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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Quoting_previous_messages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quoting_previous_messages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Quoting previous messages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Quoting_previous_messages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Quoting previous messages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Quoting_previous_messages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Quoted_line_prefix" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quoted_line_prefix"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Quoted line prefix</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quoted_line_prefix-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reply_level_indication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reply_level_indication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Reply level indication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reply_level_indication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attribution_lines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attribution_lines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Attribution lines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attribution_lines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trimming_and_reformatting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trimming_and_reformatting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Trimming and reformatting</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Trimming_and_reformatting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Trimming and reformatting subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Trimming_and_reformatting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-How_much_to_trim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#How_much_to_trim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>How much to trim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-How_much_to_trim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Placement_of_replies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Placement_of_replies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Placement of replies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Placement_of_replies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Placement of replies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Placement_of_replies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interleaved_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interleaved_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Interleaved style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interleaved_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Top-posting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Top-posting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Top-posting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Top-posting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bottom-posting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bottom-posting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Bottom-posting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bottom-posting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Choosing_the_proper_posting_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choosing_the_proper_posting_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Choosing the proper posting style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Choosing_the_proper_posting_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quoting_support_in_popular_mail_clients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quoting_support_in_popular_mail_clients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Quoting support in popular mail clients</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quoting_support_in_popular_mail_clients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPosting_style%23Top-posting"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPosting_style%23Top-posting"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Posting_style&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posting_style&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable 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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Top-posting&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-posting">Top-posting</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Conventions for text-based Internet fora</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the practice of posting to raise the visibility of an Internet forum thread, see <a href="/wiki/Bump_(Internet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bump (Internet)">Bump (Internet)</a>.</div> <p>When a message is replied to in <a href="/wiki/E-mail" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail">e-mail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">Internet forums</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a>, the original can often be included, or "quoted", in a variety of different <b>posting styles</b>. </p><p>The main options are <b>interleaved posting</b> (also called <b>inline replying</b>, in which the different parts of the reply follow the relevant parts of the original post), <b>bottom-posting</b> (in which the reply follows the quote) or <b>top-posting</b> (in which the reply precedes the quoted original message). For each of those options, there is also the issue of whether <b>trimming</b> of the original text is allowed, required, or preferred. </p><p>For a long time the traditional style was to post the answer below as much of the quoted original as was necessary to understand the reply (bottom or inline). Many years later, when email became widespread in business communication, it became a widespread practice to reply above the entire original and leave it (supposedly untouched) below the reply. </p><p>While each <a href="/wiki/Virtual_community" title="Virtual community">online community</a> differs on which styles are appropriate or acceptable, within some communities the use of the "wrong" method risks being seen as a breach of <a href="/wiki/Netiquette" class="mw-redirect" title="Netiquette">netiquette</a>, and can provoke vehement response from community regulars. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quoting_previous_messages">Quoting previous messages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posting_style&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Quoting previous messages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In an e-mail reply, it is sometimes appropriate to include a full or partial copy of the original message that is being replied to; due to the <a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_communication" title="Asynchronous communication">asynchronous</a> nature of Internet communication, people often engage in many conversations at the same time, and email responses may be received long after the original message was sent. For these reasons, the original poster may not be aware of what message a post is intended to be a response to, and providing context is helpful. Many email reading programs (<a href="/wiki/Mail_user_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail user agent">mail user agents</a>) encourage this behaviour by automatically including a copy of the original message in the reply editing window. </p><p>Quoted text from previous messages is usually distinguished in some way from the new (reply) text. Often, the two parts are given different <a href="/wiki/Indentation_(typesetting)" title="Indentation (typesetting)">indentation</a>. In the example below, the first paragraph is the original message, the second is the reply: </p> <pre> I can't believe you would say something like this. All these words are terrible. They're hurtful and they make no sense. -- DocEvil <br /> Much like your posting. -- Jim </pre> <p>Alternatively, special delimiter lines may be used: </p> <pre>Hey Joe, Paris is in France, not England. --Mary <br /> --- original message --- You just had a call from England, from Paris I think. --Joe --- end of original message --- </pre> <p>For extra clarity, blank lines may also be inserted between the two parts. When using an email medium that supports text markup (such as HTML or RTF), the previous text may be indicated by a distinctive font and/or color: </p> <pre> <span style="color:darkgreen">The meeting has been postponed to next Friday. --Mary</span> <br /> Has the deadline for the report been moved too? --Joe </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quoted_line_prefix">Quoted line prefix</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posting_style&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Quoted line prefix"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MsOutlook-EmailOptions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7a/MsOutlook-EmailOptions.png/220px-MsOutlook-EmailOptions.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7a/MsOutlook-EmailOptions.png 1.5x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Alternative e-mail quoting styles supported by Microsoft Outlook</figcaption></figure> <p>A common convention in plain-text email is to prefix each line of the quoted text with a distinctive character or string. As of 2020 (and for many years previously), the <a href="/wiki/Greater-than_sign" title="Greater-than sign">greater-than sign</a> ("<code>></code>", the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/canon" class="extiw" title="wikt:canon">canonical</a> prefix)<sup id="cite_ref-rfc3676#section-4.5_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc3676#section-4.5-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is almost universally used; but other characters such as the <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> <a href="/wiki/Vertical_bar" title="Vertical bar">vertical bar</a> character ("<code>|</code>") have been used as well, sometimes with one or more spaces inserted before or after the quoted text marker. </p><p>There is no standard declaring one quote-prefix to be "right" and others to be "wrong", but some standards depend on conventional quoting. The "never issued" and obsolete <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc1849.html">"son-of-1036"</a> draft RFC 1849 recommends "<code>></code>" as the quote-prefix; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3676.txt">RFC 3676</a> depends on it and considers "<code>>> </code>" and "<code>> > </code>" to be semantically different. That is, "<code>>> </code>" has a quote-depth of two, while "<code>> > </code>" has a quote-depth of one, quoting a line starting with ">". Most e-mail clients treat the two sequences as equivalent, however. </p><p>The convention of quoting was common in <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a> newsgroups by 1990, and is supported by many popular <a href="/wiki/User_agent" title="User agent">email interfaces</a>, either by default or as a user-settable option. In <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Outlook" title="Microsoft Outlook">Microsoft Outlook</a>, for instance, this behavior is controlled by an option labeled "Prefix each line of the original". Besides inserting markers automatically in quoted lines, some interfaces assume that a line starting with a "<code>></code>" character or similar is quoted text, and will automatically display it in a distinctive font or color: </p> <pre><span style="color:red">> How is the report coming? --Mary</span> It will be on your desk by noon. --Joe </pre> <p>Sometimes the insertion of a quoted line marker will cause one original line to be folded as two lines in the reply, and the continuation line may not have the proper marker. To avoid ambiguity in such cases, one may consider inserting blank lines after each block of quoted text: </p> <pre><span style="color:red">>The board is asking again for the sales data. We really must provide</span> <span style="color:red">> them with some figures. How is the report coming? --Mary</span> <br /> It will be on your desk by noon. --Joe </pre> <p>Quoted line markers are most commonly used in plain-text messages. In HTML messages, other devices may be used to indicate quoted text, such as <a href="/wiki/HTML_element" title="HTML element">HTML indentation elements</a> like <code><a href="/wiki/Blockquote_element" title="Blockquote element">blockquote</a></code> or <code>dl</code>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reply_level_indication">Reply level indication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posting_style&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reply level indication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A message often includes text from two or more messages exchanged in previous rounds of a long discussion. If an additional quotation marker is inserted at every round, without removing any existing markers, the number of markers at the beginning of each line will show the "level" of the reply, that is, how many rounds have occurred since that line was written. These accumulated markers are usually sufficient to distinguish the parts that came from each message. Some email interfaces recognize this convention and automatically render each level in a different color. For example: </p> <pre><span style="color:red">>>> How is the report coming? --Mary </span><span style="color:blue">>> >> It will be on your desk by noon. --Joe </span><span style="color:magenta">> > Sorry Joe, I need it by 11:00 at the latest. --Mary</span> <br /> OK, but it will be missing this month's figures. --Joe </pre> <p>If the discussion is between two parties only, then an even number of markers (including zero) identifies text written by the sender, while an odd number of markers identifies text by the recipient. (In the above example even numbers are Joe's text and odd numbers are Mary's.) </p> <pre>No problem. 6pm it is then. --Jim <br /> At 10.01am Wednesday, Danny wrote: <span style="color:red">> Whoa! I need to email a report at 5:30. > Could you push it back an hour? --Danny > > At 9.40am Wednesday, Jim wrote: > </span><span style="color:blue">>> I'm going to suspend the mail service for approx. thirty >> minutes tonight, starting at 5pm. --Jim</span> </pre> <p>In HTML messages, <code><a href="/wiki/Blockquote_element" title="Blockquote element">blockquote</a></code> or <code>dl</code> elements may be nested to achieve the same effect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attribution_lines">Attribution lines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posting_style&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Attribution lines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quoted material is often preceded by an <i>attribution line</i> that identifies its author. These lines are particularly helpful in discussions between multiple parties. For example: </p> <pre>Nancy wrote: <span style="color:red">> Peter wrote:</span> <span style="color:blue">>> When will we have the performance figures?</span> <span style="color:red">> The tests will be completed next week. </span> <br /> Peter wrote: <span style="color:red">> Mary wrote:</span> <span style="color:blue">>> We should meet today to discuss the marketing strategy.</span> <span style="color:red">> Better wait, we do not have the West Coast sales data yet.</span> <br /> I agree with Peter. We need the sales data and also Nancy's performance figures. Let's meet next Friday after lunch. </pre> <p>This reply quotes two messages, one by Nancy (itself a reply to Peter) and one by Peter (itself a reply to Mary). </p><p>Many mail agents will add these attribution lines automatically to the top of the quoted material. Note that a newly added attribution line should not get the quotation marker, since it is not part of the quoted text; so that the level indicator of the attribution line is always one less than the corresponding text. Doing otherwise may confuse the reader and also e-mail interfaces that choose the text color according to the number of leading markers. </p><p>Instead of an attribution line, one may indicate the author by a comment in brackets, at the beginning of the quotation: </p> <pre><span style="color:blue">>> [Peter:] When will we have the performance figures?</span> <span style="color:red">> [Nancy:] The tests will be completed next week. </span> <span style="color:blue">>> [Mary:] We should meet today to discuss the marketing strategy.</span> <span style="color:red">> [Peter:] Better wait, we do not have the West Coast sales data yet.</span> <br /> I agree with Peter. We need the sales data and Nancy's performance figures. Let's meet next Friday after lunch. </pre> <p>Another alternative, used in <a href="/wiki/Fidonet" class="mw-redirect" title="Fidonet">Fidonet</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Mail_user_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail user agent">mail user agents</a>, is to place the initials of the author before the quoting marker. This may be used with or without attribution lines: </p> <pre>Nancy wrote: <span style="color:red">N> Peter wrote:</span> <span style="color:blue">P>> When will we have the performance figures?</span> <span style="color:red">N> The tests will be completed next week. </span> <br /> Peter wrote: <span style="color:red">P> Mary wrote:</span> <span style="color:blue">M>> We should meet today to discuss the marketing strategy.</span> <span style="color:red">P> Better wait, we do not have the West Coast sales data yet.</span> <br /> I agree with Peter. We need the sales data and also Nancy's performance figures. Let's meet next Friday after lunch. </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trimming_and_reformatting">Trimming and reformatting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posting_style&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Trimming and reformatting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When replying to long discussions, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Newsgroup" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsgroup">newsgroup</a> discussions, quoted text from the original message is often trimmed so as to leave only the parts that are relevant to the reply—or only a reminder thereof. This practice is sometimes called "trim-posting" or "edited posting", and is recommended by some manuals of posting etiquette.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc1855_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc1855-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes an indicator of deleted text is given, usually in the form of a square bracketed tag as: "[snipped]", "[trimmed]", or simply "[...]". The text that is retained may be edited to some extent, e.g. by re-folding the lines. For example, if the original message was </p> <pre> This is a reminder that the project meeting which was canceled last week will be held today in the 3rd floor conference room at 14:30 sharp. Everybody must attend. --Mary </pre> <p>the reply may be </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-md mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k"> > </span><span class="ge">the project meeting [...] will be held today in the 3rd floor</span> <span class="k"> > </span><span class="ge">conference room</span> Mary, be sure to check the mics in that room. --Joe </pre></div> <p>or even just </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-md mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k"> > </span><span class="ge">3rd floor conference room</span> Mary, be sure to check the mics in that room. --Joe </pre></div> <p>Deleted text may also be replaced by a summary in brackets: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-md mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span> On Thursday, Jim wrote: <span class="k"> > </span><span class="ge">The movie clearly adds a sense of menace to the story</span> <span class="k"> > </span><span class="ge">which is not present in the original book.</span> <span class="k"> > </span><span class="ge">[...claim that the darker tone weakens the movie...]</span> I disagree. The darker tone works well, once one understands the two are aimed at different audiences. </pre></div> <p>Automatically included text (such as <a href="/wiki/Signature_block" title="Signature block">signature blocks</a>, free e-mail service ads, and corporate disclaimers) are more likely to be deleted, usually without ellipses, than manually written text. Some posters may delete any parts of the original message that they are not replying to. Some posters delete only parts dealing with issues that they see as "closed", and leave any parts that, in their opinion, deserve further discussion or will be replied to in a later message.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="How_much_to_trim">How much to trim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posting_style&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: How much to trim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some style guides recommend that, as a general rule, quoted material in replies should be trimmed or summarized as much as possible, keeping only the parts that are necessary to make the readers understand the replies.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc1855_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc1855-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That of course depends on how much the readers can be assumed to know about the discussion. For personal e-mail, in particular, the subject line is often sufficient, and no quoting is necessary; unless one is replying to only some points of a long message.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc1855_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc1855-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In particular, when replying to a message that already included quoted text, one should consider whether that quoted material is still relevant. For example: </p> <pre>>> [Mary:] Shall we meet this afternoon to discuss the >> marketing strategy?<span style="color:red"> > > [Peter:] Perhaps, if we can get all the information we need. > Do we have the West Coast sales data yet?</span> <br /> The LA office just sent them in. Joe </pre> <p>The quote from Mary's message is relevant to Peter's reply, but not to Joe's reply. The latter could have been trimmed to </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-md mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k"> > </span><span class="ge">[Peter:] Do we have the West Coast sales data yet?</span> The LA office just sent them in. Joe </pre></div> <p>On the other hand, in some situations, any trimming or editing of the original message may be inappropriate. For example, if the reply is being copied to a third person who did not see the original message, it may be advisable to quote it in full; otherwise the trimmed message may be misinterpreted by the new recipient, for lack of context. </p><p>Also, when replying to a customer or supplier, it may be advisable to quote the original message in its entirety, in case the other party somehow failed to keep a copy of it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Placement_of_replies">Placement of replies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posting_style&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Placement of replies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interleaved_style">Interleaved style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posting_style&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Interleaved style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the interleaved reply style (also called "inline reply", "interlined reply", "point-by-point rebuttal", or, sometimes, "bottom posting"), the original message is broken into two or more sections, each followed by a specific reply or comment. A reply in inline style may also include some <a href="#Top-posting">top-posted</a> or <a href="#Bottom-posting">bottom-posted</a> comments that apply to the whole reply message, rather than to a specific point. For example: </p> <pre>I have been following the discussion about the new product line. Here are my thoughts. <br /> Joe wrote: <span style="color:red"> > Will our prices be competitive?</span> <br /> That may not be a problem for now, we still have a quality edge. <span style="color:red"> > We do not have enough trained people on the West Coast. We have many > new employees but they do not know our products yet.</span> <br /> We can bring them here for a crash training course. <br /> Mary wrote: <span style="color:red"> > We still do not have a clear marketing plan. </span> <br /> Peter, would you take charge of that? Let me know if you need help. <br /> On the whole, I am quite optimistic. It looks like we will be shipping the basic system before the end of this quarter. Nancy </pre> <p>The interleaved reply style can also be combined with top-posting: selected points are quoted and replied to, as above, and then a full copy of the original message is appended. </p> <pre>> Can you present your report an hour later? <br /> Yes I can. The summary will be sent no later than 5pm. Jim <br /> At 10.01am Wednesday, Danny wrote:<span style="color:blue"> >> 2.00pm: Present report</span><span style="color:red"> > Jim, I have a meeting at that time. Can you present your report an hour later? ></span><span style="color:blue"> >> 4.30pm: Send out summary of feedback</span><span style="color:red"> > Also if you do the above, this may need to happen later too. > Danny > > At 9.40am Wednesday, Jim wrote:</span><span style="color:blue"> >> My schedule for today will be: >> 10.00am: Gather data for report >> 2.00pm: Present report to team >> 4.30pm: Send out summary of feedback >> Jim</span> </pre> <p>Interleaving was the predominant reply style in the <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a> discussion lists, years before the existence of the <a href="/wiki/WWW" class="mw-redirect" title="WWW">WWW</a> and the spread of <a href="/wiki/E-mail" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail">e-mail</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> outside the academic community.<sup id="cite_ref-interleave_standard_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-interleave_standard-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interleaving was also common originally in e-mail, because many internet users had been exposed to Usenet newsgroups and other <a href="/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">Internet forums</a>, where it is still used.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The style became less common for email after the opening of the internet to commercial and non-academic personal use.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One possible reason is the large number of casual e-mail users that entered the scene at that time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Another possible reason is the inadequate support provided by the reply function of some <a href="/wiki/Webmail" title="Webmail">webmail</a> readers, which either do not automatically insert a copy of the original message into the reply, or do so without any quoting prefix <a href="#Quoted_line_prefix">level indicators</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Finally, most forums, wiki discussion pages, and <a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">blogs</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Slashdot" title="Slashdot">Slashdot</a>) essentially impose the bottom-post format, by displaying all recent messages in chronological order.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Interleaving continues to be used on technical mailing lists where clarity within complex threads is important.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Top-posting">Top-posting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posting_style&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Top-posting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i>top-posting</i> style, the original message is included verbatim, with the reply above it. It is sometimes referred to by the acronym <i>TOFU</i> ("text over, fullquote under"). It has also been colloquially referred to as <i>Jeopardy!</i> reply style: as in the game show's signature clue/response format, the answers precede the question. </p><p>Example: </p> <pre>No problem. 6pm it is then. Jim <span style="color:red"> <br /> -------- Original Message -------- <b>From:</b> Danny <danny@example.com> <b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, October 16, 2007 10:01 AM <b>To:</b> Jim <jim@example.com> <b>Subject:</b> RE: Job <br /> Whoa! Hold on. I have a job scheduled at 5:30 which mails out a report to key tech staff. Could you please push it back an hour? Danny</span><span style="color:blue"> <br /> -------- Original Message -------- <b>From:</b> Jim <jim@example.com> <b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, October 16, 2007 9:40 AM <b>To:</b> Danny <danny@example.com> <b>Subject:</b> Job <br /> I'm going to suspend the mail service for approx. thirty minutes tonight, starting at 5pm, to install some updates and important fixes. Jim</span> </pre> <p>Top-posting preserves an apparently unmodified transcript of a branch in the conversation. Often all replies line up in a single branch of a conversation. The top of the text shows the latest replies. This appears to be advantageous for business correspondence, where an e-mail thread can dupe others into believing it is an "official" record.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By contrast, excessive indentation of interleaved and bottom posting may turn difficult to interpret. If the participants have different stature such as manager vs. employee or consultant vs. client, one person's cutting apart another person's words without the full context may look impolite or cause misunderstanding.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the earlier days of <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a> informal discussions where everyone was an equal encouraged bottom-posting. Until the mid-1990s, posts in a net.newcomers newsgroup insisted on interleaving replies. Usenet <a href="/wiki/Comp.*_hierarchy" title="Comp.* hierarchy"><i>comp.lang</i> hierarchy</a>, especially comp.lang.c and comp.lang.c++ insisted on the same as of the 2010s. The <a href="/wiki/Alt.*_hierarchy" title="Alt.* hierarchy"><i>alt</i> hierarchy</a> tolerated top-posting. Newer online participants, especially those with limited experience of Usenet, tend to be less sensitive to arguments about posting style. </p><p>Top-posting can be problematic on mailing lists with ongoing discussions which eventually require someone to act on the top-posted material. For example, top-posting "Those changes look ok to me, go ahead and make them" can be very inconvenient, as readers may need to read through a long email trail to know which changes the top-poster is referring to. Inter-leaving the text directly below the text describing the changes is much more convenient in these cases. </p><p>Users of <a href="/wiki/Handheld_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Handheld device">mobile devices</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>, are encouraged to use top-posting because the devices may only download the beginning of a message for viewing. The rest of the message is only retrieved when needed, which takes additional download time. Putting the relevant content at the beginning of the message requires less bandwidth, less time, and less scrolling for the user.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Top-posting is a natural consequence of the behavior of the "reply" function in many current e-mail readers, such as <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Outlook" title="Microsoft Outlook">Microsoft Outlook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gmail" title="Gmail">Gmail</a>, and others. By default, these programs insert into the reply message a copy of the original message (without headers and often without any extra indentation or quotation markers), and position the editing <a href="/wiki/Cursor_(computers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cursor (computers)">cursor</a> above it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="Positioning the cursor above makes perfect sense for bottom-posting as well, as the quoted text must be edited and replied to from top to bottom. (March 2023)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Posting_style#Dubious" title="Talk:Posting style">discuss</a></i>]</sup> Moreover, a bug present on most flavours of Microsoft Outlook caused the quotation markers to be lost when replying in plain text to a message that was originally sent in HTML/RTF.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For these and possibly other reasons, many users seem to accept top-posting as the "standard" reply style. </p><p>Partially because of Microsoft's influence, top-posting is very common on <a href="/wiki/Electronic_mailing_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic mailing list">mailing lists</a> and in personal e-mail.<sup id="cite_ref-Intelligently_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intelligently-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Top_posting_freebsd_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Top_posting_freebsd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Microsoftish_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoftish-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Top-posting has always been the standard format for forwarding a message to a third party, in which case the comments at the top (if any) are a "cover note" for the recipient. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bottom-posting">Bottom-posting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posting_style&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bottom-posting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the "bottom-posting" style, the reply is appended to a full or partial copy of the original message. The name bottom-posting is sometimes used for inline-style replies, and indeed the two formats are the same when only one point is being replied to. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Bottom-posting-example"></span> </p> <pre>At 10.01am Wednesday, Danny wrote:<span style="color:red"> > At 9.40am Wednesday, Jim wrote:</span><span style="color:blue"> >> I'm going to suspend the mail service for approx. thirty >> minutes tonight, starting at 5pm, to install some updates >> and important fixes.</span><span style="color:red"> <br /> > Whoa! Hold on. I have a job scheduled at 5:30 which mails out > a report to key tech staff. Could you push it back an hour? > > By the way, which systems will be updated? I had some network > problems after last week's update. Will I have to reboot? </span> No problems. 6pm it is then. <br /> Basically, I will update our WWW server and firewall. No, you won't have to reboot. </pre> <p>Bottom-posting, like inline replies, encourages posters to trim the original message as much as possible, so that readers are not forced to scroll past irrelevant text, or text that they have already seen in the original message: </p> <pre>At 10.01am Wednesday, Danny wrote:<span style="color:red"> > Could you push it back an hour? > [...] which systems will be updated? > [...] Will I have to reboot? </span> No problems. 6pm it is then. Basically, I will update our WWW server and firewall. No, you won't have to reboot. </pre> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Choosing_the_proper_posting_style">Choosing the proper posting style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posting_style&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Choosing the proper posting style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Posting_style" title="Special:EditPage/Posting style">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Posting+style%22">"Posting style"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Posting+style%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Posting+style%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Posting+style%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Posting+style%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Posting+style%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The choice between interleaved, top and bottom posting generally depends on the forum and on the nature of the message. Some forums (such as personal e-mail) are quite tolerant, in which case the proper style is dictated by taste and effectiveness. In any case one should consider whether the reply will be easily read by the intended recipient(s). Their e-mail interfaces may have different rules for handling quoted line markers and long lines, so a reply that looks readable in one's screen may be jumbled and incorrectly colored on theirs. Blank lines and judicious trimming of the original text may help avoid ambiguity. </p><p>The interleaved reply style can require more work in terms of labeling lines, but possibly less work in establishing the context of each reply line. It also keeps the quotes and their replies close to each other and in logical reading order, and encourages trimming of the quoted material to the bare minimum. This style makes it easier for readers to identify the points of the original message that are being replied to; in particular, whether the reply misunderstood or ignored some point of the original text. It also gives the sender freedom to arrange the quoted parts in any order, and to provide a single comment to quotations from two or more separate messages, even if these did not include each other. </p><p>Top- and bottom-posting are sometimes compared to traditional <a href="/wiki/Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">written correspondence</a> in that the response is a single continuous text, and the whole original is appended only to clarify which letter is being replied to. <a href="/wiki/Customer_service" title="Customer service">Customer service</a> e-mail practices, in particular, often require that all points be addressed in a clear manner without quoting, while the original e-mail message may be included as an attachment. Including the whole original message may be necessary also when a new correspondent is included in an ongoing discussion.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Especially in business correspondence, an entire message thread may need to be forwarded to a third party for handling or discussion. On the other hand, in environments where the entire discussion is accessible to new readers (such as <a href="/wiki/Newsgroup" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsgroup">newsgroups</a> or <a href="/wiki/Online_forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Online forum">online forums</a>), full inclusion of previous messages is inappropriate; if quoting is necessary, the interleaved style is probably best. </p><p>If the original message is to be quoted in full, for any reason, bottom-posting is usually the most appropriate format—because it preserves the logical order of the replies and is consistent with the Western reading direction from top to bottom. </p><p>It is not uncommon during discussions concerning top-posting vs. bottom-posting to hear quotes from "Netiquette Guidelines (RFC 1855)". While many RFCs are vetted and approved though a committee process, some RFCs, such as RFC 1855, are just "Informational" and in reality, sometimes just personal opinions. (Additional information on "Informational" RFCs can be found in RFC 2026, under "4.2.2 Informational" and "4.2.3 Procedures for Experimental and Informational RFCs".) The nature of RFC 1855 should be considered while reading the following discussion. </p><p>According to RFC 1855, a message can begin with an abbreviated summary; i.e. a post can begin with a paraphrasing instead of quoting selectively. Specifically, it says: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If you are sending a reply to a message or a posting be sure you summarize the original at the top of the message, or include just enough text of the original to give a context. This will make sure readers understand when they start to read your response. Since NetNews, especially, is proliferated by distributing the postings from one host to another, it is possible to see a response to a message before seeing the original. Giving context helps everyone. But do not include the entire original!</p></blockquote> <p>Interleaved reply combined with top-posting combines the advantages of both styles. However this also results in some portions of the original message being quoted twice, which takes up extra space and may confuse the reader. </p><p>In forwarding it is sometimes preferred to include the entire original message (including all headers) as a <a href="/wiki/MIME" title="MIME">MIME</a> attachment, while in top-posted replies these are often trimmed or replaced by an <a href="#Attribution_lines">attribution line</a>. An untrimmed quoted message is a weaker form of transcript, as key pieces of meta information are destroyed. (This is why an <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">ISP</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Postmaster_(computing)" title="Postmaster (computing)">Postmaster</a> will typically insist on a <i>forwarded</i> copy of any problematic e-mail, rather than a quote.) These forwarded messages are displayed in the same way as top-posting in some mail clients. Top-posting is viewed as seriously destructive to <a href="/wiki/Electronic_mailing_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic mailing list">mailing-list</a> digests, where multiple levels of top-posting are difficult to skip. The worst case would be top-posting while including an entire digest as the original message. </p><p>Some believe that "top-posting" is appropriate for interpersonal e-mail, but inline posting should always be applied to threaded discussions such as newsgroups. </p><p>This example is occasionally used in mailing lists to mock and discourage top-posting:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <pre>Because it messes up the order in which people normally read text. Why is top-posting such a bad thing? Top-posting. What is the most annoying thing in e-mail? </pre> <p>Bottom-posting preserves the logical order of the replies and is consistent with the Western reading direction from top to bottom. </p><p>The major argument against bottom-posting is that scrolling down through a post to find a reply is inconvenient, especially for short replies to long messages, and many inexperienced computer users may not know that they need to scroll down to find a reply to their query. When sending an untrimmed bottom-posted message, one might indicate inline replies with a notice at the top such as "I have replied below." However, as many modern mail programs are capable of displaying different levels of quotation with different colors (as seen in the <a href="#Bottom-posting-example">bottom-posting example</a> on this page), this is not so much of an issue any more. Another method to indicate that there is more reply text still to come is to always end your text with a signature line. Then a reader who is familiar with your reply style will know to continue to read until your signature line appears. This method is particularly polite and useful when using the inline reply method, since it tells the reader that your response is complete at the point where your signature line appears. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quoting_support_in_popular_mail_clients">Quoting support in popular mail clients</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posting_style&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Quoting support in popular mail clients"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This widespread policy in business communication made bottom and inline posting so unknown among most users that some of the most popular email programs no longer support the traditional posting style. For example, Microsoft Outlook (when replying to an HTML message), AOL, and Yahoo! make it difficult or impossible to indicate which part of a message is the quoted original or do not let users insert comments between parts of the original. When replying to a plain text message with Microsoft Outlook when configured to plain text mode however, Outlook properly uses Quoted line markers allowing for easy insertion of comments between parts of the original. Unfortunately however, the default mode is HTML and few users bother to change the default settings. </p><p>Yahoo! does not have the option "Quote the text of the original message" in Mail Classic, but this setting is retained after turning it on in All-New Mail and then switching back to Mail Classic. Inline replying is broken in Microsoft Outlook, which despite choosing the setting to prefix each line of the original with the "greater-than" character (>) produces a blue line that makes answers inserted between quotes of an <a href="/wiki/HTML_email" title="HTML email">HTML email</a> look like part of the original. The workarounds are to use the setting "read all standard mail in plain text", or to use the "Edit Message" option on the original email and convert it to plain text before replying (then discard the edited version).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posting_style&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diple_(textual_symbol)" title="Diple (textual symbol)">Diple (textual symbol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater-than_sign#Electronic_mail" title="Greater-than sign">Greater-than sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nested_quote" class="mw-redirect" title="Nested quote">Nested quote</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posting_style&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-rfc3676#section-4.5-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc3676#section-4.5_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Gellens (February 2004), <b>RFC 3676</b> <a href="//tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3676#section-4.5" class="extiw" title="rfc:3676"><i>The Text/Plain Format and DelSp Parameters</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc1855-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rfc1855_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc1855_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc1855_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Hambridge (October 1995), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_Working_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Network Working Group (page does not exist)">Network Working Group</a> <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> 1855 [rfc:1855 <i>Netiquette Guidelines</i>]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-interleave_standard-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-interleave_standard_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archives of Usenet posts at <a href="/wiki/Google_Groups" title="Google Groups">Google Groups</a> prior to the <a href="/wiki/WWW" class="mw-redirect" title="WWW">beginning of the WWW</a> (1993).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://danwarne.com/my-rapidly-growing-email-habit/">My rapidly growing email habit</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070119091029/http://danwarne.com/my-rapidly-growing-email-habit/">Archived</a> January 19, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) blog post.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/postfix/2001-07/1670.html">Stopping SirCam</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928035410/http://archives.neohapsis.com/archives/postfix/2001-07/1670.html">Archived</a> September 28, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) postfix.org mailing list.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mail.jabber.org/pipermail/jdev/2006-June/083465.html">Top Posting and Mobiles</a>—<a href="/wiki/Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol">Jabber</a> mailing list.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Intelligently-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Intelligently_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080308060319/http://content.techrepublic.com.com/5254-6257-0.html?forumID=99&threadID=173898&messageID=1928226&id=3923716">"reply intelligently to e-mail"</a>. <i>TechRepublic</i>. 2006-01-19. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.techrepublic.com.com/5254-6257-0.html?forumID=99&threadID=173898&messageID=1928226&id=3923716">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(blog post and responses)</span> on 2008-03-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechRepublic&rft.atitle=reply+intelligently+to+e-mail&rft.date=2006-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.techrepublic.com.com%2F5254-6257-0.html%3FforumID%3D99%26threadID%3D173898%26messageID%3D1928226%26id%3D3923716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APosting+style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Top_posting_freebsd-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Top_posting_freebsd_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lists.freebsd.org/pipermail/freebsd-questions/2004-March/thread.html#40694">"Top posting"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Mailing list thread)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> mailing list</i>. 2004-03-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FreeBSD+mailing+list&rft.atitle=Top+posting&rft.date=2004-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flists.freebsd.org%2Fpipermail%2Ffreebsd-questions%2F2004-March%2Fthread.html%2340694&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APosting+style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Microsoftish-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Microsoftish_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041224190115/http://lists.suse.com/archive/suse-linux-e/2002-Oct/1698.html">"Top-posting is so Microsoftish"</a>. <i>SuSE Linux English discussion</i>. 2002-10-13. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lists.suse.com/archive/suse-linux-e/2002-Oct/index.html#1698">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Mailing list thread)</span> on 2004-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SuSE+Linux+English+discussion&rft.atitle=Top-posting+is+so+Microsoftish&rft.date=2002-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flists.suse.com%2Farchive%2Fsuse-linux-e%2F2002-Oct%2Findex.html%231698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APosting+style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedyPeter_BuckleyDuncan_Clark2003" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Angus J.; Peter Buckley; Duncan Clark (October 2003). Andrew Dickson (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=umvBESswHH8C&pg=RA5-PA241"><i>The Rough Guide to the Internet 9</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(Google Book Search)</span> (2004 ed.). London: Penguin Books. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84353-101-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-84353-101-1"><bdi>1-84353-101-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-01-11</span></span>. <q>It used to be taboo to reply at the top of a message ("top posting") until Microsoft made it the default setting</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+the+Internet+9&rft.place=London&rft.pages=241&rft.edition=2004&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2003-10&rft.isbn=1-84353-101-1&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Angus+J.&rft.au=Peter+Buckley&rft.au=Duncan+Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DumvBESswHH8C%26pg%3DRA5-PA241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APosting+style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mailformat.dan.info/quoting/top-posting.html">Quoting: Top Posting</a>—Dan's Mail Format Site</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.456bereastreet.com/archive/200509/sensible_email/">Sensible email</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061017180623/http://www.456bereastreet.com/archive/200509/sensible_email/">Archived</a> October 17, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>—Blog post and discussion</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arm.linux.org.uk/mailinglists/etiquette.php">"ARM Linux - Mailing Lists - Etiquette"</a>. <i>linux.org.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=linux.org.uk&rft.atitle=ARM+Linux+-+Mailing+Lists+-+Etiquette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arm.linux.org.uk%2Fmailinglists%2Fetiquette.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APosting+style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idallen.com/topposting.html">"Top Posting and Bottom Posting"</a>. <i>idallen.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=idallen.com&rft.atitle=Top+Posting+and+Bottom+Posting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.idallen.com%2Ftopposting.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APosting+style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://what-is-what.com/what_is/top_posting.html">"What is Top Posting?"</a>. <i>what-is-what.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=what-is-what.com&rft.atitle=What+is+Top+Posting%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhat-is-what.com%2Fwhat_is%2Ftop_posting.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APosting+style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.loftninjas.org/2008/08/14/making-outlook-2007-quote-responsibly/">"Making Outlook 2007 quote responsibly"</a>. <i>loftninjas.org</i>. 14 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=loftninjas.org&rft.atitle=Making+Outlook+2007+quote+responsibly&rft.date=2008-08-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.loftninjas.org%2F2008%2F08%2F14%2Fmaking-outlook-2007-quote-responsibly%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APosting+style" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posting_style&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catb.org/~esr/jargon/html/T/top-post.html">"top-post"</a> in The Jargon File (version 4.4.7)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070820035023/http://www.greenend.org.uk/rjk/2000/06/14/quoting.html">Quoting Style</a>—How to use quote using interleaved quoting instead of top-posting</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.caliburn.nl/topposting.html">Why is Bottom-posting better than Top-posting</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070607221125/http://alpage.ath.cx/toppost/toppost.htm">"In Defence of Top-Posting"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alpage.ath.cx/toppost/toppost.htm">the original</a> on 2007-06-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Defence+of+Top-Posting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falpage.ath.cx%2Ftoppost%2Ftoppost.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APosting+style" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.in.tum.de/~jain/software/outlook-quotefix/">Outlook Quotefix</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.in.tum.de/~jain/software/oe-quotefix/">Outlook Express Quotefix</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grzegorz.net/oe/oept.php">OE PowerTool</a>—third party utilities for automatically reformatting quoted text in Microsoft mail products</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.PalmYanoff.com/trimpost.htm">The Trim-Posting Manifesto</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060422215500/http://www.lemis.com/email.html">Using Internet e-mail</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927233341/http://www.usenet-replayer.com/faq/alt.games.generals.html">The Aglami Top-Posting FAQ</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart,_Godwin2006" class="citation web cs1">Stewart, Godwin (2006-09-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linux.sgms-centre.com/misc/netiquette.php">"USENET and Mailing List posting netiquette"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USENET+and+Mailing+List+posting+netiquette&rft.date=2006-09-07&rft.au=Stewart%2C+Godwin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flinux.sgms-centre.com%2Fmisc%2Fnetiquette.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APosting+style" class="Z3988"></span> (see #9 for comments on proper inline quoting)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.river.com/users/share/etiquette/#quotes">"Mailing and Posting Etiquette: Quote Judiciously"</a>. River of Stars. 2004-01-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mailing+and+Posting+Etiquette%3A+Quote+Judiciously&rft.pub=River+of+Stars&rft.date=2004-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.river.com%2Fusers%2Fshare%2Fetiquette%2F%23quotes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APosting+style" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.river.com/users/share/etiquette/#inline">"Mailing and Posting Etiquette: Post In-line for Context"</a>. River of Stars. 2004-01-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mailing+and+Posting+Etiquette%3A+Post+In-line+for+Context&rft.pub=River+of+Stars&rft.date=2004-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.river.com%2Fusers%2Fshare%2Fetiquette%2F%23inline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APosting+style" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudith" class="citation web cs1">Judith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netmanners.com/416/courtesy-6/">"Email Etiquette: Courtesy #6 ~ Always Respond Promptly (and Down-edit)"</a>. TheIStudio.com using the brand NetM@nners.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Email+Etiquette%3A+Courtesy+%236+~+Always+Respond+Promptly+%28and+Down-edit%29&rft.pub=TheIStudio.com+using+the+brand+NetM%40nners.com&rft.au=Judith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.netmanners.com%2F416%2Fcourtesy-6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APosting+style" class="Z3988"></span> (see the fourth paragraph)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaster,_Mike2006" class="citation web cs1">Easter, Mike (2006-04-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130222073047/http://news.spamcop.net/pipermail/spamcop-list/2006-April/110211.html">"Re: Joe jobs - was Re: Victim of Spam-Trap addresses..."</a> <a href="/wiki/SpamCop" title="SpamCop">SpamCop</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.spamcop.net/pipermail/spamcop-list/2006-April/110211.html">the original</a> on 2013-02-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+Joe+jobs+-+was+Re%3A+Victim+of+Spam-Trap+addresses...&rft.pub=SpamCop&rft.date=2006-04-03&rft.au=Easter%2C+Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.spamcop.net%2Fpipermail%2Fspamcop-list%2F2006-April%2F110211.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APosting+style" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeiss,_Alan2005" class="citation web cs1">Meiss, Alan (2005-03-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050316032233/http://www.epsilon3.com/home/humor/usenet_h.html">"101 Ways to be Obnoxious on Usenet"</a>. Epsilon 3 Productions. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epsilon3.com/home/humor/usenet_h.html">the original</a> on 2005-03-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=101+Ways+to+be+Obnoxious+on+Usenet&rft.pub=Epsilon+3+Productions&rft.date=2005-03-16&rft.au=Meiss%2C+Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epsilon3.com%2Fhome%2Fhumor%2Fusenet_h.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APosting+style" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherwood,_Kaitlin_Duck" class="citation web cs1">Sherwood, Kaitlin Duck. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newbie.org/email_basics/">"Email Guide - Email Tutorial - Learn Email Basics"</a>. newbie.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Email+Guide+-+Email+Tutorial+-+Learn+Email+Basics&rft.pub=newbie.org&rft.au=Sherwood%2C+Kaitlin+Duck&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newbie.org%2Femail_basics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APosting+style" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Web_syndication" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Web_syndication" title="Template:Web syndication"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Web_syndication" title="Template talk:Web syndication"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Web_syndication" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Web syndication"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Web_syndication" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Web_syndication" title="Web syndication">Web syndication</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>History</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_blogging" title="History of blogging">Blogging</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_podcasting" title="History of podcasting">Podcasting</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vlog#History" title="Vlog">Vlogging</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_web_syndication_technology" title="History of web syndication technology">Web syndication technology</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niche_blogging" title="Niche blogging">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_blog" title="Art blog">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_blogosphere" title="Mormon blogosphere">Bloggernacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_blog" title="Classical music blog">Classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_blog" title="Corporate blog">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_diary" title="Dream diary">Dream diary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edublog" title="Edublog">Edublog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic journal">Electronic journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing">Fake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_family-and-homemaking_blogs" title="List of family-and-homemaking blogs">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_blog" title="Fashion blog">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_blogging" title="Food blogging">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_blog" title="Health blog">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blawg" class="mw-redirect" title="Blawg">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifelog" title="Lifelog">Lifelog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3_blog" title="MP3 blog">MP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoblog" title="Photoblog">Photoblog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_blog" title="Police blog">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog#Political_impact" title="Blog">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_diary" title="Project diary">Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_blog" title="Reverse blog">Reverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_blog" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel blog">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warblog" class="mw-redirect" title="Warblog">Warblog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_URI_scheme" title="Feed URI scheme">Feed URI scheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linkback" title="Linkback">Linkback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permalink" title="Permalink">Permalink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping_(blogging)" title="Ping (blogging)">Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingback" title="Pingback">Pingback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reblogging" title="Reblogging">Reblogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refback" title="Refback">Refback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback_(data_management)" title="Rollback (data management)">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trackback" title="Trackback">Trackback</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thread_(Internet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thread (Internet)">Thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotagging" title="Geotagging">Geotagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSS_enclosure" title="RSS enclosure">RSS enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FeedSync#Examples" title="FeedSync">Synchronization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Memetics" title="Memetics">Memetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(web_standard)" title="Atom (web standard)">Atom feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_feed" title="Data feed">Data feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photofeed" title="Photofeed">Photofeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_feed" title="Product feed">Product feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_feed" title="Web feed">Web feed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/RSS" title="RSS">RSS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GeoRSS" title="GeoRSS">GeoRSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_RSS" title="Media RSS">MRSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSS_TV" title="RSS TV">RSS TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">Inter-process communication</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livemark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Livemark (page does not exist)">Livemark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(web_application_hybrid)" title="Mashup (web application hybrid)">Mashup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_(computer_science)" title="Reference (computer science)">Referencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSS_editor" title="RSS editor">RSS editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSS_tracking" title="RSS tracking">RSS tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OPML" title="OPML">OPML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSS_Advisory_Board" title="RSS Advisory Board">RSS Advisory Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XBEL" title="XBEL">XBEL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XOXO_(microformat)" title="XOXO (microformat)">XOXO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Form</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Audio_podcasts" title="Category:Audio podcasts">Audio podcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_podcast" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced podcast">Enhanced podcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilecast" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobilecast">Mobilecast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrowcasting" title="Narrowcasting">Narrowcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peercasting" title="Peercasting">Peercasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screencast" title="Screencast">Screencast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slidecasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Slidecasting">Slidecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videocast" class="mw-redirect" title="Videocast">Videocast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcomic" title="Webcomic">Webcomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webtoon" title="Webtoon">Webtoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_series" title="Web series">Web series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_blog" title="Anonymous blog">Anonymous blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog#Types" title="Blog">Collaborative blog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnist" title="Columnist">Columnist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liveblogging" title="Liveblogging">Liveblogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblogging" title="Microblogging">Microblog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_blogging" title="Mobile blogging">Mobile blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spam_blog" title="Spam blog">Spam blog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_blog" class="mw-redirect" title="Video blog">Video blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motovlog" title="Motovlog">Motovlogging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blog_carnival" class="mw-redirect" title="Blog carnival">Carnivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog_fiction" title="Blog fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_journalism" title="Database journalism">Database</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_diary" title="Online diary">Online diary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_search_engines#Blog" title="List of search engines">Search engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sideblog" title="Sideblog">Sideblog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_directory" title="Web directory">Web directory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Micromedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_feed_aggregators" title="Comparison of feed aggregators">Aggregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/News_aggregator" title="News aggregator">News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poll_aggregator" title="Poll aggregator">Poll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_aggregator" title="Review aggregator">Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_aggregator" title="Search aggregator">Search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_aggregator" title="Video aggregator">Video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(Web_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom (Web standard)">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(Web_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom (Web standard)">AtomPub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcatching" title="Broadcatching">Broadcatching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashtag" title="Hashtag">Hashtag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsML" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsML">NewsML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NewsML_1" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsML 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsML-G2" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsML-G2">G2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">Social communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_software" title="Social software">Social software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Slice" title="Web Slice">Web Slice</a></li></ul> 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