</a> to the presidency. The new KMT administration has controversially sought to reverse some of the desinicizing policies of the Chen administration, to various degrees of public support. The restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek_Memorial_Hall" title="Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall">Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall</a> to its former state has been generally supported. By contrast, a directive by the administration to foreign missions to henceforth refer to visits by foreign dignitaries as "visiting (cultural) China" has been rescinded after criticism from DPP legislators. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiwan.nch.ntnu.apo-hsu.2005-10a.altonthompson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Taiwan.nch.ntnu.apo-hsu.2005-10a.altonthompson.jpg/250px-Taiwan.nch.ntnu.apo-hsu.2005-10a.altonthompson.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Taiwan.nch.ntnu.apo-hsu.2005-10a.altonthompson.jpg/375px-Taiwan.nch.ntnu.apo-hsu.2005-10a.altonthompson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Taiwan.nch.ntnu.apo-hsu.2005-10a.altonthompson.jpg/500px-Taiwan.nch.ntnu.apo-hsu.2005-10a.altonthompson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="577" /></a><figcaption>Apo Hsu and the <a href="/wiki/National_Taiwan_Normal_University" title="National Taiwan Normal University">NTNU</a> Symphony Orchestra on stage in the <a href="/wiki/National_Concert_Hall_(Taiwan)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Concert Hall (Taiwan)">National Concert Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Taipei_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Taipei City">Taipei</a> and Play <a href="/wiki/Saint-Saens" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Saens">Saint-Saens</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._3_(Saint-Saens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symphony No. 3 (Saint-Saens)">Organ Symphony No. 3</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Since 1949, Taiwan had managed to develop itself into the center of Chinese pop culture (also known as "<a href="/wiki/C-pop" title="C-pop">C-pop</a>" or 中文流行文化). Today, the commercial Chinese music industry in the world (especially <a href="/wiki/Mandopop" title="Mandopop">Mandopop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hokkien_pop" title="Hokkien pop">Taiwanese pop</a>) is still largely dominated by Taiwanese pop artists. Successful Chinese pop artists from other countries (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Stefanie_Sun" title="Stefanie Sun">Stefanie Sun</a>, <a href="/wiki/JJ_Lin" title="JJ Lin">JJ Lin</a> from Singapore) are also trained, groomed and <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketed</a> in Taiwan. Chinese pop artists from other countries who wish to become successful usually have to go to Taiwan to develop their music career. Mandopop and Taiwanese (Hokkien) genre music continue to flourish in Taiwan today. </p><p>Ever since the 1990s, Taiwanese variety shows (綜藝節目) had grown from its home base in Taiwan to other parts of the world. Today, it is widely watched and enjoyed by the <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Overseas Chinese</a> communities in countries such as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Singaporeans" title="Chinese Singaporeans">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Indonesia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese American">United States</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Taiwan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Taiwan" title="Architecture of Taiwan">Architecture of Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Taiwan" title="Cinema of Taiwan">Cinema of Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Taiwanese" title="Han Taiwanese">Han Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Languages of Taiwan">Languages of Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_authors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Taiwanese authors">List of Taiwanese authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ethnic groups in Taiwan">List of ethnic groups in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Taiwan" title="List of museums in Taiwan">List of museums in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts_in_Taiwan" title="Performing arts in Taiwan">Performing arts in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_Taiwan" title="Theater in Taiwan">Theater in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Taiwan" title="Music of Taiwan">Music of Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography of Taiwan">Photography of Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Religion in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports in Taiwan">Sports in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_literature" title="Taiwanese literature">Taiwanese literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese drama">Taiwanese drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_opera" title="Taiwanese opera">Taiwanese opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glove_puppetry" title="Glove puppetry">Glove puppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_markets_in_Taiwan" title="Night markets in Taiwan">Night markets in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taipei_Community_Services_Center" title="Taipei Community Services Center">Taipei Community Services Center</a> (offers support services to the international community)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_culture" title="Hokkien culture">Hokkien culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_chicken-beheading_rituals" title="Taiwanese chicken-beheading rituals">Taiwanese chicken-beheading rituals</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Taiwan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Taiwan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuang19941–5-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuang19941–5_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuang1994">Huang (1994)</a>, pp. 1–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">黃文儀，《士大夫與羅漢腳》，《文教台灣》第092期</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYip2004230–248-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYip2004230–248_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYip2004">Yip (2004)</a>, pp. 230–248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakeham20052–8-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakeham20052–8_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMakeham2005">Makeham (2005)</a>, pp. 2–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChang2005224-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChang2005224_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChang2005">Chang (2005)</a>, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsiau2005125–129-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsiau2005125–129_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHsiau2005">Hsiau (2005)</a>, pp. 125–129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinckler199423–41-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinckler199423–41_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinckler1994">Winckler (1994)</a>, pp. 23–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYip20042–5-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYip20042–5_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYip2004">Yip (2004)</a>, pp. 2–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinckler199428–31-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinckler199428–31_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinckler1994">Winckler (1994)</a>, pp. 28–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachman19946–7-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWachman19946–7_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWachman1994">Wachman (1994)</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendel197013–14-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendel197013–14_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMendel1970">Mendel (1970)</a>, pp. 13–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGold198621–32-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGold198621–32_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGold1986">Gold (1986)</a>, pp. 21–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinckler199429-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinckler199429_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinckler1994">Winckler (1994)</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips200310–15-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips200310–15_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPhillips2003">Phillips (2003)</a>, pp. 10–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWachman199482–88-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWachman199482–88_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWachman1994">Wachman (1994)</a>, pp. 82–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr196572,_266-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr196572,_266_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKerr1965">Kerr (1965)</a>, pp. 72, 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGates1981266–269-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGates1981266–269_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGates1981">Gates (1981)</a>, pp. 266–269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinckler199430-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinckler199430_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinckler1994">Winckler (1994)</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1970-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1970_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1970">Wilson (1970)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinckler199432-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinckler199432_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinckler1994">Winckler (1994)</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/brief/info04_19.html">TIO Gov Taiwan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external 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"Chapter 7 : The Movement to Indigenize to Social Sciences in Taiwan: Origin and Predicaments". In Makeham, John; Hsiau, A-chin (eds.). <i>Cultural, Ethnic, and Political Nationalism in Contemporary Taiwan: Bentuhua</i> (1 ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781403970206" title="Special:BookSources/9781403970206"><bdi>9781403970206</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7+%3A+The+Movement+to+Indigenize+to+Social+Sciences+in+Taiwan%3A+Origin+and+Predicaments&rft.btitle=Cultural%2C+Ethnic%2C+and+Political+Nationalism+in+Contemporary+Taiwan%3A+Bentuhua&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781403970206&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Maukuei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGates1981" class="citation book cs1">Gates, Hill (1981). "Ethnicity and Social Class". In Ahern, Emily Martin; Gates, Hill (eds.). <i>The Anthropology of Taiwanese Society</i>. CA: Stanford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnicity+and+Social+Class&rft.btitle=The+Anthropology+of+Taiwanese+Society&rft.place=CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Hill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGold1986" class="citation book cs1">Gold, Thomas B. (1986). <i>State and society in the Taiwan miracle</i>. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+and+society+in+the+Taiwan+miracle&rft.place=Armonk%2C+New+York&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Gold&rft.aufirst=Thomas+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsiau2005" class="citation book cs1">Hsiau, A-Chin (2005). "Chapter 4 : The Indigenization of Taiwanese Literature: Historical Narrative, Strategic Essentialism, and State Violence". In Makeham, John; Hsiau, A-chin (eds.). <i>Cultural, Ethnic, and Political Nationalism in Contemporary Taiwan: Bentuhua</i> (1 ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781403970206" title="Special:BookSources/9781403970206"><bdi>9781403970206</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4+%3A+The+Indigenization+of+Taiwanese+Literature%3A+Historical+Narrative%2C+Strategic+Essentialism%2C+and+State+Violence&rft.btitle=Cultural%2C+Ethnic%2C+and+Political+Nationalism+in+Contemporary+Taiwan%3A+Bentuhua&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781403970206&rft.aulast=Hsiau&rft.aufirst=A-Chin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuang1994" class="citation conference cs1">Huang, Chun-chieh (1994). Harrell, Stevan; Huang, Chun-chieh (eds.). <i>Introduction</i>. Cultural Change in Postwar Taiwan (April 10–14, 1991; Seattle). Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813386324" title="Special:BookSources/9780813386324"><bdi>9780813386324</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Introduction&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colo.&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780813386324&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Chun-chieh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerr1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_H._Kerr" title="George H. Kerr">Kerr, George H</a> (1965). <a href="/wiki/Formosa_Betrayed_(1965_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formosa Betrayed (1965 book)"><i>Formosa Betrayed</i></a>. Cambridge: The Riverside Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Formosa+Betrayed&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=The+Riverside+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=George+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakeham2005" class="citation book cs1">Makeham, John (2005). "Chapter 6 : Indigenization Discourse in Taiwanese Confucian Revivalism". In Makeham, John; Hsiau, A-chin (eds.). <i>Cultural, Ethnic, and Political Nationalism in Contemporary Taiwan: Bentuhua</i> (1 ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781403980618">10.1057/9781403980618</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781403970206" title="Special:BookSources/9781403970206"><bdi>9781403970206</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6+%3A+Indigenization+Discourse+in+Taiwanese+Confucian+Revivalism&rft.btitle=Cultural%2C+Ethnic%2C+and+Political+Nationalism+in+Contemporary+Taiwan%3A+Bentuhua&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781403980618&rft.isbn=9781403970206&rft.aulast=Makeham&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendel1970" class="citation book cs1">Mendel, Douglass (1970). <i>The Politics of Formosan Nationalism</i>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Formosan+Nationalism&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Mendel&rft.aufirst=Douglass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2003" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Steven E. (2003). <i>Between Assimilation and Independence: The Taiwanese Encounter Nationalist China, 1945-1950</i>. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-4457-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-4457-2"><bdi>0-8047-4457-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Assimilation+and+Independence%3A+The+Taiwanese+Encounter+Nationalist+China%2C+1945-1950&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8047-4457-2&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Steven+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWachman1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_M._Wachman" title="Alan M. Wachman">Wachman, Alan M.</a> (1994). <i>Taiwan: National Identity and Democratization</i>. New York: M.E. Sharpe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taiwan%3A+National+Identity+and+Democratization&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Wachman&rft.aufirst=Alan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1970" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Richard W (1970). <i>The Political Socialization of Children in Taiwan</i>. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Socialization+of+Children+in+Taiwan&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=M.I.T.+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Richard+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinckler1994" class="citation conference cs1">Winckler, Edwin (1994). Harrell, Stevan; Huang, Chun-chieh (eds.). <i>Cultural Policy in Postwar Taiwan</i>. Cultural Change in Postwar Taiwan (April 10–14, 1991; Seattle). Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813386324" title="Special:BookSources/9780813386324"><bdi>9780813386324</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Cultural+Policy+in+Postwar+Taiwan&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colo.&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780813386324&rft.aulast=Winckler&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYip2004" class="citation book cs1">Yip, June (2004). <i>Envisioning Taiwan: Fiction, Cinema and the Nation in the Cultural Imaginary</i>. Durham, N.C. and London: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822333579" title="Special:BookSources/9780822333579"><bdi>9780822333579</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Envisioning+Taiwan%3A+Fiction%2C+Cinema+and+the+Nation+in+the+Cultural+Imaginary&rft.place=Durham%2C+N.C.+and+London&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780822333579&rft.aulast=Yip&rft.aufirst=June&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFExec._Yuan2014" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ey.gov.tw/Upload/UserFiles/YB%202014%20all%20100dpi.pdf"><i>The Republic of China Yearbook 2014</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Executive Yuan, R.O.C. 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789860423020" title="Special:BookSources/9789860423020"><bdi>9789860423020</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republic+of+China+Yearbook+2014&rft.pub=Executive+Yuan%2C+R.O.C.&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789860423020&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ey.gov.tw%2FUpload%2FUserFiles%2FYB%25202014%2520all%2520100dpi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+Taiwan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Taiwanese_history" title="Timeline of Taiwanese history">Timeline of Taiwanese history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Taiwan" title="Prehistory of Taiwan">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Taiwan" title="List of archaeological sites in Taiwan">archaeological sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Chinese_contact_with_Taiwan" title="Early Chinese contact with Taiwan">Early Chinese contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Middag" title="Kingdom of Middag">Kingdom of Middag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Formosa" title="Dutch Formosa">Dutch Formosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Spanish Formosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Kingdom of Tungning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Qing_rule" title="Taiwan under Qing rule">Taiwan under Qing rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Formosa" title="Republic of Formosa">Republic of Formosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan under Japanese rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwan_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Taiwan (1945–present)">Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_the_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" title="Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan">Retreat to Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanbi_policy" title="Guanbi policy">Guanbi policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Taiwan)" title="White Terror (Taiwan)">White Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Taiwan" title="Martial law in Taiwan">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Policy_in_Taiwan%27s_White_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Policy in Taiwan's White Terror">Mandarin policy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:95%;"><div id="Geography127" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan" title="Geography of Taiwan">Geography</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Taiwan" title="List of beaches in Taiwan">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Taiwan" title="List of cities in Taiwan">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan#Climate" title="Geography of Taiwan">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Taiwan" title="Deforestation in Taiwan">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Taiwan" title="List of earthquakes in Taiwan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endemic_species_of_Taiwan" title="List of endemic species of Taiwan">Endemic species</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_species_in_Taiwan" title="List of protected species in Taiwan">Protected species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_hot_springs" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese hot springs">Hot springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Taiwan" title="List of islands of Taiwan">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Taiwan" title="List of lakes of Taiwan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Taiwan" title="List of mountains in Taiwan">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Taiwan" title="National parks of Taiwan">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Taiwan" title="List of rivers of Taiwan">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_scenic_areas_in_Taiwan" title="List of national scenic areas in Taiwan">Scenic areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_superlatives" title="List of Taiwanese superlatives">Superlatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Taiwan" title="List of volcanoes in Taiwan">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:95%;"><div id="GovernmentPoliticsEconomy531" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Government of the Republic of China">Government</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Taiwan" title="Politics of Taiwan">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Taiwan" title="Economy of Taiwan">Economy</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Government of the Republic of China">Government</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Taiwan" title="Politics of Taiwan">politics</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Yuan" title="Executive Yuan">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Premier of the Republic of China">Premier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Taiwan" title="Censorship in Taiwan">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_in_Taiwan" title="Civil defense in Taiwan">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additional_Articles_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China">Additional Articles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Taiwan" title="Elections in Taiwan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Taiwan" title="Human rights in Taiwan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Taiwan">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Bureau_(Taiwan)" title="National Security Bureau (Taiwan)">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Taiwan" title="Law of Taiwan">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Taiwan" title="Law enforcement in Taiwan">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of China Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Taiwan" title="Military history of Taiwan">Military history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Yuan" title="Legislative Yuan">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="President of the Republic of China">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_(Taiwan)" title="Office of the President (Taiwan)">Office of the President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_to_the_President_(Republic_of_China)" title="Secretary-General to the President (Republic of China)">Secretary-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Vice President of the Republic of China">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Taiwan" title="List of political parties in Taiwan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Republic_of_China" title="Propaganda in the Republic of China">Propaganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Taiwan" title="Regions of Taiwan">Regions of Taiwan</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Taiwan" title="Administrative divisions of Taiwan">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_municipality_(Taiwan)" title="Special municipality (Taiwan)">Special municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(Taiwan)" class="mw-redirect" title="County (Taiwan)">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_city_(Taiwan)" title="Provincial city (Taiwan)">Cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_of_Taiwan" title="List of administrative divisions of Taiwan">List of administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Taiwan" title="List of metropolitan areas in Taiwan">Metropolitan areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">Political issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Taiwan" title="Conscription in Taiwan">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">Cross-Strait relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taipei" title="Chinese Taipei">Chinese Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dang_Guo" title="Dang Guo">Dang Guo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Sinicization" title="De-Sinicization">De-Sinicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan" title="Foreign relations of Taiwan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_divide_in_Taiwan" title="North–South divide in Taiwan">North–South divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Country_on_Each_Side" title="One Country on Each Side">One Country on Each Side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_Taiwanese_identity" title="Opinion polling on Taiwanese identity">Opinion polling on Taiwanese identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">Political status of Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_non-state-to-state_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Special non-state-to-state relations">Special non-state-to-state relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Chinas" title="Two Chinas">Two Chinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanese nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan independence movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Taiwan" title="Economy of Taiwan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Taiwan" title="Agriculture in Taiwan">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Taiwan" title="Aquaculture in Taiwan">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Taiwan" title="Floriculture in Taiwan">Floriculture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Taiwan" title="Automotive industry in Taiwan">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Taiwan" title="Banking in Taiwan">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Taiwan" title="List of banks in Taiwan">List of banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_China_(Taiwan)" title="Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan)">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Taiwan" title="List of companies of Taiwan">Companies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_companies_in_Taiwan" title="List of largest companies in Taiwan">Largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="State-owned enterprises of Taiwan">State-owned enterprises</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Taiwan" title="Defense industry of Taiwan">Defense industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Taiwan_dollar" title="New Taiwan dollar">Dollar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Taiwan" title="Economic history of Taiwan">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Taiwan" title="Energy in Taiwan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Taiwan" title="Forestry in Taiwan">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_industries_of_Taiwan" title="Maritime industries of Taiwan">Maritime industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Taiwan" title="Mining in Taiwan">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_industry_in_Taiwan" title="Semiconductor industry in Taiwan">Semiconductor industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Stock_Exchange" title="Taiwan Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Miracle" title="Taiwan Miracle">Taiwan Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Taiwan" title="Taxation in Taiwan">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Taiwan" title="Telecommunications in Taiwan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Taiwan" title="Textile industry in Taiwan">Textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Taiwan" title="Tourism in Taiwan">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Taiwan" title="Transportation in Taiwan">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Invoice_lottery" title="Uniform Invoice lottery">Uniform Invoice lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Taiwan" title="Water supply and sanitation in Taiwan">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:95%;"><div id="National_SymbolsPeopleSocietyCulture259" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>National Symbols</li><li>People</li><li>Society</li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Taiwan" title="National symbols of Taiwan">National symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Anthems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="National Anthem of the Republic of China">national</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Flag_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="National Flag Anthem of the Republic of China">flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of Taiwan">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Flag of the Republic of China">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_flags_of_Taiwan" title="Proposed flags of Taiwan">proposed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taipei_Olympic_flag" title="Chinese Taipei Olympic flag">Olympic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Flower_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="National Flower of the Republic of China">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Seals_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="National Seals of the Republic of China">Seals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Taiwan" title="Demographics of Taiwan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_people" title="Taiwanese people">Taiwanese people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Taiwanese indigenous peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_Taiwan" title="List of Indigenous peoples of Taiwan">Ethnic groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Taiwanese" title="Han Taiwanese">Hans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_Taiwanese" title="Hoklo Taiwanese">Hoklos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Taiwanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka Taiwanese">Hakkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waishengren" title="Waishengren">Waishengren</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Languages of Taiwan">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amis_language" title="Amis language">Amis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atayal_language" title="Atayal language">Atayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunun_language" title="Bunun language">Bunun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanakanavu_language" title="Kanakanavu language">Kanakanavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavalan_language" title="Kavalan language">Kavalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiwan_language" title="Paiwan language">Paiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyuma_language" title="Puyuma language">Puyuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saaroa_language" title="Saaroa language">Saaroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saisiyat_language" title="Saisiyat language">Saisiyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakizaya_language" title="Sakizaya language">Sakizaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seediq_language" title="Seediq language">Seediq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thao_language" title="Thao language">Thao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsou_language" title="Tsou language">Tsou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yami_language" title="Yami language">Yami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Sign Language">Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Taiwan" title="Architecture of Taiwan">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Taiwan" title="Crime in Taiwan">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organized_crime_in_Taiwan" title="Organized crime in Taiwan">Organized crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Taiwan" title="Sex trafficking in Taiwan">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Taiwan" title="Education in Taiwan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Taiwan" title="Healthcare in Taiwan">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Taiwanese inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Taiwan" title="Prostitution in Taiwan">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Taiwan" title="Public holidays in Taiwan">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_Taiwan" title="Public housing in Taiwan">Public housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Taiwan" title="Squatting in Taiwan">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_superlatives" title="List of Taiwanese superlatives">Superlatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_studies" title="Taiwan studies">Taiwan studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Taiwan" title="Waste management in Taiwan">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Taiwan" title="Women in Taiwan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_animation" title="Taiwanese animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_art" title="Taiwanese art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Taiwan" title="Cinema of Taiwan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_wine" title="Taiwanese wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_Taiwan" title="Cultural history of Taiwan">Cultural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese drama">Drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Taiwan" title="Gambling in Taiwan">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glove_puppetry" title="Glove puppetry">Glove puppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_literature" title="Taiwanese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Taiwan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Taiwan" title="Music of Taiwan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_opera" title="Taiwanese opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_markets_in_Taiwan" title="Night markets in Taiwan">Night markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_Taiwan" title="Philosophy in Taiwan">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Taiwan" title="Smoking in Taiwan">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports in Taiwan">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-Beauty" title="T-Beauty">T-Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_wave" title="Taiwanese wave">Taiwanese wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_tea" title="Taiwanese tea">Tea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_tea_culture" title="Taiwanese tea culture">tea culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Taiwan" title="List of tourist attractions in Taiwan">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Taiwan" title="Category:Taiwan">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Taiwan" title="Portal:Taiwan">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Taiwan" title="Outline of Taiwan">Outline</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culture_of_Asia411" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture_of_Asia411" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Asia" title="Culture of Asia">Culture of Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Afghanistan" title="Culture of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Armenia" title="Culture of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Culture of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bahrain" title="Culture of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bangladesh" title="Culture of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bhutan" title="Culture of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brunei" title="Culture of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cambodia" title="Culture of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Egypt" title="Culture of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Culture of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia" title="Culture of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iraq" title="Culture of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Israel" title="Culture of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jordan" title="Culture of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kazakhstan" title="Culture of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_North_Korea" title="Culture of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Korea" title="Culture of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kuwait" title="Culture of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Culture of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Laos" title="Culture of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Lebanon" title="Culture of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Malaysia" title="Culture of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Maldives" title="Culture of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mongolia" title="Culture of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Myanmar" title="Culture of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nepal" title="Culture of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Oman" title="Culture of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Culture of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Culture of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Qatar" title="Culture of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Culture of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Singapore" title="Culture of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Culture of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Syria" title="Culture of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tajikistan" title="Culture of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Thailand" title="Culture of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Timor-Leste" title="Culture of Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkmenistan" title="Culture of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Culture of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Uzbekistan" title="Culture of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Vietnam" title="Culture of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Yemen" title="Culture of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Abkhazia" title="Culture of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Culture of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culture of the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Culture of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hong_Kong" title="Culture of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Macau" title="Culture of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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