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<link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Stad rootpage-Stad skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Gaan na inhoud</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Hoofkieslys" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Hoofkieslys</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Hoofkieslys</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigasie </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tuisblad" title="Besoek die Tuisblad [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Tuisblad</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gebruikersportaal" title="Meer oor die projek, wat jy kan doen, nuttige skakels"><span>Gebruikersportaal</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Geselshoekie" title="Agtergrondinligting oor aktuele sake"><span>Geselshoekie</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Onlangse_wysigings" title="'n Lys van onlangse wysigings [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Onlangse wysigings</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Lukraak" title="Laai 'n lukrake bladsye [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Lukrake bladsy</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Vind meer uit oor iets"><span>Hulp</span></a></li><li id="n-Sandput" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sandput"><span>Sandput</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Tuisblad" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-af.svg" width="118" height="13" style="width: 7.375em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Soek" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Deursoek Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Soek</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Deursoek Wikipedia" aria-label="Deursoek Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Deursoek Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spesiaal:Soek"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Soek</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Voorkoms" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Voorkoms</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Stad" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Stad" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Stad" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Stad" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Algemeen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algemeen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Algemeen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algemeen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geskiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geskiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geskiedenis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Griekeland_en_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Griekeland_en_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Griekeland en Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Griekeland_en_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_Middeleeue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_Middeleeue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Die Middeleeue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_Middeleeue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nywerheidstede" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nywerheidstede"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Nywerheidstede</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nywerheidstede-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Etimologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verstedeliking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verstedeliking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Verstedeliking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verstedeliking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bronne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sien_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sien_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sien ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sien_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Eksterne skakels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stad</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 215 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-215" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">215 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%8C" title="Ақалақь – Abkasies" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ақалақь" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkasies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadt" title="Stadt – Switserse Duits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Stadt" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Switserse Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A8%E1%89%B0%E1%88%9B" title="ከተማ – Amharies" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ከተማ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokayto" title="Tokayto – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Tokayto" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudat" title="Ciudat – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ciudat" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burg" title="Burg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Burg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9" title="مدينة – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مدينة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܡܕܝܢܬܐ – Aramees" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܕܝܢܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9" title="مدينة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="مدينة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87" title="مدينه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مدينه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%B0" title="চহৰ – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চহৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciud%C3%A1" title="Ciudá – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ciudá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Шагьар – Avaries" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Шагьар" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marka" title="Marka – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Marka" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C9%99h%C9%99r" title="Şəhər – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şəhər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1" title="شهر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شهر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Ҡала – Baskir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡала" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baskir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota" title="Kota – Balinees" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kota" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stod" title="Stod – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Stod" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miests" title="Miests – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Miests" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syudad" title="Syudad – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Syudad" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Горад – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Горад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Горад – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Горад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Град – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Град" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0" title="शहर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="शहर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuta" title="Kuta – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kuta" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B0" title="শহর – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শহর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="གྲོང་ཁྱེར། – Tibettaans" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གྲོང་ཁྱེར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibettaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%AAr" title="Kêr – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kêr" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grad" title="Grad – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Grad" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Хото – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хото" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciutat" title="Ciutat – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ciutat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A0ng-ch%C3%AA" title="Siàng-chê – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Siàng-chê" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="ГӀала – Tsjetsjeens" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ГӀала" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsjetsjeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakbayan" title="Dakbayan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Dakbayan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangkulo" title="Dangkulo – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Dangkulo" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%9A%E1%8E%B2%E1%8E%A2" title="ᎦᏚᎲᎢ – Cherokees" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎦᏚᎲᎢ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="شار – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eeer" title="Şeer – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Şeer" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%9Bsto" title="Město – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Město" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8A" title="Градъ – Kerkslawies" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Градъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Kerkslawies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Хула – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хула" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinas" title="Dinas – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dinas" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/By" title="By – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="By" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadt" title="Stadt – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stadt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BBke" title="Sûke – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sûke" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Πόλη – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πόλη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sit%C3%AA" title="Sitê – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Sitê" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City" title="City – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="City" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbo" title="Urbo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Urbo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad" title="Ciudad – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ciudad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linn" title="Linn – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Linn" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiri" title="Hiri – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hiri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%A1" title="Ciá – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Ciá" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1" title="شهر – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شهر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaupunki" title="Kaupunki – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaupunki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liin" title="Liin – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Liin" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siti" title="Siti – Fidjiaans" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Siti" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fidjiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BDur" title="Býur – Faroëes" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Býur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroëes" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ville" title="Ville – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ville" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vela" title="Vela – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Vela" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A4%C3%A4d" title="Stääd – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Stääd" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cit%C3%A2t" title="Citât – Friuliaans" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Citât" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%AAd" title="Stêd – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stêd" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathair" title="Cathair – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cathair" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasaba" title="Kasaba – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Kasaba" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="城市 – Gan-Sjinees" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="城市" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vil" title="Vil – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Vil" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baile_m%C3%B2r" title="Baile mòr – Skotse Gallies" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Baile mòr" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Skotse Gallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidade" title="Cidade – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cidade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1va" title="Táva – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Táva" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B0" title="શહેર – Goedjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="શહેર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Goedjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alijunapiapa%27a" title="Alijunapiapa'a – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Alijunapiapa'a" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caayr" title="Caayr – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Caayr" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A0ng-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Sàng-sṳ – Hakka-Sjinees" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sàng-sṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%ABlanakauhale" title="Kūlanakauhale – Hawais" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kūlanakauhale" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8" title="עיר – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0" title="शहर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शहर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/City" title="City – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="City" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grad" title="Grad – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grad" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%9Bsto" title="Město – Oppersorbies" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Město" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Oppersorbies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vil" title="Vil – Haïtiaans" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Vil" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1ros" title="Város – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Város" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84" title="Քաղաք – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քաղաք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citate" title="Citate – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Citate" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota" title="Kota – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kota" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cit%C3%A9" title="Cité – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Cité" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okeama" title="Okeama – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Okeama" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iniqpak" title="Iniqpak – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Iniqpak" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siudad" title="Siudad – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Siudad" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Пхье – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Пхье" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbo" title="Urbo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Urbo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borg" title="Borg – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Borg" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citt%C3%A0" title="Città – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Città" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%84%E1%93%87%E1%93%96%E1%91%A6" title="ᓄᓇᓖᑦ – Inoektitoet" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓄᓇᓖᑦ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inoektitoet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82" title="都市 – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="都市" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siti" title="Siti – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Siti" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tcadu" title="tcadu – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="tcadu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutha" title="Kutha – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kutha" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98" title="დიდი ქალაქი – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დიდი ქალაქი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamdint" title="Tamdint – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tamdint" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8D" title="Къалэ – Kabardiaans" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Къалэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%A9t%C4%A9" title="Cĩtĩ – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Cĩtĩ" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Қала – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қала" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%84" title="ទីក្រុង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ទីក្រុង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B0" title="ನಗರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಗರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%8B%9C" title="도시 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="도시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Шахар – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Шахар" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8E%DB%81%D9%8E%D8%B1" title="شَہَر – Kasjmirs" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="شَہَر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kasjmirs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadt" title="Stadt – Keuls" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Stadt" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Keuls" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajar" title="Bajar – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bajar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кар – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Кар" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cita" title="Cita – Kornies" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Cita" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Шаар – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Шаар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbs" title="Urbs – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Urbs" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivdad" title="Sivdad – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Sivdad" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stad" title="Stad – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Stad" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C%D1%80%D1%83" title="Шагьру – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Шагьру" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шегьер – Lezghies" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Шегьер" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjtad" title="Sjtad – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjtad" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zit%C3%A0" title="Zità – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Zità" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cit%C3%A0" title="Cità – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cità" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engumba" title="Engumba – Lingaals" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Engumba" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miestas" title="Miestas – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Miestas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%ABsts" title="Mīsts – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Mīsts" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pils%C4%93ta" title="Pilsēta – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pilsēta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotta" title="Kotta – Madurees" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Kotta" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0" title="शहर – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="शहर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%88%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Ошсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ошсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan%C3%A0n-dehibe" title="Tanàn-dehibe – Malgassies" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tanàn-dehibe" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malgassies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Ола – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Ола" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81one" title="Tāone – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tāone" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koto" title="Koto – Minangkabaus" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Koto" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Град – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Град" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="നഗരം – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നഗരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Хот – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хот" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9C%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%9D%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯃꯌꯣꯜꯂꯝꯂꯦꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯌꯣꯜꯂꯝꯂꯦꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0" title="शहर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शहर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar" title="Bandar – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bandar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidade" title="Cidade – Mirandees" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Cidade" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1" title="شهر – Masanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="شهر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Masanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altepetl" title="Altepetl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Altepetl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cit%C3%A0" title="Cità – Neapolitaans" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Cità" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadt" title="Stadt – Nederduits" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Stadt" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stad_(woonstee)" title="Stad (woonstee) – Nedersaksies" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Stad (woonstee)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0" title="सहर – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सहर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0" title="नगर – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="नगर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stad" title="Stad – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/By" title="By – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="By" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/By" title="By – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="By" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cit%C3%A9" title="Cité – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Cité" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vila" title="Vila – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vila" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnu" title="Linnu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Linnu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сахар – Osseties" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сахар" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Osseties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0" title="ਸ਼ਹਿਰ – Pandjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ਹਿਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siudat" title="Siudat – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Siudat" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schtadt" title="Schtadt – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Schtadt" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miasto" title="Miasto – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Miasto" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%B1" title="شہر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شہر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Πόλη – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Πόλη" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%9A%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ښار – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ښار" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidade" title="Cidade – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cidade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llaqta" title="Llaqta – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Llaqta" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foro" title="Foro – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Foro" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ora%C8%99" title="Oraș – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Oraș" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2s%C3%A2b%C4%83" title="Câsâbă – Aromanies" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Câsâbă" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetata_granne" title="Cetata granne – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Cetata granne" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Город – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Город" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Місто – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Місто" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Куорат – Sakhaans" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Куорат" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakhaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ – Santalies" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santalies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citati" title="Citati – Sisiliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Citati" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisiliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceety" title="Ceety – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ceety" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%BE%D8%B1" title="شھر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="شھر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grad" title="Grad – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Grad" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BB" title="නගර – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නගර" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/City" title="City – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="City" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesto_(v%C5%A1eobecne)" title="Mesto (všeobecne) – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mesto (všeobecne)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesto" title="Mesto – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mesto" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guta" title="Guta – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Guta" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caasimad" title="Caasimad – Somalies" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Caasimad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qyteti" title="Qyteti – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Qyteti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Град – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Град" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kota" title="Kota – Sundanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kota" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stad" title="Stad – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiji" title="Jiji – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jiji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjasto" title="Mjasto – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Mjasto" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மாநகரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாநகரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82_(%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%80)" title="నగరం (సిటీ) – Teloegoe" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నగరం (సిటీ)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Teloegoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80" title="Шаҳр – Tadjiks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шаҳр" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadjiks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3" title="นคร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นคร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungsod" title="Lungsod – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lungsod" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0%C9%99h%C9%99r" title="Šəhər – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Šəhər" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eehir" title="Şehir – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şehir" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorobha" title="Dorobha – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Dorobha" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%99%D2%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Шәһәр – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шәһәр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Кар (география) – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Кар (география)" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Місто – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Місто" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%B1" title="شہر – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شہر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahar" title="Shahar – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shahar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sit%C3%A0" title="Sità – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sità" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidn" title="Lidn – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Lidn" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A0nh_ph%E1%BB%91" title="Thành phố – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thành phố" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stad" title="Stad – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Stad" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zif" title="Zif – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Zif" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veye_(djeyografeye)" title="Veye (djeyografeye) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Veye (djeyografeye)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syudad" title="Syudad – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Syudad" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="城市 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="城市" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%90%D7%98" title="שטאט – Jiddisj" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שטאט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cl%C3%BA" title="Ìlú – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìlú" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stad" title="Stad – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Stad" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="城市 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="城市" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A2%E2%81%BF-chh%C4%AB" title="Siâⁿ-chhī – Min Nan-Sjinees" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Siâⁿ-chhī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="城市 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="城市" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidlavela" title="Isidlavela – Zoeloe" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isidlavela" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zoeloe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q515#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Stad" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Stad" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Afrikaans</span> </label> <div 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Joburg_top.jpg/375px-Joburg_top.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Joburg_top.jpg/500px-Joburg_top.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Die geskiedenis van <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, die grootste stad in <a href="/wiki/Suid-Afrika" title="Suid-Afrika">Suid-Afrika</a>, verskil duidelik van die tradisioneel-historiese model van Europese stadsontwikkeling - dit het oorspronklik nóg by die kruispunt van beduidende handelsroetes nóg by 'n groot rivier of aan 'n seekus ontstaan nie</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Top_of_Rock_Cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Top_of_Rock_Cropped.jpg/250px-Top_of_Rock_Cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Top_of_Rock_Cropped.jpg/375px-Top_of_Rock_Cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Top_of_Rock_Cropped.jpg/500px-Top_of_Rock_Cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1724" data-file-height="1111" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/New_York_Stad" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Stad">New York</a> is een van 'n handjievol wêreldstede wat ekonomiese, kulturele en politieke funksies op globale vlak vervul</figcaption></figure> <p>'n <b>Stad</b> is 'n groot, gesentraliseerde en afgebakende <a href="/wiki/Nedersetting" title="Nedersetting">nedersetting</a> wat 'n besondere administratiewe, regtelike of geskiedkundige status geniet en sodoende van 'n <a href="/wiki/Dorp" title="Dorp">dorp</a> of kamp verskil. Ook die stedelike bevolking verskil dikwels in etniese, taalkundige, sosiale, kulturele, religieuse en ander opsigte sterk van dié van landelike gebiede. </p><p>Stede bestaan al duisende jaar lank as 'n vorm van menslike nedersettings. Veral in <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> het die historiese ontwikkeling daartoe gelei dat dikwels ook relatief klein nedersettings stadstatus het, terwyl die term stad of <i>city</i> en sy regtelike status in ander gebiede soos byvoorbeeld <a href="/wiki/Suid-Afrika" title="Suid-Afrika">Suid-Afrika</a> meestal beperk bly tot beduidende metropole en baie groot nedersettings. </p><p>Die moderne definisie van 'n stad baseer op kenmerke soos digte bebouing (stadsmorfologie), 'n groot konsentrasie van woonstelle, huise en werkplekke, 'n (meestal heterogene) bevolking wat oorwegend in die tersiêre of sekondêre sektor van die <a href="/wiki/Ekonomie" title="Ekonomie">ekonomie</a> (dienste en nywerhede) werksaam is, die voorkoms van verskillende stadsdele wat almal hul eie karakter het, veelvuldige vervoerbetrekkinge tussen die stad en sy omgewing, en 'n sentrale rol wat die stad in die ekonomiese, politieke, kulturele, opvoedkundige en religieuse lewe van 'n bepaalde streek speel. </p><p>'n Nedersetting wat in statistieke opsig as 'n stad beskou word - enige nedersetting met 'n bevolking van byvoorbeeld meer as 2 000 in <a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitsland</a>, 10 000 in <a href="/wiki/Switserland" title="Switserland">Switserland</a> en 50 000 in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> - of stadstatus gekry het, voldoen nie noodwendig aan die sosiologiese vereistes vir 'n definisie as 'n stad nie, terwyl daar baie dorpe is wat behalwe vir hul regtelike status alle sosiologiese kenmerke van 'n stad het. </p><p>Die kultuur van 'n bepaalde gebied oefen 'n belangrike invloed op die fisiognomie of uitwendige kenmerke van 'n stad uit - daar kan dus sprake wees van tipies Europese, Oosterse, Sjinese, Indiese en Japannese stede wat almal onder meer deur hul besondere straatrooster gekenmerk word: Stede in die <a href="/wiki/Midde-Ooste" title="Midde-Ooste">Midde-Ooste</a> en <a href="/wiki/Noord-Afrika" title="Noord-Afrika">Noord-Afrika</a> het meestal 'n ou stadskern met talle nou, kronkelende straatjies, Sjinese stede het dikwels hul ommuurde binnestad met 'n vierkantige uitleg, terwyl Amerikaanse stede uit die koloniale tydperk deur 'n straatuitleg volgens die roosterstelsel gekenmerk word. </p><p>Daarnaas is daar ook verskillende boustyle en boumateriale. Danksy die globalisering vanaf die laat 20ste eeu, groter mobiliteit van mense en onbeperkte kommunikasie tussen die wêrelddele het boustyle en stedelike leefwyses egter in toenemende mate eenders geword. Die voorste wêreldstede soos <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stad" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Stad">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokio" title="Tokio">Tokio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Londen" title="Londen">Londen</a> en <a href="/wiki/Parys" title="Parys">Parys</a>, wat ook as globale stede beskryf word, het tot 'n nuwe tipe van stad ontwikkel wat 'n groot aantal ekonomiese, kulturele en politieke funksies op internasionale vlak vervul. </p><p>Tans woon sowat die helfte van alle mense in stede - in nywerheidslande beloop hierdie persentasie selfs meer as 75 persent. Die verstedeliking van Blankes en Asiërs in <a href="/wiki/Suid-Afrika" title="Suid-Afrika">Suid-Afrika</a> vergelyk gunstig met dié van hoogs ontwikkelde lande soos <a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitsland</a> (88 persent), terwyl die verstedelikingsproses van Swartes tans nog aan die gang is. </p><p>Die lewe in 'n kunsmatige omgewing met sy groot aantal kulturele en opvoedkundige instellings asook die konfrontasie met bewoners van ander sosiale en etniese afkoms het die leefwyse van mense in <a href="/wiki/Suid-Afrika" title="Suid-Afrika">Suid-Afrika</a> net soos elders in die wêreld ingrypend verander. </p><p>Groot geïndustrialiseerde stede lê gewoonlik by die kruispunt van beduidende handelspaaie en beskik oor gevorderde stelsels vir behuising, vervoer, kommunikasie, landgebruik, dienste soos krag, water, riolering en vullisverwydering, en baie ander. Die groot bevolkingskonsentrasie van 'n stad vergemaklik die interaksie tussen mense en sakeondernemings en strek tot wedersydse voordeel van albei partye. </p><p>Stede het sodoende steeds 'n beduidende rol by ekonomiese, tegnologiese, politieke en kulturele prosesse en vernuwings gespeel (alhoewel ook oorbevolking, omgewingsbesoedeling en <a href="/wiki/Misdaad" title="Misdaad">misdaad</a> met 'n verstedelikingsproses gepaard kan gaan). Nogtans is daar 'n debat oor die noodsaaklikheid van stedelike gebiede in moderne samelewings aan die gang - tegnologie en vinnige kommunikasie via die internet maak die huidige konsep van 'n stad vir sommige sosioloë oorbodig.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Algemeen">Algemeen</h2></div> <p>Een van die opmerklikste verskynsels van die <a href="/wiki/20ste_eeu" title="20ste eeu">20e eeu</a> is die snelle tempo waarin verstedeliking plaasvind. Hoewel die begrip stad self nie nuut is nie (stede het reeds duisende jare voor die geboorte van Christus bestaan), het die definisie van 'n stad aansienlik verander. </p><p>Sowel die Griekse polis as die Latynse <i>urbs</i> vir "stad" word in verskillende samestellings in moderne omskrywings van die stad teruggevind. So word die verstedelikingsproses urbanisasie genoem, wat veral deur Amerikaanse geograwe gebruik word om verskillende aspekte van 'n stad toe te lig: die terme <i>urban sprawl</i> (ongebreidelde stedelike verspreiding), <i>conurbation</i> (stedelike agglomerasie of stede-swerm, waar verskillende buurstede by mekaar aansluit om 'n aaneenlopende stadsgebied te vorm). <i>rurban</i> (rural+ urban, 'n grys gebied waar stad en platteland oorvleuel), en <i>suburban</i> (voorstedelike gebied) word in die verband gebruik. </p><p>Die terme vir verskillende soorte stede loop dikwels deurmekaar en verskillende lande het hul eie maatstawwe ten opsigte van die begrip stad. Die geograaf C.A. Doxiadis het 'n uitgebreide teorie van menslike nedersettingspatrone ontwikkel, met 'n stel terme wat sekere soorte stede omskryf. Die terme is onder meer: <i>polis</i> - stad; <i>dinapolis</i> – vinnig groeiende stad; <i>metropolis</i> - ŉ gebied met 'n aantal agglomerasies wat basies 'n eenheid vorm; megalopolis- 'n ketting metropolisse; <i>ekumenopolis</i> - die universele stad van die toekoms; <i>kosmopolis</i> – die stad in die kosmos of ruimte; en <i>nekropolis</i> - 'n dooie stad. </p><p>Stede word dikwels as sodanig onderskei op grond van die bevolkingsdigtheid. Dit is ook nie heeltemal betroubaar nie, aangesien individuele lande se skattings van ŉ stad se bevolkingsdigtheid aansienlik verskil. Die verstedelikingsproses van die <a href="/wiki/20ste_eeu" title="20ste eeu">20e eeu</a> het wesenlik uit die Industriële Revolusie van die 19e eeu ontstaan. In die tyd het groot getalle arm plattelanders na die stede gestroom om werk in nuwe fabrieke te soek. Die bevolkingsmigrasie vind nou stadiger plaas in Westerse lande; stede het in die reël egter nie opgehou met groei nie, inteendeel, hulle het 'n interne momentum ontwikkel. </p><p>Moderne stede groei inderdaad vinniger as die bevolkings van die lande waar hulle geleë is. Voor die <a href="/wiki/18de_eeu" title="18de eeu">18e eeu</a> het min stede, soos hulle toe reeds genoem is, meer as 10 000 inwoners gehad. Slegs 'n paar, soos Rome en moontlik ook <a href="/wiki/Babilon" title="Babilon">Babilon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Konstantinopel" title="Konstantinopel">Bisantium</a>, het by hoë uitsondering meer as 100 000 inwoners gehad. Dit is in groot mate veroorsaak deur die feit dat 'n stad nie groter as sy beskikbare voedselvoorraad kon word nie. Daar was 'n intieme interafhanklikheid tussen 'n stad en die omringende landbougebied wat sy voedsel verskaf het. </p><p>SuIke stede het, in vergelyking met die moderne stad, ook 'n betreklik rustige en landelike karakter behou. Hoewel verstedeliking so 'n uitgebreide verskynsel is, is daar geen tipiese stad wat as grondvoorbeeld van die moderne stad uitgelig kan word nie. Stede kan selfs in dieselfde land aansienlik van mekaar verskil. Sekere kenmerke is egter feitlik universeel; die digtheid van die bevolking, geboue en dienste (verkeer en geriewe) is hoër as in ander gebiede; die bevolking is heterogeen (verskillend) en meer mobiel, geografies (verhuising, verkeer) sowel as sosiaal (maatskaplike of statusveranderings soos verarming of verryking). </p><p>Veral in Westerse lande vervaag die grens tussen stad en platteland. Grense tussen verskillende stede kan dikwels ook net op landkaarte onderskei word, maar in werklikheid is dit een aaneenlopende stedelike gebied. Tot in die vroeë tagtigerjare was die enigste megalopolis die stedelike gebied tussen <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> en <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a> in die VSA, die sogenaamde <a href="/w/index.php?title=BosWash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BosWash (bladsy bestaan nie)">BosWash</a>, wat 'n aaneenlopende stadsketting van sowat 1 000 km vorm. 'n Paar ander gebiede is opkomende megalopolisse, soos <a href="/wiki/Randstad" title="Randstad">Randstad</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland">Nederland</a> en sekere ander gedeeltes van <a href="/wiki/Belgi%C3%AB" title="België">België</a> en die <a href="/wiki/Ruhrgebied" title="Ruhrgebied">Ruhrgebied</a> in <a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitsland</a>, asook 'n deel van die Japanse kusgebied en die streek suid van die <a href="/wiki/Groot_Mere" title="Groot Mere">Groot Mere</a> in die <a href="/wiki/VSA" class="mw-redirect" title="VSA">VSA</a> (tussen <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> en <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland</a>). </p><p>Moderne stede het besondere geografiese en maatskaplike probleme. Die grondgebied wat hulle beslaan, is dikwels onbeheers groot, wat beheer deur die plaaslike stadsbestuur moeilik maak; die historiese stadskern is in die reël besig om te ontvolk en te verval; veral stede in die <a href="/wiki/Derde_W%C3%AAreld" class="mw-redirect" title="Derde Wêreld">Derde Wêreld</a> verkry gaandeweg 'n randgebied van krot buurte of plakkerskampe waarin 'n verarmde en dikwels werklose bevolking woon. Die maatskaplike probleme (misdaad, eensaamheid, egskeiding, gesinsverbrokkeling, werkloosheid, plakkery) is nie enig in die stad van die 20e eeu nie. </p><p>Die probleme is wel besonder aktueel in die sin dat hulle vererger word deur die besondere digtheid van die stede se inwoners. Daar is nie net groot getalle mense nie, maar hulle woon in die reël ook baie naby mekaar, dikwels in geboue waar privaatheid en veiligheid nie maklik bewerkstellig kan word nie. Ondanks die nadele wat aan die moderne stad verbonde is, verkies mense om daarin te woon en daarheen te trek. Dit is in 'n mate te wyte aan die feit dat mense in die stad beter werk en woonplek soek, maar dit is veral in die stede van die <a href="/wiki/Derde_W%C3%AAreld" class="mw-redirect" title="Derde Wêreld">Derde Wêreld</a> juis nie altyd beskikbaar nie. </p><p>'n Stad bied egter meer as dit: vir die wat wel werk en woonplek het, is daar ook meer bedrywighede waaraan die inwoners kan deelneem, meer winkels waarin meer gekoop kan word, en meer vermaaklikheid. Selfs die vinniger tempo van die stadslewe is op sigself vir baie mense aantreklik. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geskiedenis">Geskiedenis</h2></div> <p>Stadsnedersettings is byna so oud soos die mens self en het deur die eeue 'n aantal fases deurgemaak wat duidelik van mekaar onderskei kan word. Die prehistoriese mens het lank 'n nomadiese bestaan gevoer en van jag gelewe. Dorpe en nedersettings het ontstaan na die sogenaamde neolitiese revolusie wat in die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuwe_Steentyd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuwe Steentyd (bladsy bestaan nie)">Nuwe Steentyd</a> (ca. 8 000 jaar v.C.) plaasgevind het. Mense het geleer om landbougewasse te verbou en die eerste uitgebreide nedersettings het langs riviere soos die <a href="/wiki/Eufraat" title="Eufraat">Eufraat</a> en die <a href="/wiki/Tigrisrivier" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigrisrivier">Tigris</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotami%C3%AB" title="Mesopotamië">Mesopotamië</a> (teenswoordig Irak) en die <a href="/wiki/Nylrivier" title="Nylrivier">Nyl</a> in <a href="/wiki/Egipte" title="Egipte">Egipte</a> ontstaan. </p><p>'n Sekere mate van maatskaplike organisasie en tegnologiese ontwikkeling is nodig vir die verstedelikingsproses. Daar moet dus ŉ groep mense wees wat nie landbouers is nie, maar 'n ander soort bestaan voer, soos ambagslui, handelaars, priesters, amptenare, ensovoorts. Tegniese ontwikkeling is ook nodig. Die primitiewe manier van ploeg en die kuns om taamlik ingewikkelde besproeiingsnetwerke aan te lê, was van die eerste tegniese ontwikkelinge. Eers omstreeks <a href="/wiki/3000_v.C." class="mw-redirect" title="3000 v.C.">3500 v.C.</a> het uitgebreide nedersettings ontstaan wat aan die vereistes vir 'n stad voldoen het. </p><p>Hulle het gewoonlik onder ŉ sterk sentrale mag (meestal die van 'n priester-koning) gestaan, soos die Mesopotamiese stadstate <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urk" title="Urk">Uruk</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Larsa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Larsa (bladsy bestaan nie)">Larsa</a>. Mesopotamiese stede het rondom 'n groep tempels en regeringsgeboue ontwikkel, en die armes het gewoonlik aan die buitewyke van die stad gewoon. Tussen <a href="/wiki/2500_v.C." class="mw-redirect" title="2500 v.C.">2500</a> en <a href="/wiki/1500" title="1500">1500</a> n.C. het ŉ hoogs ontwikkelde beskawing in die Indusvallei tot opbloei gekom. Die hoofstede was Harappa en Mohendsjo-Daro, wat volgens noukeurige planne uitgelê is. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Griekeland_en_Rome">Griekeland en Rome</h2></div> <p>Van die 8e eeu v.C. tot omstreeks die 4e eeu n.C. het die Grieke en die Romeine honderde stede gestig. In die bloeityd van die Griekse stadstaat (5e en <a href="/wiki/4de_eeu" title="4de eeu">4e eeu</a> v.C.) het Griekse denkers die polis (stad) nie net as 'n versameling geboue en mense beskou nie, maar wel die politeia of deelname aan ŉ stedelike samelewing en 'n stadsbestuur as die hoogste ideaal. <a href="/wiki/Athene" title="Athene">Athene</a> en <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> was van die beroemdste stadstate en heeltemal selfstandig. Selfs na hul verval het die gedagte bly voortbestaan dat stedelike samelewings en stadsbestuur die beste soort bestaan is. </p><p>Die meeste klassieke stede was gunstig geleë, gewoonlik by ŉ riviermondhawe aan die see, en betreklik klein, met sowat 10 000 inwoners. In die stadsentrum was. anders as in die latere Middeleeuse stede, nie 'n mark- of kerkplein nie, maar 'n aantal openbare geboue (skole, tempels of raadsgeboue). Die enigste werklike groot stadsgebiede, onder meer Rome, Alexandrië en Bisantium, het in omstreeks 300 v.C. ontstaan. Na 'n bestaanstyd van sowat 1 000 jaar het die klassieke stedelike kultuur in die <a href="/wiki/4de_eeu" title="4de eeu">4e eeu</a> n.C. begin verval. </p><p>Die redes hiervoor is nie heeltemal duidelik nie. Daar was wel 'n paar belangrike bydraende faktore; die val van die Romeinse Ryk in die <a href="/wiki/5de_eeu" title="5de eeu">5e eeu</a> n.C. was die einde van 'n proses wat lank tevore begin het. Vanweë toenemende onveiligheid het die handel tussen verskillende dele van die <a href="/wiki/Romeinse_Ryk" title="Romeinse Ryk">Romeinse Ryk</a> begin afneem. </p><p>Die belastingstelsel wat deur <a href="/wiki/Diocletianus" title="Diocletianus">Diocletianus</a> ingestel is, het die stede besonder swaar getref. Baie mense het uit die stede weggetrek om belastings te ontduik. Misdaad en onveilige toestande het verder toegeneem vanweë die verval van doeltreffende stadsbestuur, en voedselverskaffing aan die stede het wisselvallig begin word. Hongersnood het talle mense uit die stede na die platteland laat trek. Tot in die 10e eeu n.C. het daar na die verval van die klassieke stede 'n totaal agrariese of landbougemeenskap bestaan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Die_Middeleeue">Die Middeleeue</h2></div> <p>Omstreeks die <a href="/wiki/10de_eeu" title="10de eeu">10e eeu</a> n.C. het slegs burge met militêre versterkings en biskopsetels, wat hoofsaaklik uit uitgebreide kloosterkomplekse bestaan het, van die klassieke stede oorgebly Volgens 'n teorie van die historikus Henri Pirenne (<a href="/wiki/1936" title="1936">1936</a>) het die Middeleeuse stede geleidelik ontwikkel uit die ruilhandel wat deur die kooplui van verskillende sentra gedryf is. Die eerste handelsentra het in Noord-Italië, die Franse Provence-streek en in Vlaandere ontstaan. Mettertyd het karweiers (oskarre en skepe) en ambagslui ook aan die verkeer tussen die verskillende sentra begin deelneem. </p><p>So het die handel verskillende nuwe bedrywighede in groot nedersettings laat ontstaan, wat weer op hulle beurt mense van die platteland na die stede getrek het. 'n Ander teorie oor die ontstaan van die Middeleeuse stad is die van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Mumford&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lewis Mumford (bladsy bestaan nie)">Lewis Mumford</a>. Mumford het aangevoer dat die handel nie die vernaamste stimulus vir die stede was nie, maar die feit dat die stede veilige plekke was waar markte, en dus die handel, moontlik was. Vanweë die Noormanne se invalle moes die Middeleeuse kloosters en kerke beveilig word, en vir die plattelandse bevolking, wat ook deur die invallers geteister is, het die plekke rus en bestendigheid gebied. </p><p>Die wisselwerking tussen ŉ veilige stadsbestaan en die welvaart wat handel en ambagsbedrywe gebring het, het die Middeleeuse stede laat uitbrei. Nuwe maatskaplike stelsels, soos die stadsbestuur, die regspraak en die gildes het ten behoewe van die stedelike bevolking ontwikkel. Nuwe tegniese uitvindings het ook ontwikkel, weer eens in belang van die landbou: 'n verbeterde ploeg, water- en windmeulens en die wisselboustelsel. </p><p>Die wesenlike verskil tussen die stedelike en die plattelandse bevolking het nie soseer gelê in die beskerming wat die stadsmure gebied het nie, maar ook in die sogenaamde stadsreg ('n soort privilege) wat deur die landheer op wie se grond die stad gestaan het, aan die gebied binne die stadsmure verleen is. Dit het die grondslag gevorm van die stadsbestuur. Soos hul klassieke voorgangers, was die Middeleeuse stede nie baie groot nie en hul bevolkings het selde meer as sowat 30 000 tot 50 000 inwoners gehad. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Parys" title="Parys">Parys</a>, die bestuursentrum van die Franse koninkryk en ook 'n universiteitstad, het waarskynlik in die <a href="/wiki/14de_eeu" title="14de eeu">14e eeu</a> sowat 80 000 inwoners gehad. Die gemiddelde Middeleeuse stad se oppervlakte binne die mure was sowat 3 km<sup>2</sup>. Die kerk of katedraal was die sentrale punt, met 'n kerkplein wat gewoonlik ook as markplein gebruik is. Stadsmure is van tyd tot tyd rondom die nuwe uitbreidings buite die ou stadsgebiede gebou. In die Middeleeuse stad was veiligheid so belangrik dat mense bereid was om beknop en betreklik ongerieflik te woon. </p><p>Mense wat verskil lende ambagte beoefen het, het mettertyd in sekere stadswyke bymekaar begin woon, sodat 'n straat se inwoners dikwels byvoorbeeld uit net skoenmakers of net bakkers bestaan het. Die ambagslui se woonhuise was gewoonlik ook hul werk- en handelsplek. Tussen <a href="/wiki/1500" title="1500">1500</a> en <a href="/wiki/1750" title="1750">1750</a> het die Middeleeuse stadspatroon min verander. Daar het wel hoofstede ontstaan, wat ook hoofstede (die sentrum van die koninklike hot) was, en waarbinne 'n betreklik sterk, sentrale nasionale bestuurstelsel ontwikkel het. </p><p>Die status van stede het ook wesenlik verander, in die sin dat 'n stad nie meer 'n outonome eenheid was nie, maar aan die gesag van die staat onderworpe was. Uiteindelik het die stede ook hul strategiese rol verloor, want vanweë die veranderde metodes van oorlogvoering was die stadsmure nie meer die onoorwinlike bolwerk van vroeër nie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nywerheidstede">Nywerheidstede</h2></div> <p>Teen die middel van die <a href="/wiki/18de_eeu" title="18de eeu">18e eeu</a> het die <a href="/wiki/Industri%C3%ABle_Revolusie" title="Industriële Revolusie">Industriële Revolusie</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brittanje" class="mw-redirect" title="Brittanje">Brittanje</a> begin wat die aard van die bevolking en die stede radikaal verander het. Beter landboumetodes het 'n hoër opbrengs met minder arbeiders moontlik gemaak, sodat meer mense na die stede kon trek. In die stede het nuwe fabrieke en nywerhede ontstaan wat werk aan duisende mense verskaf het. Spoorweë het die kanale en koetse as vervoermiddel verdring en groot arbeiderswyke het rondom die fabrieke ontstaan. </p><p>Soos in die Middeleeuse stede het die nywerheidstede se werkers aanvanklik werk toe gestap. In die laat 19e en vroeë <a href="/wiki/20ste_eeu" title="20ste eeu">20e eeu</a> het voorstede ontwikkel en duisende mense het per trein, per bus of per motor na hul werk begin reis. Die hoofstede het die meeste plattelanders gelok. In omstreeks 1920 het 25 % van die Oostenrykse bevolking in <a href="/wiki/Wene" title="Wene">Wenen</a> gewoon, 28 % van die Dene in <a href="/wiki/Kopenhagen" title="Kopenhagen">Kopenhagen</a> en 20 % van die bevolking in Londen en <a href="/wiki/Parys" title="Parys">Parys</a>. </p><p>Tussen <a href="/wiki/1800" title="1800">1800</a> en <a href="/wiki/1900" title="1900">1900</a> het Londen se inwonertal van 1 miljoen tot 6,6 miljoen toegeneem. Diesel/de skouspelagtige bevolkingsgroei is deur <a href="/wiki/Moskou" title="Moskou">Moskou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlyn" title="Berlyn">Berlyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> en <a href="/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York</a> beleef. Tydens die nywerheidsera was die omstandighede van die arbeiders haglik. Die woondigtheid was baie hoog omdat grond in die stede betreklik duur was, en daar is aanvanklik min aandag geskenk aan sanitasie en ander maatreëls vir gesondheid en gerief. Tot in die 2e helfte van die <a href="/wiki/19de_eeu" title="19de eeu">19e eeu</a> was die woontoestande in die nywerheidstede weinig beter as gedurende die Middeleeue, maar in teenstelling met die <a href="/wiki/Middeleeue" title="Middeleeue">Middeleeue</a> het die 19e-eeuse fabriekwerker nie in die buitewyke nie, maar in die middestad gewoon. </p><p>Daarenteen het die rykes so ver as moontlik van die lawaai en vervuiling van die stede af weggetrek. Tydens die nywerheidsomwenteling is die fabriekwerkers aanvanklik glad nie beskerm nie, en daar was geen bouregulasies vir hul woonplekke nie. 'n Fabriekwerker se gemiddelde lewensverwagting was sowat 20 jaar. Selfs klein kinders het lank in fabrieke gewerk en die kindersterftesyfer was hoog. Siektetoestande het oral geheers en baie mense is veral aan tering dood. Groot armoede en gepaardgaande maatskaplike euwels soos prostitusie, bedelary, drankmisbruik en selfmoord het geheers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologie">Etimologie</h2></div> <p>Die <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaanse</a> en <a href="/wiki/Nederlands" title="Nederlands">Nederlandse</a> term <i>stad</i> is afgelei van die Middelnederlandse <i>stede</i> of <i>stat</i> (vergelyk onder meer Oudfries <i>stede</i>, Oud-Engels <i>stede</i> en Nieu-Engels <i>stead</i>, Oudhoogduits <i>stat</i> en Nieuhoogduits <i>Stadt</i>, wat almal op 'n Germaanse wortel <i>*staði-</i> teruggaan en oorspronklik "plek" beteken het; hieraan is ook Latyns <i>stare</i> en <i>statio</i> en Grieks <i>stasis</i> verwant - almal is afleidings van die wortel van "staan").<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die huidige term stad het sy betekenis in die loop van die Middeleeue gekry en het die ouer woord burg ("'n ommuurde stad") vervang. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verstedeliking">Verstedeliking</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Slum_near_Port_Elizabeth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Slum_near_Port_Elizabeth.jpg/250px-Slum_near_Port_Elizabeth.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Slum_near_Port_Elizabeth.jpg/375px-Slum_near_Port_Elizabeth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Slum_near_Port_Elizabeth.jpg/500px-Slum_near_Port_Elizabeth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1048" /></a><figcaption>'n Informele buurt naby <a href="/wiki/Port_Elizabeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Elizabeth">Port Elizabeth</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Die ontwikkeling en groei van stede het gewoonlik met die vervulling van bepaalde funksies gepaard gegaan. Die opbloei van handel in die Middeleeue het tot die stigting en groei van handelstede by die kruispunt van belangrike handelsroetes gelei. Daarnaas is stede, wat as administratiewe sentra of setels van konings en vorste gedien het, ook ingespan om die mag en invloed van 'n bepaalde heersershuis te bevorder. Met die nywerheidsomwenteling het mynboustede en industriële sentra vinnig begin groei. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Arbor_Lake-Aerial.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Arbor_Lake-Aerial.JPG/250px-Arbor_Lake-Aerial.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Arbor_Lake-Aerial.JPG/375px-Arbor_Lake-Aerial.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Arbor_Lake-Aerial.JPG/500px-Arbor_Lake-Aerial.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1950" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Arbour Lake, 'n voorstad van <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a> (provinsie <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanada" title="Kanada">Kanada</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Die groei van stede het geleidelik ook die vorming van spesifieke buurte en stadsdele bevorder soos byvoorbeeld 'n sentrale sakekern, woonbuurte, nywerheidssones en etniese kwartiere (die laasgenoemde is in Suid-Afrika deur wetgewing soos die <a href="/wiki/Groepsgebiedewet" title="Groepsgebiedewet">Groepsgebiedewet</a> dekades lank deur die staat afgedwing). </p><p>Vanweë stygende grondpryse in die sakekerns is talle bewoners gedwing om hulle in die voorstede te vestig waar erwe, huise en woonstelle meer bekostigbaar was. Sodoende het groter stede (of metropole) gewoonlik voorstede aan die soom van hul stadsgebied. Na hierdie stedelike gebiede word as metropolitaanse gebiede verwys. </p><p>Hierdie gebiede het dikwels oor 'n wyduitgestrekte oppervlakte uitgebrei en word sodoende deur 'n groot aantal pendelaars gekenmerk. </p><p>In die laat 20ste eeu het owerhede in gevorderde lande herbesin oor die ontwikkeling van die stedelike infrastruktuur. Die restourasie van ouer geboue en skepping van groen gordels het tot die herlewing van verwaarlose stadsdele gelei en van stadskerne weer gewilde woonbuurte gemaak. </p><p>Metropole in onderontwikkelde lande gaan daarenteen gebuk onder die onbeheerde groei van hul bevolking. Hulle is dikwels nie meer in staat om formele behuising aan migrante te verskaf nie sodat 'n groot deel van hul bevolking in krotbuurte moet woon. Die vinnige groei van metropole in Derde Wêreldlande kontrasteer met die agteruitgang of stagnasie van klein en middelgroot nedersettings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bronne">Bronne</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAreldspektrum" title="Wêreldspektrum">Wêreldspektrum</a>, 1982, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0908409672" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0908409672</a>, volume 26, bl. 141 - 144</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Castells, M. (red.): <i>The network society: A cross-cultural perspective</i>. Londen: Edward Elgar 2004 (e-boek)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Flew, T.: <i>New media: An introduction</i>. 3de uitgawe. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">De Vries, J. en De Tollenaere, F.: <i>Waar komen onze woorden vandaan? Etymologisch woordenboek</i>. Utrecht/Antwerpen: Het Spectrum/Aula Pocket 1983, bl. 296-297</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sien_ook">Sien ook</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stedelike_gebied" title="Stedelike gebied">Stedelike gebied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verstedeliking" title="Verstedeliking">Verstedeliking</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Wiktionary_small.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/12px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/18px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/24px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikiwoordeboek" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikiwoordeboek">Wikiwoordeboek</a> het 'n inskrywing vir <a href="https://af.wiktionary.org/wiki/stad" class="extiw" title="wikt:stad">stad</a>.</li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hulp:Normdata" title="Hulp:Normdata">Normdata</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515" 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