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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fossil fuel from underground</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about deep pit, underground mining. For surface mining, see <a href="/wiki/Open-pit_coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Open-pit coal mining in the United Kingdom">Open-pit coal mining in the United Kingdom</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British.coalfields.19th.century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/British.coalfields.19th.century.jpg/220px-British.coalfields.19th.century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="408" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/British.coalfields.19th.century.jpg/330px-British.coalfields.19th.century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/British.coalfields.19th.century.jpg/440px-British.coalfields.19th.century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="2017" /></a><figcaption>Coalfields of the United Kingdom in the 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Coal mining in the United Kingdom</b> dates back to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman times</a> and occurred in many different parts of the country. <a href="/wiki/List_of_coalfields#Great_Britain" title="List of coalfields">Britain's coalfields</a> are associated with <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">Durham</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Wales" title="North Wales">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Wales" title="South Wales">South</a> <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Belt" title="Central Belt">the Scottish Central Belt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/East_Midlands" title="East Midlands">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)" title="West Midlands (county)">West Midlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>. After 1972, <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">coal mining</a> quickly collapsed and had practically disappeared by the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian41013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian41013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The consumption of coal—mostly for electricity—fell from 157 million tonnes in 1970 to just 587,000 tonnes in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Employment in coal mines fell from a peak of 1,191,000 in 1920 to 695,000 in 1956, 247,000 in 1976, 44,000 in 1993, 2,000 in 2015, and to 360 in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Almost all onshore coal resources in the UK occur in rocks of the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> period, some of which extend under the North Sea. <a href="/wiki/Bituminous_coal" title="Bituminous coal">Bituminous coal</a> is present in most of Britain's coalfields and is 86% to 88% carbon. In <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, there are extensive deposits of <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a> which is less <a href="/wiki/Energy_density" title="Energy density">energy-dense</a> based on oxidation (combustion) at ordinary combustion temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Euracoal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euracoal (page does not exist)">Euracoal</a>, the UK has 3.56 billion tonnes of identified <a href="/wiki/Hard_coal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard coal">hard coal</a> resources with estimated total remaining coal resources possibly being as large as 187 billion tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, the proposed <a href="/wiki/Whitehaven_coal_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitehaven coal mine">Whitehaven deep coal mine</a> gained planning permission but no works have begun, with legal challenges ongoing and no licence in place for seabed mining from the <a href="/wiki/Marine_Management_Organisation" title="Marine Management Organisation">Marine Management Organisation</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extent_and_geology">Extent and geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Extent and geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United Kingdom's onshore coal resources occur in <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> rocks, some of which extend under the North Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-MineralsUK_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MineralsUK-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The carbon content of the bituminous coal present in most of the coalfields is 86% to 88%.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Britain's <a href="/wiki/List_of_coalfields#Great_Britain" title="List of coalfields">coalfields</a> are associated with <a href="/wiki/Northumberland_Coalfield" title="Northumberland Coalfield">Northumberland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durham_Coalfield" title="Durham Coalfield">Durham</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Wales_Coalfield" title="North Wales Coalfield">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Coalfield" title="South Wales Coalfield">South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire_Coalfield" title="South Yorkshire Coalfield">Yorkshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Belt" title="Central Belt">the Scottish Central Belt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancashire_Coalfield" title="Lancashire Coalfield">Lancashire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/East_Midlands" title="East Midlands">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)" title="West Midlands (county)">West Midlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kent_Coalfield" title="Kent Coalfield">Kent</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stone and <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> flint axes have been discovered embedded in coal, showing that it was mined in Britain before the Roman invasion. Early miners first extracted coal already exposed on the surface and then followed the seams underground.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is probable that the Romans used outcropping coal when working <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lime_kiln" title="Lime kiln">burning lime</a> for building purposes. Evidence to support these theories comes mostly from ash discovered at excavations of Roman sites.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no mention of coal mining in the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> of 1086 although <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> and iron mines are recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 13th century there are records of coal digging in <a href="/wiki/Durham_Coalfield" title="Durham Coalfield">Durham</a><sup id="cite_ref-durham_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-durham-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Northumberland_Coalfield" title="Northumberland Coalfield">Northumberland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nbland_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbland-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire, <a href="/wiki/South_Staffordshire_Coalfield" class="mw-redirect" title="South Staffordshire Coalfield">Staffordshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancashire_Coalfield" title="Lancashire Coalfield">Lancashire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Dean_Coalfield" title="Forest of Dean Coalfield">Forest of Dean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prestongrange_Museum" title="Prestongrange Museum">Prestongrange</a> in Lothian<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/North_Wales_Coalfield" title="North Wales Coalfield">North</a><sup id="cite_ref-nwales_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nwales-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_coalfield" class="mw-redirect" title="South Wales coalfield">South Wales</a>. At this time coal was referred to as <i>sea cole</i>, a reference to coal washed ashore on the north east coast of England from either the cliffs or undersea outcrops. As the supply of coal on the surface became used up, settlers followed the seam inland by digging up the shore. Generally the seam continued underground, encouraging the settlers to dig to find coal, the precursor to modern operations.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early mines would have been <a href="/wiki/Drift_mines" class="mw-redirect" title="Drift mines">drift mines</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adit" title="Adit">adits</a> where coal seams outcropped or by shallow <a href="/wiki/Bell_pit" title="Bell pit">bell pits</a> where coal was close to the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shafts lined with tree trunks and branches have been found in Lancashire in workings dating from the early 17th century and by 1750 brick lined shafts to 150-foot (45 m) depth were common. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_Revolution_until_1900">Industrial Revolution until 1900</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Industrial Revolution until 1900"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_Coal_Production.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/UK_Coal_Production.png/220px-UK_Coal_Production.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/UK_Coal_Production.png/330px-UK_Coal_Production.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/UK_Coal_Production.png/440px-UK_Coal_Production.png 2x" data-file-width="2150" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Annual UK coal production (in red) and imports (black), DECC data</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_Coal_Mining_Jobs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/UK_Coal_Mining_Jobs.png/220px-UK_Coal_Mining_Jobs.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/UK_Coal_Mining_Jobs.png/330px-UK_Coal_Mining_Jobs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/UK_Coal_Mining_Jobs.png/440px-UK_Coal_Mining_Jobs.png 2x" data-file-width="2150" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Coal mining employment in the UK, 1880–2012 (DECC data)</figcaption></figure> <p>Coal production increased dramatically in the 19th century as the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> gathered pace, as a fuel for <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engines</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Newcomen_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcomen engine">Newcomen engine</a>, and later, the <a href="/wiki/Watt_steam_engine" title="Watt steam engine">Watt steam engine</a>. To produce firewood in the 1860s equivalent in energy terms to domestic consumption of coal would have required 25 million acres (100,000 km<sup>2</sup>) of land per year, nearly the entire farmland area of England (26 million acres (105,000 km<sup>2</sup>)).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A key development was the invention at <a href="/wiki/Coalbrookdale" title="Coalbrookdale">Coalbrookdale</a> in the early 18th century of <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a> which could be used to make <a href="/wiki/Pig_iron" title="Pig iron">pig iron</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">blast furnace</a>. The development of the <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotive</a> by <a href="/wiki/Trevithick" title="Trevithick">Trevithick</a> early in the 19th century gave added impetus, and coal consumption grew rapidly as the railway network expanded through the Victorian period. Coal was widely used for domestic heating owing to its low cost and widespread availability. The manufacture of coke also provided <a href="/wiki/Coal_gas" title="Coal gas">coal gas</a>, which could be used for heating and lighting. Most of the workers were children and men.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coal_production_in_the_UK.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Coal_production_in_the_UK.svg/220px-Coal_production_in_the_UK.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Coal_production_in_the_UK.svg/330px-Coal_production_in_the_UK.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Coal_production_in_the_UK.svg/440px-Coal_production_in_the_UK.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Development of coal production in the UK, 1900–2019</figcaption></figure> <p>At the beginning of the 19th century methods of coal extraction were primitive and the workforce – men, women, and children – laboured in dangerous conditions. By 1841 about 216,000 people were employed in the mines. Women and children worked underground for 11 or 12 hours a day for smaller wages than men.<sup id="cite_ref-Mines_Act1842_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mines_Act1842-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The public became aware of conditions in the country's collieries in 1838 after an accident at <a href="/wiki/Huskar_Colliery" class="mw-redirect" title="Huskar Colliery">Huskar Colliery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Silkstone" title="Silkstone">Silkstone</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Barnsley" title="Barnsley">Barnsley</a>. A stream overflowed into the ventilation <a href="/wiki/Drift_mining" title="Drift mining">drift</a> after violent thunderstorms causing the death of 26 children; 11 girls aged from 8 to 16 and 15 boys between 9 and 12 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-cmhrc_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmhrc-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The disaster came to the attention of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> who ordered an inquiry.<sup id="cite_ref-Mines_Act1842_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mines_Act1842-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to the <a href="/wiki/Mines_and_Collieries_Act_1842" title="Mines and Collieries Act 1842">Mines and Collieries Act 1842</a> (<a href="/wiki/5_%26_6_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="5 & 6 Vict.">5 & 6 Vict.</a> c. 99), commonly known as the Mines Act 1842, an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament (UK)">act</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> which forbade women and girls of any age to work underground and introduced a minimum age of ten for boys employed in underground work.<sup id="cite_ref-Mines_Act1842_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mines_Act1842-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the employment of women did not end abruptly in 1842; with the connivance of some employers, women dressed as men continued to work underground for several years. Penalties for employing women were small and inspectors were few and some women were so desperate for work they willingly worked illegally for less pay.<sup id="cite_ref-Women_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Women-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, the <a href="/wiki/Sex_Discrimination_Act_1975" title="Sex Discrimination Act 1975">Sex Discrimination Act 1975</a> (c. 65), another act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, was passed protecting women – and men – from discrimination on the grounds of sex or marital status, including regarding employment as miners.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, children continued working underground at some pits after 1845. At Coppull Colliery's Burgh Pit, three females died after an explosion in November 1846; one was eleven years old.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mines_(Prohibition_of_Child_Labour_Underground)_Act_1900" title="Mines (Prohibition of Child Labour Underground) Act 1900">Mines (Prohibition of Child Labour Underground) Act 1900</a> was an act of Parliament that prevented boys under the age of thirteen from working, or being (for the purposes of employment) in an underground mine.<sup id="cite_ref-Pipkin_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pipkin-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The act was repealed in full by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mines_and_Quarries_Act_1954&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mines and Quarries Act 1954 (page does not exist)">Mines and Quarries Act 1954</a> (<a href="/wiki/2_%26_3_Eliz._2" class="mw-redirect" title="2 & 3 Eliz. 2">2 & 3 Eliz. 2</a>. c. 70);<sup id="cite_ref-HMSO_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMSO-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by such time the act was out of date and was no longer necessary due to the stronger provisions in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Employment_of_Women,_Young_Persons,_and_Children_Act_1920&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Employment of Women, Young Persons, and Children Act 1920 (page does not exist)">Employment of Women, Young Persons, and Children Act 1920</a> (<a href="/wiki/10_%26_11_Geo._5" class="mw-redirect" title="10 & 11 Geo. 5">10 & 11 Geo. 5</a>. c. 65).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although it has been surmised that there were no Black miners in the UK, two chapters in the book by <a href="/wiki/Norma_Gregory" title="Norma Gregory">Norma Gregory</a> <i>Jamaicans in Nottingham: Narratives and Reflections</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are on Black coal miners. The scarcity of resources on these workers led Gregory to curate an exhibition called <i>The Digging Deep Project Exhibition</i> at the National Coal Mining Museum, in Wakefield, West Yorkshire<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to found the Black Miners Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationalisation">Nationalisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nationalisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until 1 January 1947 the mines were owned by various individuals and companies. On that date most were nationalised by the <a href="/wiki/Coal_Industry_Nationalisation_Act_1946" title="Coal Industry Nationalisation Act 1946">Coal Industry Nationalisation Act 1946</a> (<a href="/wiki/9_%26_10_Geo._6" class="mw-redirect" title="9 & 10 Geo. 6">9 & 10 Geo. 6</a>. c. 59) and were run by the new <a href="/wiki/National_Coal_Board" title="National Coal Board">National Coal Board</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1987 the legal name of the NCB was changed to the British Coal Corporation.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name "British Coal" had been used by the NCB since 28 April 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_in_volume">Decline in volume</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Decline in volume"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aberaman_Miners%27_Training_Centre_(15552330801).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Aberaman_Miners%27_Training_Centre_%2815552330801%29.jpg/220px-Aberaman_Miners%27_Training_Centre_%2815552330801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Aberaman_Miners%27_Training_Centre_%2815552330801%29.jpg/330px-Aberaman_Miners%27_Training_Centre_%2815552330801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Aberaman_Miners%27_Training_Centre_%2815552330801%29.jpg/440px-Aberaman_Miners%27_Training_Centre_%2815552330801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>Aberaman Miners' Training Centre S.Wales 1951</figcaption></figure> <p>UK coal production peaked in 1913 at 287 million tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the late 1960s, coal was the main source of energy produced in the UK, peaking at 228 million tonnes in 1952. Ninety-five per cent of this came from roughly 1,334 deep-mines that were operational at the time, with the rest from around 92 surface mines.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s and 1960s, around a hundred North East coal mines were closed.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1968, the last pit in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Country" title="Black Country">Black Country</a> closed and pit closures were a regular occurrence in many other areas.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning with wildcat action in 1969, the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Mineworkers_(Great_Britain)" title="National Union of Mineworkers (Great Britain)">National Union of Mineworkers</a> became increasingly militant, and was successful in gaining increased wages in their strikes in <a href="/wiki/1972_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike" title="1972 United Kingdom miners' strike">1972</a> and <a href="/wiki/Three-Day_Week" title="Three-Day Week">1974</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Closures were less common in the 1970s, and new investments were made in sites such as the <a href="/wiki/Selby_Coalfield" title="Selby Coalfield">Selby Coalfield</a>. In early 1984, the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> announced plans to close 20 coal pits which led to the <a href="/wiki/1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike" title="1984–1985 United Kingdom miners' strike">year-long miners' strike</a> which ended in March 1985. The strike was unsuccessful in stopping the closures and led to an end to the <a href="/wiki/Closed_shop" title="Closed shop">closed shop</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_Coal" title="British Coal">British Coal</a>, as the breakaway <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democratic_Mineworkers" title="Union of Democratic Mineworkers">Union of Democratic Mineworkers</a> was formed by miners who objected to the NUM's handling of the strike.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous pit closures followed, and in August 1989 coal mining ended in the <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> coalfield.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1986, Kellingley colliery near <a href="/wiki/Pontefract" title="Pontefract">Pontefract</a> achieved a record 404,000 tonnes in a single shift but nevertheless, since 1981 production fell sharply from 128 to 17.8 million tonnes in 2009.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Between 1947 and 1994, some 950 mines were closed by UK governments. <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a>’s Labour government closed 101 pits between 1947 and 1951; Macmillan (Conservative) closed 246 pits between 1957 and 1963; Wilson (Labour) closed 253 in his two terms in office between 1964 and 1976; Heath (Conservative) closed 26 between 1970 and 1974; and Thatcher (Conservative) closed 115 between 1979 and 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1994, then-<a href="/wiki/UK_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="UK Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a> privatised British Coal after announcing 55<sup id="cite_ref-auto_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> further closures, with the majority of operations transferred to the new company <a href="/wiki/UK_Coal" title="UK Coal">UK Coal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time British Coal had closed all but the most economical of coal pits.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pit closures reflected coal consumption slumping to the lowest rate in more than a century, further declining towards the end of the 1980s and into the 1990s. This coincided with initiatives for cleaner energy generation as power stations switched to gas and biomass. A total of 100 million tons was produced in 1986, but by 1995 the amount was around 50 million tons.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, production was exceeded by imports for the first time. In 2014, coal imported was three times more than the coal mined in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, companies were licensed to extract 125 million tonnes of coal in operating underground mines and 42 million tonnes at opencast locations.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coal mining employed 4,000 workers at 30 locations in 2013, extracting 13 million tonnes of coal.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The UK Coal mines achieved the most economical coal production in Europe, according to UK Coal, with a level of productivity of 3,200 tonnes per man year as of 2012, at which point there were 13 UK Coal deep mines.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three deep-pit mines were <a href="/wiki/Hatfield_Colliery" title="Hatfield Colliery">Hatfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kellingley_Colliery" title="Kellingley Colliery">Kellingley Collieries</a> in Yorkshire and <a href="/wiki/Thoresby_Colliery" title="Thoresby Colliery">Thoresby</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nottinghamshire" title="Nottinghamshire">Nottinghamshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian41013_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian41013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were 26 opencast sites in 2014, mainly in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around that time, most coal was used for electricity generation and steel-making. Its use for heating homes had already declined because of pollution concerns. The <a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">commodity</a> was also used for <a href="/wiki/Fertiliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertiliser">fertilisers</a>, chemicals, <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicines" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicines">medicines</a> and road surfaces. </p><p>Hatfield Colliery closed in June 2015, as did Thoresby, and in December 2015, Kellingley, bringing to an end deep coal mining in the UK. The occasion was marked by a rally and march attended by thousands of people.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The closure of coal mines left the affected communities economically deprived, unable to recover even in the long run.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Woodhouse_Colliery" title="Woodhouse Colliery">Woodhouse Colliery</a> proposal gained planning permission but has outstanding legal challenges as of 2024 and as yet to begin any works. The plan was criticised by some MPs and environmentalists due to the incompatibility of coal mining with government commitments to reduce carbon emissions. The mine is proposed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Cumbria_Mining&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="West Cumbria Mining (page does not exist)">West Cumbria Mining</a> and plans to extract coking coal from beneath the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a> until 2049.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complete_phase-out_for_electricity_generation">Complete phase-out for electricity generation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Complete phase-out for electricity generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 21 April 2017, Britain went a full day without using coal power to generate electricity for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2019, Britain went a full week without coal power.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, German utilities firm <a href="/wiki/RWE" title="RWE">RWE</a> announced that it planned to close all its UK coal power plants by 2020, leaving only four plants operating by March 2020;<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2018, eight were still in operation when the government announced plans to shut down all coal power plants in the UK by 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2021, the government announced it was bringing forward the shutdown to 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ratcliffe-on-Soar, the UK's last coal-fired power station, closed at the end of September 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-rosclose_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosclose-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mines_Act_of_1842" class="mw-redirect" title="Mines Act of 1842">Mines Act of 1842</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mines_(Prohibition_of_Child_Labour_Underground)_Act_1900" title="Mines (Prohibition of Child Labour Underground) Act 1900">Mines (Prohibition of Child Labour Underground) Act 1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coal_Board" title="National Coal Board">National Coal Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-Day_Week" title="Three-Day Week">Three-Day Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_Mines_(Emergency)_Act_1920" title="Coal Mines (Emergency) Act 1920">Coal Mines (Emergency) Act 1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coal_mines_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of coal mines in the United Kingdom">List of coal mines in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_natural_gas_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#Phase-out_of_coal_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of active natural gas power stations in the United Kingdom">Phase-out of coal-fired electricity generation in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coal_Mining_Museum_for_England" title="National Coal Mining Museum for England">National Coal Mining Museum for England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Pit_National_Coal_Museum" title="Big Pit National Coal Museum">Big Pit National Coal Museum</a>, Wales</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mining_Museum_Scotland" title="National Mining Museum Scotland">National Mining Museum Scotland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Guardian41013-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian41013_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian41013_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSeddon2013" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Seddon" title="Mark Seddon">Seddon, Mark</a> (10 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/apr/11/slow-death-coal-industry">"The long, slow death of 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London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2013</span>. <q>Earlier this month Maltby colliery in South Yorkshire closed down for good. 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BBC News. 3 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Whitehaven+coal+mine+approved+for+third+time&rft.date=2020-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-cumbria-54393345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal+mining+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsandstar.co.uk/news/18991817.mixed-reactions-news-west-cumbria-mining-plans-overcoming-major-hurdle/">"Mixed reactions to news of West Cumbria Mining plans overcoming major hurdle"</a>. <i>News and Star</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News+and+Star&rft.atitle=Mixed+reactions+to+news+of+West+Cumbria+Mining+plans+overcoming+major+hurdle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsandstar.co.uk%2Fnews%2F18991817.mixed-reactions-news-west-cumbria-mining-plans-overcoming-major-hurdle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal+mining+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nwemail.co.uk/news/18972998.extraordinary-2020-june-saw-schools-reopen/">"Looking back at south Cumbria's extraordinary 2020"</a>. <i>The Mail</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Mail&rft.atitle=Looking+back+at+south+Cumbria%27s+extraordinary+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwemail.co.uk%2Fnews%2F18972998.extraordinary-2020-june-saw-schools-reopen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal+mining+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-39675418">"First coal-free day in Britain since Industrial Revolution"</a>. BBC News. 22 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+coal-free+day+in+Britain+since+Industrial+Revolution&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2017-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-39675418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal+mining+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJolly2019" class="citation news cs1">Jolly, Jasper (8 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/may/08/britain-passes-1-week-without-coal-power-for-first-time-since-1882">"Britain passes one week without coal power for first time since 1882"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Britain+passes+one+week+without+coal+power+for+first+time+since+1882&rft.date=2019-05-08&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Jolly&rft.aufirst=Jasper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2019%2Fmay%2F08%2Fbritain-passes-1-week-without-coal-power-for-first-time-since-1882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal+mining+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbrose2019" class="citation web cs1">Ambrose, Jillian (1 August 2019). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/aug/01/german-utilities-firm-rwe-to-close-its-last-uk-coal-plant-in-2020">"German utilities firm RWE to close its last UK coal plant in 2020"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=German+utilities+firm+RWE+to+close+its+last+UK+coal+plant+in+2020&rft.date=2019-08-01&rft.aulast=Ambrose&rft.aufirst=Jillian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2019%2Faug%2F01%2Fgerman-utilities-firm-rwe-to-close-its-last-uk-coal-plant-in-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal+mining+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughan2018" class="citation web cs1">Vaughan, Adam (5 January 2018). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/jan/05/uk-coal-fired-power-plants-close-2025">"UK government spells out plan to shut down coal plants"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=UK+government+spells+out+plan+to+shut+down+coal+plants&rft.date=2018-01-05&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2018%2Fjan%2F05%2Fuk-coal-fired-power-plants-close-2025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal+mining+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://airqualitynews.com/2021/06/30/uk-to-end-coal-power-by-2024/">"UK to end coal power by 2024"</a>. <i>airqualitynews.com</i>. 30 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=airqualitynews.com&rft.atitle=UK+to+end+coal+power+by+2024&rft.date=2021-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fairqualitynews.com%2F2021%2F06%2F30%2Fuk-to-end-coal-power-by-2024%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal+mining+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> See map of last plants to close at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.powerstations.uk/coal-countdown/#:~:text=The%20UK%20plans%20to%20phase,came%20into%20force%20in%202008">"Coal Countdown"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rosclose-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rosclose_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbrose2024" class="citation news cs1">Ambrose, Jillian (30 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amp.theguardian.com/business/2024/sep/30/end-of-an-era-as-britains-last-coal-fired-power-plant-shuts-down">"End of an era as Britain's last coal-fired power plant shuts down"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=End+of+an+era+as+Britain%E2%80%99s+last+coal-fired+power+plant+shuts+down&rft.date=2024-09-30&rft.aulast=Ambrose&rft.aufirst=Jillian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famp.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2024%2Fsep%2F30%2Fend-of-an-era-as-britains-last-coal-fired-power-plant-shuts-down&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal+mining+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Anderson, D. <i>Coal: a pictorial history of the British coal industry</i> (1982), 104pp; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coalpictorialhis0000ande">online</a>, includes hundreds of photographs and a detailed chronology</li></ul> <ul><li>Arnold, Jörg. <i>The British Miner in the Age of De-industrialization: A Political and Cultural History</i> (Oxford University Press, 2023).</li> <li>Ashton, T. S. & Sykes, J. <i>The coal industry of the eighteenth century</i>. (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coalindustryofei0000thom/page/n7/mode/2up">online</a></li> <li>Barnett, Correlli. <i>The Audit of War: The Illusion and Reality of Britain as a Great Nation</i> (1986) (published as <i>The Pride and the Fall: The Dream and Illusion of Britain as a Great Nation</i>, (1986) in the USA); pp. 63–106; emphasizes the backwardness of the coal industry before 1945. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/auditofwarillusi0000barn/page/n4/mode/1up">online</a></li> <li>Baylies, Carolyn. <i>The History of the Yorkshire Miners, 1881-1918</i> (Routledge, 1993).</li> <li>Benson, John. "Coalmining" in Chris Wrigley, ed. <i>A History of British industrial relations, 1875-1914</i> (Univ of Massachusetts Press, 1982), pp 187–208.</li> <li>Benson, John. <i>British Coal-Miners in the Nineteenth Century: A Social History</i> (Holmes & Meier, 1980) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishcoalminer0000bens">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrady1950" class="citation book cs1">Brady, Robert A. (1950). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crisisinbritainp0000brad"><i>Crisis in Britain. Plans and Achievements of the Labour Government</i></a></span>. University of California Press. pp. 77–131.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+in+Britain.+Plans+and+Achievements+of+the+Labour+Government&rft.pages=77-131&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Brady&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrisisinbritainp0000brad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal+mining+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Buxton, N.K. <i>The economic development of the British coal industry: from Industrial Revolution to the present day</i>. 1979.</li> <li>Dintenfass, Michael. "Entrepreneurial failure reconsidered: the case of the interwar British coal industry." <i>Business History Review</i> 62#1 (1988): 1-34. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3115382">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Dron, Robert W. <i>The economics of coal mining</i> (1928).</li> <li>Ediger, Volkan Ş., and John V. Bowlus. "A farewell to King Coal: geopolitics, energy security, and the transition to oil, 1898–1917." <i>Historical Journal</i> 62.2 (2019): 427-449. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/56993506/farewell_to_king_coal_geopolitics_energy_security_and_the_transition_to_oil_18981917.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Fine, B. <i>The Coal Question: Political Economy and Industrial Change from the Nineteenth Century to the Present Day</i> (1990).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalloway1971" class="citation book cs1">Galloway, R.L. (1971). <i>Annals of coal mining and the coal trade</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annals+of+coal+mining+and+the+coal+trade&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Galloway&rft.aufirst=R.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal+mining+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span> First series [to 1835] 1898; Second series. [1835-80] 1904. Reprinted 1971</li> <li>Galloway, Robert L. <i>A History of Coal Mining in Great Britain</i> (1882) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL6738976W/A_history_of_coal_mining_in_Great_Britain">Online</a> at Open Library</li> <li>Griffin, A. R. <i>The British coalmining industry: retrospect and prospect.</i> 1977.</li> <li>Handy, L. J. <i>Wages Policy in the British Coal Mining Industry: A Study of National Wage Bargaining</i> (1981) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=zxU9AAAAIAAJ">excerpt</a></li> <li>Hatcher, John, et al. <i>The History of the British Coal Industry</i> (5 vol, Oxford U.P., 1984–87); 3000 pages of scholarly history <ul><li>John Hatcher: <i> The History of the British Coal Industry: Volume 1: Before 1700: Towards the Age of Coal</i> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198282822.001.0001/acprof-9780198282822">online</a></li> <li>Michael W. Flinn, and David Stoker. <i>History of the British Coal Industry: Volume 2. 1700-1830: The Industrial Revolution</i> (1984).</li> <li>Roy Church, Alan Hall and John Kanefsky. <i>History of the British Coal Industry: Volume 3: Victorian Pre-Eminence</i></li> <li>Barry Supple. <i>The History of the British Coal Industry: Volume 4: 1913-1946: The Political Economy of Decline</i> (1988) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/History-British-Coal-Industry-1913-1946/dp/019828294X/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>William Ashworth and Mark Pegg. <i>History of the British Coal Industry: Volume 5: 1946-1982: The Nationalized Industry</i> (1986) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbritish0000unse_n7l6">online</a></li></ul></li> <li>Heinemann, Margot. <i>Britain's coal: A study of the mining crisis</i> (1944).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill,_Alan" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Alan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmrs.org.uk/publications/94.html"><i>Coal – a Chronology for Britain</i></a>. Northern Mine Research Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coal+%E2%80%93+a+Chronology+for+Britain&rft.pub=Northern+Mine+Research+Society&rft.au=Hill%2C+Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmrs.org.uk%2Fpublications%2F94.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal+mining+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHull,_Edward1861" class="citation book cs1">Hull, Edward (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VDwDAAAAQAAJ"><i>The coal-fields of Great Britain: their history, structure, and resources</i></a>. London: 1861: Stanford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+coal-fields+of+Great+Britain%3A+their+history%2C+structure%2C+and+resources&rft.place=London%3A+1861&rft.pub=Stanford&rft.date=1861&rft.au=Hull%2C+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVDwDAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal+mining+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hull_(geologist)" title="Edward Hull (geologist)">Hull, Edward</a>. <i>Our coal resources at the close of the nineteenth century</i> (1897) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL1556578W/Our_coal_resources_at_the_close_of_the_nineteenth_century">Online</a> at Open Library. Stress on geology.</li> <li>Jaffe, James Alan. <i>The Struggle for Market Power: Industrial Relations in the British Coal Industry, 1800-1840</i> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/struggleformarke0000jaff">online</a></li> <li>Jevons, H.S. <i>The British coal trade</i>. 1920, reprinted 1969</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons">Jevons, W. Stanley</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Coal_Question" title="The Coal Question">The Coal Question</a>: An Inquiry Concerning the Progress of the Nation, and the Probable Exhaustion of Our Coal Mines</i> (1865).</li> <li>Kirby, Maurice William. "The Control of Competition in the British Coal‐Mining Industry in the Thirties" <i>Economic History Review</i> 26.2 (1973): 273-284. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2594253">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Kirby, M.W. <i>The British coalmining industry, 1870-1946: a political and economic history</i>. 1977. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishcoalminin0000kirb">online</a></li> <li>Langton, John, ed. <i>Atlas of industrialising Britain 1780-1914</i> (Methuen, 1986) pp 72–79.</li> <li>Lucas, Arthur F. "A British Experiment in the Control of Competition: The Coal Mines Act of 1930." <i>Quarterly Journal of Economics</i> (1934): 418-441. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1882822">in JSTOR</a> <ul><li>Prest, Wilfred. "The British Coal Mines Act of 1930, Another Interpretation." <i>Quarterly Journal of Economics</i> (1936): 313-332. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1885026">in JSTOR</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lewis, B. <i>Coal mining in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries</i>. (Longman, 1971).</li> <li>Mathis, Charles-François. "King coal rules: accepting or refusing coal dependency in Victorian Britain." <i>Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique. French Journal of British Studies</i> 23#3 (2018).</li> <li>Murray, John, and Javier Silvestre. "Integration in European Coal Markets, 1833–1913". <i>Economic History Review</i> 73 (2020) 668–702.</li> <li>Nef, J. U. <i>Rise of the British coal industry</i>. 2v 1932, a comprehensive scholarly survey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell,_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Orwell, George">Orwell, George</a>. "Down the Mine" (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Wigan_Pier" title="The Road to Wigan Pier">The Road to Wigan Pier</a></i> chapter 2, 1937) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orwell.ru/library/essays/mine/english/e_dtm">full text</a></li> <li>Rowe, J.W.F. <i>Wages in the coal industry</i> (1923).</li> <li>Tawney, R. H. "The British Coal Industry and the Question of Nationalization" <i>The Quarterly Journal of Economics</i> 35 (1920) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1883570">online</a></li> <li>Waller, Robert. <i> The Dukeries Transformed: A history of the development of the Dukeries coal field after 1920</i> (Oxford U.P., 1983) on the <a href="/wiki/Dukeries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukeries">Dukeries</a></li> <li>Williams, Chris. <i>Capitalism, community and conflict: The south Wales coalfield, 1898-1947</i> (U of Wales Press, 1998).</li> <li>Wrigley, Edward Anthony. <i>Energy and the English Industrial Revolution</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2010).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nmrs.org.uk/mines-map/coal-mining-in-the-british-isles/">Coal Mining in the British Isles (Northern Mine Research Society)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmrs.org.uk/mines/coal/maps/index.html">Online mapping of Coal Mining sites in the British Isles (Northern Mine Research Society)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4jUELk55U4">Video and commentary on the Gateside Colliery bing, Sanquhar.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coal" title="Template talk:Coal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coal" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coal types by grade<br /><small>(lowest to highest)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xylit" title="Xylit">Xylit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">Lignite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-bituminous_coal" title="Sub-bituminous coal">Sub-bituminous coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bituminous_coal" title="Bituminous coal">Bituminous coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">Anthracite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">Graphite</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coal_anthracite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Coal_anthracite.jpg/80px-Coal_anthracite.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Coal_anthracite.jpg/120px-Coal_anthracite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Coal_anthracite.jpg/160px-Coal_anthracite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="337" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coal combustion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash_pond" title="Ash pond">Ash pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_brown_cloud" title="Asian brown cloud">Asian brown cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">Asthma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_coal_equivalent" title="Black coal equivalent">Black coal equivalent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_(chemistry)" title="Char (chemistry)">Char</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Charcoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_combustion_products" title="Coal combustion products">combustion products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal-fired_power_station" title="Coal-fired power station">fired power station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_gas" title="Coal gas">gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_phase-out" title="Coal phase-out">phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_pollution_mitigation" title="Coal pollution mitigation">pollution mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_power_in_China" title="Coal power in China">power in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_power_in_the_United_States" title="Coal power in the United States">power in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_preparation_plant" title="Coal preparation plant">preparation plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal-seam_fire" title="Coal-seam fire">seam fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_tar" title="Coal tar">tar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coking" title="Coking">Coking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_value_of_coal" title="Energy value of coal">Energy value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flue_gas" title="Flue gas">Flue gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly ash">Fly ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Smog_of_London" title="Great Smog of London">Great Smog of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_coal" title="Metallurgical coal">Metallurgical coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOx" title="NOx">NOx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_heavy_metal" title="Toxic heavy metal">Toxic heavy metals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">Coal mining</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackdamp" title="Blackdamp">Blackdamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_lung_disease" title="Black lung disease">Black lung disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_dust" title="Coal dust">Coal dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coalfields" title="List of coalfields">Coalfields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_gas" title="Coal gas">gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_homogenization" title="Coal homogenization">homogenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_liquefaction" title="Coal liquefaction">liquefaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_mining_disasters_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Coal mining disasters in the United States">mining disasters in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal-mining_region" title="Coal-mining region">mining region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_refuse" title="Coal refuse">refuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_slurry" title="Coal slurry">slurry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_town" title="Coal town">town</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Appalachia" title="Environmental issues in Appalachia">Environmental issues in Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice_and_coal_mining_in_Appalachia" title="Environmental justice and coal mining in Appalachia">Environmental justice and coal mining in Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firedamp" title="Firedamp">Firedamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry" title="Health and environmental impact of the coal industry">Health and environmental impact of the coal industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_coal_ash" title="Health effects of coal ash">Health effects of coal ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coal_mining" title="History of coal mining">History of coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal-mining_region" title="Coal-mining region">Mining regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outburst_(mining)" title="Outburst (mining)">Outbursts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_coal" title="Peak coal">Peak coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problems_in_coal_mining" title="Problems in coal mining">Problems in coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refined_coal" title="Refined coal">Refined coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitedamp" title="Whitedamp">Whitedamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Note: [1] Peat is considered a precursor to coal. Graphite is only technically considered a coal type.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Coal_mining_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coal_mining_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal mining in Europe">Coal mining in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Albania (page does not exist)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Austria (page does not exist)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Belarus (page does not exist)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Belgium (page does not exist)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal mining in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Croatia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Croatia (page does not exist)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in the Czech Republic (page does not exist)">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Denmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Denmark (page does not exist)">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Estonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Estonia (page does not exist)">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Finland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Finland (page does not exist)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in France (page does not exist)">France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Germany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Germany (page does not exist)">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Greece&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Greece (page does not exist)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Hungary (page does not exist)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Iceland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Iceland (page does not exist)">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in the Republic of Ireland (page does not exist)">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Italy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Italy (page does not exist)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal mining in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Lithuania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Lithuania (page does not exist)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Moldova (page does not exist)">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in the Netherlands (page does not exist)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in North Macedonia (page does not exist)">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Norway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Norway (page does not exist)">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal mining in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Portugal (page does not exist)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Romania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Romania (page does not exist)">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal mining in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Serbia (page does not exist)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Slovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Slovakia (page does not exist)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Slovenia (page does not exist)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Spain (page does not exist)">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Sweden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Sweden (page does not exist)">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Switzerland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Switzerland (page does not exist)">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal mining in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal mining in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coal_mining_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coal mining in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Energy in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Energy in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Energy in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">Energy in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Companies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Energy companies of the United Kingdom">Companies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Coal companies of the United Kingdom">Coal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anglo_American_plc" title="Anglo American plc">Anglo American</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BHP" title="BHP">BHP</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Natural_Resources_Corporation" title="Eurasian Natural Resources Corporation">ENRC</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/GCM_Resources" title="GCM Resources">GCM Resources</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glencore" title="Glencore">Glencore</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(corporation)" title="Rio Tinto (corporation)">Rio Tinto</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Coal" title="UK Coal">UK Coal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_and_gas_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Oil and gas companies of the United Kingdom">Oil and <br />gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Integrated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Shell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Exploration<br />and production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Afren" title="Afren">Afren</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BHP" title="BHP">BHP</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capricorn_Energy" title="Capricorn Energy">Capricorn Energy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrica" title="Centrica">Centrica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana_Petroleum" title="Dana Petroleum">Dana Petroleum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Desire_Petroleum" title="Desire Petroleum">Desire Petroleum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Energy" title="Emerald Energy">Emerald Energy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnQuest" title="EnQuest">EnQuest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essar_Energy" title="Essar Energy">Essar Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbour_Energy" title="Harbour Energy">Harbour Energy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hardy_Oil_and_Gas" title="Hardy Oil and Gas">Hardy Oil and Gas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/JKX_Oil_%26_Gas" title="JKX Oil & Gas">JKX Oil & Gas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Melrose_Resources" title="Melrose Resources">Melrose Resources</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ophir_Energy" title="Ophir Energy">Ophir Energy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perenco" title="Perenco">Perenco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pharos_Energy" title="Pharos Energy">Pharos Energy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Regal_Petroleum" title="Regal Petroleum">Regal Petroleum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rockhopper_Exploration" title="Rockhopper Exploration">Rockhopper Exploration</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Energy" title="Star Energy">Star Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullow_Oil" title="Tullow Oil">Tullow Oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Supply</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenergy" title="Greenergy">Greenergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murco_Petroleum" title="Murco Petroleum">Murco Petroleum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot_Group" title="Abbot Group">Abbot Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amec_Foster_Wheeler" title="Amec Foster Wheeler">Amec Foster Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expro" title="Expro">Expro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_plc" title="Hunting plc">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wood_Group" title="John Wood Group">John Wood Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrofac" title="Petrofac">Petrofac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qserv" title="Qserv">Qserv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weir_Group" title="Weir Group">Weir Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WesternGeco" title="WesternGeco">WesternGeco</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Electric_power_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Electric power companies of the United Kingdom">Utilities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Integrated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrica" title="Centrica">Centrica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.ON_UK" title="E.ON UK">E.ON UK</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDF_Energy" title="EDF Energy">EDF Energy</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Npower_(United_Kingdom)" title="Npower (United Kingdom)">Npower</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScottishPower" title="ScottishPower">ScottishPower</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSE_plc" title="SSE plc">SSE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Generation<br />and supply</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Generation" title="Generation">Generation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drax_Group" title="Drax Group">Drax Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engie_Energy_International" title="Engie Energy International">Engie Energy International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizon_Nuclear_Power" title="Horizon Nuclear Power">Horizon Nuclear Power</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renantis" title="Renantis">Renantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattenfall_UK" title="Vattenfall UK">Vattenfall UK</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Resources" title="Vedanta Resources">Vedanta Resources</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Energy_supply" title="Energy supply">Supply</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/100Green" title="100Green">100Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Energy" title="Bristol Energy">Bristol Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-op_Energy" title="Co-op Energy">Co-op Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotricity" title="Ecotricity">Ecotricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESB_Group" title="ESB Group">ESB Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firmus_Energy" title="Firmus Energy">Firmus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Energy" title="Good Energy">Good Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_Energy" title="Octopus Energy">Octopus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Energy" title="Opus Energy">Opus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outfox_the_Market" title="Outfox the Market">Outfox the Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OVO_Energy" title="OVO Energy">OVO Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Natural_Gas" title="Phoenix Natural Gas">Phoenix Natural Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_Energy" title="Shell Energy">Shell Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies_Gas_%26_Power" title="TotalEnergies Gas & Power">TotalEnergies Gas & Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilita_Energy" title="Utilita Energy">Utilita Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_Warehouse" title="Utility Warehouse">Utility Warehouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">Distribution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Distribution_network_operator" title="Distribution network operator">Electricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_North_West" title="Electricity North West">Electricity North West</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Powergrid" title="Northern Powergrid">Northern Powergrid</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScottishPower#Energy_Networks" title="ScottishPower">SP Energy Networks</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSE_plc#Operations" title="SSE plc">SSE Power Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Power_Networks" title="UK Power Networks">UK Power Networks</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Power_Distribution" title="Western Power Distribution">Western Power Distribution</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Gas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadent_Gas" title="Cadent Gas">Cadent Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firmus_Energy" title="Firmus Energy">Firmus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Gas_Networks" title="Northern Gas Networks">Northern Gas Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Natural_Gas" title="Phoenix Natural Gas">Phoenix Natural Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SGN_(company)" title="SGN (company)">SGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_%26_West_Utilities" title="Wales & West Utilities">Wales & West Utilities</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Transmission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_(Great_Britain)" title="National Grid (Great Britain)">Electricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_plc" title="National Grid plc">National Grid</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSE_plc#Operations" title="SSE plc">Scottish Hydro Electric Transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScottishPower#Energy_Networks" title="ScottishPower">SP Energy Networks</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/National_Transmission_System" title="National Transmission System">Gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_plc" title="National Grid plc">National Grid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggreko" title="Aggreko">Aggreko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APX_Group" title="APX Group">APX Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquamarine_Power" title="Aquamarine Power">Aquamarine Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnServe" title="EnServe">EnServe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi-Gen_Power" title="Hi-Gen Power">Hi-Gen Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Group" title="Mark Group">Mark Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Downs_Deep_Geothermal_Power" title="United Downs Deep Geothermal Power">United Downs Deep Geothermal Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavegen" title="Wavegen">Wavegen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><small>Companies with headquarters and/or registered office in the UK but no applicable energy operations within the country shown in <i>italics</i> <sup>1</sup>Ultimate parent company is not UK-based <sup>2</sup>Integrated in the United States, no generation or supply activities in the UK</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Energy_sources" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Energy sources</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal Authority">Coal Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal-fired_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Coal-fired power stations in the United Kingdom">Coal-fired power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_mines_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Coal mines in the United Kingdom">Coal mines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_mining_regions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Coal mining regions in the United Kingdom">Coal mining regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_UK_Coal_Producers" title="Confederation of UK Coal Producers">Confederation of UK Coal Producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United Kingdom">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike" title="1984–1985 United Kingdom miners' strike">miners' strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coal_Board" title="National Coal Board">National Coal Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-pit_coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Open-pit coal mining in the United Kingdom">Open-pit coal mining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity sector in the United Kingdom">Electricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Electricity_Producers" title="Association of Electricity Producers">Association of Electricity Producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BritNed" title="BritNed">BritNed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Interconnector" title="East–West Interconnector">East–West Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_7" title="Economy 7">Economy 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_10" title="Economy 10">Economy 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_billing_in_the_UK" title="Electricity billing in the UK">Electricity billing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_switching_services_in_the_UK" title="Energy switching services in the UK">Energy switching services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_electricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Green electricity in the United Kingdom">Green electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_Trade_Master_Agreement" title="Grid Trade Master Agreement">Grid Trade Master Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gridlink_Interconnector" title="Gridlink Interconnector">Gridlink Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVDC_Cross-Channel" title="HVDC Cross-Channel">HVDC Cross-Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man_to_England_Interconnector" title="Isle of Man to England Interconnector">Isle of Man to England Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyle_Interconnector" title="Moyle Interconnector">Moyle Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_(Great_Britain)" title="National Grid (Great Britain)">National Grid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_the_National_Grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Control of the National Grid">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_Reserve_Service" title="National Grid Reserve Service">Reserve Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Electricity_Trading_Arrangements" title="New Electricity Trading Arrangements">New Electricity Trading Arrangements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Link" title="North Sea Link">North Sea Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Power stations in the United Kingdom">Power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_UK_electricity_supply_industry" title="Timeline of the UK electricity supply industry">Timeline of the electricity supply industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nuclear power in the United Kingdom">Nuclear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Gas-cooled_Reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor">Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-British_Nuclear_Forum" title="Franco-British Nuclear Forum">Franco-British Nuclear Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnox" title="Magnox">Magnox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Nuclear_Laboratory" title="National Nuclear Laboratory">National Nuclear Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Decommissioning_Authority" title="Nuclear Decommissioning Authority">Nuclear Decommissioning Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Liabilities_Fund" title="Nuclear Liabilities Fund">Nuclear Liabilities Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nuclear_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Nuclear power stations in the United Kingdom">Nuclear power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Nuclear_Regulation" title="Office for Nuclear Regulation">Office for Nuclear Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sellafield" title="Sellafield">Sellafield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Atomic_Energy_Authority" title="United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority">United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Oil and gas industry in the United Kingdom">Oil and gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBL_Pipeline" title="BBL Pipeline">BBL Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dash_for_Gas" title="Dash for Gas">Dash for Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forties_pipeline_system" title="Forties pipeline system">Forties pipeline system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_protests_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Fuel protests in the United Kingdom">Fuel protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_gas_infrastructure_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Natural gas infrastructure in the United Kingdom">Gas infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United Kingdom">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_Oil_Duty" title="Hydrocarbon Oil Duty">Hydrocarbon Oil Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Transmission_System" title="National Transmission System">National Transmission System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_gas_fields_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Natural gas fields in the United Kingdom">Natural gas fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_gas-fired_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Natural gas-fired power stations in the United Kingdom">Natural gas-fired power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Transition_Authority" title="North Sea Transition Authority">North Sea Transition Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_Energies_UK" title="Offshore Energies UK">Offshore Energies UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_fields_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Oil fields of the United Kingdom">Oil fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil-fired_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Oil-fired power stations in the United Kingdom">Oil-fired power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Petroleum_infrastructure_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Petroleum infrastructure in the United Kingdom">Oil infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_refineries_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Oil refineries in the United Kingdom">Oil refineries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_Revenue_Tax" title="Petroleum Revenue Tax">Petroleum Revenue Tax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Renewables</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Biofuel_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Biofuel in the United Kingdom">Biofuels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biofuel_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Biofuel power stations in the United Kingdom">Biofuel power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NNFCC" title="NNFCC">NNFCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Fuels_Agency" title="Renewable Fuels Agency">Renewable Fuels Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Transport_Fuel_Obligation" title="Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation">Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geothermal power in the United Kingdom">Geothermal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geothermal_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Geothermal power stations in the United Kingdom">Geothermal power stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Hydroelectricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Hydroelectricity in the United Kingdom">Hydroelectricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hydroelectric_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Hydroelectric power stations in the United Kingdom">Hydroelectric power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersey_Barrage" title="Mersey Barrage">Mersey Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severn_Barrage" title="Severn Barrage">Severn Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wave_farms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Wave farms in the United Kingdom">Wave farms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Solar power in the United Kingdom">Solar power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">Wind power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Offshore wind power in the United Kingdom">Offshore wind power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_offshore_wind_farms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of offshore wind farms in the United Kingdom">List of offshore wind farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_onshore_wind_farms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of onshore wind farms in the United Kingdom">List of onshore wind farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Seas_Energy_Cooperation" title="North Seas Energy Cooperation">North Seas Energy Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Scotland" title="Wind power in Scotland">Wind power in Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Government_and_regulation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Government and regulation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_Trust" title="Carbon Trust">Carbon Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenex" title="Cenex">Cenex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Committee" title="Climate Change Committee">Climate Change Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Energy_Security_and_Net_Zero" title="Department for Energy Security and Net Zero">Department for Energy Security and Net Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs">Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Saving_Trust" title="Energy Saving Trust">Energy Saving Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_Agency" title="Environment Agency">Environment Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Gas_and_Electricity_Markets" title="Office of Gas and Electricity Markets">Office of Gas and Electricity Markets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy policy of the United Kingdom">Legislation and<br />initiatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_Emission_Reduction_Target" title="Carbon Emission Reduction Target">Carbon Emission Reduction Target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Act_2008" title="Climate Change Act 2008">Climate Change Act 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Agreement_(UK)" title="Climate Change Agreement (UK)">Climate Change Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_and_Sustainable_Energy_Act_2006" title="Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006">Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Levy" title="Climate Change Levy">Climate Change Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRC_Energy_Efficiency_Scheme" title="CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme">CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decarbonisation_measures_in_proposed_UK_electricity_market_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Decarbonisation measures in proposed UK electricity market reform">Decarbonisation measures in proposed UK electricity market reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_Energy_Certificate" title="Display Energy Certificate">Display Energy Certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Act_2013" title="Energy Act 2013">Energy Act 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_performance_certificate" title="Energy performance certificate">Energy performance certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Fuel_Levy" title="Fossil Fuel Levy">Fossil Fuel Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Carbon_Building_Programme" title="Low Carbon Building Programme">Low Carbon Building Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Fossil_Fuel_Obligation" title="Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation">Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_Act_2008" title="Planning Act 2008">Planning Act 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Heat_Incentive" title="Renewable Heat Incentive">Renewable Heat Incentive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewables_Obligation_(United_Kingdom)" title="Renewables Obligation (United Kingdom)">Renewables Obligation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Climate_Change_Programme" title="United Kingdom Climate Change Programme">United Kingdom Climate Change Programme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-governmental_organisations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-governmental organisations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Charities and<br />pressure groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashden_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashden Award">Ashden Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioregional" title="Bioregional">Bioregional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_against_Climate_Change" title="Campaign against Climate Change">Campaign against Climate Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Alternative_Technology" title="Centre for Alternative Technology">Centre for Alternative Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Action" title="National Energy Action">National Energy Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Climate_Chaos" title="Stop Climate Chaos">Stop Climate Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyndall_Centre" title="Tyndall Centre">Tyndall Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Industry bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Decentralised_Energy" title="Association for Decentralised Energy">Association for Decentralised Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Institute" title="Energy Institute">Energy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Networks_Association_(United_Kingdom)" title="Energy Networks Association (United Kingdom)">Energy Networks Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Retail_Association" title="Energy Retail Association">Energy Retail Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Power_Forum" title="Green Power Forum">Green Power Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RenewableUK" title="RenewableUK">RenewableUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilities_Intermediaries_Association" title="Utilities Intermediaries Association">Utilities Intermediaries Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Renewable_Energy_Systems_Technology" title="Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology">Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Technologies_Institute" title="Energy Technologies Institute">Energy Technologies Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Met_Office_Hadley_Centre" title="Met Office Hadley Centre">Met Office Hadley Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narec" title="Narec">Narec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Depletion_Analysis_Centre" title="Oil Depletion Analysis Centre">Oil Depletion Analysis Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunbury_Research_Centre" title="Sunbury Research Centre">Sunbury Research Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Energy_Research_Centre" title="UK Energy Research Centre">UK Energy Research Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Energy_conservation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy conservation in the United Kingdom">Energy conservation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Conservation_of_Energy" title="Association for the Conservation of Energy">Association for the Conservation of Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Energy_Efficiency_Federation" title="British Energy Efficiency Federation">British Energy Efficiency Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_the_Door_campaign" title="Close the Door campaign">Close the Door campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_for_Sustainable_Homes" title="Code for Sustainable Homes">Code for Sustainable Homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Glazing_%26_Conservatory_Ombudsman_Scheme" title="Double Glazing & Conservatory Ombudsman Scheme">Double Glazing & Conservatory Ombudsman Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EcoHomes" title="EcoHomes">EcoHomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_efficiency_in_British_housing" title="Energy efficiency in British housing">Energy efficiency in British housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Saving_Trust" title="Energy Saving Trust">Energy Saving Trust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Saving_Trust_Recommended" title="Energy Saving Trust Recommended">Energy Saving Trust Recommended</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United Kingdom">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_loss_due_to_linear_thermal_bridging" title="Heat loss due to linear thermal bridging">HTB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Home_Energy_Rating" title="National Home Energy Rating">National Home Energy Rating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Energy in the United 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