CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Usenet - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"b862fb5c-097a-4f61-9a1a-fb644ebfcef4","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Usenet","wgTitle":"Usenet","wgCurRevisionId":1257978525,"wgRevisionId":1257978525,"wgArticleId":18588994,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from September 2012","Webarchive template archiveis links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Use mdy dates from February 2012","Pages with timeline metadata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016", "Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010","All articles containing potentially dated statements","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","CS1 maint: unfit URL","Commons category link from Wikidata","Wikipedia articles with ASCII art","1980 establishments in North Carolina","Computer-mediated communication","Computer networks","Computer-related introductions in 1980","History of the Internet","Internet Protocol based network software","Internet protocols","Internet Standards","Internet culture","Online chat","Pre–World Wide Web online services","Usenet"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Usenet","wgRelevantArticleId":18588994,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{ "tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q193162","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles": "ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming", "ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Slrn.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="887"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Slrn.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="591"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="473"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Usenet - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Usenet&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Usenet rootpage-Usenet skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Usenet" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Usenet" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Usenet" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Usenet" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Introduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Introduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ISPs,_news_servers,_and_newsfeeds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ISPs,_news_servers,_and_newsfeeds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>ISPs, news servers, and newsfeeds</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-ISPs,_news_servers,_and_newsfeeds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle ISPs, news servers, and newsfeeds subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-ISPs,_news_servers,_and_newsfeeds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Newsreaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newsreaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Newsreaders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newsreaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moderated_and_unmoderated_newsgroups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moderated_and_unmoderated_newsgroups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Moderated and unmoderated newsgroups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moderated_and_unmoderated_newsgroups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_details" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_details"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Technical details</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technical_details-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Binary_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Binary_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Binary content</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Binary_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Binary_retention_time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Binary_retention_time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Binary retention time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Binary_retention_time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Legal issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Network" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Network"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Network</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Network-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_venue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_venue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Public venue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_venue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet_jargon_and_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_jargon_and_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Internet jargon and history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_jargon_and_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usenet_traffic_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usenet_traffic_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Usenet traffic changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usenet_traffic_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Archives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Archives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Archives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archives_by_Google_Groups_and_Deja_News" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archives_by_Google_Groups_and_Deja_News"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Archives by Google Groups and Deja News</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archives_by_Google_Groups_and_Deja_News-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Usenet_newsreaders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usenet_newsreaders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Usenet newsreaders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usenet_newsreaders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usenet/newsgroup_service_providers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usenet/newsgroup_service_providers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Usenet/newsgroup service providers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usenet/newsgroup_service_providers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usenet_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usenet_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Usenet history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usenet_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usenet_administrators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usenet_administrators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Usenet administrators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usenet_administrators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Usenet</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AA" title="يوزنت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوزنت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Usenet" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F" title="ইউজনেট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইউজনেট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Usenet" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Usenet" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Usenet" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Usenet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Usenet" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Usenet" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Usenet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Usenet" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Usenet" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Usenet" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Usenet" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AA" title="یوزنت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یوزنت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Usenet" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/USENET" title="USENET – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="USENET" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%A6%88%EB%84%B7" title="유즈넷 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유즈넷" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F" title="यूज़नेट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यूज़नेट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Usenet" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Usenet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Usenet" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Usenet" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/USENET" title="USENET – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="USENET" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Usenet" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Usenet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Usenet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Usenet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="ネットニュース – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ネットニュース" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Usenet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%DB%90%D9%BC" title="یوزنېټ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="یوزنېټ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Usenet" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Usenet" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Usenet" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Usenet" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Usenet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Usenet" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Usenet" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Usenet" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Usenet" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Usenet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Usenet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%95" title="กลุ่มข่าวยูสเน็ต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มข่าวยูสเน็ต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Usenet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Usenet" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Usenet" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Usenet" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q193162#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Usenet" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Usenet"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usenet&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usenet&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Usenet"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usenet&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usenet&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Usenet" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Usenet" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usenet&oldid=1257978525" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usenet&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Usenet&id=1257978525&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUsenet"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FUsenet"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Usenet&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usenet&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Usenet" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q193162" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Worldwide computer-based distributed discussion system</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Slrn.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Slrn.png/290px-Slrn.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Slrn.png/435px-Slrn.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Slrn.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>A 2004 discussion in the Usenet group <i>comp.text.tex</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Usenet_servers_and_clients.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Usenet_servers_and_clients.svg/220px-Usenet_servers_and_clients.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Usenet_servers_and_clients.svg/330px-Usenet_servers_and_clients.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Usenet_servers_and_clients.svg/440px-Usenet_servers_and_clients.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>A diagram of Usenet servers and clients. The coloured dots on the servers represent the newsgroups they carry. Coloured arrows between servers indicate newsgroup content exchanges (news feeds). Arrows between clients and servers indicate that a user is subscribed to a certain newsgroup and reads or submits articles there.<br /><br />Notably, clients never connect with each other, but still have access to each other's posts even when they also never connect to the same server.</figcaption></figure> <table cellpadding="1" class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 220px; float: right; clear: right; border: 1px solid #8888aa; background: #f7f8ff; padding: 5px; margin: 0 0 15px 15px; text-align: left;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background: #ccf; text-align: center;"><span class="anchor" id="Internet_History_Timeline"></span><span class="anchor" id="Internet_history_timeline"></span><b>Internet history timeline</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: #fff;"> <p><i><b>Early research and development:</b></i> </p> <ul><li><span class="vevent">1960–4<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1960–4</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/RAND" class="mw-redirect" title="RAND">RAND</a> networking concepts developed</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1962–4<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1962–4</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">ARPA</a> networking ideas</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1965<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1965</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a> concepts conceived</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1966<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1966</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Merit_Network" title="Merit Network">Merit Network</a> founded</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1967<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1967</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> planning begins</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1967<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1967</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Symposium_on_Operating_Systems_Principles" title="Symposium on Operating Systems Principles">Symposium on Operating Systems Principles</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1969<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1969</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">NPL followed by the ARPANET carry their first packets</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1970<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1970</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/InterNIC#History" title="InterNIC">Network Information Center</a> (NIC)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1971<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1971</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Tymnet" title="Tymnet">Tymnet</a> switched-circuit network</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1972<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1972</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">Merit Network's packet-switched network operational</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1972<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1972</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a> (IANA) established</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1973<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1973</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a> network demonstrated</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1973<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1973</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/PARC_Universal_Packet" title="PARC Universal Packet">PARC Universal Packet</a> development begins</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1974<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1974</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission Control Program">Transmission Control Program</a> specification published</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1975<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1975</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Telenet" title="Telenet">Telenet</a> commercial packet-switched network</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1976<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1976</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> protocol approved and deployed on <a href="/wiki/Public_data_network" title="Public data network">public data networks</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1978<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1978</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Minitel" title="Minitel">Minitel</a> introduced</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1979<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1979</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Architecture_Board" title="Internet Architecture Board">Internet Activities Board</a> (IAB)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1980<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1980</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">USENET</a> news using <a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1980<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1980</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> standard introduced</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1981<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1981</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a> established</span></span></li></ul> <p><i><b>Merging the networks and creating the Internet:</b></i> </p> <ul><li><span class="vevent">1981<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1981</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/CSNET" title="CSNET">Computer Science Network</a> (CSNET)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1982<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1982</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a> protocol suite formalized</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1982<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1982</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a> (SMTP)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1983<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1983</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a> (DNS)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1983<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1983</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/MILNET" title="MILNET">MILNET</a> split off from ARPANET</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1984<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1984</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI Reference Model</a> released</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1985<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1985</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Domain_names#Domain_name_registration" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain names">First .COM domain name registered</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1986<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1986</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> with 56 kbit/s links</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1986<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1986</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">Internet Engineering Task Force</a> (IETF)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1987<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1987</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/UUNET" title="UUNET">UUNET</a> founded</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1988<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1988</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> upgraded to 1.5 Mbit/s (T1)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1988<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1988</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Morris_worm" title="Morris worm">Morris worm</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1988<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1988</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">Complete <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1989<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1989</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocol" title="Border Gateway Protocol">Border Gateway Protocol</a> (BGP)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1989<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1989</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/PSINet" title="PSINet">PSINet</a> founded, allows commercial traffic</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1989<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1989</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Internet_Exchange" title="Federal Internet Exchange">Federal Internet Exchanges (FIX East|FIXes)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Government_Open_Systems_Interconnection_Profile" title="Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile">GOSIP</a> (without <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">ARPANET decommissioned</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Network_and_Services" title="Advanced Network and Services">Advanced Network and Services</a> (ANS)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/UUNET#Early_existence" title="UUNET">UUNET/Alternet</a> allows commercial traffic</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Archie_(search_engine)" title="Archie (search engine)">Archie search engine</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1991<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1991</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_information_server" title="Wide area information server">Wide area information server</a> (WAIS)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1991<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1991</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Gopher_(protocol)" title="Gopher (protocol)">Gopher</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1991<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1991</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Internet_eXchange" title="Commercial Internet eXchange">Commercial Internet eXchange</a> (CIX)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1991<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1991</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Network_and_Services" title="Advanced Network and Services">ANS CO+RE</a> allows commercial traffic</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1991<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1991</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> (WWW)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1992<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1992</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> upgraded to 45 Mbit/s (T3)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1992<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1992</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a> (ISOC) established</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1993<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1993</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routing" title="Classless Inter-Domain Routing">Classless Inter-Domain Routing</a> (CIDR)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1993<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1993</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/InterNIC" title="InterNIC">InterNIC</a> established</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1993<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1993</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> added <a class="mw-selflink selflink">USENET</a> access</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1993<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1993</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/NCSA_Mosaic" title="NCSA Mosaic">Mosaic web browser</a> released</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1994<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1994</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">Full text web search engines</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1994<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1994</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/North_American_Network_Operators%27_Group" title="North American Network Operators' Group">North American Network Operators' Group</a> (NANOG) established</span></span></li></ul> <p><i><b>Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet:</b></i> </p> <ul><li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary">New Internet architecture with commercial <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">ISPs</a> connected at <a href="/wiki/Network_Access_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Access Point">NAPs</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation_Network" title="National Science Foundation Network">NSFNET</a> decommissioned</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/GOSIP" class="mw-redirect" title="GOSIP">GOSIP</a> updated to allow <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Very_high-speed_Backbone_Network_Service" title="Very high-speed Backbone Network Service">very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a> proposed</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1996<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1996</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> changes pricing model from hourly to monthly</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1998<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1998</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11b</a> wireless networking</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a>/<a href="/wiki/Abilene_Network" title="Abilene Network">Abilene Network</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/VBNS" class="mw-redirect" title="VBNS">vBNS+</a> allows broader access</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2000<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2000</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">Dot-com bubble</a> bursts</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2001<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2001</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain#Proposed_domains" title="Top-level domain">New top-level domain names activated</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2001<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2001</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Code_Red_(computer_worm)" title="Code Red (computer worm)">Code Red I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Code_Red_II" title="Code Red II">Code Red II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nimda" title="Nimda">Nimda</a> worms</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">UN World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) phase I</a></span></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/National_LambdaRail" title="National LambdaRail">National LambdaRail</a> founded</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2004<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2004</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Working_Group_on_Internet_Governance" title="Working Group on Internet Governance">UN Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2005<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2005</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">UN WSIS phase II</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2006<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2006</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Governance_Forum" title="Internet Governance Forum">First meeting of the Internet Governance Forum</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2010<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2010</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain#Internationalized_country_code_TLDs" title="Top-level domain">First internationalized country code top-level domains</a> registered</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2012<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2012</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Generic_top-level_domain#New_top-level_domains" title="Generic top-level domain">ICANN begins accepting applications for new generic top-level domain names</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2013<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2013</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Montevideo_Statement_on_the_Future_of_Internet_Cooperation" title="Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation">Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2014<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2014</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/NetMundial_Initiative" title="NetMundial Initiative">NetMundial international Internet governance proposal</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2016<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a> contract with U.S. Dept. of Commerce ends, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">IANA</a> oversight passes to the global Internet community on October 1st</span></span></li></ul> <p><i><b>Examples of Internet services:</b></i> </p> <ul><li><span class="vevent">1989<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1989</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> dial-up service provider, email, instant messaging, and web browser</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1990<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1990</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a> Internet movie database</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1994<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1994</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Yahoo" title="Yahoo">Yahoo!</a> web directory</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> online retailer</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a> online auction and shopping</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Craigslist" title="Craigslist">Craigslist</a> classified advertisements</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1995<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1995</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/AltaVista" title="AltaVista">AltaVista</a> search engine</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1996<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1996</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Outlook.com" title="Outlook.com">Outlook (formerly Hotmail)</a> free web-based e-mail</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1996<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1996</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">RankDex</a> search engine</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1997<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1997</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google Search</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1997<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1997</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Babel_Fish_(website)" title="Babel Fish (website)">Babel Fish</a> automatic translation</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1998<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1998</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Yahoo_Groups" title="Yahoo Groups">Yahoo Groups (formerly Yahoo! Clubs)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1998<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1998</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a> Internet payment system</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1998<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1998</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a> review aggregator</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/2channel" title="2channel">2ch</a> Anonymous textboard</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/I-mode" title="I-mode">i-mode</a> mobile internet service</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">1999<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1999</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Napster" title="Napster">Napster</a> peer-to-peer file sharing</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2000<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2000</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Baidu" title="Baidu">Baidu</a> search engine</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2001<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2001</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Futaba_Channel" title="Futaba Channel">2chan</a> Anonymous imageboard</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2001<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2001</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/BitTorrent_(software)" title="BitTorrent (software)">BitTorrent</a> peer-to-peer file sharing</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2001<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2001</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a> business networking</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Myspace" title="Myspace">Myspace</a> social networking site</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a> Internet voice calls</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Store" title="ITunes Store">iTunes Store</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/4chan" title="4chan">4chan</a> Anonymous imageboard</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2003<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2003</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">The Pirate Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torrent_file" title="Torrent file">torrent file</a> host</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2004<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2004</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> social networking site</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2004<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2004</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">Podcast</a> media file series</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2004<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2004</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Flickr" title="Flickr">Flickr</a> image hosting</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2005<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2005</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> video sharing</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2005<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2005</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a> link voting</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2005<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2005</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Google Earth</a> virtual globe</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2006<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2006</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> microblogging</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2007<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2007</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a> anonymous news and information leaks</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2007<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2007</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Google_Street_View" title="Google Street View">Google Street View</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2007<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2007</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Kindle</a>, <a href="/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader">e-reader</a> and virtual bookshop</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2008<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2008</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Elastic_Compute_Cloud" title="Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud">Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud</a> (EC2)</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2008<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2008</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Dropbox" title="Dropbox">Dropbox</a> cloud-based file hosting</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2008<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2008</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">Encyclopedia of Life</a>, a collaborative encyclopedia intended to document all living species</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2008<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2008</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">DRM-based</a> music streaming service</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2009<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2009</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Bing" title="Microsoft Bing">Bing</a> search engine</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2009<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2009</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Google_Docs" title="Google Docs">Google Docs</a>, Web-based word processor, spreadsheet, presentation, form, and data storage service</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2009<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2009</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Kickstarter" title="Kickstarter">Kickstarter</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Threshold_pledge_system" title="Threshold pledge system">threshold pledge system</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2009<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2009</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Bitcoin" title="Bitcoin">Bitcoin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Digital_currency" title="Digital currency">digital currency</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2010<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2010</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photo_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo sharing">photo sharing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2011<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2011</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Google%2B" title="Google+">Google+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2011<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2011</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photo_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo sharing">photo sharing</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2012<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2012</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/Coursera" title="Coursera">Coursera</a>, massive open online courses</span></span></li> <li><span class="vevent">2016<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2016</span>)</span>: <span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Video sharing">video sharing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a></span></span></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Usenet</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span>), <b>USENET</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or, "in full", <b>User's Network</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a worldwide distributed discussion system available on computers. It was developed from the general-purpose <a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">Unix-to-Unix Copy (UUCP)</a> <a href="/wiki/Dial-up" class="mw-redirect" title="Dial-up">dial-up</a> network architecture. <a href="/wiki/Tom_Truscott" title="Tom Truscott">Tom Truscott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Ellis_(computing)" title="Jim Ellis (computing)">Jim Ellis</a> conceived the idea in 1979, and it was established in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-Lueg_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lueg-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Users read and post messages (called <i>articles</i> or <i>posts</i>, and collectively termed <i>news</i>) to one or more topic categories, known as <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">newsgroups</a>. Usenet resembles a <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_board_system" title="Bulletin board system">bulletin board system</a> (BBS) in many respects and is the precursor to the <a href="/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">Internet forums</a> that have become widely used. Discussions are <a href="/wiki/Threaded_discussion" class="mw-redirect" title="Threaded discussion">threaded</a>, as with web forums and BBSes, though posts are stored on the server sequentially.<sup id="cite_ref-jargon_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jargon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A major difference between a BBS or web message board and Usenet is the absence of a central server and dedicated administrator or hosting provider. Usenet is distributed among a large, constantly changing set of <a href="/wiki/News_server" title="News server">news servers</a> that <a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">store and forward</a> messages to one another via "news feeds". Individual users may read messages from and post to a local (or simply preferred) news server, which can be operated by anyone, and those posts will automatically be forwarded to any other news servers <a href="/wiki/Peering" title="Peering">peered</a> with the local one, while the local server will receive any news its peers have that it currently lacks. This results in the automatic proliferation of content posted by any user on any server to any other user subscribed to the same newsgroups on other servers. </p><p>As with BBSes and message boards, individual news servers or service providers are under no obligation to carry any specific content, and may refuse to do so for many reasons: a news server might attempt to control the spread of spam by refusing to accept or forward any posts that trigger <a href="/wiki/Email_filtering" title="Email filtering">spam filters</a>, or a server without high-capacity data storage may refuse to carry any newsgroups used primarily for <a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">file sharing</a>, limiting itself to discussion-oriented groups. However, unlike BBSes and web forums, the dispersed nature of Usenet usually permits users who are interested in receiving some content to access it simply by choosing to connect to news servers that carry the feeds they want. </p><p>Usenet is culturally and historically significant in the networked world, having given rise to, or popularized, many widely recognized concepts and terms such as "<a href="/wiki/FAQ" title="FAQ">FAQ</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Flaming_(Internet)" title="Flaming (Internet)">flame</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Sock_puppet_account" title="Sock puppet account">sockpuppet</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Spam_(electronic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spam (electronic)">spam</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1990s, shortly before access to the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> became commonly affordable, Usenet connections via <a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a>'s dial-up <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_board_system" title="Bulletin board system">BBS</a> networks made long-distance or worldwide discussions and other communication widespread, not needing a server, just (local) telephone service.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:File_sharing" title="Category:File sharing">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Share_alt_square_font_awesome.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Share_alt_square_font_awesome.svg/80px-Share_alt_square_font_awesome.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Share_alt_square_font_awesome.svg/120px-Share_alt_square_font_awesome.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Share_alt_square_font_awesome.svg/160px-Share_alt_square_font_awesome.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="585" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Technologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File_hosting_service" class="mw-redirect" title="File hosting service">File hosting services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">Online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_file_sharing" title="Peer-to-peer file sharing">Peer to peer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Usenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_web_hosting" title="Peer-to-peer web hosting">Web hosting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebRTC" title="WebRTC">WebRTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XDCC" title="XDCC">XDCC</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Video on demand sites</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/123Movies" title="123Movies">123Movies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dailymotion" title="Dailymotion">Dailymotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PeerTube" title="PeerTube">PeerTube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putlocker" title="Putlocker">Putlocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">BitTorrent sites</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1337x" title="1337x">1337x</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BTDigg" title="BTDigg">BTDigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonoid" title="Demonoid">Demonoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExtraTorrent" title="ExtraTorrent">ExtraTorrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EZTV" title="EZTV">EZTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IsoHunt" title="IsoHunt">isoHunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FitGirl_Repacks" title="FitGirl Repacks">FitGirl Repacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KickassTorrents" title="KickassTorrents">KickassTorrents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaa_Torrents" title="Nyaa Torrents">Nyaa Torrents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RARBG" title="RARBG">RARBG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutracker.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutracker.org">Rutracker.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Rockers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Rockers">Tamil Rockers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">The Pirate Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIFY" title="YIFY">YIFY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YourBittorrent" title="YourBittorrent">YourBittorrent</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Academic/scholarly</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ICanHazPDF" title="ICanHazPDF">ICanHazPDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_Genesis" title="Library Genesis">Library Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-Library" title="Z-Library">Z-Library</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">File sharing networks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Connect_(file_sharing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct Connect (file sharing)">Direct Connect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDonkey_network" title="EDonkey network">eDonkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnutella" title="Gnutella">Gnutella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnutella2" title="Gnutella2">Gnutella2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphanet" title="Hyphanet">Hyphanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I2P" title="I2P">I2P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soulseek" title="Soulseek">Soulseek</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">P2P clients</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BitComet" title="BitComet">BitComet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DC%2B%2B" title="DC++">DC++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMule" title="EMule">eMule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filetopia" title="Filetopia">Filetopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9CTorrent" title="ΜTorrent">μTorrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OnionShare" title="OnionShare">OnionShare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QBittorrent" title="QBittorrent">qBittorrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shareaza" title="Shareaza">Shareaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_(BitTorrent_client)" title="Transmission (BitTorrent client)">Transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribler" title="Tribler">Tribler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuze" title="Vuze">Vuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinMX" title="WinMX">WinMX</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Streaming programs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butter_Project" title="Butter Project">Butter Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodi_(software)" title="Kodi (software)">Kodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popcorn_Time" title="Popcorn Time">Popcorn Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrents-Time" title="Torrents-Time">Torrents-Time</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Anonymous file sharing</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_P2P" title="Anonymous P2P">Anonymous P2P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darknet_(networking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Darknet (networking)">Darknet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friend-to-friend" title="Friend-to-friend">Friend-to-friend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_peer-to-peer" title="Private peer-to-peer">Private P2P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_server" title="Proxy server">Proxy server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seedbox" title="Seedbox">Seedbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">VPN</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Development and societal aspects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_file_sharing" title="Timeline of file sharing">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_aspects_of_file_sharing" title="Legal aspects of file sharing">Legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_issues_with_BitTorrent" title="Legal issues with BitTorrent">BitTorrent issues</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By country or region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing_in_Canada" title="File sharing in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing_in_Japan" title="File sharing in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing_in_Singapore" title="File sharing in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="File sharing in the United Kingdom">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_aspects_of_file_sharing#United_States" title="Legal aspects of file sharing">USA</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Comparisons</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_BitTorrent_clients" title="Comparison of BitTorrent clients">Comparison of BitTorrent clients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_BitTorrent_sites" title="Comparison of BitTorrent sites">Comparison of BitTorrent sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_eDonkey_software" title="Comparison of eDonkey software">Comparison of eDonkey software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Internet_Relay_Chat_clients" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of Internet Relay Chat clients">Comparison of Internet Relay Chat clients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Usenet_newsreaders" title="Comparison of Usenet newsreaders">Comparison of Usenet newsreaders</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:File_sharing_sidebar" title="Template:File sharing sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:File_sharing_sidebar" title="Template talk:File sharing sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:File_sharing_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:File sharing sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The name <i>Usenet</i> comes from the term "users' network".<sup id="cite_ref-jargon_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jargon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Usenet group was <i>NET.general</i>, which quickly became <i>net.general</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-duke_today_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duke_today-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first commercial spam on Usenet was from immigration attorneys <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Canter_and_Martha_Siegel" title="Laurence Canter and Martha Siegel">Canter and Siegel</a> advertising green card services.<sup id="cite_ref-duke_today_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duke_today-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the Internet, Usenet is transported via the <a href="/wiki/Network_News_Transfer_Protocol" title="Network News Transfer Protocol">Network News Transfer Protocol</a> (NNTP) on <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a> (TCP) <a href="/wiki/Computer_port_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer port (software)">port</a> 119 for standard, unprotected connections, and on TCP port 563 for <a href="/wiki/Secure_Sockets_Layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Sockets Layer">Secure Sockets Layer</a> (SSL) encrypted connections. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Introduction">Introduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usenet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Introduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Usenet was conceived in 1979 and publicly established in 1980, at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-emerson198310_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emerson198310-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lueg_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lueg-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> over a decade before the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> went online (and thus before the general public received access to the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>), making it one of the oldest <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer network</a> communications systems still in widespread use. It was originally built on the "poor man's <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>", employing UUCP as its transport protocol to offer mail and file transfers, as well as announcements through the newly developed <a href="/wiki/Newsreader_(Usenet)" title="Newsreader (Usenet)">news software</a> such as <a href="/wiki/A_News" title="A News">A News</a>. The name "Usenet" emphasizes its creators' hope that the <a href="/wiki/USENIX" title="USENIX">USENIX</a> organization would take an active role in its operation.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The articles that users post to Usenet are organized into topical categories known as <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">newsgroups</a>, which are themselves logically organized into hierarchies of subjects. For instance, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:sci.math">sci.math</a></i> and <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:sci.physics">sci.physics</a></i> are within the <i>sci.*</i> hierarchy. Or, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:talk.origins">talk.origins</a></i> and <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:talk.atheism">talk.atheism</a></i> are in the <i>talk.*</i> hierarchy. When a user subscribes to a newsgroup, the <a href="/wiki/News_client" class="mw-redirect" title="News client">news client</a> software keeps track of which articles that user has read.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In most newsgroups, the majority of the articles are responses to some other article. The set of articles that can be traced to one single non-reply article is called a <a href="/wiki/Threaded_discussion" class="mw-redirect" title="Threaded discussion">thread</a>. Most modern newsreaders display the articles arranged into threads and subthreads. For example, in the wine-making newsgroup <i>rec.crafts.winemaking,</i> someone might start a thread called; "What's the best yeast?" and that thread or conversation might grow into dozens of replies long, by perhaps six or eight different authors. Over several days, that conversation about different wine yeasts might branch into several sub-threads in a tree-like form. </p><p>When a user posts an article, it is initially only available on that user's news server. Each news server talks to one or more other servers (its "newsfeeds") and <a href="#Technical_details">exchanges</a> articles with them. In this fashion, the article is copied from <a href="/wiki/Inter-server" title="Inter-server">server to server</a> and should eventually reach every server in the network. The later <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a> networks operate on a similar principle, but for Usenet it is normally the sender, rather than the receiver, who initiates transfers. Usenet was designed under conditions when networks were much slower and not always available. Many sites on the original Usenet network would connect only once or twice a day to batch-transfer messages in and out.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is largely because the <a href="/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_service" title="Plain old telephone service">POTS</a> network was typically used for transfers, and phone charges were lower at night. </p><p>The format and transmission of Usenet articles is similar to that of Internet <a href="/wiki/E-mail" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail">e-mail</a> messages. The difference between the two is that Usenet articles can be read by any user whose news server carries the group to which the message was posted, as opposed to email messages, which have one or more specific recipients.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, Usenet has diminished in importance with respect to <a href="/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">Internet forums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">blogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mailing_list" title="Mailing list">mailing lists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>. Usenet differs from such media in several ways: Usenet requires no personal registration with the group concerned; information need not be stored on a remote server; archives are always available; and reading the messages does not require a mail or web client, but a news client. However, it is now possible to read and participate in Usenet newsgroups to a large degree using ordinary <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a> since most newsgroups are now copied to several web sites.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The groups in <i><a href="/wiki/Alt.binaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Alt.binaries">alt.binaries</a></i> are still widely used for data transfer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ISPs,_news_servers,_and_newsfeeds"><span id="ISPs.2C_news_servers.2C_and_newsfeeds"></span>ISPs, news servers, and newsfeeds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usenet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: ISPs, news servers, and newsfeeds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Usenet_Providers_and_Backbones.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Usenet Provider Map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Usenet_Providers_and_Backbones.svg/220px-Usenet_Providers_and_Backbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Usenet_Providers_and_Backbones.svg/330px-Usenet_Providers_and_Backbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Usenet_Providers_and_Backbones.svg/440px-Usenet_Providers_and_Backbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>Usenet Provider Map</figcaption></figure> <p>Many Internet service providers, and many other Internet sites, operate <a href="/wiki/News_server" title="News server">news servers</a> for their users to access. ISPs that do not operate their own servers directly will often offer their users an account from another provider that specifically operates newsfeeds. In early news implementations, the server and newsreader were a single program suite, running on the same system. Today, one uses separate newsreader client software, a program that resembles an email client but accesses Usenet servers instead.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not all ISPs run news servers. A news server is one of the most difficult Internet services to administer because of the large amount of data involved, small customer base (compared to mainstream Internet service), and a disproportionately high volume of customer support incidents (frequently complaining of missing news articles). Some ISPs outsource news operations to specialist sites, which will usually appear to a user as though the ISP itself runs the server. Many of these sites carry a restricted newsfeed, with a limited number of newsgroups. Commonly omitted from such a newsfeed are foreign-language newsgroups and the <i><a href="/wiki/Alt.*_hierarchy" title="Alt.* hierarchy">alt.binaries</a></i> hierarchy which largely carries software, music, videos and images, and accounts for over 99 percent of article data.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are also Usenet providers that offer a full unrestricted service to users whose ISPs do not carry news, or that carry a restricted feed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newsreaders">Newsreaders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usenet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Newsreaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Newsgroups are typically accessed with <a href="/wiki/Newsreader_(Usenet)" title="Newsreader (Usenet)">newsreaders</a>: applications that allow users to read and reply to postings in newsgroups. These applications act as <a href="/wiki/Client_(computing)" title="Client (computing)">clients</a> to one or more news servers. Historically, Usenet was associated with the <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> operating system developed at <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">AT&T</a>, but newsreaders were soon available for all major operating systems.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Email client programs and <a href="/wiki/Internet_suites" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet suites">Internet suites</a> of the late 1990s and 2000s often included an integrated newsreader. Newsgroup enthusiasts often criticized these as inferior to standalone newsreaders that made correct use of Usenet protocols, standards and conventions.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the rise of the World Wide Web (WWW), web front-ends (web2news) have become more common. Web front ends have lowered the technical entry barrier requirements to that of one application and no Usenet NNTP server account. There are numerous websites now offering web based gateways to Usenet groups, although some people have begun filtering messages made by some of the web interfaces for one reason or another.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Google_Groups" title="Google Groups">Google Groups</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is one such web based front end and some <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a> can access Google Groups via news: protocol links directly.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moderated_and_unmoderated_newsgroups">Moderated and unmoderated newsgroups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usenet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Moderated and unmoderated newsgroups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A minority of newsgroups are moderated, meaning that messages submitted by readers are not distributed directly to Usenet, but instead are emailed to the moderators of the newsgroup for approval. The moderator is to receive submitted articles, review them, and inject approved articles so that they can be properly propagated worldwide. Articles approved by a moderator must bear the Approved: header line. Moderators ensure that the messages that readers see in the newsgroup conform to the charter of the newsgroup, though they are not required to follow any such rules or guidelines.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, moderators are appointed in the proposal for the newsgroup, and changes of moderators follow a succession plan.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, a <i>mod.*</i> hierarchy existed before Usenet reorganization.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now, moderated newsgroups may appear in any hierarchy, typically with <code>.moderated</code> added to the group name. </p><p>Usenet newsgroups in the <a href="/wiki/Big_8_(Usenet)" title="Big 8 (Usenet)">Big-8 hierarchy</a> are created by proposals called a Request for Discussion, or RFD. The RFD is required to have the following information: newsgroup name, checkgroups file entry, and moderated or unmoderated status. If the group is to be moderated, then at least one moderator with a valid email address must be provided. Other information which is beneficial but not required includes: a charter, a rationale, and a moderation policy if the group is to be moderated.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discussion of the new newsgroup proposal follows, and is finished with the members of the Big-8 Management Board making the decision, by vote, to either approve or disapprove the new newsgroup. </p><p>Unmoderated newsgroups form the majority of Usenet newsgroups, and messages submitted by readers for unmoderated newsgroups are immediately propagated for everyone to see. Minimal editorial content filtering vs propagation speed form one crux of the Usenet community. One little cited defense of propagation is canceling a propagated message, but few Usenet users use this command and some news readers do not offer <a href="/wiki/Cancel_message#cancel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancel message">cancellation commands</a>, in part because article storage expires in relatively short order anyway. Almost all unmoderated Usenet groups tend to receive large amounts of <a href="/wiki/Spamming" title="Spamming">spam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technical_details">Technical details</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usenet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Technical details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Usenet is a set of protocols for generating, storing and retrieving news "articles" (which resemble Internet mail messages) and for exchanging them among a readership which is potentially widely distributed. These protocols most commonly use a <a href="/wiki/Flooding_algorithm" title="Flooding algorithm">flooding algorithm</a> which propagates copies throughout a network of participating servers. Whenever a message reaches a server, that server forwards the message to all its network neighbors that haven't yet seen the article. Only one copy of a message is stored per server, and each server makes it available on demand to the (typically local) readers able to access that server. The collection of Usenet servers has thus a certain <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a> character in that they share resources by exchanging them, the granularity of exchange however is on a different scale than a modern peer-to-peer system and this characteristic excludes the actual users of the system who connect to the news servers with a typical client-server application, much like an email reader. </p><p>RFC 850 was the first formal specification of the messages exchanged by Usenet servers. It was superseded by RFC 1036 and subsequently by RFC 5536 and RFC 5537. </p><p>In cases where unsuitable content has been posted, Usenet has support for automated removal of a posting from the whole network by creating a cancel message, although due to a lack of authentication and resultant abuse, this capability is frequently disabled. Copyright holders may still request the manual deletion of infringing material using the provisions of <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> treaty implementations, such as the United States <a href="/wiki/Online_Copyright_Infringement_Liability_Limitation_Act" title="Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act">Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act</a>, but this would require giving notice to each individual news server administrator. </p><p>On the Internet, Usenet is transported via the <a href="/wiki/Network_News_Transfer_Protocol" title="Network News Transfer Protocol">Network News Transfer Protocol</a> (NNTP) on <a href="/wiki/Computer_port_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer port (software)">TCP Port</a> 119 for standard, unprotected connections and on TCP port 563 for <a href="/wiki/Secure_Sockets_Layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Sockets Layer">SSL</a> encrypted connections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization">Organization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usenet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Great_Renaming" title="Great Renaming">Great Renaming</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_newsgroups" title="List of newsgroups">List of newsgroups</a> and <a href="/wiki/Big_8_(Usenet)" title="Big 8 (Usenet)">Big 8 (Usenet)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Usenet_Big_Nine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Usenet_Big_Nine.svg/220px-Usenet_Big_Nine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Usenet_Big_Nine.svg/330px-Usenet_Big_Nine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Usenet_Big_Nine.svg/440px-Usenet_Big_Nine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The "Big Nine" hierarchies of Usenet</figcaption></figure> <p>The major set of worldwide newsgroups is contained within nine hierarchies, eight of which are operated under consensual guidelines that govern their administration and naming. The current <i><a href="/wiki/Big_8_(Usenet)" title="Big 8 (Usenet)">Big Eight</a></i> are: </p> <ul><li><i>comp.*</i> – computer-related discussions (<i>comp.software</i>, <i>comp.sys.amiga</i>)</li> <li><i>humanities.*</i> – <a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">fine arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> (<i>humanities.classics</i>, <i>humanities.design.misc</i>)</li> <li><i>misc.*</i> – miscellaneous topics (<i>misc.education</i>, <i>misc.forsale</i>, <i>misc.kids</i>)</li> <li><i>news.*</i> – discussions and announcements about news (meaning Usenet, not current events) (<i>news.groups</i>, <i>news.admin</i>)</li> <li><i>rec.*</i> – recreation and entertainment (<i>rec.music</i>, <i>rec.arts.movies</i>)</li> <li><i>sci.*</i> – science related discussions (<i>sci.psychology</i>, <i>sci.research</i>)</li> <li><i>soc.*</i> – social discussions (<i>soc.college.org</i>, <i>soc.culture.african</i>)</li> <li><i>talk.*</i> – talk about various controversial topics (<i>talk.religion</i>, <i>talk.politics</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Talk.origins" title="Talk.origins">talk.origins</a></i>)</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Alt.*_hierarchy" title="Alt.* hierarchy"><i>alt.*</i> hierarchy</a> is not subject to the procedures controlling groups in the Big Eight, and it is as a result less organized. Groups in the <i>alt.*</i> hierarchy tend to be more specialized or specific—for example, there might be a newsgroup under the Big Eight which contains discussions about children's books, but a group in the alt hierarchy may be dedicated to one specific author of children's books. <a href="/wiki/Binaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Binaries">Binaries</a> are posted in <i>alt.binaries.*</i>, making it the largest of all the hierarchies. </p><p>Many other hierarchies of newsgroups are distributed alongside these. Regional and language-specific hierarchies such as <i>japan.*</i>, <i>malta.*</i> and <i>ne.*</i> serve specific countries and regions such as <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>. Companies and projects administer their own hierarchies to discuss their products and offer community technical support, such as the historical <i>gnu.*</i> hierarchy from the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> closed its newsserver in June 2010, providing support for its products over forums now.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some users prefer to use the term "Usenet" to refer only to the Big Eight hierarchies; others include <i>alt.*</i> as well. The more general term "netnews" incorporates the entire medium, including private organizational news systems. </p><p>Informal sub-hierarchy conventions also exist. <i>*.answers</i> are typically moderated cross-post groups for FAQs. An FAQ would be posted within one group and a cross post to the <i>*.answers</i> group at the head of the hierarchy seen by some as a refining of information in that news group. Some subgroups are recursive—to the point of some silliness in <i>alt.*</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Binary_content">Binary content</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usenet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Binary content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Usenet_Binaries_Upload_process.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Usenet_Binaries_Upload_process.PNG/300px-Usenet_Binaries_Upload_process.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Usenet_Binaries_Upload_process.PNG/450px-Usenet_Binaries_Upload_process.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Usenet_Binaries_Upload_process.PNG/600px-Usenet_Binaries_Upload_process.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1113" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>A visual example of the many complex steps required to prepare data to be uploaded to Usenet newsgroups. These steps must be done again in reverse to download data from Usenet.</figcaption></figure> <p>Usenet was originally created to distribute text content encoded in the 7-<a href="/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bit</a> <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> character set. With the help of programs that encode 8-bit values into ASCII, it became practical to distribute <a href="/wiki/Binary_file" title="Binary file">binary files</a> as content. Binary posts, due to their size and often-dubious copyright status, were in time restricted to specific newsgroups, making it easier for administrators to allow or disallow the traffic. </p><p>The oldest widely used encoding method for binary content is <a href="/wiki/Uuencode" class="mw-redirect" title="Uuencode">uuencode</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> UUCP package. In the late 1980s, Usenet articles were often limited to 60,000 characters, and larger hard limits exist today. Files are therefore commonly split into sections that require reassembly by the reader. </p><p>With the header extensions and the <a href="/wiki/Base64" title="Base64">Base64</a> and Quoted-Printable <a href="/wiki/MIME" title="MIME">MIME</a> encodings, there was a new generation of binary transport. In practice, MIME has seen increased adoption in text messages, but it is avoided for most binary attachments. Some operating systems with <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> attached to files use specialized encoding formats. For Mac OS, both <a href="/wiki/BinHex" title="BinHex">BinHex</a> and special MIME types are used. Other lesser known encoding systems that may have been used at one time were <a href="/wiki/BTOA" class="mw-redirect" title="BTOA">BTOA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xxencode" class="mw-redirect" title="Xxencode">XX encoding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boo_(programming_language)" title="Boo (programming language)">BOO</a>, and USR encoding. </p><p>In an attempt to reduce file transfer times, an informal file encoding known as <a href="/wiki/YEnc" title="YEnc">yEnc</a> was introduced in 2001. It achieves about a 30% reduction in data transferred by assuming that most 8-bit characters can safely be transferred across the network without first encoding into the 7-bit ASCII space. The most common method of uploading large binary posts to Usenet is to convert the files into <a href="/wiki/RAR_(file_format)" title="RAR (file format)">RAR</a> archives and create <a href="/wiki/Parchive" title="Parchive">Parchive</a> files for them. Parity files are used to recreate missing data when not every part of the files reaches a server. </p><p>Binary newsgroups can be used to distribute files, and, as of 2022, some remain popular as an alternative to <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a> to share and download files.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Binary_retention_time">Binary retention time</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usenet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Binary retention time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Usenet-total-storage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Usenet-total-storage.jpg/300px-Usenet-total-storage.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Usenet-total-storage.jpg/450px-Usenet-total-storage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Usenet-total-storage.jpg/600px-Usenet-total-storage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1264" data-file-height="907" /></a><figcaption>October 2020 screenshot showing 60 PB of usenet group data.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Each news server allocates a certain amount of storage space for content in each newsgroup. When this storage has been filled, each time a new post arrives, old posts are deleted to make room for the new content. If the network bandwidth available to a server is high but the storage allocation is small, it is possible for a huge flood of incoming content to overflow the allocation and push out everything that was in the group before it. The average length of time that posts are able to stay on the server before being deleted is commonly called the <i>retention time</i>. </p><p>Binary newsgroups are only able to function reliably if there is sufficient storage allocated to handle the amount of articles being added. Without sufficient retention time, a reader will be unable to download all parts of the binary before it is flushed out of the group's storage allocation. This was at one time how posting undesired content was countered; the newsgroup would be flooded with random garbage data posts, of sufficient quantity to push out all the content to be suppressed. This has been compensated by service providers allocating enough storage to retain everything posted each day, including spam floods, without deleting anything. </p><p>Modern Usenet <a href="/wiki/News_server" title="News server">news servers</a> have enough capacity to archive years of binary content even when flooded with new data at the maximum daily speed available. </p><p>In part because of such long retention times, as well as growing Internet <a href="/wiki/Upload" title="Upload">upload</a> speeds, Usenet is also used by individual users to store <a href="/wiki/Backup" title="Backup">backup</a> data.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While commercial providers offer easier to use <a href="/wiki/List_of_online_backup_services" class="mw-redirect" title="List of online backup services">online backup services</a>, storing data on Usenet is free of charge (although access to Usenet itself may not be). The method requires the uploader to cede control over the distribution of the data; the files are automatically disseminated to all Usenet providers exchanging data for the news group it is posted to. In general the user must manually select, prepare and upload the data. The data is typically <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encrypted</a> because it is available to anyone to download the backup files. After the files are uploaded, having multiple copies spread to different geographical regions around the world on different <a href="/wiki/News_server" title="News server">news servers</a> decreases the chances of data loss. </p><p>Major Usenet service providers have a retention time of more than 12 years.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This results in more than 60 <a href="/wiki/Petabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Petabyte">petabytes</a> (60000 <a href="/wiki/Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">terabytes</a>) of storage (see image). When using Usenet for data storage, providers that offer longer retention time are preferred to ensure the data will survive for longer periods of time compared to services with lower retention time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legal_issues">Legal issues</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usenet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legal issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While binary newsgroups can be used to distribute completely legal user-created works, <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a>, and public domain material, some binary groups are used to illegally distribute <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary software</a>, copyrighted media, and pornographic material. </p><p>ISP-operated Usenet servers frequently block access to all <i>alt.binaries.*</i> groups to both reduce network traffic and to avoid related legal issues. Commercial Usenet service providers claim to operate as a telecommunications service, and assert that they are not responsible for the user-posted binary content transferred via their equipment. In the United States, Usenet providers can qualify for protection under the <a href="/wiki/DMCA" class="mw-redirect" title="DMCA">DMCA</a> <a href="/wiki/Online_Copyright_Infringement_Liability_Limitation_Act" title="Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act">Safe Harbor regulations</a>, provided that they establish a mechanism to comply with and respond to takedown notices from copyright holders.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Removal of copyrighted content from the entire Usenet network is a nearly impossible task, due to the rapid propagation between servers and the retention done by each server. Petitioning a Usenet provider for removal only removes it from that one server's retention cache, but not any others. It is possible for a special <i>post cancellation</i> message to be distributed to remove it from all servers, but many providers ignore <a href="/wiki/Cancel_message" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancel message">cancel</a> messages by standard policy, because they can be easily falsified and submitted by anyone.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a takedown petition to be most effective across the whole network, it would have to be issued to the origin server to which the content has been posted, before it has been propagated to other servers. Removal of the content at this early stage would prevent further propagation, but with modern high speed links, content can be propagated as fast as it arrives, allowing no time for content review and takedown issuance by copyright holders.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Establishing the identity of the person posting illegal content is equally difficult due to the trust-based design of the network. Like <a href="/wiki/SMTP" class="mw-redirect" title="SMTP">SMTP</a> email, servers generally assume the header and origin information in a post is true and accurate. However, as in SMTP email, Usenet post headers are easily falsified so as to obscure the true identity and location of the message source.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this manner, Usenet is significantly different from modern P2P services; most P2P users distributing content are typically immediately identifiable to all other users by their <a href="/wiki/Network_address" title="Network address">network address</a>, but the origin information for a Usenet posting can be completely obscured and unobtainable once it has propagated past the original server.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also unlike modern P2P services, the identity of the downloaders is hidden from view. On P2P services a downloader is identifiable to all others by their network address. On Usenet, the downloader connects directly to a server, and only the server knows the address of who is connecting to it. Some Usenet providers do keep usage logs, but not all make this logged information casually available to outside parties such as the <a href="/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America" title="Recording Industry Association of America">Recording Industry Association of America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The existence of anonymising gateways to USENET also complicates the tracing of a postings true origin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usenet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear:right; border:solid #aaa 1px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; background:#f9f9f9; padding:4px; spacing:0; text-align:left; float:right;"><div style="font-size:85%;"><pre>UUCP/Usenet Logical Map — June 1, 1981 / mods by S. McGeady November 19, 1981 (ucbvax) +=+===================================+==+ | | | | | | wivax | | | | | | | | | microsoft| uiucdcs | | | | genradbo | | | | | | (Tektronix) | | | | | | | purdue | | | decvax+===+=+====+=+=+ | | | | | | | | | | | pur-phy | | tekmdp | | | | | | | | | | | +@@@@@@cca | | | | | | | | | | | | | +=pur-ee=+=+=====+===+ | | | csin | | | | | | | | +==o===+===================+==+========+=======+====teklabs=+ | | | | | | | pdp phs grumpy wolfvax | | | | | | | | | | | cincy unc=+===+======+========+ | | | | bio | | | | | (Misc) | | (Misc) | | | | sii reed | dukgeri duke34 utzoo | | | | | | | | | | | | +====+=+=+==+====++======+==++===duke=+===+=======+==+=========+ | | | | | | | | | | | u1100s | bmd70 ucf-cs ucf | andiron | | | | | | | | | | | | | red | | | | | pyuxh | | | | zeppo | | | | | psupdp---psuvax | | | | | | | | | | | alice | whuxlb | utah-cs | | houxf | allegra | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | +--chico---+ | +===+=mhtsa====research | /=+=======harpo=+==+ | | | | | | | | / | | | | hocsr | | +=+=============+=/ cbosg---+ | | | ucbopt | | | | | esquire | |  : | | | cbosgd | | |  : | | | | | | ucbcory | | eagle==+=====+=====+=====+=====+ | | |  : | | | | | | | | | +-uwvax--+ |  : | | | mhuxa mhuxh mhuxj mhuxm mhuxv | | |  : | | | | | |  : | | | +----------------------------o--+ |  : | | | | | | ucbcad | | | ihpss mh135a | |  : | | | | | | |  : \--o--o------ihnss----vax135----cornell | |  : | | | | | +=+==ucbvax==========+===+==+=+======+=======+=+========+=========+ (UCB) : | | | | (Silicon Valley) ucbarpa cmevax | | menlo70--hao  : | | | | ucbonyx | | | sri-unix | ucsfcgl | | | | Legend: | | sytek====+========+ ------- | | | | - | / \ + = Uucp sdcsvax=+=======+=+======+ intelqa zehntel = "Bus" | | | o jumps sdcarl phonlab sdcattb : Berknet @ Arpanet</pre></div> UUCP/Usenet Logical Map, original by <a href="/wiki/Steven_McGeady" title="Steven McGeady">Steven McGeady</a>. <div style="font-size:85%;">Copyright© 1981, 1996<br /> <p>Bruce Jones, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Spencer" title="Henry Spencer">Henry Spencer</a>, David Wiseman. Copied with permission from<br /> </p> <i>The Usenet Oldnews Archive: Compilation</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <p>Newsgroup experiments first occurred in 1979. <a href="/wiki/Tom_Truscott" title="Tom Truscott">Tom Truscott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Ellis_(computing)" title="Jim Ellis (computing)">Jim Ellis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> came up with the idea as a replacement for a local announcement program, and established a link with nearby <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina</a> using <a href="/wiki/Bourne_shell" title="Bourne shell">Bourne shell</a> scripts written by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Bellovin" class="mw-redirect" title="Steve Bellovin">Steve Bellovin</a>. The public release of <a href="/wiki/A_News" title="A News">news</a> was in the form of conventional compiled <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a>, written by Steve Daniel and Truscott.<sup id="cite_ref-emerson198310_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emerson198310-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1980, Usenet was connected to <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> through <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley"><span class="nowrap">UC Berkeley</span></a>, which had connections to both Usenet and ARPANET. <a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Horton" title="Mary Ann Horton">Mary Ann Horton</a>, the graduate student who set up the connection, began "feeding mailing lists from the ARPANET into Usenet" with the "fa" ("From ARPANET"<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) identifier.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usenet gained 50 member sites in its first year, including <a href="/wiki/Reed_College" title="Reed College">Reed College</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma" title="University of Oklahoma">University of Oklahoma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-emerson198310_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emerson198310-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the number of people using the network increased dramatically; however, it was still a while longer before Usenet users could contribute to ARPANET.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Network">Network</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usenet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Network"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>UUCP networks spread quickly due to the lower costs involved, and the ability to use existing leased lines, <a href="/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> links or even <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> connections. By 1983, thousands of people participated from more than 500 hosts, mostly universities and Bell Labs sites but also a growing number of Unix-related companies; the number of hosts nearly doubled to 940 in 1984. More than 100 newsgroups existed, more than 20 devoted to Unix and other computer-related topics, and at least a third to recreation.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-emerson198310_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emerson198310-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the mesh of UUCP hosts rapidly expanded, it became desirable to distinguish the Usenet subset from the overall network. A vote was taken at the 1982 USENIX conference to choose a new name. The name Usenet was retained, but it was established that it only applied to news.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name UUCPNET became the common name for the overall network. </p><p>In addition to UUCP, early Usenet traffic was also exchanged with <a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a> and other dial-up <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_board_system" title="Bulletin board system">BBS</a> networks. By the mid-1990s there were almost 40,000 FidoNet systems in operation, and it was possible to communicate with millions of users around the world, with only local telephone service. Widespread use of Usenet by the BBS community was facilitated by the introduction of UUCP feeds made possible by MS-DOS implementations of UUCP, such as UFGATE (UUCP to FidoNet Gateway), FSUUCP and UUPC. In 1986, RFC 977 provided the <a href="/wiki/Network_News_Transfer_Protocol" title="Network News Transfer Protocol">Network News Transfer Protocol</a> (NNTP) specification for distribution of Usenet articles over <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a> as a more flexible alternative to informal Internet transfers of UUCP traffic. Since the Internet boom of the 1990s, almost all Usenet distribution is over NNTP.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software">Software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usenet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early versions of Usenet used Duke's <a href="/wiki/A_News" title="A News">A News</a> software, designed for one or two articles a day. Matt Glickman and Horton at Berkeley produced an improved version called <a href="/wiki/B_News" title="B News">B News</a> that could handle the rising traffic (about 50 articles a day as of late 1983).<sup id="cite_ref-emerson198310_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emerson198310-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a message format that offered compatibility with Internet mail and improved performance, it became the dominant server software. <a href="/wiki/C_News" title="C News">C News</a>, developed by <a href="/wiki/Geoff_Collyer" title="Geoff Collyer">Geoff Collyer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Spencer" title="Henry Spencer">Henry Spencer</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>, was comparable to B News in features but offered considerably faster processing. In the early 1990s, <a href="/wiki/InterNetNews" title="InterNetNews">InterNetNews</a> by <a href="/wiki/Rich_Salz" class="mw-redirect" title="Rich Salz">Rich Salz</a> was developed to take advantage of the continuous message flow made possible by NNTP versus the batched store-and-forward design of UUCP. Since that time <a href="/wiki/InterNetNews" title="InterNetNews">INN</a> development has continued, and other news server software has also been developed.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_venue">Public venue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usenet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Public venue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Usenet was the first Internet community and the place for many of the most important public developments in the pre-commercial Internet. It was the place where <a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a> announced the launch of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where <a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a> announced the <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> project,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and where <a href="/wiki/Marc_Andreessen" title="Marc Andreessen">Marc Andreessen</a> announced the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_browser" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic browser">Mosaic browser</a> and the introduction of the image tag,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which revolutionized the World Wide Web by turning it into a graphical medium. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_jargon_and_history">Internet jargon and history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usenet&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Internet jargon and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Many <a href="/wiki/Jargon" title="Jargon">jargon</a> terms now in common use on the Internet originated or were popularized on Usenet.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, many conflicts which later spread to the rest of the Internet, such as the ongoing difficulties over <a href="/wiki/Spam_(electronic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spam (electronic)">spamming</a>, began on Usenet.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Usenet is like a herd of performing elephants with diarrhea. Massive, difficult to redirect, awe-inspiring, entertaining, and a source of mind-boggling amounts of excrement when you least expect it." </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Gene_Spafford" title="Gene Spafford">Gene Spafford</a>, 1992</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usenet&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sascha Segan of <i><a href="/wiki/PC_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="PC Magazine">PC Magazine</a></i> said in 2008 that "Usenet has been dying for years".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Segan said that some people pointed to the <a href="/wiki/Eternal_September" title="Eternal September">Eternal September</a> in 1993 as the beginning of Usenet's decline, when AOL began offering Usenet access. He argues that when users began putting large (non-text) files on Usenet by the late 1990s, Usenet <a href="/wiki/Disk_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Disk space">disk space</a> and traffic increased correspondingly. Internet service providers questioned why they needed to host binary articles. </p><p><a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> discontinued Usenet access in 2005. In May 2010, <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a>, whose implementation had started Usenet more than 30 years earlier, decommissioned its Usenet server, citing low usage and rising costs.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 4, 2011, the Usenet news service link at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a> (news.unc.edu) was retired after 32 years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In response, John Biggs of <a href="/wiki/TechCrunch" title="TechCrunch">TechCrunch</a> said "As long as there are folks who think a <a href="/wiki/Command_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Command line">command line</a> is better than a mouse, the original text-only <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">social network</a> will live on".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there are still some active text newsgroups on Usenet, the system is now primarily used to share large files between users, and the underlying technology of Usenet remains unchanged.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usenet_traffic_changes">Usenet traffic changes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usenet&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Usenet traffic changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over time, the amount of Usenet traffic has steadily increased. As of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Usenet&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the number of all text posts made in all Big-8 newsgroups averaged 1,800 new messages every hour, with an average of 25,000 messages per day.<sup id="cite_ref-newsadmin1_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newsadmin1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these averages are minuscule in comparison to the traffic in the binary groups.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of this traffic increase reflects not an increase in discrete users or newsgroup discussions, but instead the combination of massive automated spamming and an increase in the use of <i>.binaries</i> newsgroups<sup id="cite_ref-newsadmin1_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newsadmin1-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which large files are often posted publicly. A small sampling of the change (measured in feed size per day) follows: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Usenet_traffic_per_day_(en).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Usenet_traffic_per_day_%28en%29.svg/512px-Usenet_traffic_per_day_%28en%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="512" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Usenet_traffic_per_day_%28en%29.svg/768px-Usenet_traffic_per_day_%28en%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Usenet_traffic_per_day_%28en%29.svg/1024px-Usenet_traffic_per_day_%28en%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="329" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Source: altopia.com<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:right">Daily volume</th> <th>Daily posts</th> <th>Date </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">4.5 <a href="/wiki/Gibibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibibyte">GiB</a></td> <td></td> <td>1996 Dec </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">9 GiB</td> <td></td> <td>1997 Jul </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">12 GiB</td> <td>554 <a href="/wiki/Kilo-" title="Kilo-">k</a></td> <td>1998 Jan </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">26 GiB</td> <td>609 k</td> <td>1999 Jan </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">82 GiB</td> <td>858 k</td> <td>2000 Jan </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">181 GiB</td> <td>1.24 <a href="/wiki/Mega-" title="Mega-">M</a></td> <td>2001 Jan </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">257 GiB</td> <td>1.48 M</td> <td>2002 Jan </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">492 GiB</td> <td>2.09 M</td> <td>2003 Jan </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">969 GiB</td> <td>3.30 M</td> <td>2004 Jan </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">1.52 <a href="/wiki/Tebibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tebibyte">TiB</a></td> <td>5.09 M</td> <td>2005 Jan </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">2.27 TiB</td> <td>7.54 M</td> <td>2006 Jan </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">2.95 TiB</td> <td>9.84 M</td> <td>2007 Jan </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">3.07 TiB</td> <td>10.13 M</td> <td>2008 Jan </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">4.65 TiB</td> <td>14.64 M</td> <td>2009 Jan </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">5.42 TiB</td> <td>15.66 M</td> <td>2010 Jan </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">7.52 TiB</td> <td>20.12 M</td> <td>2011 Jan </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">9.29 TiB</td> <td>23.91 M</td> <td>2012 Jan </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">11.49 TiB</td> <td>28.14 M</td> <td>2013 Jan </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">14.61 TiB</td> <td>37.56 M</td> <td>2014 Jan </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">17.87 TiB</td> <td>44.19 M</td> <td>2015 Jan </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">23.87 TiB</td> <td>55.59 M</td> <td>2016 Jan </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">27.80 TiB</td> <td>64.55 M</td> <td>2017 Jan </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">37.35 TiB</td> <td>73.95 M</td> <td>2018 Jan </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">60.38 TiB</td> <td>104.04 M</td> <td>2019 Jan </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">62.40 TiB</td> <td>107.49 M</td> <td>2020 Jan </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">100.71 TiB</td> <td>171.86 M</td> <td>2021 Jan </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right">220.00 TiB<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>279.16 M</td> <td>2023 Aug </td></tr> <tr> <td>274.49 TiB </td> <td>400.24 M </td> <td>2024 Feb </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Verizon_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon Communications">Verizon Communications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time_Warner_Cable" title="Time Warner Cable">Time Warner Cable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sprint_Nextel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sprint Nextel">Sprint Nextel</a> signed an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_New_York" title="Attorney General of New York">Attorney General of New York</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">Andrew Cuomo</a> to shut down access to sources of <a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">child pornography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Time Warner Cable stopped offering access to Usenet. Verizon reduced its access to the "Big 8" hierarchies. Sprint stopped access to the <i>alt.*</i> hierarchies. AT&T stopped access to the <i>alt.binaries.*</i> hierarchies. Cuomo never specifically named Usenet in his anti-child pornography campaign. David DeJean of <i><a href="/wiki/PC_World" title="PC World">PC World</a></i> said that some worry that the ISPs used Cuomo's campaign as an excuse to end portions of Usenet access, as it is costly for the Internet service providers and not in high demand by customers. In 2008 <a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a>, which no longer offered Usenet access, and the four providers that responded to the Cuomo campaign were the five largest Internet service providers in the United States; they had more than 50% of the U.S. ISP market share.<sup id="cite_ref-DeJeanNotDeadYet2_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeJeanNotDeadYet2-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 8, 2009, AT&T announced that it would no longer provide access to the Usenet service as of July 15, 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a> announced that it would discontinue its integrated Usenet service in early 2005, citing the growing popularity of weblogs, chat forums and on-line conferencing.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The AOL community had a tremendous role in popularizing Usenet some 11 years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2009, Verizon announced that it would discontinue access to Usenet on September 30, 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-dslreports_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dslreports-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VerizonSupport_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VerizonSupport-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a> announced it would discontinue Usenet service, effective July 31, 2010, citing Google Groups as an alternative.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> announced that it would discontinue support for its public newsgroups (msnews.microsoft.com) from June 1, 2010, offering web forums as an alternative.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Primary reasons cited for the discontinuance of Usenet service by general <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">ISPs</a> include the decline in volume of actual readers due to competition from <a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">blogs</a>, along with cost and liability concerns of increasing proportion of traffic devoted to file-sharing and spam on unused or discontinued groups.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some ISPs did not include pressure from Cuomo's campaign against child pornography as one of their reasons for dropping Usenet feeds as part of their services.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ISPs Cox and Atlantic Communications resisted the 2008 trend but both did eventually drop their respective Usenet feeds in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-dropun_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dropun-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-coxatlantic_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coxatlantic-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archives">Archives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usenet&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Archives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Public archives of Usenet articles have existed since the early days of Usenet, such as the system created by Kenneth Almquist in late 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Distributed archiving of Usenet posts was suggested in November 1982 by Scott Orshan, who proposed that "Every site should keep all the articles it posted, forever."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in November of that year, <a href="/wiki/Rick_Adams_(Internet_pioneer)" title="Rick Adams (Internet pioneer)">Rick Adams</a> responded to a post asking "Has anyone archived netnews, or does anyone plan to?"<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by stating that he was, "afraid to admit it, but I started archiving most 'useful' newsgroups as of September 18."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1982, Gregory G. Woodbury proposed an "automatic access to archives" system that consisted of "automatic answering of fixed-format messages to a special mail recipient on specified machines."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1985, two news archiving systems and one <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> were posted to the Internet. The first system, called keepnews, by Mark M. Swenson of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a>, was described as "a program that attempts to provide a sane way of extracting and keeping information that comes over Usenet." The main advantage of this system was to allow users to mark articles as worthwhile to retain.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second system, YA News Archiver by Chuq Von Rospach, was similar to keepnews, but was "designed to work with much larger archives where the wonderful quadratic search time feature of the Unix ... becomes a real problem."<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Von Rospach in early 1985 posted a detailed RFC for "archiving and accessing usenet articles with <a href="/wiki/Index_term" title="Index term">keyword</a> lookup." This RFC described a program that could "generate and maintain an archive of Usenet articles and allow looking up articles based on the article-id, subject lines, or keywords pulled out of the article itself." Also included was <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> code for the internal data structure of the system.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The desire to have a full text search index of archived news articles is not new either, one such request having been made in April 1991 by <a href="/wiki/Alex_Martelli" title="Alex Martelli">Alex Martelli</a> who sought to "build some sort of keyword index for [the news archive]."<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early May, Martelli posted a summary of his responses to Usenet, noting that the "most popular suggestion award must definitely go to 'lq-text' package, by Liam Quin, recently posted in alt.sources."<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Alt Sex Stories Text Repository (ASSTR) site archives and indexes erotic and pornographic stories posted to the Usenet group <a href="/wiki/Alt.sex.stories" title="Alt.sex.stories">alt.sex.stories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The archiving of Usenet has led to fears of loss of privacy.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An archive simplifies ways to profile people. This has partly been countered with the introduction of the <i> <a href="/wiki/X-No-Archive" title="X-No-Archive">X-No-Archive: Yes</a></i> header, which is itself controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archives_by_Google_Groups_and_Deja_News">Archives by Google Groups and Deja News</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usenet&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Archives by Google Groups and Deja News"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Google_Groups" title="Google Groups">Google Groups</a></div> <p>Web-based archiving of Usenet posts began in March 1995 at <a href="/wiki/Deja_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Deja News">Deja News</a> with a very large, searchable database. In February 2001, this database was acquired by <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Google had begun archiving Usenet posts for itself starting in the second week of August 2000. </p><p>Google Groups hosts an archive of Usenet posts dating back to May 1981. The earliest posts, which date from May 1981 to June 1991, were donated to Google by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario" title="University of Western Ontario">University of Western Ontario</a> with the help of David Wiseman and others,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were originally archived by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Spencer" title="Henry Spencer">Henry Spencer</a> at the University of Toronto's Zoology department.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archives for late 1991 through early 1995 were provided by Kent Landfield from the NetNews CD series<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Jürgen Christoffel from <a href="/wiki/Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Mathematik_und_Datenverarbeitung" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesellschaft für Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung">GMD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Google has been criticized by <i><a href="/wiki/Vice_(magazine)" title="Vice (magazine)">Vice</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)"><i>Wired</i></a> contributors as well as former employees for its stewardship of the archive and for breaking its search functionality.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of January 2024, Google Groups carries a header notice, saying: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Effective from 22 February 2024, Google Groups will no longer support new Usenet content. Posting and subscribing will be disallowed, and new content from Usenet peers will not appear. Viewing and searching of historical data will still be supported as it is done today.</p></blockquote> <p>An explanatory page adds:<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In addition, Google’s Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) server and associated peering will no longer be available, meaning Google will not support serving new Usenet content or exchanging content with other NNTP servers. This change will not impact any non-Usenet content on Google Groups, including all user and organization-created groups.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usenet&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/28px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/42px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/56px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Progressive_Communications" title="Association for Progressive Communications">Association for Progressive Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fediverse" title="Fediverse">Fediverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCL_Domino#History" class="mw-redirect" title="HCL Domino">PLATO Notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-News-Network_e.V." title="Open-News-Network e.V.">Open-News-Network e.V.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet_II" title="Usenet II">Usenet II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet_personality" title="Usenet personality">Usenet personality</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usenet_newsreaders">Usenet newsreaders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usenet&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Usenet newsreaders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newsreader_(Usenet)" title="Newsreader (Usenet)">Newsreader (Usenet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Usenet_newsreaders" title="Comparison of Usenet newsreaders">Comparison of Usenet newsreaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Usenet_newsreaders" title="List of Usenet newsreaders">List of Usenet newsreaders</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usenet/newsgroup_service_providers"><span id="Usenet.2Fnewsgroup_service_providers"></span>Usenet/newsgroup service providers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usenet&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Usenet/newsgroup service providers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astraweb" title="Astraweb">Astraweb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easynews" title="Easynews">Easynews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giganews" title="Giganews">Giganews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernews_(Usenet_provider)" title="Supernews (Usenet provider)">Supernews</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usenet_history">Usenet history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usenet&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Usenet history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_the_Internet" title="Scientology and the Internet">Scientology and the Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serdar_Argic" title="Serdar Argic">Serdar Argic</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usenet_administrators">Usenet administrators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usenet&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Usenet administrators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Usenet had administrators on a server-by-server basis, not as a whole. A few famous administrators: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Lewis_(Usenet)" title="Chris Lewis (Usenet)">Chris Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Spafford" title="Gene Spafford">Gene Spafford</a>, a.k.a. Spaf</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Spencer" title="Henry Spencer">Henry Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kai_Puolam%C3%A4ki" title="Kai Puolamäki">Kai Puolamäki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Horton" title="Mary Ann Horton">Mary Ann Horton</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usenet&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHoschGregersen2021" class="citation web cs1">Hosch, William L.; Gregersen, Erik (May 17, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/USENET">"USENET"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230325033626/https://www.britannica.com/technology/USENET">Archived</a> from the original on March 25, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USENET&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2021-05-17&rft.aulast=Hosch&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft.au=Gregersen%2C+Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftechnology%2FUSENET&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lueg-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lueg_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lueg_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>From Usenet to CoWebs: interacting with social information spaces</i>, Christopher Lueg, Danyel Fisher, Springer (2003), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85233-532-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85233-532-7">1-85233-532-7</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-532-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-532-8">978-1-85233-532-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jargon-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jargon_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jargon_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jargon-file.org/archive/jargon-4.4.7.dos.txt">The jargon file v4.4.7</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105200447/http://jargon-file.org/archive/jargon-4.4.7.dos.txt">Archived</a> January 5, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Jargon File Archive.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/~hauben/book/ch106.x03">Chapter 3 - The Social Forces Behind The Development of Usenet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160804110914/http://www.columbia.edu/~hauben/book/ch106.x03">Archived</a> August 4, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Netizens Netbook by Ronda Hauben and Michael Hauben.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsdemon.com/usenet_term_spam.php">"USENET Newsgroup Terms – SPAM"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120915/http://www.newsdemon.com/usenet_term_spam.php">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USENET+Newsgroup+Terms+%E2%80%93+SPAM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsdemon.com%2Fusenet_term_spam.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pre-Internet; Usenet needing "just <b>local</b> telephone service" in most larger towns, depends on the number of local dial-up FidoNet "nodes" operated free of charge by hobbyist "SysOps" (as FidoNet echomail variations or via gateways with the Usenet news hierarchy. This is virtual Usenet or newsgroups access, not true Usenet.) The participating SysOps typically carry 6–30 Usenet newsgroups each, and will often add another on request. If a desired newsgroup was not available locally, a user would need to dial to another city to download the desired news and upload one's own posts. In all cases it is desirable to hang up as soon as possible and read/write offline, making "newsreader" software commonly used to automate the process. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbscorner.com/bbsnetworks/fidonet.htm">Fidonet, bbscorner.com </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220207224755/http://www.bbscorner.com/bbsnetworks/fidonet.htm">Archived</a> February 7, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <br /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fidonet.org/inet92_Randy_Bush.txt">fidonet.org, Randy_Bush.txt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031203124343/http://www.fidonet.org/inet92_Randy_Bush.txt">Archived</a> December 3, 2003, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duke_today-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-duke_today_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duke_today_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonnett2010" class="citation web cs1">Bonnett, Cara (May 17, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://today.duke.edu/2010/05/usenet.html">"Duke to shut Usenet server, home to the first electronic newsgroups"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603085925/https://today.duke.edu/2010/05/usenet.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 3, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Duke+to+shut+Usenet+server%2C+home+to+the+first+electronic+newsgroups&rft.pub=Duke+University&rft.date=2010-05-17&rft.aulast=Bonnett&rft.aufirst=Cara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftoday.duke.edu%2F2010%2F05%2Fusenet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-emerson198310-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-emerson198310_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-emerson198310_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-emerson198310_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-emerson198310_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-emerson198310_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmerson,_Sandra_L.1983" class="citation news cs1">Emerson, Sandra L. (October 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1983-10/1983_10_BYTE_08-10_UNIX#page/n219/mode/2up">"Usenet / A Bulletin Board for Unix Users"</a>. <i>BYTE</i>. pp. 219–236<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BYTE&rft.atitle=Usenet+%2F+A+Bulletin+Board+for+Unix+Users&rft.pages=219-236&rft.date=1983-10&rft.au=Emerson%2C+Sandra+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbyte-magazine-1983-10%2F1983_10_BYTE_08-10_UNIX%23page%2Fn219%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsdemon.com/first-official-announcement-usenet.php">"Invitation to a General Access UNIX Network</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120924152631/http://www.newsdemon.com/first-official-announcement-usenet.php">Archived</a> September 24, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", James Ellis and Tom Truscott, in First Official Announcement of USENET, NewsDemon (K&L Technologies, Inc), 1979</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lehnert, Wendy G.; Kopec, Richard (2007). <i>Web 101.</i> Addison Wesley. p. 291. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780321424679" title="Special:BookSources/9780321424679">9780321424679</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dga/15-849/store_and_forward.html">"Store And Forward Communication: UUCP and FidoNet"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120630/http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dga/15-849/store_and_forward.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Store+And+Forward+Communication%3A+UUCP+and+FidoNet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.cmu.edu%2F~dga%2F15-849%2Fstore_and_forward.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span>. Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kozierok, Charles M. (2005). <i>The TCP/IP guide: a comprehensive, illustrated Internet protocols reference.</i> No Starch Press. p. 1401. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-159327-047-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-159327-047-6">978-159327-047-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One way to virtually read and participate in Usenet newsgroups using an ordinary Internet browser is to do an internet search on a known newsgroup, such as the high volume forum: "sci.physics". Retrieved April 28, 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usenetreviewz.com/best-usenet-clients/">"Best Usenet clients"</a>. UsenetReviewz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808173100/https://usenetreviewz.com/best-usenet-clients/">Archived</a> from the original on August 8, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Best+Usenet+clients&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusenetreviewz.com%2Fbest-usenet-clients%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Software/Internet/Clients/Usenet/">"Open Directory Usenet Clients"</a>. Dmoz.org. October 9, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120730/http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Software/Internet/Clients/Usenet/">Archived</a> from the original on July 30, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Open+Directory+Usenet+Clients&rft.pub=Dmoz.org&rft.date=2008-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dmoz.org%2FComputers%2FSoftware%2FInternet%2FClients%2FUsenet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJain2006" class="citation web cs1">Jain, Dominik (July 30, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://home.in.tum.de/~jain/software/oe-quotefix/">"OE-QuoteFix Description"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120921/http://home.in.tum.de/~jain/software/oe-quotefix/">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OE-QuoteFix+Description&rft.date=2006-07-30&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Dominik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.in.tum.de%2F~jain%2Fsoftware%2Foe-quotefix%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://improve-usenet.org">"Improve-Usenet"</a>. October 13, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120713/http://improve-usenet.org">Archived</a> from the original on July 13, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Improve-Usenet&rft.date=2008-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimprove-usenet.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080426174022/http://improve-usenet.org/voices1.html">"Improve-Usenet Comments"</a>. October 13, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://improve-usenet.org/voices1.html">the original</a> on April 26, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Improve-Usenet+Comments&rft.date=2008-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimprove-usenet.org%2Fvoices1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/">"Google Groups"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120525/http://groups.google.com/">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Google+Groups&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mykzilla.blogspot.com/2008/11/news-links-to-google-groups.html">"News: links to Google Groups"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120712/http://mykzilla.blogspot.com/2008/11/news-links-to-google-groups.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=News%3A+links+to+Google+Groups&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmykzilla.blogspot.com%2F2008%2F11%2Fnews-links-to-google-groups.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120804/http://www.big-8.org/wiki/Moderated_Newsgroups%23Who_can_force_the_moderators_to_obey_the_group_charter.3F">"Who can force the moderators to obey the group charter?"</a>. Big-8.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.big-8.org/wiki/Moderated_Newsgroups#Who_can_force_the_moderators_to_obey_the_group_charter.3F">the original</a> on August 4, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+can+force+the+moderators+to+obey+the+group+charter%3F&rft.pub=Big-8.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.big-8.org%2Fwiki%2FModerated_Newsgroups%23Who_can_force_the_moderators_to_obey_the_group_charter.3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120719/http://www.big-8.org/wiki/Moderated_Newsgroups%23How_does_a_group_change_moderators.3F">"How does a group change moderators?"</a>. Big-8.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.big-8.org/wiki/Moderated_Newsgroups#How_does_a_group_change_moderators.3F">the original</a> on July 19, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+does+a+group+change+moderators%3F&rft.pub=Big-8.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.big-8.org%2Fwiki%2FModerated_Newsgroups%23How_does_a_group_change_moderators.3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livinginternet.com/u/ui_early.htm">"Early Usenet Newsgroup Hierarchies"</a>. Livinginternet.com. October 25, 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120921/http://www.livinginternet.com/u/ui_early.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Usenet+Newsgroup+Hierarchies&rft.pub=Livinginternet.com&rft.date=1990-10-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livinginternet.com%2Fu%2Fui_early.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120722/http://www.big-8.org/wiki/How_to_Create_a_New_Big-8_Newsgroup">"How to Create a New Big-8 Newsgroup"</a>. Big-8.org. July 7, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.big-8.org/wiki/How_to_Create_a_New_Big-8_Newsgroup">the original</a> on July 22, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+Create+a+New+Big-8+Newsgroup&rft.pub=Big-8.org&rft.date=2010-07-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.big-8.org%2Fwiki%2FHow_to_Create_a_New_Big-8_Newsgroup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonath2014" class="citation book cs1">Donath, Judith (May 23, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TxaoAwAAQBAJ&q=usenet%20spam%20prevalence&pg=PA168"><i>The Social Machine: Designs for Living Online</i></a>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262027014" title="Special:BookSources/9780262027014"><bdi>9780262027014</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117211729/https://books.google.com/books?id=TxaoAwAAQBAJ&q=usenet%20spam%20prevalence&pg=PA168">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2020</span>. <q>Today, Usenet still exists, but it is an unsociable morass of spam, porn, and pirated software</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Machine%3A+Designs+for+Living+Online&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2014-05-23&rft.isbn=9780262027014&rft.aulast=Donath&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTxaoAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dusenet%2520spam%2520prevalence%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kernelmag.dailydot.com/issue-sections/features-issue-sections/12223/markovian-parallax-denigrate-usenet-spam/">"Unraveling the Internet's oldest and weirdest mystery"</a>. March 22, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518071212/http://kernelmag.dailydot.com/issue-sections/features-issue-sections/12223/markovian-parallax-denigrate-usenet-spam/">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2015</span>. <q>Groups filled with spam, massive fights took place against spammers and over what to do about the spam. People stopped using their email addresses in messages to avoid harvesting. People left the net.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unraveling+the+Internet%27s+oldest+and+weirdest+mystery&rft.date=2015-03-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkernelmag.dailydot.com%2Fissue-sections%2Ffeatures-issue-sections%2F12223%2Fmarkovian-parallax-denigrate-usenet-spam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://partners.nytimes.com/library/tech/98/05/circuits/articles/07spam.html">"The American Way of Spam"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518095600/http://partners.nytimes.com/library/tech/98/05/circuits/articles/07spam.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2015</span>. <q>...many of the newsgroups have since been overrun with junk messages.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+American+Way+of+Spam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpartners.nytimes.com%2Flibrary%2Ftech%2F98%2F05%2Fcircuits%2Farticles%2F07spam.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/communities/newsgroups/default.mspx">Microsoft Responds to the Evolution of Communities</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120918084608/http://www.microsoft.com/communities/newsgroups/default.mspx">Archived</a> September 18, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Announcement, undated. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-13860_3-20004109-56.html">"Microsoft hitting 'unsubscribe' on newsgroups"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120712/http://news.cnet.com/8301-13860_3-20004109-56.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Microsoft+hitting+%27unsubscribe%27+on+newsgroups&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cnet.com%2F8301-13860_3-20004109-56.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span>, CNET, May 4, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregersenHosch2022" class="citation web cs1">Gregersen, Erik; Hosch, William L. (February 17, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/newsgroup">"newsgroup"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230428002633/https://www.britannica.com/technology/newsgroup">Archived</a> from the original on April 28, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=newsgroup&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=2022-02-17&rft.aulast=Gregersen&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft.au=Hosch%2C+William+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftechnology%2Fnewsgroup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.binsearch.info/groupinfo.php">"Usenet storage is more than 60 petabytes (60000 terabytes)"</a>. binsearch.info. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200521133653/https://www.binsearch.info/groupinfo.php">Archived</a> from the original on May 21, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Usenet+storage+is+more+than+60+petabytes+%2860000+terabytes%29&rft.pub=binsearch.info&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.binsearch.info%2Fgroupinfo.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikihow.com/Backup-Your-Data-on-Usenet-%28Ubackup%29">"usenet backup (uBackup)"</a>. Wikihow.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200225210522/https://www.wikihow.com/Back-Up-Data-on-Usenet-(uBackup)">Archived</a> from the original on February 25, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=usenet+backup+%28uBackup%29&rft.pub=Wikihow.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wikihow.com%2FBackup-Your-Data-on-Usenet-%2528Ubackup%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eweka.nl/en">"Eweka 4446 Days Retention"</a>. Eweka.nl. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20201020201352/https://www.eweka.nl/en">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eweka+4446+Days+Retention&rft.pub=Eweka.nl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eweka.nl%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.supernews.com/docs/dmca.html">"Digital Millenium Copyright Act"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120910/http://www.supernews.com/docs/dmca.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 10, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+Millenium+Copyright+Act&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.supernews.com%2Fdocs%2Fdmca.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080215161039/http://www.killfile.org/faqs/cancel.html">"Cancel Messages FAQ"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.killfile.org/projects/usenet/faqs/cancel/">the original</a> on February 15, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2009</span>. <q>...Until authenticated cancels catch on, there are no options to avoid forged cancels and allow unforged ones...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cancel+Messages+FAQ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiki.killfile.org%2Fprojects%2Fusenet%2Ffaqs%2Fcancel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Microsoft knowledgebase article stating that many servers ignore cancel messages <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://support.microsoft.com/kb/q164420/">"Support.microsoft.com"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120719/http://support.microsoft.com/kb/q164420/">Archived</a> from the original on July 19, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Support.microsoft.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsupport.microsoft.com%2Fkb%2Fq164420%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.measurement.sk/2005/S1/Surmacz.pdf">"Microsoft Word - Surmacz.doc"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521051120/http://www.measurement.sk/2005/S1/Surmacz.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 21, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Microsoft+Word+-+Surmacz.doc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.measurement.sk%2F2005%2FS1%2FSurmacz.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>...every part of a Usenet post may be forged apart from the left most portion of the "Path:" header...</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.by-users.co.uk/faqs/email/headers/">"By-users.co.uk"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120723/http://www.by-users.co.uk/faqs/email/headers/">Archived</a> from the original on July 23, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=By-users.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.by-users.co.uk%2Ffaqs%2Femail%2Fheaders%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation newsgroup cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/news.admin.misc/msg/9f6aa173f228ac6a?dmode=source&output=gplain">"Better living through forgery"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:news.admin.misc">news.admin.misc</a>. June 10, 1995. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Usenet (identifier)">Usenet:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:StUPidfuk01@uunet.uu.net">StUPidfuk01@uunet.uu.net</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120724/http://groups.google.com/group/news.admin.misc/msg/9f6aa173f228ac6a?dmode=source&output=gplain">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Better+living+through+forgery&rft.pub=news.admin.misc&rft.date=1995-06-10&rft_id=news%3AStUPidfuk01%40uunet.uu.net%23id-name%3DUsenet%3A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fnews.admin.misc%2Fmsg%2F9f6aa173f228ac6a%3Fdmode%3Dsource%26output%3Dgplain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.giganews.com/legal/privacy.html">"Giganews Privacy Policy"</a>. Giganews.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120731/http://www.giganews.com/legal/privacy.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 31, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Giganews+Privacy+Policy&rft.pub=Giganews.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.giganews.com%2Flegal%2Fprivacy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usenetserver.com/privacy-policy">"Privacy Policy UsenetServer"</a>. Usenetserver.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200604013934/https://www.usenetserver.com/privacy-policy">Archived</a> from the original on June 4, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Privacy+Policy+UsenetServer&rft.pub=Usenetserver.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usenetserver.com%2Fprivacy-policy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120708/http://aioe.org/index.php?logging-policy">"Logging Policy"</a>. Aioe.org. June 9, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aioe.org/index.php?logging-policy">the original</a> on July 8, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Logging+Policy&rft.pub=Aioe.org&rft.date=2005-06-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faioe.org%2Findex.php%3Flogging-policy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quux.org:70/Archives/usenet-a-news/NET.general/81.12.14_azure.300_net.general,fa.unix-wizards.txt">"Quux.org"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120714/http://quux.org:70/Archives/usenet-a-news/NET.general/81.12.14_azure.300_net.general,fa.unix-wizards.txt">Archived</a> from the original on July 14, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Quux.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquux.org%3A70%2FArchives%2Fusenet-a-news%2FNET.general%2F81.12.14_azure.300_net.general%2Cfa.unix-wizards.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">LaQuey, Tracy (1990). <i>The User's directory of computer networks.</i> Digital Press. p. 386. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1555580476" title="Special:BookSources/978-1555580476">978-1555580476</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oreillynet.com/network/2001/12/21/usenet.html">"And So It Begins"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100715195100/http://www.oreillynet.com/network/2001/12/21/usenet.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 15, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=And+So+It+Begins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oreillynet.com%2Fnetwork%2F2001%2F12%2F21%2Fusenet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.let.leidenuniv.nl/history/ivh/chap3.htm">"History of the Internet, Chapter Three: History of Electronic Mail"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140812153615/http://www.let.leidenuniv.nl/history/ivh/chap3.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 12, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Internet%2C+Chapter+Three%3A+History+of+Electronic+Mail&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.let.leidenuniv.nl%2Fhistory%2Fivh%2Fchap3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hauben, Michael and Hauben, Ronda. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/~rh120/">Netizens: On the History and Impact of Usenet and the Internet, On the Early Days of Usenet: The Roots of the Cooperative Online Culture</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610060052/http://www.columbia.edu/~rh120/">Archived</a> June 10, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". First Monday vol. 3 num.August 8, 3 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haddadi, H. (2006). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eecs.qmul.ac.uk/~hamed/papers/mphil.pdf">Network Traffic Inference Using Sampled Statistics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117133532/http://www.eecs.qmul.ac.uk/~hamed/papers/mphil.pdf">Archived</a> November 17, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". University College London.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorton1990" class="citation web cs1">Horton, Mark (December 11, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://communication.ucsd.edu/bjones/Usenet.Hist/Nethist/0111.html">"Arachnet"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120921/http://communication.ucsd.edu/bjones/Usenet.Hist/Nethist/0111.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arachnet&rft.date=1990-12-11&rft.aulast=Horton&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommunication.ucsd.edu%2Fbjones%2FUsenet.Hist%2FNethist%2F0111.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huston, Geoff (1999). <i>ISP survival guide: strategies for running a competitive ISP.</i> Wiley. p. 439.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsreaders.com/unix/servers.html">"Unix/Linux news servers"</a>. Newsreaders.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120905/http://www.newsreaders.com/unix/servers.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unix%2FLinux+news+servers&rft.pub=Newsreaders.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsreaders.com%2Funix%2Fservers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTim_Berners-Lee1991" class="citation newsgroup cs1">Tim Berners-Lee (August 6, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/alt.hypertext/msg/395f282a67a1916c">"WorldWideWeb: Summary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:alt.hypertext">alt.hypertext</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Usenet (identifier)">Usenet:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:6487@cernvax.cern.ch">6487@cernvax.cern.ch</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130602161737/http://groups.google.com/group/alt.hypertext/msg/395f282a67a1916c">Archived</a> from the original on June 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WorldWideWeb%3A+Summary&rft.pub=alt.hypertext&rft.date=1991-08-06&rft_id=news%3A6487%40cernvax.cern.ch%23id-name%3DUsenet%3A&rft.au=Tim+Berners-Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Falt.hypertext%2Fmsg%2F395f282a67a1916c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorvalds" class="citation newsgroup cs1">Torvalds, Linus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.minix/msg/b813d52cbc5a044b">"What would you like to see most in minix?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:comp.os.minix">comp.os.minix</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Usenet (identifier)">Usenet:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:1991Aug25.205708.9541@klaava.Helsinki.FI">1991Aug25.205708.9541@klaava.Helsinki.FI</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061027060049/http://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.minix/msg/b813d52cbc5a044b">Archived</a> from the original on October 27, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+would+you+like+to+see+most+in+minix%3F&rft.pub=comp.os.minix&rft_id=news%3A1991Aug25.205708.9541%40klaava.Helsinki.FI%23id-name%3DUsenet%3A&rft.aulast=Torvalds&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fcomp.os.minix%2Fmsg%2Fb813d52cbc5a044b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarc_Andreessen1993" class="citation newsgroup cs1">Marc Andreessen (March 15, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/comp.windows.x/msg/7fde2f6d4d5dc4e7">"NCSA Mosaic for X 0.10 available"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:comp.windows.x">comp.windows.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Usenet (identifier)">Usenet:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:MARCA.93Mar14225600@wintermute.ncsa.uiuc.edu">MARCA.93Mar14225600@wintermute.ncsa.uiuc.edu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060616013046/http://groups.google.com/group/comp.windows.x/msg/7fde2f6d4d5dc4e7">Archived</a> from the original on June 16, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NCSA+Mosaic+for+X+0.10+available.&rft.pub=comp.windows.x&rft.date=1993-03-15&rft_id=news%3AMARCA.93Mar14225600%40wintermute.ncsa.uiuc.edu%23id-name%3DUsenet%3A&rft.au=Marc+Andreessen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fcomp.windows.x%2Fmsg%2F7fde2f6d4d5dc4e7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaltenbach2000" class="citation web cs1">Kaltenbach, Susan (December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://noonuniverse.com/Linked_work/online_discourse.pdf">"The Evolution of the Online Discourse Community"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714192209/http://noonuniverse.com/Linked_work/online_discourse.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on July 14, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 26,</span> 2010</span>. <q>Verb Doubling: Doubling a verb may change its semantics, Soundalike Slang: Punning jargon, The -P convention: A LISPy way to form questions, Overgeneralization: Standard abuses of grammar, Spoken Inarticulations: Sighing and <*sigh*>ing, Anthropomorphization: online components were named "Homunculi," daemons," etc., and there were also "confused" programs. Comparatives: Standard comparatives for design quality</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Online+Discourse+Community&rft.date=2000-12&rft.aulast=Kaltenbach&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnoonuniverse.com%2FLinked_work%2Fonline_discourse.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1994" class="citation web cs1">Campbell, K. K. (October 1, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071125201904/http://w2.eff.org/legal/cases/Canter_Siegel/c-and-s_summary.article">"Chatting With Martha Siegel of the Internet's Infamous Canter & Siegel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w2.eff.org/legal/cases/Canter_Siegel/c-and-s_summary.article">the original</a> on November 25, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chatting+With+Martha+Siegel+of+the+Internet%27s+Infamous+Canter+%26+Siegel&rft.pub=Electronic+Frontier+Foundation&rft.date=1994-10-01&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=K.+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw2.eff.org%2Flegal%2Fcases%2FCanter_Siegel%2Fc-and-s_summary.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegan2008" class="citation news cs1">Segan, Sascha (July 31, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcmag.com/archive/rip-usenet-1980-2008-230383">"R.I.P Usenet: 1980-2008"</a>. <i>PC Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120909/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2326849,00.asp">Archived</a> from the original on September 9, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Magazine&rft.atitle=R.I.P+Usenet%3A+1980-2008&rft.date=2008-07-31&rft.aulast=Segan&rft.aufirst=Sascha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcmag.com%2Farchive%2Frip-usenet-1980-2008-230383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCara_Bonnett2010" class="citation news cs1">Cara Bonnett (May 17, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://today.duke.edu/2010/05/usenet.html">"A Piece of Internet History"</a>. <i>Duke Today</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120711/http://news.duke.edu/2010/05/usenet.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 11, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Duke+Today&rft.atitle=A+Piece+of+Internet+History&rft.date=2010-05-17&rft.au=Cara+Bonnett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftoday.duke.edu%2F2010%2F05%2Fusenet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Orlowski2010" class="citation news cs1">Andrew Orlowski (May 20, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/05/20/usenet_duke_server/">"Usenet's home shuts down today"</a>. <i>The Register</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120921/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/05/20/usenet_duke_server/">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Usenet%27s+home+shuts+down+today&rft.date=2010-05-20&rft.au=Andrew+Orlowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2010%2F05%2F20%2Fusenet_duke_server%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120716/http://techcrunch.com/2008/08/01/the-reports-of-usenets-death-are-greatly-exaggerated/">"Reports of Usenet's Death Are Greatly Exaggerated"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2008/08/01/the-reports-of-usenets-death-are-greatly-exaggerated/">the original</a> on July 16, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reports+of+Usenet%27s+Death+Are+Greatly+Exaggerated&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2008%2F08%2F01%2Fthe-reports-of-usenets-death-are-greatly-exaggerated%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span>." <a href="/wiki/TechCrunch" title="TechCrunch">TechCrunch</a>. August 1, 2008. Retrieved on May 8, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://top10usenet.com/guides/what-is-usenet/">"What Is Usenet"</a>. <i>Top 10 Usenet</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210208224040/https://top10usenet.com/guides/what-is-usenet/">Archived</a> from the original on February 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Top+10+Usenet&rft.atitle=What+Is+Usenet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftop10usenet.com%2Fguides%2Fwhat-is-usenet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newsadmin1-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newsadmin1_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newsadmin1_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061016004305/http://www.newsadmin.com/top100tmsgs.asp">"Top 100 text newsgroups by postings"</a>. NewsAdmin. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsadmin.com/top100tmsgs.asp">the original</a> on October 16, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+100+text+newsgroups+by+postings&rft.pub=NewsAdmin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsadmin.com%2Ftop100tmsgs.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061016004534/http://www.newsadmin.com/top100bmsgs.asp">"Top 100 binary newsgroups by postings"</a>. NewsAdmin. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsadmin.com/top100bmsgs.asp">the original</a> on October 16, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+100+binary+newsgroups+by+postings&rft.pub=NewsAdmin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsadmin.com%2Ftop100bmsgs.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iparrow.com/usenet-piracy/">"Usenet Piracy"</a>. <i>IP Arrow</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 24,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IP+Arrow&rft.atitle=Usenet+Piracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iparrow.com%2Fusenet-piracy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsdemon.com/usenet-newsgroup-feed-size">"Usenet Newsgroup Feed Size - NewsDemon Usenet Newsgroup Access"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Usenet+Newsgroup+Feed+Size+-+NewsDemon+Usenet+Newsgroup+Access&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsdemon.com%2Fusenet-newsgroup-feed-size&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosencrance, Lisa. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9095778">"3 top ISPs to block access to sources of child porn"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120722/http://www.computerworld.com/action/article.do?command=viewArticleBasic&articleId=9095778">Archived</a> from the original on July 22, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=3+top+ISPs+to+block+access+to+sources+of+child+porn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com%2Faction%2Farticle.do%3Fcommand%3DviewArticleBasic%26articleId%3D9095778&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Computer_World" title="Computer World">Computer World</a></i>. June 8, 2008. Retrieved on April 30, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeJeanNotDeadYet2-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DeJeanNotDeadYet2_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DeJean, David. "Usenet: Not Dead Yet." <i><a href="/wiki/PC_World" title="PC World">PC World</a></i>. Tuesday October 7, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120921/https://www.pcworld.com/article/151989-2/usenet_not_dead_yet.html">"2"</a>. October 7, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcworld.com/article/151989-2/usenet_not_dead_yet.html">the original</a> on September 21, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2&rft.date=2008-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcworld.com%2Farticle%2F151989-2%2Fusenet_not_dead_yet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span>. Retrieved on April 30, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsdemon.com/blog/2009/06/09/att-announces-discontinuation-of-usenet-newsgroup-services/">"ATT Announces Discontinuation of USENET Newsgroup Services"</a>. NewsDemon. June 9, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120921/http://www.newsdemon.com/blog/2009/06/09/att-announces-discontinuation-of-usenet-newsgroup-services/">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ATT+Announces+Discontinuation+of+USENET+Newsgroup+Services&rft.pub=NewsDemon&rft.date=2009-06-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsdemon.com%2Fblog%2F2009%2F06%2F09%2Fatt-announces-discontinuation-of-usenet-newsgroup-services%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hu, Jim. "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cnet.com/AOL-shutting-down-newsgroups/2100-1032_3-5550036.html">"AOL shutting down newsgroups"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120723/http://news.cnet.com/AOL-shutting-down-newsgroups/2100-1032_3-5550036.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 23, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AOL+shutting+down+newsgroups&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cnet.com%2FAOL-shutting-down-newsgroups%2F2100-1032_3-5550036.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span>." <a href="/wiki/CNet" class="mw-redirect" title="CNet">CNet</a>. January 25, 2005. Retrieved on May 1, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.betanews.com/article/AOL-Pulls-Plug-on-Newsgroup-Service/1106664611">"AOL Pulls Plug on Newsgroup Service"</a>. Betanews.com. January 25, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120722/http://www.betanews.com/article/AOL-Pulls-Plug-on-Newsgroup-Service/1106664611">Archived</a> from the original on July 22, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AOL+Pulls+Plug+on+Newsgroup+Service&rft.pub=Betanews.com&rft.date=2005-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.betanews.com%2Farticle%2FAOL-Pulls-Plug-on-Newsgroup-Service%2F1106664611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dslreports-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dslreports_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bode, Karl. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dslreports.com/shownews/Verizon-To-Discontinue-Newsgroups-September-30-104227">"Verizon To Discontinue Newsgroups September 30"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120731/http://www.dslreports.com/shownews/Verizon-To-Discontinue-Newsgroups-September-30-104227">Archived</a> from the original on July 31, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Verizon+To+Discontinue+Newsgroups+September+30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dslreports.com%2Fshownews%2FVerizon-To-Discontinue-Newsgroups-September-30-104227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span>. DSLReports. August 31, 2009. Retrieved on October 24, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VerizonSupport-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VerizonSupport_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www22.verizon.com/ResidentialHelp/HighSpeed/General%20Support/Top%20Questions/QuestionsOne/125159.htm">"Verizon Newsgroup Service Has Been Discontinued"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120921/http://www22.verizon.com/ResidentialHelp/HighSpeed/General+Support/Top+Questions/QuestionsOne/125159.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Verizon+Newsgroup+Service+Has+Been+Discontinued&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww22.verizon.com%2FResidentialHelp%2FHighSpeed%2FGeneral%2520Support%2FTop%2520Questions%2FQuestionsOne%2F125159.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span>" Verizon Central Support. Retrieved on October 24, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukerna.ac.uk/services/news/index.html">Ukerna.ac.uk</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.ukerna.ac.uk/services/news/index.html"><span title=" tagged September 2012">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/communities/newsgroups/default.mspx#EV">"Microsoft Responds to the Evolution of Communities"</a>. microsoft.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030622131419/http://www.microsoft.com/communities/newsgroups/default.mspx#EV">Archived</a> from the original on June 22, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Microsoft+Responds+to+the+Evolution+of+Communities&rft.pub=microsoft.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fcommunities%2Fnewsgroups%2Fdefault.mspx%23EV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cnet.com/AOL-shutting-down-newsgroups/2100-1032_3-5550036.html">"AOL shutting down newsgroups"</a>. cnet.com/. January 25, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080829012327/http://news.cnet.com/AOL-shutting-down-newsgroups/2100-1032_3-5550036.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AOL+shutting+down+newsgroups&rft.pub=cnet.com%2F&rft.date=2005-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cnet.com%2FAOL-shutting-down-newsgroups%2F2100-1032_3-5550036.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dslreports.com/shownews/Verizon-To-Discontinue-Newsgroups-September-30-104227">"Verizon To Discontinue Newsgroups"</a>. dslreports.com. August 31, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306031517/http://www.dslreports.com/shownews/Verizon-To-Discontinue-Newsgroups-September-30-104227">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Verizon+To+Discontinue+Newsgroups&rft.pub=dslreports.com&rft.date=2009-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dslreports.com%2Fshownews%2FVerizon-To-Discontinue-Newsgroups-September-30-104227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dslreports.com/forum/r21120658-The-Comcast-Newsgroups-Service-Discontinued">"The Comcast Newsgroups Service Discontinued"</a>. dslreports.com. September 16, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141206015500/http://www.dslreports.com/forum/r21120658-The-Comcast-Newsgroups-Service-Discontinued">Archived</a> from the original on December 6, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Comcast+Newsgroups+Service+Discontinued&rft.pub=dslreports.com&rft.date=2008-09-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dslreports.com%2Fforum%2Fr21120658-The-Comcast-Newsgroups-Service-Discontinued&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dropun-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dropun_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeropaid.com/news/88729/cox-to-drop-free-usenet-service-june-30th/">"Cox to Drop Free Usenet Service June 30th"</a>. Zeropaid.com. April 22, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120921/http://www.zeropaid.com/news/88729/cox-to-drop-free-usenet-service-june-30th/">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cox+to+Drop+Free+Usenet+Service+June+30th&rft.pub=Zeropaid.com&rft.date=2010-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeropaid.com%2Fnews%2F88729%2Fcox-to-drop-free-usenet-service-june-30th%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coxatlantic-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-coxatlantic_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.slashdot.org/story/10/04/21/210224/Cox-Discontinues-Usenet-Starting-In-June">"Cox Discontinues Usenet, Starting In June"</a>. Geeknet, Inc. April 21, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120921/http://news.slashdot.org/story/10/04/21/210224/Cox-Discontinues-Usenet-Starting-In-June">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cox+Discontinues+Usenet%2C+Starting+In+June&rft.pub=Geeknet%2C+Inc&rft.date=2010-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.slashdot.org%2Fstory%2F10%2F04%2F21%2F210224%2FCox-Discontinues-Usenet-Starting-In-June&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thundernews.com/blog/tag/isp/">"Cox Communications and Atlantic Broadband Discontinue Usenet Access"</a>. thundernews.com. April 27, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120912/http://www.thundernews.com/blog/tag/isp/">Archived</a> from the original on September 12, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cox+Communications+and+Atlantic+Broadband+Discontinue+Usenet+Access&rft.pub=thundernews.com&rft.date=2010-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thundernews.com%2Fblog%2Ftag%2Fisp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/net.general/msg/ba3ad51d0cedd76b?dmode=source&output=gplain">"How to obtain back news items"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120710/http://groups.google.com/group/net.general/msg/ba3ad51d0cedd76b?dmode=source&output=gplain">Archived</a> from the original on July 10, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+obtain+back+news+items&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fnet.general%2Fmsg%2Fba3ad51d0cedd76b%3Fdmode%3Dsource%26output%3Dgplain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation newsgroup cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/forum/#!searchin/net.general/how$20to$20obtain$20back$20news$20items/net.general/Zn4-pUXPiDE/a9ftDB3VOroJ">"How to obtain back news items (second posting)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroup</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="news:net.general">net.general</a>. December 21, 1982. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110129021654/https://groups.google.com/forum/#!searchin/net.general/how$20to$20obtain$20back$20news$20items/net.general/Zn4-pUXPiDE/a9ftDB3VOroJ">Archived</a> from the original on January 29, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2014</span>. <q>message-id:bnews.spanky.138</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+obtain+back+news+items+%28second+posting%29&rft.pub=net.general&rft.date=1982-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fforum%2F%23%21searchin%2Fnet.general%2Fhow%2420to%2420obtain%2420back%2420news%2420items%2Fnet.general%2FZn4-pUXPiDE%2Fa9ftDB3VOroJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/net.news/msg/e8145eace8aa0529?dmode=source&output=gplain">"Distributed archiving of netnews"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120708/http://groups.google.com/group/net.news/msg/e8145eace8aa0529?dmode=source&output=gplain">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Distributed+archiving+of+netnews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fnet.news%2Fmsg%2Fe8145eace8aa0529%3Fdmode%3Dsource%26output%3Dgplain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/net.news/msg/a9ad42b15688b910?dmode=source&output=gplain">"Archive of netnews"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120724/http://groups.google.com/group/net.news/msg/a9ad42b15688b910?dmode=source&output=gplain">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archive+of+netnews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fnet.news%2Fmsg%2Fa9ad42b15688b910%3Fdmode%3Dsource%26output%3Dgplain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/net.news/msg/87c9160730b36989?dmode=source&output=gplain">"Re: Archive of netnews"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120715/http://groups.google.com/group/net.news/msg/87c9160730b36989?dmode=source&output=gplain">Archived</a> from the original on July 15, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Re%3A+Archive+of+netnews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fnet.news%2Fmsg%2F87c9160730b36989%3Fdmode%3Dsource%26output%3Dgplain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/net.general/msg/a377e12ab1a829ff?dmode=source&output=gplain">"Automatic access to archives"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120712/http://groups.google.com/group/net.general/msg/a377e12ab1a829ff?dmode=source&output=gplain">Archived</a> from the original on July 12, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Automatic+access+to+archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fnet.general%2Fmsg%2Fa377e12ab1a829ff%3Fdmode%3Dsource%26output%3Dgplain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/net.sources/msg/737d29fd3af2d5ae?dmode=source&output=gplain">"keepnews – A Usenet news archival system"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120717/http://groups.google.com/group/net.sources/msg/737d29fd3af2d5ae?dmode=source&output=gplain">Archived</a> from the original on July 17, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=keepnews+%E2%80%93+A+Usenet+news+archival+system&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fnet.sources%2Fmsg%2F737d29fd3af2d5ae%3Fdmode%3Dsource%26output%3Dgplain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/net.sources/msg/d5c0cec804f745dd?dmode=source&output=gplain">"YA News Archiver"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120709/http://groups.google.com/group/net.sources/msg/d5c0cec804f745dd?dmode=source&output=gplain">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=YA+News+Archiver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fnet.sources%2Fmsg%2Fd5c0cec804f745dd%3Fdmode%3Dsource%26output%3Dgplain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/net.news/msg/f26190057834ed87?dmode=source&output=gplain">"RFC usenet article archive program with keyword lookup"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120715/http://groups.google.com/group/net.news/msg/f26190057834ed87?dmode=source&output=gplain">Archived</a> from the original on July 15, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RFC+usenet+article+archive+program+with+keyword+lookup&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fnet.news%2Fmsg%2Ff26190057834ed87%3Fdmode%3Dsource%26output%3Dgplain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/news.software.nn/msg/16381a7e3fd611d4?dmode=source&output=gplain">"Looking for fulltext indexing software for archived news"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120921/http://groups.google.com/group/news.software.nn/msg/16381a7e3fd611d4?dmode=source&output=gplain">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Looking+for+fulltext+indexing+software+for+archived+news&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fnews.software.nn%2Fmsg%2F16381a7e3fd611d4%3Fdmode%3Dsource%26output%3Dgplain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/news.software.nn/msg/f503efa9034f1c1d?dmode=source&output=gplain">"Summary: search for fulltext indexing software for archived news"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120708/http://groups.google.com/group/news.software.nn/msg/f503efa9034f1c1d?dmode=source&output=gplain">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summary%3A+search+for+fulltext+indexing+software+for+archived+news&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fnews.software.nn%2Fmsg%2Ff503efa9034f1c1d%3Fdmode%3Dsource%26output%3Dgplain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140818001320/http://www.asstr.org/">"Asstr.org"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asstr.org/">the original</a> on August 18, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Asstr.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasstr.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegan2008" class="citation news cs1">Segan, Sascha (July 31, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2326849,00.asp">"R.I.P Usenet: 1980–2008 – Usenet's Decline – Columns by PC Magazine"</a>. Pcmag.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120909/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2326849,00.asp">Archived</a> from the original on September 9, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=R.I.P+Usenet%3A+1980%E2%80%932008+%E2%80%93+Usenet%27s+Decline+%E2%80%93+Columns+by+PC+Magazine&rft.date=2008-07-31&rft.aulast=Segan&rft.aufirst=Sascha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcmag.com%2Farticle2%2F0%2C2817%2C2326849%2C00.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Strawbridge, Matthew (2006). <i>Netiquette: Internet Etiquette in the Age of the Blog.</i> Software Reference. p. 53. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0955461408" title="Special:BookSources/978-0955461408">978-0955461408</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cullen, Drew (February 12, 2001). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2001/02/12/google_saves_deja_com_usenet/">"Google saves Deja.com Usenet service"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120921/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2001/02/12/google_saves_deja_com_usenet/">Archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Google+saves+Deja.com+Usenet+service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2001%2F02%2F12%2Fgoogle_saves_deja_com_usenet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wiseman, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csd.uwo.ca/~magi/personal/usenet.html">"Magi's NetNews Archive Involvement"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20050209012732/http://www.csd.uwo.ca/~magi/personal/usenet.html">Archived</a> February 9, 2005, at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, csd.uwo.ca.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mieszkowski, Katharine. "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120710/http://archive.salon.com/tech/feature/2002/01/07/saving_usenet/index.html">"The Geeks Who Saved Usenet"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.salon.com/tech/feature/2002/01/07/saving_usenet/index.html">the original</a> on July 10, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Geeks+Who+Saved+Usenet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.salon.com%2Ftech%2Ffeature%2F2002%2F01%2F07%2Fsaving_usenet%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span>", archive.salon.com (January 7, 2002).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Feldman, Ian. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://db.tidbits.com/article/3229">"Usenet on a CD-ROM, no longer a fable"</a>. February 10, 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120707/http://db.tidbits.com/article/3229">Archived</a> from the original on July 7, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Usenet+on+a+CD-ROM%2C+no+longer+a+fable&rft.date=1992-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdb.tidbits.com%2Farticle%2F3229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span>, "TidBITS" (February 10, 1992)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/news.admin.misc/msg/6dec509043e7b3c7?dmode=source&output=gplain">"Google Groups Archive Information"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120709/http://groups.google.com/group/news.admin.misc/msg/6dec509043e7b3c7?dmode=source&output=gplain">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Google+Groups+Archive+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fnews.admin.misc%2Fmsg%2F6dec509043e7b3c7%3Fdmode%3Dsource%26output%3Dgplain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span> (December 21, 2001)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoulsen2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Poulsen, Kevin (October 7, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2009/10/usenet">"Google's Abandoned Library of 700 Million Titles"</a>. <i>Wired</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170309162758/https://www.wired.com/2009/10/usenet/">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Google%27s+Abandoned+Library+of+700+Million+Titles&rft.date=2009-10-07&rft.aulast=Poulsen&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2009%2F10%2Fusenet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraga2015" class="citation web cs1">Braga, Matthew (February 13, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/jp5a77/google-a-search-company-has-made-its-internet-archive-impossible-to-search">"Google, a Search Company, Has Made Its Internet Archive Impossible to Search"</a>. <i>Motherboard</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905023932/http://motherboard.vice.com/read/google-a-search-company-has-made-its-internet-archive-impossible-to-search">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Motherboard&rft.atitle=Google%2C+a+Search+Company%2C+Has+Made+Its+Internet+Archive+Impossible+to+Search&rft.date=2015-02-13&rft.aulast=Braga&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen_us%2Farticle%2Fjp5a77%2Fgoogle-a-search-company-has-made-its-internet-archive-impossible-to-search&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2011" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Douglas (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imfeelingluckyco00edwa/page/209"><i>I'm Feeling Lucky: The Confessions of Google Employee Number 59</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imfeelingluckyco00edwa/page/209">209–213</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-41699-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-547-41699-1"><bdi>978-0-547-41699-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I%27m+Feeling+Lucky%3A+The+Confessions+of+Google+Employee+Number+59&rft.pages=209-213&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-547-41699-1&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimfeelingluckyco00edwa%2Fpage%2F209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.google.com/groups/answer/11036538?visit_id=638401644159352995-1779246639">"Google Groups ending support for Usenet - Google Groups Help"</a>. <i>Google Support</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Support&rft.atitle=Google+Groups+ending+support+for+Usenet+-+Google+Groups+Help&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.google.com%2Fgroups%2Fanswer%2F11036538%3Fvisit_id%3D638401644159352995-1779246639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usenet&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_Jones1997" class="citation web cs1">Bruce Jones (July 1, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shikan.org/bjones/Usenet.Hist/Nethist/">"USENET History mailing list archive covering 1990-1997"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190507202935/https://shikan.org/bjones/Usenet.Hist/Nethist/">Archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USENET+History+mailing+list+archive+covering+1990-1997&rft.date=1997-07-01&rft.au=Bruce+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshikan.org%2Fbjones%2FUsenet.Hist%2FNethist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Hauben,_Ronda_Hauben,_and_Thomas_Truscott1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hauben" title="Michael Hauben">Michael Hauben</a>, Ronda Hauben, and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Truscott" title="Tom Truscott">Thomas Truscott</a> (April 27, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/~rh120/"><i>Netizens: On the History and Impact of Usenet and the Internet (Perspectives)</i></a>. Wiley-IEEE Computer Society P. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8186-7706-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8186-7706-9"><bdi>978-0-8186-7706-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610060052/http://www.columbia.edu/~rh120/">Archived</a> from the original on June 10, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Netizens%3A+On+the+History+and+Impact+of+Usenet+and+the+Internet+%28Perspectives%29&rft.pub=Wiley-IEEE+Computer+Society+P&rft.date=1997-04-27&rft.isbn=978-0-8186-7706-9&rft.au=Michael+Hauben%2C+Ronda+Hauben%2C+and+Thomas+Truscott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2F~rh120%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan_Pfaffenberger1994" class="citation book cs1">Bryan Pfaffenberger (December 31, 1994). <i>The USENET Book: Finding, Using, and Surviving Newsgroups on the Internet</i>. Addison Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-40978-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-40978-9"><bdi>978-0-201-40978-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+USENET+Book%3A+Finding%2C+Using%2C+and+Surviving+Newsgroups+on+the+Internet&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley&rft.date=1994-12-31&rft.isbn=978-0-201-40978-9&rft.au=Bryan+Pfaffenberger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKate_GregoryJim_MannTim_ParkerNoel_Estabrook1995" class="citation book cs1">Kate Gregory; Jim Mann; Tim Parker & Noel Estabrook (June 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/usingusenetnewsg0000esta"><i>Using Usenet Newsgroups</i></a>. Que. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7897-0134-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7897-0134-3"><bdi>978-0-7897-0134-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Using+Usenet+Newsgroups&rft.pub=Que&rft.date=1995-06&rft.isbn=978-0-7897-0134-3&rft.au=Kate+Gregory&rft.au=Jim+Mann&rft.au=Tim+Parker&rft.au=Noel+Estabrook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fusingusenetnewsg0000esta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Harrison1995" class="citation book cs1">Mark Harrison (July 1995). <i>The USENET Handbook (Nutshell Handbook)</i>. O'Reilly. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56592-101-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56592-101-6"><bdi>978-1-56592-101-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+USENET+Handbook+%28Nutshell+Handbook%29&rft.pub=O%27Reilly&rft.date=1995-07&rft.isbn=978-1-56592-101-6&rft.au=Mark+Harrison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_SpencerDavid_Lawrence1998" class="citation book cs1">Henry Spencer; David Lawrence (January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/managingusenet00spen"><i>Managing Usenet</i></a>. O'Reilly. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56592-198-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56592-198-6"><bdi>978-1-56592-198-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Managing+Usenet&rft.pub=O%27Reilly&rft.date=1998-01&rft.isbn=978-1-56592-198-6&rft.au=Henry+Spencer&rft.au=David+Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanagingusenet00spen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDon_Rittner1997" class="citation book cs1">Don Rittner (June 1997). <i>Rittner's Field Guide to Usenet</i>. MNS Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-937666-50-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-937666-50-0"><bdi>978-0-937666-50-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rittner%27s+Field+Guide+to+Usenet&rft.pub=MNS+Publishing&rft.date=1997-06&rft.isbn=978-0-937666-50-0&rft.au=Don+Rittner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonstan,_J.,_Miller,_B.,_Maltz,_D.,_Herlocker,_J.,_Gordon,_L.,_and_Riedl,_J.1997" class="citation journal cs1">Konstan, J., Miller, B., Maltz, D., <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jon_Herlocker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jon Herlocker (page does not exist)">Herlocker, J.</a>, Gordon, L., and Riedl, J. (March 1997). "GroupLens: applying collaborative filtering to Usenet news". <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>40</b> (3): 77–87. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.377.1605">10.1.1.377.1605</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F245108.245126">10.1145/245108.245126</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15008577">15008577</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=GroupLens%3A+applying+collaborative+filtering+to+Usenet+news&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=77-87&rft.date=1997-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.377.1605%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15008577%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F245108.245126&rft.au=Konstan%2C+J.%2C+Miller%2C+B.%2C+Maltz%2C+D.%2C+Herlocker%2C+J.%2C+Gordon%2C+L.%2C+and+Riedl%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerRiedlKonstan1997" class="citation conference cs1">Miller, B.; Riedl, J.; Konstan, J. (January 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grouplens.org/papers/pdf/usenix97.pdf"><i>Proceedings of the 1997 Usenix Winter Technical Conference</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Experiences with GroupLens: Making Usenet useful again. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060306011401/http://www.grouplens.org/papers/pdf/usenix97.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 6, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+1997+Usenix+Winter+Technical+Conference&rft.date=1997-01&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Riedl%2C+J.&rft.au=Konstan%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grouplens.org%2Fpapers%2Fpdf%2Fusenix97.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070105001726/https://www.google.com/googlegroups/archive_announce_20.html">"20 Year Usenet Timeline"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/googlegroups/archive_announce_20.html">the original</a> on January 5, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=20+Year+Usenet+Timeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fgooglegroups%2Farchive_announce_20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070216044400/http://www.linux-mag.com/id/2675/">"Web 2.0, Meet Usenet 1.0"</a>. Linux Magazine. Archived from the original on February 16, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Web+2.0%2C+Meet+Usenet+1.0&rft.pub=Linux+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linux-mag.com%2Fid%2F2675%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2006" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Randal_L._Schwartz" title="Randal L. Schwartz">Schwartz, Randal</a> (June 15, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070216044400/http://www.linux-mag.com/id/2675/">"Web 2.0, Meet Usenet 1.0"</a>. Archived from the original on February 16, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Web+2.0%2C+Meet+Usenet+1.0&rft.date=2006-06-15&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Randal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linux-mag.com%2Fid%2F2675%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinerWyrick,_Brian2007" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dmytri_Kleiner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dmytri Kleiner (page does not exist)">Kleiner, Dmytri</a>; Wyrick, Brian (January 29, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111025112523/http://www.metamute.org/InfoEnclosure-2.0">"InfoEnclosure 2.0"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metamute.org/InfoEnclosure-2.0">the original</a> on October 25, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=InfoEnclosure+2.0&rft.date=2007-01-29&rft.aulast=Kleiner&rft.aufirst=Dmytri&rft.au=Wyrick%2C+Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metamute.org%2FInfoEnclosure-2.0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Usenet&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Usenet" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Usenet">Usenet</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tools.ietf.org/wg/usefor/">IETF working group USEFOR</a> (USEnet article FORmat), tools.ietf.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quux.org:70/Archives/usenet-a-news/">A-News Archive</a>: Early Usenet news articles: 1981 to 1982., quux.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skrenta.com/rt/utzoo-usenet/">UTZoo Archive</a>: 2,000,000 articles from early 1980s to July 1991</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070621181529/http://netscan.research.microsoft.com/">"Netscan"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/groups/scg/">the original</a> on June 21, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Netscan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fgroups%2Fscg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUsenet" class="Z3988"></span> Social Accounting Reporting Tool</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livinginternet.com/internet/u/ui.htm">Living Internet</a> A comprehensive history of the Internet, including Usenet. livinginternet.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harley.com/usenet/usenet-tutorial/glossary.html">Usenet Glossary</a> A comprehensive list of Usenet terminology</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sybershock.com/#usenet">Usenet free servers</a> A list of free providers of Usenet server access</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Usenet" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Usenetnav" title="Template:Usenetnav"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Usenetnav" title="Template talk:Usenetnav"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Usenetnav" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Usenetnav"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Usenet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Usenet</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renaming" title="Great Renaming">Great Renaming</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_September" title="Eternal September">Eternal September</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meow_Wars" title="Meow Wars">Meow Wars</a> (1996–1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backbone_cabal" title="Backbone cabal">Backbone cabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breidbart_Index" title="Breidbart Index">Breidbart Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancelbot" title="Cancelbot">Cancelbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleanfeed_(Usenet_spam_filter)" title="Cleanfeed (Usenet spam filter)">Cleanfeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossposting" title="Crossposting">Crossposting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaming_(Internet)" title="Flaming (Internet)">Flaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godwin%27s_law" title="Godwin's law">Godwin's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_file" title="Kill file">Kill file</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otherkin" title="Otherkin">Otherkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sock_puppet_account" title="Sock puppet account">Sock puppet account</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporgery" title="Sporgery">Sporgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll_(slang)" title="Troll (slang)">Troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet_Death_Penalty" title="Usenet Death Penalty">Usenet Death Penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warnock%27s_dilemma" title="Warnock's dilemma">Warnock's dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web-based_Usenet" title="Web-based Usenet">Web-based Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hierarchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt.*_hierarchy" title="Alt.* hierarchy"><i>alt</i>.*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_8_(Usenet)" title="Big 8 (Usenet)">Big 8</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comp.*_hierarchy" title="Comp.* hierarchy"><i>comp</i>.*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci.*_hierarchy" title="Sci.* hierarchy"><i>sci</i>.*</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/News_server" title="News server">News server</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astraweb" title="Astraweb">Astraweb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easynews" title="Easynews">Easynews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giganews" title="Giganews">Giganews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Usenet_newsgroup" title="Usenet newsgroup">Newsgroups</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_newsgroups" title="List of newsgroups">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/News.admin.net-abuse.email" title="News.admin.net-abuse.email">news.admin.net-abuse.email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rec.arts.sf.tv.babylon5.moderated" title="Rec.arts.sf.tv.babylon5.moderated">rec.arts.sf.tv.babylon5.moderated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talk.origins" title="Talk.origins">talk.origins</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alt.*_hierarchy" title="Alt.* hierarchy"><i>alt</i>.*</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt.atheism" title="Alt.atheism">atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt.binaries.slack" title="Alt.binaries.slack">binaries.slack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt.religion.scientology" title="Alt.religion.scientology">religion.scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt.sex" title="Alt.sex">sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt.sex.stories" title="Alt.sex.stories">sex.stories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt.suicide.holiday" title="Alt.suicide.holiday">suicide.holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt.tv.simpsons" title="Alt.tv.simpsons">tv.simpsons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptography_newsgroups" title="Cryptography newsgroups">Cryptography newsgroups</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clients</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Groups" title="Google Groups">Google Groups</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Newsreaders_(List,_Comparison)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Newsreader_(Usenet)" title="Newsreader (Usenet)">Newsreaders</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Usenet_newsreaders" title="List of Usenet newsreaders">List</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Usenet_newsreaders" title="Comparison of Usenet newsreaders">Comparison</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GrabIt" title="GrabIt">GrabIt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsBin_Pro" title="NewsBin Pro">NewsBin Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rn_(newsreader)" title="Rn (newsreader)">rn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_(newsreader)" title="Tin (newsreader)">tin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Computer-mediated_communication" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Computer-mediated_communication" title="Template:Computer-mediated communication"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Computer-mediated_communication" title="Template talk:Computer-mediated communication"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Computer-mediated_communication" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Computer-mediated communication"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Computer-mediated_communication" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication" title="Computer-mediated communication">Computer-mediated communication</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_chat" title="Online chat">Online chat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_discussion" class="mw-redirect" title="Online discussion">Online discussion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_software" title="Communication software">Communication software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_software" title="Collaborative software">Collaborative software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Social network service">Social network service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_learning_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual learning environment">Virtual learning environment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_conferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Asynchronous conferencing">Asynchronous conferencing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_mailing_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic mailing list">Electronic mailing list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Usenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">Internet forum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Textboard" title="Textboard">Textboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imageboard" title="Imageboard">Imageboard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_board_system" title="Bulletin board system">Bulletin board system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guestbook" title="Guestbook">Online guestbook</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_conferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronous conferencing">Synchronous conferencing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_conferencing" title="Data conferencing">Data conferencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Relay Chat">Internet Relay Chat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAN_messenger" title="LAN messenger">LAN messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talker" title="Talker">Talker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videoconferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Videoconferencing">Videoconferencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">Voice over IP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voice_chat_in_online_gaming" title="Voice chat in online gaming">Voice chat in online gaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Web chat">Web chat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_conferencing" title="Web conferencing">Web conferencing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publishing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblogging" title="Microblogging">Microblogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">Wiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Internet_slang" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Internet_slang" title="Template:Internet slang"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Internet_slang" title="Template talk:Internet slang"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Internet_slang" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Internet slang"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Internet_slang" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Internet_slang" title="Internet slang">Internet slang</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">Abuse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baizuo" title="Baizuo">Baizuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creepy_treehouse" title="Creepy treehouse">Creepy treehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">Cyberbullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberstalking" title="Cyberstalking">Cyberstalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxing" title="Doxing">Doxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgelord" title="Edgelord">Edgelord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaming_(Internet)" title="Flaming (Internet)">Flaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griefer" title="Griefer">Griefer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacker_(computer_security)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacker (computer security)">Hacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keylogger" class="mw-redirect" title="Keylogger">Keylogger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Pink" title="Little Pink">Little Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">Malware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealioning" title="Sealioning">Sealioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">Phishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_kiddie" title="Script kiddie">Script kiddie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shitposting" title="Shitposting">Shitposting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_banning" title="Shadow banning">Shadow banning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spamming" title="Spamming">Spamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tankie" title="Tankie">Tankie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_troll" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet troll">Troll</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Internet_map_1024_-_transparent,_inverted.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the Internet"><img alt="Map of the Internet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/80px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/120px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png/160px-Internet_map_1024_-_transparent%2C_inverted.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chatspeak" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatspeak">Chatspeak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emoticon" title="Emoticon">Emoticon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uwu" title="Uwu">uwu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hodl">Hodl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leet" title="Leet">Leet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Owned_(slang)" title="Owned (slang)">Owned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pr0n</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pwn" class="mw-redirect" title="Pwn">Pwn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teh" title="Teh">Teh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W00t" title="W00t">w00t</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">Fap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOL" title="LOL">LOL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_safe_for_work" title="Not safe for work">NSFW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padonkaffsky_jargon" title="Padonkaffsky jargon">Padonkaffsky jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexting" title="Sexting">Sexting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imageboard" title="Imageboard">Imageboard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4chan" title="4chan">4chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anonymous (group)">Anonymous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imageboard#Imageboards" title="Imageboard">-chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">CP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clop_(erotic_fan_art)" title="Clop (erotic fan art)">Clop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goatse.cx" title="Goatse.cx">goatse.cx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolcat" title="Lolcat">Lolcat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurker" title="Lurker">Lurk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newbie" title="Newbie">Newbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_RLY%3F" title="O RLY?">O RLY?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_post" class="mw-redirect" title="Original post">OP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedobear" title="Pedobear">Pedobear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickrolling" title="Rickrolling">Rickrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_34" title="Rule 34">Rule 34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_63" title="Rule 63">Rule 63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripcode" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripcode">Tripcode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanophilia" title="Japanophilia">Weeaboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiff" title="Yiff">Yiff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internet_meme" title="Internet meme">Memes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena#Advertising_and_products" title="List of Internet phenomena">Advertising and products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena#Animation_and_comics" title="List of Internet phenomena">Animation and comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena#Challenges" title="List of Internet phenomena">Challenges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena#Email" title="List of Internet phenomena">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena#Film" title="List of Internet phenomena">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena#Gaming" title="List of Internet phenomena">Gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena#Images" title="List of Internet phenomena">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_viral_music_videos" title="List of viral music videos">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena#Politics" title="List of Internet phenomena">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_viral_videos" title="List of viral videos">Videos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_phenomena#Other_phenomena" title="List of Internet phenomena">Miscellaneous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doge_(meme)" title="Doge (meme)">Doge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TL;DR" title="TL;DR">TL;DR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Usenet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_September" title="Eternal September">Eternal September</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporgery" title="Sporgery">Sporgery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Internet_slang" title="Category:Internet slang"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet"><b>Portal</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:English_internet_slang" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:English internet slang"><b>Wiktionary</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Web_syndication" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Web_syndication" title="Template:Web syndication"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Web_syndication" title="Template talk:Web syndication"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Web_syndication" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Web syndication"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Web_syndication" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Web_syndication" title="Web syndication">Web syndication</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>History</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_blogging" title="History of blogging">Blogging</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_podcasting" title="History of podcasting">Podcasting</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vlog#History" title="Vlog">Vlogging</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_web_syndication_technology" title="History of web syndication technology">Web syndication technology</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niche_blogging" title="Niche blogging">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_blog" title="Art blog">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_blogosphere" title="Mormon blogosphere">Bloggernacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_music_blog" title="Classical music blog">Classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_blog" title="Corporate blog">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_diary" title="Dream diary">Dream diary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edublog" title="Edublog">Edublog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic journal">Electronic journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing">Fake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_family-and-homemaking_blogs" title="List of family-and-homemaking blogs">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_blog" title="Fashion blog">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_blogging" title="Food blogging">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_blog" title="Health blog">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blawg" class="mw-redirect" title="Blawg">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifelog" title="Lifelog">Lifelog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3_blog" title="MP3 blog">MP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoblog" title="Photoblog">Photoblog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_blog" title="Police blog">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog#Political_impact" title="Blog">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_diary" title="Project diary">Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_blog" title="Reverse blog">Reverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_blog" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel blog">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warblog" class="mw-redirect" title="Warblog">Warblog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_URI_scheme" title="Feed URI scheme">Feed URI scheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linkback" title="Linkback">Linkback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permalink" title="Permalink">Permalink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ping_(blogging)" title="Ping (blogging)">Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingback" title="Pingback">Pingback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reblogging" title="Reblogging">Reblogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refback" title="Refback">Refback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollback_(data_management)" title="Rollback (data management)">Rollback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trackback" title="Trackback">Trackback</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thread_(Internet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thread (Internet)">Thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotagging" title="Geotagging">Geotagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSS_enclosure" title="RSS enclosure">RSS enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FeedSync#Examples" title="FeedSync">Synchronization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Memetics" title="Memetics">Memetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(web_standard)" title="Atom (web standard)">Atom feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_feed" title="Data feed">Data feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photofeed" title="Photofeed">Photofeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_feed" title="Product feed">Product feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_Framework" title="Resource Description Framework">RDF feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_feed" title="Web feed">Web feed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/RSS" title="RSS">RSS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GeoRSS" title="GeoRSS">GeoRSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_RSS" title="Media RSS">MRSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSS_TV" title="RSS TV">RSS TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-process_communication" title="Inter-process communication">Inter-process communication</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livemark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Livemark (page does not exist)">Livemark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashup_(web_application_hybrid)" title="Mashup (web application hybrid)">Mashup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_(computer_science)" title="Reference (computer science)">Referencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSS_editor" title="RSS editor">RSS editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSS_tracking" title="RSS tracking">RSS tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OPML" title="OPML">OPML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSS_Advisory_Board" title="RSS Advisory Board">RSS Advisory Board</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Usenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XBEL" title="XBEL">XBEL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XOXO_(microformat)" title="XOXO (microformat)">XOXO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Form</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Audio_podcasts" title="Category:Audio podcasts">Audio podcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_podcast" class="mw-redirect" title="Enhanced podcast">Enhanced podcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilecast" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobilecast">Mobilecast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrowcasting" title="Narrowcasting">Narrowcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peercasting" title="Peercasting">Peercasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screencast" title="Screencast">Screencast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slidecasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Slidecasting">Slidecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videocast" class="mw-redirect" title="Videocast">Videocast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcomic" title="Webcomic">Webcomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webtoon" title="Webtoon">Webtoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_series" title="Web series">Web series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_blog" title="Anonymous blog">Anonymous blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog#Types" title="Blog">Collaborative blog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnist" title="Columnist">Columnist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liveblogging" title="Liveblogging">Liveblogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblogging" title="Microblogging">Microblog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_blogging" title="Mobile blogging">Mobile blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spam_blog" title="Spam blog">Spam blog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_blog" class="mw-redirect" title="Video blog">Video blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motovlog" title="Motovlog">Motovlogging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blog_carnival" class="mw-redirect" title="Blog carnival">Carnivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog_fiction" title="Blog fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_journalism" title="Database journalism">Database</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_diary" title="Online diary">Online diary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_search_engines#Blog" title="List of search engines">Search engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sideblog" title="Sideblog">Sideblog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_directory" title="Web directory">Web directory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Micromedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_feed_aggregators" title="Comparison of feed aggregators">Aggregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/News_aggregator" title="News aggregator">News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poll_aggregator" title="Poll aggregator">Poll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_aggregator" title="Review aggregator">Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_aggregator" title="Search aggregator">Search</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_aggregator" title="Video aggregator">Video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(Web_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom (Web standard)">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(Web_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom (Web standard)">AtomPub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcatching" title="Broadcatching">Broadcatching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashtag" title="Hashtag">Hashtag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsML" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsML">NewsML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NewsML_1" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsML 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsML-G2" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsML-G2">G2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">Social communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_software" title="Social software">Social software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Slice" title="Web Slice">Web Slice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blogosphere" title="Blogosphere">Blogosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escribitionist" title="Escribitionist">Escribitionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_blogging" title="Glossary of blogging">Glossary of blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay-per-click" title="Pay-per-click">Pay per click</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posting_style" title="Posting style">Posting style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slashdot_effect" title="Slashdot effect">Slashdot effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spam_in_blogs" title="Spam in blogs">Spam in blogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uses_of_podcasting" title="Uses of podcasting">Uses of podcasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193162#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193162#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193162#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="UseNet"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4328153-9">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh96001086">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007539499205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1185024">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Usenet&oldid=1257978525">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Usenet&oldid=1257978525</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1980_establishments_in_North_Carolina" title="Category:1980 establishments in North Carolina">1980 establishments in North Carolina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computer-mediated_communication" title="Category:Computer-mediated communication">Computer-mediated communication</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_networks" title="Category:Computer networks">Computer networks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computer-related_introductions_in_1980" title="Category:Computer-related introductions in 1980">Computer-related introductions in 1980</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Internet" title="Category:History of the Internet">History of the Internet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Internet_Protocol_based_network_software" title="Category:Internet Protocol based network software">Internet Protocol based network software</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Internet_protocols" title="Category:Internet protocols">Internet protocols</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Internet_Standards" title="Category:Internet Standards">Internet Standards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Internet_culture" title="Category:Internet culture">Internet culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Online_chat" title="Category:Online chat">Online chat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pre%E2%80%93World_Wide_Web_online_services" title="Category:Pre–World Wide Web online services">Pre–World Wide Web online services</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Usenet" title="Category:Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_September_2012" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2012">Articles with dead external links from September 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_archiveis_links" title="Category:Webarchive template archiveis links">Webarchive template archiveis links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_February_2012" title="Category:Use mdy dates from February 2012">Use mdy dates from February 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_timeline_metadata" title="Category:Pages with timeline metadata">Pages with timeline metadata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2010" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">CS1 maint: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_ASCII_art" title="Category:Wikipedia articles with ASCII art">Wikipedia articles with ASCII art</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 14:12<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Usenet&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-b8zqw","wgBackendResponseTime":182,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.287","walltime":"1.564","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15561,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":379040,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":36539,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":415305,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1267.019 1 -total"," 43.98% 557.206 1 Template:Reflist"," 28.48% 360.837 79 Template:Cite_web"," 6.30% 79.782 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.09% 77.166 1 Template:File_sharing_sidebar"," 5.89% 74.661 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 5.80% 73.443 10 Template:Navbox"," 4.55% 57.662 1 Template:Internet_history_timeline"," 4.37% 55.410 1 Template:Commons_category"," 4.16% 52.708 1 Template:Sister_project"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.698","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8613799,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-bxzm6","timestamp":"20241122143245","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Usenet","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Usenet","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q193162","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q193162","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-23T08:05:56Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T14:12:48Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/02\/Slrn.png","headline":"worldwide computer-based distributed discussion system"}</script> </body> </html>