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aria-controls="toc-Near_East-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Near East subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Near_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Near_East_Bronze_Age_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Near_East_Bronze_Age_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Near East Bronze Age divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Near_East_Bronze_Age_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatolia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatolia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Anatolia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anatolia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Bronze_dynasties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Bronze_dynasties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Early Bronze dynasties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Bronze_dynasties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nubia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nubia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Nubia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nubia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Bronze_dynasties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Bronze_dynasties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Middle Bronze dynasties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Bronze_dynasties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Bronze_dynasties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Bronze_dynasties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Late Bronze dynasties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Bronze_dynasties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iranian_plateau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iranian_plateau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Iranian plateau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iranian_plateau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mesopotamia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mesopotamia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Mesopotamia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mesopotamia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Asia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Asia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Central Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agropastoralism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agropastoralism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Agropastoralism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agropastoralism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bactria–Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bactria–Margiana_Archaeological_Complex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bactria–Margiana_Archaeological_Complex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seima-Turbino_phenomenon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seima-Turbino_phenomenon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Seima-Turbino phenomenon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seima-Turbino_phenomenon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indus_Valley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indus_Valley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Indus Valley</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indus_Valley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Europe subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Southeast_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Southeast Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aegean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aegean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Aegean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aegean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aegean_collapse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aegean_collapse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Aegean collapse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aegean_collapse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Central Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Southern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Western Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Great_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Great Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atlantic_Bronze_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atlantic_Bronze_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span>Atlantic Bronze Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atlantic_Bronze_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.3</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Northern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Eastern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caucasus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caucasus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Caucasus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caucasus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Africa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Africa subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sub-Saharan_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sub-Saharan_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Sub-Saharan Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sub-Saharan_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>West Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bronze Age</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 148 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-148" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">148 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronstydperk" title="Bronstydperk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bronstydperk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzezeit" title="Bronzezeit – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bronzezeit" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%93%E1%88%B5_%E1%8B%98%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95" title="ናስ ዘመን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ናስ ዘመን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="कांस्य युग – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कांस्य युग" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%8A" title="العصر البرونزي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العصر البرونزي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edat_de_Bronce" title="Edat de Bronce – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Edat de Bronce" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97" title="ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ব্ৰঞ্জ যুগ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed%C3%A1_del_bronce" title="Edá del bronce – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Edá del bronce" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuarepotiju%27at%C3%A3_%C3%81ra" title="Kuarepotiju'atã Ára – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kuarepotiju'atã Ára" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunc_d%C3%B6vr%C3%BC" title="Tunc dövrü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tunc dövrü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%A4%D9%86%D9%85%DB%8C" title="برونز دؤنمی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="برونز دؤنمی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97" title="ব্রোঞ্জ যুগ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্রোঞ্জ যুগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhe%E2%81%BF-t%C3%A2ng-kh%C3%AC_S%C3%AE-t%C4%81i" title="Chheⁿ-tâng-khì Sî-tāi – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chheⁿ-tâng-khì Sî-tāi" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Бронза быуаты – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бронза быуаты" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Бронзавы век – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бронзавы век" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Бронзавы век – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бронзавы век" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Бронзова епоха – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бронзова епоха" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzezeid" title="Bronzezeid – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bronzezeid" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9F%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ཟངས་ཆས་སྤྱོད་པའི་དུས་རབས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཟངས་ཆས་སྤྱོད་པའི་དུས་རབས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzano_doba" title="Bronzano doba – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bronzano doba" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oadvezh_an_arem" title="Oadvezh an arem – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Oadvezh an arem" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edat_del_bronze" title="Edat del bronze – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Edat del bronze" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0_%C4%95%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%80%C4%95" title="Бронза ĕмĕрĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бронза ĕмĕрĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doba_bronzov%C3%A1" title="Doba bronzová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Doba bronzová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zera_re_Ndarira" title="Zera re Ndarira – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Zera re Ndarira" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oes_yr_Efydd" title="Oes yr Efydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Oes yr Efydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzealder" title="Bronzealder – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bronzealder" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzezeit" title="Bronzezeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bronzezeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronksiaeg" title="Pronksiaeg – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pronksiaeg" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AE_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Εποχή του Χαλκού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εποχή του Χαλκού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edad_del_Bronce" title="Edad del Bronce – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edad del Bronce" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzepoko" title="Bronzepoko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bronzepoko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brontze_Aroa" title="Brontze Aroa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Brontze Aroa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B2" title="عصر برنز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عصر برنز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kans_Yug" title="Kans Yug – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Kans Yug" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82ge_du_bronze" title="Âge du bronze – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Âge du bronze" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BBnstiid" title="Brûnstiid – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Brûnstiid" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Chr%C3%A9-umhaois" title="An Chré-umhaois – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Chré-umhaois" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idade_de_Bronce" title="Idade de Bronce – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Idade de Bronce" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Геза зама – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Геза зама" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E9%8A%85%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="青銅器時代 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="青銅器時代" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%97" title="ताम्रपाशाणयूग – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="ताम्रपाशाणयूग" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%AD%EB%8F%99%EA%B8%B0_%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80" title="청동기 시대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="청동기 시대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamanin_Tagulla" title="Zamanin Tagulla – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Zamanin Tagulla" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A6%D5%AB_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Բրոնզի դար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բրոնզի դար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="कांस्य युग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कांस्य युग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bron%C4%8Dano_doba" title="Brončano doba – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Brončano doba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronz-epoko" title="Bronz-epoko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bronz-epoko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panawen_ti_Bronse" title="Panawen ti Bronse – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Panawen ti Bronse" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Perunggu" title="Zaman Perunggu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zaman Perunggu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brons%C3%B6ld" title="Bronsöld – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bronsöld" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A0_del_bronzo" title="Età del bronzo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Età del bronzo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%94" title="תקופת הברונזה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תקופת הברונזה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C9%A9nj%C9%A9n%C9%94%C9%94_yaa_p%CA%8Ar%C9%94nz%C9%A9_w%C9%9B%C9%9B_(Age_du_bronze)" title="Cɩnjɩnɔɔ yaa pʊrɔnzɩ wɛɛ (Age du bronze) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Cɩnjɩnɔɔ yaa pʊrɔnzɩ wɛɛ (Age du bronze)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ბრინჯაოს ხანა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბრინჯაოს ხანა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ep%C3%B2ka_bronz%C3%AB" title="Epòka bronzë – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Epòka bronzë" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%83%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96" title="Қола дәуірі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қола дәуірі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oos_brons" title="Oos brons – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Oos brons" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zama_za_Shaba" title="Zama za Shaba – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Zama za Shaba" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laj_di_bronz" title="Laj di bronz – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Laj di bronz" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serdema_bronz%C3%AE" title="Serdema bronzî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Serdema bronzî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83" title="Коло доору – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Коло доору" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A9_dl_Brom" title="Eté dl Brom – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Eté dl Brom" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%81%E2%80%8B%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87%E2%80%8B%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%87" title="ຍຸກທອງແດງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຍຸກທອງແດງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aetas_a%C3%ABnea" title="Aetas aënea – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aetas aënea" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzas_laikmets" title="Bronzas laikmets – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bronzas laikmets" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzos_am%C5%BEius" title="Bronzos amžius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bronzos amžius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A6_do_Br%C3%B3nzo" title="Etæ do Brónzo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Etæ do Brónzo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broonstied" title="Broonstied – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Broonstied" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eda_de_Bronze" title="Eda de Bronze – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Eda de Bronze" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ransu_cedra" title="ransu cedra – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="ransu cedra" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etaa_del_Bronz" title="Etaa del Bronz – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Etaa del Bronz" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzkor" title="Bronzkor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bronzkor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Бронзено време – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бронзено време" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andron%27_ny_Alimo" title="Andron' ny Alimo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Andron' ny Alimo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82" title="വെങ്കലയുഗം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വെങ്കലയുഗം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="ताम्र युग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ताम्र युग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ბრონზეშ ხანა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბრონზეშ ხანა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%89" title="عصر برونزى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عصر برونزى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Gangsa" title="Zaman Gangsa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zaman Gangsa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaman_Kanso" title="Zaman Kanso – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Zaman Kanso" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidade_de_l_Bronze" title="Eidade de l Bronze – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Eidade de l Bronze" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D2%AF%D0%B5" title="Хүрэл зэвсгийн үе – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хүрэл зэвсгийн үе" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ကြေးခေတ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကြေးခေတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronstijd" title="Bronstijd – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bronstijd" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronstied" title="Bronstied – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Bronstied" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="कँय्‌ युग – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कँय्‌ युग" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E9%8A%85%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="青銅器時代 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="青銅器時代" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Борзанан оьмар – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Борзанан оьмар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronsetidj" title="Bronsetidj – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bronsetidj" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronsealderen" title="Bronsealderen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bronsealderen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronsealderen" title="Bronsealderen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bronsealderen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edat_del_Bronze" title="Edat del Bronze – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Edat del Bronze" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jez_davri" title="Jez davri – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jez davri" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%97" title="ਕਾਂਸੀ ਯੁੱਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਂਸੀ ਯੁੱਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7" title="کانسی ویلا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کانسی ویلا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%81%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="တောင်ꩻခေတ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="တောင်ꩻခေတ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%88_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87" title="د برونزو دوره – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د برونزو دوره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branz_Iej" title="Branz Iej – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Branz Iej" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A0_d%C3%ABl_bronz" title="Età dël bronz – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Età dël bronz" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzetiet" title="Bronzetiet – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bronzetiet" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoka_br%C4%85zu" title="Epoka brązu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Epoka brązu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idade_do_Bronze" title="Idade do Bronze – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Idade do Bronze" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tun%C3%A7_devri" title="Tunç devri – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Tunç devri" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoca_Bronzului" title="Epoca Bronzului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Epoca Bronzului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temp_da_bronz" title="Temp da bronz – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Temp da bronz" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Бронзова доба – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Бронзова доба" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Бронзовый век – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бронзовый век" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D2%A5_%D2%AF%D0%B9%D1%8D" title="Чаҥ үйэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Чаҥ үйэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="कांस्ययुगम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कांस्ययुगम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%BD" title="ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱟᱸᱥᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edade_de_su_Brunzu" title="Edade de su Brunzu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Edade de su Brunzu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bronze Age" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronstied" title="Bronstied – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Bronstied" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koha_e_Bronzit" title="Koha e Bronzit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Koha e Bronzit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etati_d%C3%BB_brunzu" title="Etati dû brunzu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Etati dû brunzu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%A9_%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BA" title="ලෝකඩ යුගය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලෝකඩ යුගය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bronze Age" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzov%C3%A1_doba" title="Bronzová doba – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bronzová doba" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronasta_doba" title="Bronasta doba – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bronasta doba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%86%D8%B2" title="سەردەمی برۆنز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەردەمی برۆنز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Бронзано доба – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бронзано доба" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bron%C4%8Dano_doba" title="Brončano doba – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Brončano doba" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronssikausi" title="Pronssikausi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pronssikausi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brons%C3%A5ldern" title="Bronsåldern – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bronsåldern" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panahong_Bronse" title="Panahong Bronse – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Panahong Bronse" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வெண்கலக் காலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெண்கலக் காலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Бронза гасыр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бронза гасыр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82" title="కంచుయుగం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కంచుయుగం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C" title="ยุคสัมฤทธิ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุคสัมฤทธิ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D2%B7%D3%A3" title="Асри биринҷӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Асри биринҷӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tun%C3%A7_%C3%87a%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Tunç Çağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tunç Çağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCr%C3%BCn%C3%A7_asyry" title="Bürünç asyry – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Bürünç asyry" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Бронзова доба – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бронзова доба" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="برنجی دور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برنجی دور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinghdoengz_seizdaih" title="Cinghdoengz seizdaih – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Cinghdoengz seizdaih" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%A0_del_bronzo" title="Età del bronzo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Età del bronzo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronzaig" title="Bronzaig – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Bronzaig" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%9Di_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_%C4%91%E1%BB%93_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng" title="Thời đại đồ đồng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thời đại đồ đồng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronksiaig" title="Pronksiaig – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Pronksiaig" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E9%8A%85%E4%B8%96" title="青銅世 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="青銅世" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brounstyd" title="Brounstyd – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Brounstyd" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panahon_han_Bronse" title="Panahon han Bronse – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Panahon han Bronse" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E9%93%9C%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="青铜时代 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="青铜时代" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%96_%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%A2" title="בראנדז עפאכע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בראנדז עפאכע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E9%8A%85%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="青銅時代 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="青銅時代" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruonzas_gad%C4%ABn%C4%97" title="Bruonzas gadīnė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Bruonzas gadīnė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical period (c. 3300–1200 BC)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bronze Age (disambiguation)">Bronze Age (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlacaStandarte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/AlacaStandarte.jpg/220px-AlacaStandarte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/AlacaStandarte.jpg/330px-AlacaStandarte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/AlacaStandarte.jpg/440px-AlacaStandarte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3243" data-file-height="3381" /></a><figcaption>One of the <a href="/wiki/Alaca_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_bronze_standards" title="Alaca Höyük bronze standards">Alaca Höyük bronze standards</a> from a pre-Hittite tomb dating to the 3rd millennium BC, from the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations" title="Museum of Anatolian Civilizations">Museum of Anatolian Civilizations</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bronze Age</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> ↑ <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Africa, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Near East</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3300</span>–1200 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Levant">Levant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiroft_culture" title="Jiroft culture">Sistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">East Asia <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 3100–300 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Erlitou_culture" title="Erlitou culture">Erlitou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erligang_culture" title="Erligang culture">Erligang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jomon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majiayao_culture" title="Majiayao culture">Majiayao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumun_pottery_period" title="Mumun pottery period">Mumun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qijia_culture" title="Qijia culture">Qijia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siwa_culture" title="Siwa culture">Siwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wucheng_culture" title="Wucheng culture">Wucheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xindian_culture" title="Xindian culture">Xindian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yueshi_culture" title="Yueshi culture">Yueshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanxingdui" title="Sanxingdui">Sanxingdui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Eurasia and Siberia <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 2700–700 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Poltavka_culture" title="Poltavka culture">Poltavka culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mezhovskaya_culture" title="Mezhovskaya culture">Mezhovskaya culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherkaskul_culture" title="Cherkaskul culture">Cherkaskul culture</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Europe</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 3200–900 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean Bronze Age">Aegean</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proto-Villanovan_culture" title="Proto-Villanovan culture">Proto-Villanovan culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argaric_culture" title="Argaric culture">Argaric culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bronze_Age" title="Atlantic Bronze Age">Atlantic Bronze Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" title="Bronze Age Britain">Bronze Age Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">Indian subcontinent</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 3300–1200 BC)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">Bronze Age India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ochre_Coloured_Pottery_culture" title="Ochre Coloured Pottery culture">Ochre Coloured Pottery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cemetery_H_culture" title="Cemetery H culture">Cemetery H</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Arsenical_bronze" title="Arsenical bronze">Arsenical bronze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age writing">writing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_sword" title="Bronze Age sword">Sword</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">Chariot</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;"> ↓ <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bronze_Age" title="Template:Bronze Age"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bronze_Age" title="Template talk:Bronze Age"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bronze_Age" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bronze Age"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">History of technology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By technological eras</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Premodern / <a href="/wiki/Pre-industrial_society" title="Pre-industrial society">Pre-industrial</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">lithic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Copper Age</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_technology" title="Ancient technology">Ancient</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Modern</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-industrialization" title="Proto-industrialization">Proto-industrialization</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">First Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">Standardization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_Age" title="Machine Age">Machine Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_Age" title="Atomic Age">Atomic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_Age" title="Jet Age">Jet Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Age" title="Space Age">Space Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Revolution">Third Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_transformation" title="Digital transformation">Digital transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Industrial_Revolution" title="Fourth Industrial Revolution">Fourth Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagination_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Imagination age">Imagination Age</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Future</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-industrial_society" title="Post-industrial society">Post-industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_technologies" title="Emerging technologies">Emerging technologies</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By historical regions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Africa" title="History of science and technology in Africa">Ancient Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology" title="Ancient Egyptian technology">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_China" title="History of science and technology in China">Ancient China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Hellenistic world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman technology">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_inventions" title="List of Byzantine inventions">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_technology" title="Medieval technology">Medieval Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_technology" title="Renaissance technology">Renaissance Europe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">By type of technology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biotechnology" title="History of biotechnology">History of biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communication" title="History of communication">History of communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computer_hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="History of computer hardware">History of computer hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering#History" title="Electrical engineering">History of electrical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="History of manufacturing">History of manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history" title="Maritime history">History of maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_materials_science" title="History of materials science">History of materials science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_measurement" title="History of measurement">History of measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">History of medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_machine" title="Simple machine">History of simple machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_technology#History" title="Nuclear technology">History of nuclear technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_transport" title="History of transport">History of transport</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Technology timelines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions" title="Timeline of historic inventions">Timeline of historic inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_revolution" title="Technological revolution">Technological revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Technology_timelines" title="Category:Technology timelines">Complete list by category</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Article indices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_technology" title="Outline of technology">Outline of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline of prehistoric technology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_technology_sidebar" title="Template:History of technology sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_technology_sidebar" title="Template talk:History of technology sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_technology_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of technology sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Bronze Age</b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3300</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200 BC</span>) was a historical period characterised principally by the use of <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> tools and the development of complex urban societies, as well as the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">writing</a> in some areas. The Bronze Age is the middle principal period of the <a href="/wiki/Three-age_system" title="Three-age system">three-age system</a>, following the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> and preceding the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conceived as a global era, the Bronze Age follows the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>, with a transition period between the two known as the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a>. The final decades of the Bronze Age in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean basin</a> are often characterised as a period of widespread <a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">societal collapse</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1150 BC</span>), although its severity and scope is debated among scholars. </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Ancient_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient civilisation">ancient civilisation</a> is deemed to be part of the Bronze Age if it either produced bronze by <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a> its own copper and <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloying</a> it with <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, or other metals, or traded other items for bronze from producing areas elsewhere. Bronze Age cultures were the first to <a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">develop writing</a>. According to archaeological evidence, cultures in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, which used <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> script, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a>, which used <a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphs">hieroglyphs</a>, developed the earliest practical writing systems. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metal_use">Metal use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Metal use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tin_sources_and_trade_during_antiquity" title="Tin sources and trade during antiquity">Tin sources and trade during antiquity</a></div><p> Bronze Age civilisations gained a technological advantage due to bronze's harder and more durable properties than other metals available at the time. While terrestrial iron is naturally abundant, the higher temperature required for smelting, 1,250 °C (2,280 °F), in addition to the greater difficulty of working with it, placed it out of reach of common use until the end of the 2nd millennium BC.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Tin's lower melting point of 232 °C (450 °F) and copper's moderate melting point of 1,085 °C (1,985 °F) placed both these metals within the capabilities of Neolithic pottery <a href="/wiki/Kiln" title="Kiln">kilns</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which date to 6000 BC and were able to produce temperatures of at least 900 °C (1,650 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Copper and tin ores are rare since there were no tin bronzes in West Asia before trading in bronze began in the 3rd millennium BC.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metallurgical_diffusion.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Metallurgical_diffusion.svg/330px-Metallurgical_diffusion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Metallurgical_diffusion.svg/495px-Metallurgical_diffusion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Metallurgical_diffusion.svg/660px-Metallurgical_diffusion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2225" data-file-height="1475" /></a><figcaption>Diffusion of <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a> in Europe and <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>—the darkest areas are the oldest.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Bronze Age is characterised by the widespread use of <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>, though the introduction and development of bronze technology were not universally synchronous.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tin bronze technology requires systematic techniques: tin must be mined (mainly as the tin ore <a href="/wiki/Cassiterite" title="Cassiterite">cassiterite</a>) and smelted separately, then added to hot copper to make bronze alloy. The Bronze Age was a time of extensive use of metals and the development of trade networks. A 2013 report suggests that the earliest tin-alloy bronze was a <a href="/wiki/Foil_(metal)" title="Foil (metal)">foil</a> dated to the mid-5th millennium BC from a <a href="/wiki/Vin%C4%8Da_culture" title="Vinča culture">Vinča culture</a> site in <a href="/wiki/Plo%C4%8Dnik_(archaeological_site)" title="Pločnik (archaeological site)">Pločnik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, although this culture is not conventionally considered part of the Bronze Age;<sup id="cite_ref-Radivojevic2013_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radivojevic2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the dating of the foil has been disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Near_East">Near East</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Near East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a></div> <p>West Asia and the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> were the first regions to enter the Bronze Age, beginning with the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> civilisation of <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a> in the mid-4th millennium BC. Cultures in the ancient Near East practised intensive year-round agriculture; developed <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a>; invented the <a href="/wiki/Potter%27s_wheel" title="Potter's wheel">potter's wheel</a>, created <a href="/wiki/Centralised_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralised government">centralised governments</a> (usually in the form of <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary monarchies">hereditary monarchies</a>), formulated written law codes, developed <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a>, nation-states and empires; embarked on advanced architectural projects; and introduced <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social stratification</a>, economic and civil administration, <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>, and practised organised warfare, medicine, and religion. Societies in the region laid the foundations for <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, mathematics, and <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Periodization"></span> </p><p>The following dates are approximate. </p> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_oxubc94zsnifjdcmsiquv9oq1proaa3"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/New_Kingdom" coords="644,77,741,98" title="New Kingdom" alt="New Kingdom" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" coords="473,77,587,98" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt" alt="Middle Kingdom of Egypt" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom" coords="319,77,416,98" title="Old Kingdom" alt="Old Kingdom" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_of_Egypt" coords="212,77,287,98" title="Early Dynastic Period of Egypt" alt="Early Dynastic Period of Egypt" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Protodynastic" coords="123,77,231,98" title="Protodynastic" alt="Protodynastic" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" coords="401,67,509,88" title="Ancient Egypt" alt="Ancient Egypt" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Kassites" coords="627,53,707,73" title="Kassites" alt="Kassites" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Babylonia" coords="494,53,580,73" title="Babylonia" alt="Babylonia" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Assyria" coords="493,43,568,63" title="Assyria" alt="Assyria" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" coords="453,53,500,73" title="Third Dynasty of Ur" alt="Third Dynasty of Ur" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Akkadia" coords="378,53,453,73" title="Akkadia" alt="Akkadia" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Sumerian_city%2Dstates" coords="240,53,388,73" title="Sumerian city-states" alt="Sumerian city-states" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" coords="357,18,487,38" title="Ancient Near East" alt="Ancient Near East" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_oxubc94zsnifjdcmsiquv9oq1proaa3" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/oxubc94zsnifjdcmsiquv9oq1proaa3.png" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Near_East_Bronze_Age_divisions">Near East Bronze Age divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Near East Bronze Age divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bronze Age in the Near East can be divided into Early, Middle and Late periods. The dates and phases below apply solely to the Near East, not universally.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some archaeologists propose a "high chronology", which extends periods such as the Intermediate Bronze Age by 300 to 500–600 years, based on material analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Levant" title="Southern Levant">southern Levant</a> in cities such as <a href="/wiki/Tel_Hazor" title="Tel Hazor">Hazor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an" title="Beit She'an">Beit She'an</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Early Bronze Age (EBA): 3300–2100 BC <ul><li>3300–3000: EBA I</li> <li>3000–2700: EBA II</li> <li>2700–2200: EBA III</li> <li>2200–2100: EBA IV</li></ul></li> <li>Middle Bronze Age (MBA) or Intermediate Bronze Age (IBA): 2100–1550 BC <ul><li>2100–2000: MBA I</li> <li>2000–1750: MBA II A</li> <li>1750–1650: MBA II B</li> <li>1650–1550: MBA II C</li></ul></li> <li>Late Bronze Age (LBA): 1550–1200 BC <ul><li>1550–1400: LBA I</li> <li>1400–1300: LBA II A</li> <li>1300–1200: LBA II B (<a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_6d96vlgd2lsd9fn69ai6pcs1ku1smns"></map><img usemap="#timeline_6d96vlgd2lsd9fn69ai6pcs1ku1smns" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/6d96vlgd2lsd9fn69ai6pcs1ku1smns.png" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anatolia">Anatolia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Anatolia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Anatolia#Bronze_Age" title="Prehistory of Anatolia">Prehistory of Anatolia § Bronze Age</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hattusa_Bronze_Tablet_Cuneiform.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hattusa_Bronze_Tablet_Cuneiform.JPG/170px-Hattusa_Bronze_Tablet_Cuneiform.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hattusa_Bronze_Tablet_Cuneiform.JPG/255px-Hattusa_Bronze_Tablet_Cuneiform.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hattusa_Bronze_Tablet_Cuneiform.JPG/340px-Hattusa_Bronze_Tablet_Cuneiform.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Hittite bronze tablet from Çorum-Boğazköy dating from 1235 BC, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations" title="Museum of Anatolian Civilizations">Museum of Anatolian Civilizations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hittite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite Empire">Hittite Empire</a> was established during the 18th century BC in <a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Hattusa</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. At its height in the 14th century BC, the Hittite Kingdom encompassed central Anatolia, southwestern Syria as far as <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a>, and upper <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. After 1180 BC, amid general turmoil in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, which is conjectured to have been associated with the sudden arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the kingdom disintegrated into several independent "Neo-Hittite" city-states, some of which survived into the 8th century BC. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arzawa" title="Arzawa">Arzawa</a>, in Western Anatolia, during the second half of the 2nd millennium BC, likely extended along southern Anatolia in a belt from near the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Lakes_region" title="Turkish Lakes region">Turkish Lakes region</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a> coast. <a href="/wiki/Arzawa" title="Arzawa">Arzawa</a> was the western neighbour of the Middle and New <a href="/wiki/Hittite_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite Kingdom">Hittite Kingdoms</a>, at times a rival and, at other times, a vassal. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Assuwa_league" class="mw-redirect" title="Assuwa league">Assuwa league</a> was a confederation of states in western Anatolia defeated by the Hittites under the earlier <a href="/wiki/Tudhaliya_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudhaliya I">Tudhaliya I</a> <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1400 BC</span>. Arzawa has been associated with the more obscure <a href="/wiki/Assuwa" title="Assuwa">Assuwa</a> generally located to its north. It probably bordered it, and may have been an alternative term for it during some periods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Bronze_dynasties">Early Bronze dynasties</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early Bronze dynasties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt,_New_Kingdom,_Dynasty_18_-_Caryatid_Mirror_-_1983.196_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Egypt%2C_New_Kingdom%2C_Dynasty_18_-_Caryatid_Mirror_-_1983.196_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Egypt%2C_New_Kingdom%2C_Dynasty_18_-_Caryatid_Mirror_-_1983.196_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Egypt%2C_New_Kingdom%2C_Dynasty_18_-_Caryatid_Mirror_-_1983.196_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-255px-Egypt%2C_New_Kingdom%2C_Dynasty_18_-_Caryatid_Mirror_-_1983.196_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Egypt%2C_New_Kingdom%2C_Dynasty_18_-_Caryatid_Mirror_-_1983.196_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-340px-Egypt%2C_New_Kingdom%2C_Dynasty_18_-_Caryatid_Mirror_-_1983.196_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3354" data-file-height="5549" /></a><figcaption>Bronze mirror with a female human figure at the base, <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a> (1540–1296 BC)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thutmose_III_sphinx_E10897-Louvre_042005_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Thutmose_III_sphinx_E10897-Louvre_042005_06.jpg/170px-Thutmose_III_sphinx_E10897-Louvre_042005_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Thutmose_III_sphinx_E10897-Louvre_042005_06.jpg/255px-Thutmose_III_sphinx_E10897-Louvre_042005_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Thutmose_III_sphinx_E10897-Louvre_042005_06.jpg/340px-Thutmose_III_sphinx_E10897-Louvre_042005_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="858" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>Sphinx-lion of <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a> (1479–1425 BC)</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, the Bronze Age began in the <a href="/wiki/Protodynastic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Protodynastic Period">Protodynastic Period</a> <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3150 BC</span>. The archaic <i>Early Bronze Age of Egypt</i>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Dynastic Period of Egypt">Early Dynastic Period of Egypt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Karin_Sowada_and_Peter_Grave_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karin_Sowada_and_Peter_Grave-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> immediately followed the unification of Lower and Upper Egypt, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3100 BC</span>. It is generally taken to include the <a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">Second</a> dynasties, lasting from the Protodynastic Period until <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2686 BC</span>, or the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Kingdom">Old Kingdom</a>. With the First Dynasty, the capital moved from <a href="/wiki/Abydos,_Egypt" title="Abydos, Egypt">Abydos</a> to Memphis with a unified Egypt ruled by an Egyptian god-king. Abydos remained the major holy land in the south. The hallmarks of ancient Egyptian civilisation, such as art, architecture and religion, took shape in the Early Dynastic Period. <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a>, in the Early Bronze Age, was the largest city of the time. The Old Kingdom of the regional Bronze Age<sup id="cite_ref-Karin_Sowada_and_Peter_Grave_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karin_Sowada_and_Peter_Grave-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the name given to the period in the 3rd millennium BC when Egyptian civilisation attained its first continuous peak of complexity and achievement—the first of three "Kingdom" periods which marked the high points of civilisation in the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Egypt#Nile_Valley_and_Delta" title="Geography of Egypt">lower Nile Valley</a> (the others being the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="New Kingdom">New Kingdom</a>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period of Egypt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often described as a "dark period" in ancient Egyptian history, spanned about 100 years after the end of the Old Kingdom from about 2181 to 2055 BC. Very little monumental evidence survives from this period, especially from the early part of it. The First Intermediate Period was a dynamic time when the rule of Egypt was roughly divided between two areas: <a href="/wiki/Heracleopolis_Magna" title="Heracleopolis Magna">Heracleopolis</a> in Lower Egypt and <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a> in Upper Egypt. These two kingdoms eventually came into conflict, and the Theban kings conquered the north, reunifying Egypt under a single ruler during the second part of the <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleventh Dynasty">Eleventh Dynasty</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nubia">Nubia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nubia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bronze Age in <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a> started as early as 2300 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Childs1993_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Childs1993-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Egyptians introduced copper smelting to the Nubian city of <a href="/wiki/Mero%C3%AB" title="Meroë">Meroë</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2600 BC</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller1994_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller1994-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A furnace for bronze casting found in <a href="/wiki/Kerma" title="Kerma">Kerma</a> has been dated to 2300–1900 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Childs1993_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Childs1993-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_Bronze_dynasties">Middle Bronze dynasties</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Middle Bronze dynasties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom of Egypt</a> spanned between 2055 and 1650 BC. During this period, the Osiris funerary cult rose to dominate popular <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Ancient Egyptian religion</a>. The period comprises two phases: the Eleventh Dynasty, which ruled from Thebes, and the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">Twelfth</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Thirteenth</a> dynasties, centred on <a href="/wiki/El-Lisht" class="mw-redirect" title="El-Lisht">el-Lisht</a>. The unified kingdom was previously considered to comprise the Eleventh and Twelfth Dynasties, but historians now consider part of the Thirteenth Dynasty to have belonged to the Middle Kingdom. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Intermediate Period">Second Intermediate Period</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient Egypt fell into disarray a second time between the end of the Middle Kingdom and the start of the New Kingdom, best known for the <a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a>, whose reign comprised the <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Fifteenth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixteenth</a> dynasties. The Hyksos first appeared in Egypt during the Eleventh Dynasty, began their climb to power in the Thirteenth Dynasty, and emerged from the Second Intermediate Period in control of <a href="/wiki/Avaris" title="Avaris">Avaris</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Delta" title="Nile Delta">Nile Delta</a>. By the Fifteenth Dynasty, they ruled lower Egypt. They were expelled at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventeenth Dynasty">Seventeenth Dynasty</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_Bronze_dynasties">Late Bronze dynasties</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Late Bronze dynasties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a>, also referred to as the Egyptian Empire, existed during the 16th–11th centuries BC. The New Kingdom followed the Second Intermediate Period and was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Intermediate Period">Third Intermediate Period</a>. It was Egypt's most prosperous time and marked the peak of Egypt's power. The later New Kingdom, comprising the <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Nineteenth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">Twentieth</a> dynasties (1292–1069 BC), is also known as the <a href="/wiki/Ramesside_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramesside period">Ramesside period</a>, after the eleven pharaohs who took the name of Ramesses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iranian_plateau">Iranian plateau</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Iranian plateau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elam_cool.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Elam_cool.jpg/180px-Elam_cool.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Elam_cool.jpg/270px-Elam_cool.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Elam_cool.jpg/360px-Elam_cool.jpg 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Late 3rd-millennium BC silver cup from Marvdasht, <a href="/wiki/Fars_province" title="Fars province">Fars</a>, with linear-Elamite inscription</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> was a pre-Iranian ancient civilisation located east of Mesopotamia. In the Middle Bronze Age, Elam consisted of kingdoms on the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a>, centred in <a href="/wiki/Anshan_(Persia)" title="Anshan (Persia)">Anshan</a>. From the mid-2nd millennium BC, Elam was centred in <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan">Khuzestan</a> lowlands. Its culture played a crucial role in both the <a href="/wiki/Gutian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutian Empire">Gutian Empire</a> and the Iranian <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">Achaemenid dynasty</a> that succeeded it. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Oxus civilisation</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a Bronze Age Central Asian culture dated <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2300–1700 BC</span> and centred on the upper <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Amu Darya</a> (<abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr>). In the Early Bronze Age, the culture of the <a href="/wiki/Kopet_Dag" title="Kopet Dag">Kopet Dag</a> oases and <a href="/wiki/Altyndepe" title="Altyndepe">Altyndepe</a> developed a proto-urban society. This corresponds to level IV at <a href="/wiki/Namazga-Tepe" title="Namazga-Tepe">Namazga-Tepe</a>. Altyndepe was a major centre even then. Pottery was wheel-turned. Grapes were grown. The height of this urban development was reached in the Middle Bronze Age <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2300 BC</span>, corresponding to level V at Namazga-Depe.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Bronze Age culture is called the <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kulli_culture" title="Kulli culture">Kulli culture</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> similar to that of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a>, was located in southern <a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a> (Gedrosia) <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2500–2000 BC</span>. The economy was agricultural. Dams were found in several places, providing evidence for a highly developed water management system. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlorite_object_Jiroft,_Kerman_ca._2500_BCE,_Bronze_Age_I,_National_Museum_of_Iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Chlorite_object_Jiroft%2C_Kerman_ca._2500_BCE%2C_Bronze_Age_I%2C_National_Museum_of_Iran.jpg/220px-Chlorite_object_Jiroft%2C_Kerman_ca._2500_BCE%2C_Bronze_Age_I%2C_National_Museum_of_Iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Chlorite_object_Jiroft%2C_Kerman_ca._2500_BCE%2C_Bronze_Age_I%2C_National_Museum_of_Iran.jpg/330px-Chlorite_object_Jiroft%2C_Kerman_ca._2500_BCE%2C_Bronze_Age_I%2C_National_Museum_of_Iran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Chlorite_object_Jiroft%2C_Kerman_ca._2500_BCE%2C_Bronze_Age_I%2C_National_Museum_of_Iran.jpg/440px-Chlorite_object_Jiroft%2C_Kerman_ca._2500_BCE%2C_Bronze_Age_I%2C_National_Museum_of_Iran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Animals" title="Master of Animals">Master of Animals</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chlorite_group" title="Chlorite group">chlorite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiroft_culture" title="Jiroft culture">Jiroft culture</a>, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2500 BC</span>, Bronze Age I, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iran" title="National Museum of Iran">National Museum of Iran</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Konar_Sandal" title="Konar Sandal">Konar Sandal</a> is associated with the hypothesized <a href="/wiki/Jiroft_culture" title="Jiroft culture">Jiroft culture</a>, a 3rd-millennium BC culture postulated based on a collection of artefacts confiscated in 2001. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Levant">Levant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TimnaChalcolithicMine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/TimnaChalcolithicMine.JPG/220px-TimnaChalcolithicMine.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/TimnaChalcolithicMine.JPG/330px-TimnaChalcolithicMine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/TimnaChalcolithicMine.JPG/440px-TimnaChalcolithicMine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Chalcolithic copper mine in the <a href="/wiki/Timna_Valley" title="Timna Valley">Timna Valley</a>, Negev Desert, Israel</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_ancient_Levant#Bronze_Age" title="History of the ancient Levant">History of the ancient Levant § Bronze Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Levant" title="Prehistory of the Levant">Prehistory of the Levant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(Levant)" title="List of archaeological periods (Levant)">List of archaeological periods (Levant)</a></div> <p>In modern scholarship, the chronology of the Bronze Age Levant is divided into: </p> <ul><li>Early Syrian, or Proto Syrian – corresponding to the Early Bronze Age</li> <li>Old Syrian – corresponding to the Middle Bronze Age</li> <li>Middle Syrian – corresponding to the Late Bronze Age</li></ul> <p>The term <i>Neo-Syria</i> is used to designate the early <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The old Syrian period was dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Ebla#First_kingdom" title="Ebla">Eblaite first kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tell_Brak#Kingdom_of_Nagar" title="Tell Brak">Nagar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/The_second_kingdom_of_Mari" class="mw-redirect" title="The second kingdom of Mari">Mariote second kingdom</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Akkadians" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadians">Akkadians</a> conquered large areas of the Levant and were followed by the <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorite kingdoms</a>, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000–1600 BC</span>, which arose in <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria#The_Lim_dynasty" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 15th century BC onward, the term <a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amurru</a> is usually applied to the region extending north of <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> as far as <a href="/wiki/Kadesh_(Syria)" title="Kadesh (Syria)">Kadesh</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes River</a>. </p><p>The earliest-known contact of <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a> with Egypt (and the first exact dating of Ugaritic civilisation) comes from a <a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">carnelian</a> bead identified with the Middle Kingdom pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a>, whose reign is dated to 1971–1926 BC. A <a href="/wiki/Stela" class="mw-redirect" title="Stela">stela</a> and a statuette of the Egyptian pharaohs <a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amenemhet_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenemhet III">Amenemhet III</a> have also been found. However, it is unclear when they first arrived at Ugarit. In the <a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a>, messages from Ugarit <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1350 BC</span> written by <a href="/wiki/Ammittamru_I" title="Ammittamru I">Ammittamru I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niqmaddu_II" title="Niqmaddu II">Niqmaddu II</a>, and his queen have been discovered. From the 16th to the 13th century BC, Ugarit remained in constant contact with Egypt and Cyprus (<a href="/wiki/Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Alashiya</a>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> was a loosely organised state in northern Syria and south-east Anatolia, emerging <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500–1300 BC</span>. Founded by an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a> ruling class that governed a predominantly <a href="/wiki/Hurrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurrian">Hurrian</a> population, Mitanni came to be a regional power after the Hittite destruction of <a href="/wiki/Kassite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kassite">Kassite</a> Babylon created a power vacuum in Mesopotamia. At its beginning, Mitanni's major rival was Egypt under the <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Thutmosids</a>. However, with the ascent of the Hittite empire, Mitanni and Egypt allied to protect their mutual interests from the threat of Hittite domination. At the height of its power during the 14th century BC, Mitanni had outposts centred on its capital, <a href="/wiki/Washukanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Washukanni">Washukanni</a>, which archaeologists have located on the headwaters of the <a href="/wiki/Khabur_(Euphrates)" title="Khabur (Euphrates)">Khabur River</a>. Eventually, Mitanni succumbed to the Hittites and later <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> attacks, eventually being reduced to a province of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> were an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic-speaking_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Semitic-speaking people">ancient Semitic-speaking people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a> who inhabited part of Canaan during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">tribal and monarchic periods</a> (15th–6th centuries BC),<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and lived in the region in smaller numbers after the fall of the monarchy. The name "Israel" first appears <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1209 BC</span>, at the end of the Late Bronze Age and the very beginning of the Iron Age, on the <a href="/wiki/Merneptah_Stele" title="Merneptah Stele">Merneptah Stele</a> raised by the Egyptian pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a> were a Northwest Semitic semi-nomadic <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoral</a> people who originated in what is now modern Syria (Biblical <a href="/wiki/Aram_(region)" title="Aram (region)">Aram</a>) during the Late Bronze and early Iron Age. Large groups migrated to Mesopotamia, where they intermingled with the native Akkadian (Assyrian and Babylonian) population. The Aramaeans never had a unified empire; they were divided into independent kingdoms all across the Near East. After the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age</a> collapse, their political influence was confined to Syro-Hittite states, which were entirely absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> by the 8th century BC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mesopotamia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia" title="History of Mesopotamia">History of Mesopotamia</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian Bronze Age</a> began <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3500 BC</span> and ended with the <a href="/wiki/Kassite" class="mw-redirect" title="Kassite">Kassite</a> period <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1155 BC</span>). The usual tripartite division into an Early, Middle and Late Bronze Age is not used in the context of Mesopotamia. Instead, a division primarily based on art and historical characteristics is more common. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities of the Ancient Near East">cities of the Ancient Near East</a> housed several tens of thousands of people. <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a> in the Middle Bronze Age and <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calah" class="mw-redirect" title="Calah">Calah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a> in the Late Bronze Age similarly had large populations. The <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a> (2335–2154 BC) became the dominant power in the region. After its fall, the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerians</a> enjoyed a renaissance with the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Sumerian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Sumerian Empire">Neo-Sumerian Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Assyrian Empire">Old Assyrian Empire</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800–1600 BC</span>), became a regional power under the <a href="/wiki/Amorite" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorite">Amorite</a> king <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_I" title="Shamshi-Adad I">Shamshi-Adad I</a>. The earliest mention of Babylon (then a small administrative town) appears on a tablet from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a> in the 23rd century BC. The Amorite dynasty established the city-state of Babylon in the 19th century BC. Over a century later, it briefly took over the other city-states and formed the short-lived First Babylonian Empire during what is also called the <a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Babylonian Period">Old Babylonian Period</a>. </p><p>Akkad, Assyria, and Babylonia used the written East Semitic <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian language</a> for official use and as a spoken language. By that time, the Sumerian language was no longer spoken, but was still in religious use in Assyria and Babylonia, and would remain so until the 1st century AD. The <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a> and Sumerian traditions played a major role in later Assyrian and Babylonian culture. Despite this, Babylonia, unlike the more militarily powerful Assyria, was founded by non-native Amorites and often ruled by other non-indigenous peoples such as the <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aramaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaeans">Aramaeans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldeans</a>, as well as by its Assyrian neighbours. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asia">Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_in_2000_BC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/World_in_2000_BC.svg/350px-World_in_2000_BC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/World_in_2000_BC.svg/525px-World_in_2000_BC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/World_in_2000_BC.svg/700px-World_in_2000_BC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="2234" /></a><figcaption>Political boundaries in 2000 BC</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Asia">Central Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Central Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agropastoralism">Agropastoralism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Agropastoralism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For many decades, scholars made superficial reference to Central Asia as the "pastoral realm" or alternatively, the "nomadic world", in what researchers call the "Central Asian void": a 5,000-year span that was neglected in studies of the origins of agriculture. Foothill regions and glacial melt streams supported Bronze Age agro-pastoralists who developed complex east–west trade routes between Central Asia and China that introduced wheat and <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> to China and <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a> to Central Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bactria–Margiana_Archaeological_Complex"><span id="Bactria.E2.80.93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex"></span>Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a> (BMAC), also known as the Oxus civilisation, was a Bronze Age civilisation in Central Asia, dated <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2400</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600 BC</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> located in present-day northern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, centred on the upper <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Amu Darya</a> (Oxus River). Its sites were discovered and named by the Soviet archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Sarianidi" title="Viktor Sarianidi">Viktor Sarianidi</a> (1976). <a href="/wiki/Bactria" title="Bactria">Bactria</a> was the Greek name for the area of <a href="/wiki/Bactra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bactra">Bactra</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>), in what is now northern Afghanistan, and <a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Margiana</a> was the Greek name for the Persian <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satrapy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Margiana" title="Margiana">Marguš</a>, the capital of which was <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a> in present-day Turkmenistan. </p><p>A wealth of information indicates that the BMAC had close international relations with the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a>, and possibly even indirectly with Mesopotamia. All civilisations were familiar with <a href="/wiki/Lost_wax_casting" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost wax casting">lost wax casting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2019 study,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the BMAC was not a primary contributor to later South-Asian genetics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seima-Turbino_phenomenon">Seima-Turbino phenomenon</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Seima-Turbino phenomenon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seima-Turbino_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Seima-Turbino phenomenon">Seima-Turbino phenomenon</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a>, in what is now southern Russia and central <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, have been identified as the point of origin of a cultural enigma termed the <a href="/wiki/Seima-Turbino_Phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Seima-Turbino Phenomenon">Seima-Turbino Phenomenon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Keys2009_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keys2009-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is conjectured that changes in climate in this region <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000 BC</span>}}, and the ensuing ecological, economic, and political changes, triggered a rapid and massive migration westward into northeast Europe, eastward into China, and southward into Vietnam and Thailand<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> across a frontier of some 4,000 mi (6,000 km).<sup id="cite_ref-Keys2009_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keys2009-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This migration took place in just five to six generations and led to peoples from Finland in the west to Thailand in the east employing the same metalworking technology and, in some areas, horse breeding and riding.<sup id="cite_ref-Keys2009_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keys2009-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, recent genetic testings of sites in south Siberia and <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Andronovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Andronovo">Andronovo</a> horizon) would rather support spreading of the bronze technology via <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a> eastwards, as this technology had been well known for quite a while in western regions.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is further conjectured that the same migrations spread the <a href="/wiki/Uralic" class="mw-redirect" title="Uralic">Uralic</a> group of languages across Europe and Asia, with extant members of the family including <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Keys2009_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keys2009-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Erlitou_culture" title="Erlitou culture">Erlitou culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanxingdui" title="Sanxingdui">Sanxingdui</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Xiajiadian_culture" title="Lower Xiajiadian culture">Lower Xiajiadian culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gefuding_Gui.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Gefuding_Gui.jpg/220px-Gefuding_Gui.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Gefuding_Gui.jpg/330px-Gefuding_Gui.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Gefuding_Gui.jpg/440px-Gefuding_Gui.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> two-handled bronze <i>gefuding gui</i> (1600–1046 BC)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pu_with_openwork_interlaced_dragons_design.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Pu_with_openwork_interlaced_dragons_design.jpg/220px-Pu_with_openwork_interlaced_dragons_design.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Pu_with_openwork_interlaced_dragons_design.jpg/330px-Pu_with_openwork_interlaced_dragons_design.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Pu_with_openwork_interlaced_dragons_design.jpg/440px-Pu_with_openwork_interlaced_dragons_design.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a> <i>pu</i> bronze vessel with interlaced <a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">dragon</a> design (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 770</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 481 BC</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In China, the earliest bronze artefacts have been found in the <a href="/wiki/Majiayao_culture" title="Majiayao culture">Majiayao culture</a> site (3100–2700 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "Bronze Age" has been transferred to the archaeology of China from that of Western Eurasia, and there is no consensus or universally used convention delimiting the "Bronze Age" in the context of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_prehistory" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese prehistory">Chinese prehistory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Early Bronze Age" in China is sometimes taken to be coterminous with the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> (16th–11th centuries BC),<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Later Bronze Age with the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a> (11th–3rd centuries BC), from the 5th century, called <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age China">Iron Age China</a> although there is an argument to be made that the Bronze Age never properly ended in China, as there is no recognisable transition to an Iron Age.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with the jade art that precedes it, bronze was seen as a fine material for ritual art when compared with iron or stone.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bronze metallurgy in China originated in what is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Erlitou" class="mw-redirect" title="Erlitou">Erlitou</a> period, which some historians argue places it within the Shang.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others believe the Erlitou sites belong to the preceding <a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a> defines the Chinese Bronze Age as <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 771 BC</span>, a period that begins with the Erlitou culture and ends abruptly with the disintegration of <a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a> rule.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is reason to believe that bronze work developed inside of China apart from outside influence.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the discovery of the Europoid <a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies" title="Tarim mummies">Tarim mummies</a> in Xinjiang has caused some archaeologists such as <a href="/wiki/Johan_Gunnar_Andersson" title="Johan Gunnar Andersson">Johan Gunnar Andersson</a>, Jan Romgard, and An Zhimin to suggest a possible route of transmission from the West eastwards. According to An Zhimin, "It can be imagined that initially, bronze and iron technology took its rise in West Asia, first influenced the Xinjiang region, and then reached the Yellow River valley, providing external impetus for the rise of the Shang and Zhou civilizations." According to Jan Romgard, "bronze and iron tools seem to have traveled from west to east as well as the use of wheeled wagons and the domestication of the horse." There are also possible links to <a href="/wiki/Seima-Turbino_culture" title="Seima-Turbino culture">Seima-Turbino culture</a>, "a transcultural complex across northern Eurasia", the Eurasian steppe, and the Urals.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the oldest bronze objects found in China so far were discovered at the <a href="/wiki/Majiayao" class="mw-redirect" title="Majiayao">Majiayao</a> site in <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a> rather than at <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The production of Erlitou represents the earliest large-scale metallurgy industry in the Central Plains of China. The influence of the Saima-Turbino metalworking tradition from the north is supported by a series of recent discoveries in China of many unique perforated spearheads with downward hooks and small loops on the same or opposite side of the socket, which could be associated with the Seima-Turbino visual vocabulary of southern Siberia. The metallurgical centres of northwestern China, especially the <a href="/wiki/Qijia_culture" title="Qijia culture">Qijia culture</a> in Gansu and <a href="/wiki/Longshan_culture" title="Longshan culture">Longshan culture</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>, played an intermediary role in this process.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Iron use in China dates as early as the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046</span> – 256 BC), but remained minimal. Chinese literature authored during the 6th century BC attests to knowledge of iron smelting, yet bronze continues to occupy the seat of significance in the archaeological and historical record for some time after this.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> W. C. White argues that iron did not supplant bronze "at any period before the end of the Zhou dynasty (256 BC)" and that bronze vessels make up the majority of metal vessels through the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Han_period&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Han period (page does not exist)">Eastern Han period</a>, or to 221 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chinese bronze artefacts generally are either utilitarian, like spear points or <a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">adze</a> heads, or <a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_bronzes" title="Chinese ritual bronzes">"ritual bronzes"</a>, which are more elaborate versions in precious materials of everyday vessels, as well as tools and weapons. Examples are the numerous large sacrificial tripods known as <i><a href="/wiki/Ding_(vessel)" title="Ding (vessel)">dings</a></i>; there are many other distinct shapes. Surviving identified Chinese ritual bronzes tend to be highly decorated, often with the <i><a href="/wiki/Taotie" title="Taotie">taotie</a></i> motif, which involves stylised animal faces. These appear in three main motif types: those of demons, symbolic animals, and abstract symbols.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many large bronzes also bear <a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">cast inscriptions</a> that are the bulk of the surviving body of early <a href="/wiki/Chinese_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese writing">Chinese writing</a> and have helped historians and archaeologists piece together the history of China, especially during the Zhou dynasty. </p><p>The bronzes of the Western Zhou document large portions of history not found in the extant texts that were often composed by persons of varying rank and possibly even social class. Further, the medium of cast bronze lends the record they preserve a permanence not enjoyed by manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These inscriptions can commonly be subdivided into four parts: a reference to the date and place, the naming of the event commemorated, the list of gifts given to the artisan in exchange for the bronze, and a dedication.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relative points of reference these vessels provide have enabled historians to place most of the vessels within a certain time frame of the Western Zhou period, allowing them to trace the evolution of the vessels and the events they record.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi period</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dotaku_LACMA_M.58.9.3_(1_of_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Dotaku_LACMA_M.58.9.3_%281_of_2%29.jpg/130px-Dotaku_LACMA_M.58.9.3_%281_of_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Dotaku_LACMA_M.58.9.3_%281_of_2%29.jpg/195px-Dotaku_LACMA_M.58.9.3_%281_of_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Dotaku_LACMA_M.58.9.3_%281_of_2%29.jpg/260px-Dotaku_LACMA_M.58.9.3_%281_of_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>2nd-century BC Yayoi <a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dtaku" title="Dōtaku">dōtaku</a> bronze bell</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YayoiBronzeSpearTip1-2ndCenturyKyushu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/YayoiBronzeSpearTip1-2ndCenturyKyushu.jpg/220px-YayoiBronzeSpearTip1-2ndCenturyKyushu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/YayoiBronzeSpearTip1-2ndCenturyKyushu.jpg/330px-YayoiBronzeSpearTip1-2ndCenturyKyushu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/YayoiBronzeSpearTip1-2ndCenturyKyushu.jpg/440px-YayoiBronzeSpearTip1-2ndCenturyKyushu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1843" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>2nd-century BC Yayoi bronze spearheads</figcaption></figure> <p>The Japanese archipelago saw the introduction of bronze during the early <a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi period</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span>), which saw the introduction of metalworking and agricultural practices brought by settlers arriving from the continent. Bronze and iron smelting spread to the Japanese archipelago through contact with other ancient East Asian civilisations, particularly immigration and trade from the ancient Korean peninsula, and ancient mainland China. Iron was mainly used for agricultural and other tools, whereas ritual and ceremonial artefacts were mainly made of bronze.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What about weapons? (July 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Korea">Korea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mumun_pottery_period" title="Mumun pottery period">Mumun pottery period</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%ED%99%94%EC%88%9C_%EB%8C%80%EA%B3%A1%EB%A6%AC_%EC%B2%AD%EB%8F%99%EA%B8%B0_%EC%9D%BC%EA%B4%84.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/%ED%99%94%EC%88%9C_%EB%8C%80%EA%B3%A1%EB%A6%AC_%EC%B2%AD%EB%8F%99%EA%B8%B0_%EC%9D%BC%EA%B4%84.jpg/220px-%ED%99%94%EC%88%9C_%EB%8C%80%EA%B3%A1%EB%A6%AC_%EC%B2%AD%EB%8F%99%EA%B8%B0_%EC%9D%BC%EA%B4%84.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/%ED%99%94%EC%88%9C_%EB%8C%80%EA%B3%A1%EB%A6%AC_%EC%B2%AD%EB%8F%99%EA%B8%B0_%EC%9D%BC%EA%B4%84.jpg/330px-%ED%99%94%EC%88%9C_%EB%8C%80%EA%B3%A1%EB%A6%AC_%EC%B2%AD%EB%8F%99%EA%B8%B0_%EC%9D%BC%EA%B4%84.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/%ED%99%94%EC%88%9C_%EB%8C%80%EA%B3%A1%EB%A6%AC_%EC%B2%AD%EB%8F%99%EA%B8%B0_%EC%9D%BC%EA%B4%84.jpg/440px-%ED%99%94%EC%88%9C_%EB%8C%80%EA%B3%A1%EB%A6%AC_%EC%B2%AD%EB%8F%99%EA%B8%B0_%EC%9D%BC%EA%B4%84.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2242" /></a><figcaption>Bronze artefacts from Daegok-ri, <a href="/wiki/Hwasun_County" title="Hwasun County">Hwasun</a>, Korea</figcaption></figure> <p>On the Korean Peninsula, the Bronze Age began <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000–800 BC</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially centred around <a href="/wiki/Liaoning_bronze_dagger_culture" title="Liaoning bronze dagger culture">Liaoning</a> and southern Manchuria, Korean Bronze Age culture exhibits unique typology and styles, especially in ritual objects.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mumun_pottery_period" title="Mumun pottery period">Mumun pottery period</a> is named after the Korean name for undecorated or plain cooking and storage vessels that form a large part of the pottery assemblage over the entire length of the period, but especially between 850 and 550 BC. The Mumun period is known for the origins of intensive agriculture and complex societies in both the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese Archipelago. </p><p>The Middle Mumun pottery period culture of the southern <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a> gradually adopted bronze production (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 700–600 BC</span>) after a period when <a href="/wiki/Liaoning_bronze_dagger_culture" title="Liaoning bronze dagger culture">Liaoning-style bronze daggers</a> and other bronze artefacts were exchanged as far as the interior part of the Southern Peninsula (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 900–700 BC</span>). The bronze daggers lent prestige and authority to the personages who wielded and were buried with them in high-status megalithic burials at south-coastal centres such as the <a href="/wiki/Igeum-dong_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Igeum-dong site">Igeum-dong site</a>. Bronze was an important element in ceremonies and for mortuary offerings until 100 BC. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>(Dates are approximate, consult linked articles for details) </p> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_310xuomby9rfc34vamjdxht740062qz"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Cemetery_H_culture" coords="504,9,606,30" title="Cemetery H culture" alt="Cemetery H culture" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Mature_Harappan" coords="315,9,435,30" title="Mature Harappan" alt="Mature Harappan" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization" coords="107,9,205,30" title="Indus Valley Civilization" alt="Indus Valley Civilization" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" coords="273,-3,398,18" title="Bronze Age India" alt="Bronze Age India" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_310xuomby9rfc34vamjdxht740062qz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/310xuomby9rfc34vamjdxht740062qz.png" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indus_Valley">Indus Valley</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Indus Valley"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Dancing_Girl,_in_a_photogravure_by_Alfred_Nawrath,1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/The_Dancing_Girl%2C_in_a_photogravure_by_Alfred_Nawrath%2C1938.jpg/170px-The_Dancing_Girl%2C_in_a_photogravure_by_Alfred_Nawrath%2C1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/The_Dancing_Girl%2C_in_a_photogravure_by_Alfred_Nawrath%2C1938.jpg/255px-The_Dancing_Girl%2C_in_a_photogravure_by_Alfred_Nawrath%2C1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/The_Dancing_Girl%2C_in_a_photogravure_by_Alfred_Nawrath%2C1938.jpg/340px-The_Dancing_Girl%2C_in_a_photogravure_by_Alfred_Nawrath%2C1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1133" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Dancing_Girl_(prehistoric_sculpture)" title="Dancing Girl (prehistoric sculpture)">Dancing girl</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a>, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2500 BC</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The Bronze Age on the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> began <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3300 BC</span> with the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilization</a>. Inhabitants of the Indus Valley, the <a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappans</a>, developed new techniques in metallurgy and produced copper, bronze, lead, and tin. The Late Harappan culture (1900–1400 BC), overlapped the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age; thus it is difficult to date this transition accurately. It has been claimed that a 6,000-year-old copper amulet manufactured in <a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a> in the shape of a wheel spoke is the earliest example of <a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">lost-wax casting</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The civilisation's cities were noted for their urban planning, baked brick houses, elaborate drainage systems, water supply systems, clusters of large non-residential buildings, and new techniques in handicraft (carnelian products, seal carving) and metallurgy (copper, bronze, lead, and tin).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large cities of <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harappa" title="Harappa">Harappa</a> likely grew to contain between 30,000 and 60,000 people,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the civilisation during its florescence may have contained between one and five million people.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Vilabouly_Complex,_Laos" title="Vilabouly Complex, Laos">Vilabouly Complex</a> in Laos is a significant archaeological site for dating the origin of bronze metallurgy in Southeast Asia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thailand">Thailand</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ban_Chiang" title="Ban Chiang">Ban Chiang</a>, Thailand, bronze <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artefacts</a> have been discovered that date to 2100 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to the radiocarbon dating on the human and pig bones in Ban Chiang, some scholars propose that the initial Bronze Age in Ban Chiang was in the late 2nd millennium.<sup id="cite_ref-Higham2011_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higham2011-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Nyaung-gan" title="Nyaung-gan">Nyaung-gan</a>, Myanmar, bronze tools have been excavated along with ceramics and stone artefacts. Dating is still currently broad (3500–500 BC).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Ban_Non_Wat" title="Ban Non Wat">Ban Non Wat</a>, excavated by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Higham_(archaeologist)" title="Charles Higham (archaeologist)">Charles Higham</a>, was a rich site with over 640 graves excavated that gleaned many complex bronze items that may have had social value connected to them.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ban Chiang, however, is the most thoroughly documented site and has the clearest evidence of metallurgy when in Southeast Asia. With a rough date range from the late 3rd millennium BC to the 1st millennium AD, this site has artefacts such as burial pottery (dated 2100–1700 BC) and fragments of bronze and copper-base bangles. This technology suggested on-site casting from the beginning. The on-site casting supports the theory that bronze was first introduced in Southeast Asia from a different country.<sup id="cite_ref-White1995_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White1995-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars believe that copper-based metallurgy was disseminated from northwest and central China south and southwest via areas such as <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> and finally into southeast Asia <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000 BC</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Higham2011_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higham2011-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeology also suggests that Bronze Age metallurgy may not have been as significant a catalyst in social stratification and warfare in Southeast Asia as in other regions, and that social distribution shifted away from chiefdoms to a <a href="/wiki/Heterarchical" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterarchical">heterarchical</a> network.<sup id="cite_ref-White1995_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White1995-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data analyses of sites such as Ban Lum Khao, Ban Na Di, Non-Nok Tha, Khok Phanom Di, and Nong Nor have consistently led researchers to conclude that there was no entrenched hierarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dong_Son_culture" title="Dong Son culture">Dong Son culture</a></div> <p>Dating to the Neolithic, the first bronze drums, called the <a href="/wiki/Dong_Son_drum" title="Dong Son drum">Dong Son drums</a>, were uncovered in and around the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Delta" title="Red River Delta">Red River Delta</a> regions of northern Vietnam and Southern China. These relate to the <a href="/wiki/Dong_Son_culture" title="Dong Son culture">Dong Son culture</a> of Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeological research in Northern Vietnam indicates an increase in rates of infectious disease following the advent of metallurgy; skeletal fragments in sites dating to the early and mid-Bronze Age evidence a greater proportion of lesions than in sites of earlier periods.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxenham2005_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxenham2005-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a few possible implications of this. One is the increased contact with bacterial and/or fungal pathogens due to increased population density and land clearing/cultivation. Another implication is decreased levels of immunocompetence in the Metal Age due to changes in diet caused by agriculture. The last implication is that there may have been an emergence of infectious diseases that evolved into a more virulent form in the metal period.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxenham2005_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxenham2005-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></div> <p>A few examples of named Bronze Age cultures in Europe roughly in relative order—dates are approximate. </p> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_ptioi1ml1go18zif3nb3ja3wmtvato2"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" coords="525,84,655,105" title="Nordic Bronze Age" alt="Nordic Bronze Age" /><area shape="rect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewart%20Park%20Phase" coords="639,67,697,88" title="en.wikipedia.org/.." alt="en.wikipedia.org/.." /><area shape="rect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewart%20Park%20Phase" coords="636,57,700,78" title="en.wikipedia.org/.." alt="en.wikipedia.org/.." /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Urnfield" coords="568,64,648,85" title="Urnfield" alt="Urnfield" /><area shape="rect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knighton%20Heath%20Period" coords="522,69,586,90" title="en.wikipedia.org/.." alt="en.wikipedia.org/.." /><area shape="rect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knighton%20Heath%20Period" coords="514,59,594,80" title="en.wikipedia.org/.." alt="en.wikipedia.org/.." /><area shape="rect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acton%20Park%20Phase" coords="489,66,547,87" title="en.wikipedia.org/.." alt="en.wikipedia.org/.." /><area shape="rect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acton%20Park%20Phase" coords="486,56,550,77" title="en.wikipedia.org/.." alt="en.wikipedia.org/.." /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Bedd_Branwen_Period" coords="395,64,497,85" title="Bedd Branwen Period" alt="Bedd Branwen Period" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Beaker_culture" coords="291,64,361,85" title="Beaker culture" alt="Beaker culture" /><area shape="rect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Pleasant%20Phase" coords="190,67,270,88" title="en.wikipedia.org/.." alt="en.wikipedia.org/.." /><area shape="rect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20Pleasant%20Phase" coords="198,57,262,78" title="en.wikipedia.org/.." alt="en.wikipedia.org/.." /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" coords="378,44,514,65" title="Bronze Age Britain" alt="Bronze Age Britain" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" coords="632,19,712,40" title="Lusatian culture" alt="Lusatian culture" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Urnfield" coords="574,24,654,45" title="Urnfield" alt="Urnfield" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" coords="475,24,550,45" title="Tumulus culture" alt="Tumulus culture" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Unetice_culture" coords="366,24,441,45" title="Unetice culture" alt="Unetice culture" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Beaker_culture" coords="261,24,331,45" title="Beaker culture" alt="Beaker culture" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Corded_Ware" coords="163,24,261,45" title="Corded Ware" alt="Corded Ware" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Aegean_Civilization" coords="74,24,182,45" title="Aegean Civilization" alt="Aegean Civilization" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" coords="333,4,463,25" title="Bronze Age Europe" alt="Bronze Age Europe" /> <p>   </p> </map><img usemap="#timeline_ptioi1ml1go18zif3nb3ja3wmtvato2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/ptioi1ml1go18zif3nb3ja3wmtvato2.png" /></div> <p>The chosen cultures overlapped in time and the indicated periods do not fully correspond to their estimated extents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Europe">Southeast Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Southeast Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Old_Europe_(archaeology)" title="Old Europe (archaeology)">Old Europe (archaeology)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Varna_culture" title="Varna culture">Varna culture</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Southeastern_Europe#Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of Southeastern Europe">Prehistory of Southeastern Europe § Bronze Age</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_in_Romania" title="Bronze Age in Romania">Bronze Age in Romania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valchitran-treasure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Valchitran-treasure.jpg/220px-Valchitran-treasure.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Valchitran-treasure.jpg/330px-Valchitran-treasure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Valchitran-treasure.jpg/440px-Valchitran-treasure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="844" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Valchitran_Treasure" title="Valchitran Treasure">Valchitran Treasure</a> dated 1600–1100 BC</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spoked_wheel_from_Arokalja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Spoked_wheel_from_Arokalja.jpg/220px-Spoked_wheel_from_Arokalja.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Spoked_wheel_from_Arokalja.jpg/330px-Spoked_wheel_from_Arokalja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Spoked_wheel_from_Arokalja.jpg/440px-Spoked_wheel_from_Arokalja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Bronze chariot wheel, <a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a>, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 13th–12th century BC</span><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Radivojevic et al. (2013) reported the discovery of a tin bronze foil from the <a href="/wiki/Plo%C4%8Dnik_(archaeological_site)" title="Pločnik (archaeological site)">Pločnik archaeological site</a> dated to <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4650 BC</span> as well as 14 other artefacts from Serbia and Bulgaria dated before 4000 BC, showing that early tin bronze was more common than previously thought and developed independently in Europe 1500 years before the first tin bronze alloys in the Near East. The production of complex tin bronzes lasted for about 500 years in the Balkans. The authors reported that evidence for the production of such complex bronzes disappears at the end of the 5th millennium BC, coinciding with the "collapse of large cultural complexes in north-eastern Bulgaria and Thrace". Tin bronzes using <a href="/wiki/Cassiterite" title="Cassiterite">cassiterite</a> tin were reintroduced to the area some 1500 years later.<sup id="cite_ref-Radivojevic2013_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radivojevic2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oldest golden artefacts in the world are dated between 4600 and 4200 BC, and were found in the Necropolis of Varna. These artefacts are on display in the <a href="/wiki/Varna_Archaeological_Museum" title="Varna Archaeological Museum">Varna Archaeological Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dabene_Treasure" title="Dabene Treasure">Dabene Treasure</a> was unearthed from 2004 to 2007 near <a href="/wiki/Karlovo" title="Karlovo">Karlovo</a> in central Bulgaria. The treasure consists of 20,000 gold jewellery items from 18 to 23 carats. The most important of them was a dagger made of gold and <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> with an unusual edge. The treasure was dated to the end of the 3rd millennium BC. Scientists suggest that the Karlovo valley used to be a major crafts centre that exported golden jewellery across Europe. It is considered one of the largest prehistoric golden treasures in the world.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aegean">Aegean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Aegean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilization" title="Aegean civilization">Aegean civilization</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MaskOfAgamemnon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/MaskOfAgamemnon.jpg/220px-MaskOfAgamemnon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/MaskOfAgamemnon.jpg/330px-MaskOfAgamemnon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/MaskOfAgamemnon.jpg/440px-MaskOfAgamemnon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1748" data-file-height="1748" /></a><figcaption>The gold <a href="/wiki/Mask_of_Agamemnon" title="Mask of Agamemnon">Mask of Agamemnon</a> produced during the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenaean civilisation">Mycenaean civilisation</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a>, Greece, 1550 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>The Aegean Bronze Age began <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3200 BC</span>, when civilisations first established a far-ranging trade network. This network imported tin and charcoal to <a href="/wiki/Alashiya" title="Alashiya">Cyprus</a>, where copper was mined and alloyed with tin to produce bronze. Bronze objects were then exported far and wide. <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">Isotopic</a> analysis of tin in some Mediterranean bronze artefacts suggests that they may have originated from <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" title="Bronze Age Britain">Bronze Age Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Knowledge of navigation was well-developed by this time and reached a peak of skill not exceeded (except perhaps by <a href="/wiki/Polynesia#Navigation" title="Polynesia">Polynesian</a> sailors) until 1730 when the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">chronometer</a> enabled the precise determination of longitude. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan civilisation">Minoan civilisation</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> appears to have coordinated and defended its Bronze Age trade. Ancient empires valued <a href="/wiki/Luxury_good" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxury good">luxury goods</a> in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Staple_foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Staple foods">staple foods</a>, leading to famine.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aegean_collapse">Aegean collapse</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Aegean collapse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_Age_End.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bronze_Age_End.svg/310px-Bronze_Age_End.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bronze_Age_End.svg/465px-Bronze_Age_End.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bronze_Age_End.svg/620px-Bronze_Age_End.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1151" data-file-height="812" /></a><figcaption>Invasions, destruction and possible population movements during the collapse of the Bronze Age, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200 BC</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Bronze Age collapse theories have described aspects of the end of the Bronze Age in this region. At the end of the Bronze Age in the Aegean region, the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a> administration of the regional trade empire followed the decline of Minoan primacy.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several Minoan <a href="/wiki/Client_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Client states">client states</a> lost much of their population to famine and pestilence. This would indicate that the trade network may have failed, preventing the trade that would previously have relieved such famines and prevented illness caused by malnutrition. It is also known that in this era, the <a href="/wiki/Breadbasket" title="Breadbasket">breadbasket</a> of the Minoan empire—the area north of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>—also suddenly lost much of its population and thus probably some capacity to cultivate crops. Drought and famine in Anatolia may have also led to the Aegean collapse by disrupting trade networks, therefore preventing the Aegean from accessing bronze and luxury goods.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Aegean collapse has been attributed to the exhaustion of the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cyprus" title="Geography of Cyprus">Cypriot</a> forests causing the end of the bronze trade.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These forests are known to have existed in later times, and experiments have shown that charcoal production on the scale necessary for the bronze production of the late Bronze Age would have exhausted them in less than 50 years. </p><p>The Aegean collapse has also been attributed to the fact that as iron tools became more common, the main justification for the tin trade ended, and that trade network ceased to function as it did formerly.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The colonies of the Minoan empire then suffered drought, famine, war, or some combination of the three, and had no access to the distant resources of an empire by which they could easily recover. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Thera_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Thera eruption">Thera eruption</a> occurred <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600 BC</span>, 110 km (68 mi) north of Crete. Speculation includes that a <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a> from Thera (more commonly known today as <a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Santorini</a>) destroyed Cretan cities. A tsunami may have destroyed the Cretan navy in its home harbour, which then lost crucial naval battles; so that in the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_chronology" title="Minoan chronology">LMIB/LMII</a> event (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1450 BC</span>) the cities of Crete burned and the <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenaean civilisation">Mycenaean civilisation</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a>. If the eruption occurred in the late 17th century BC as most chronologists believe, then its immediate effects belong to the Middle to Late Bronze Age transition, and not to the end of the Late Bronze Age, but it could have triggered the instability that led to the collapse first of Knossos and then of Bronze Age society overall.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One such theory highlights the role of Cretan expertise in administering the empire, post-Thera. If this expertise was concentrated in Crete, then the Mycenaeans may have made political and commercial mistakes in administering the Cretan empire.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Archaeological findings, including some on the island of Thera, suggest that the centre of the Minoan civilisation at the time of the eruption was actually on Thera rather than on Crete.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this theory, the catastrophic loss of the political, administrative and economic centre due to the eruption, as well as the damage wrought by the tsunami to the coastal towns and villages of Crete, precipitated the decline of the Minoans. A weakened political entity with a reduced economic and military capability and fabled riches would have then been more vulnerable to conquest. Indeed, the Santorini eruption is usually dated to <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1630 BC</span> ,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the Mycenaean Greeks first enter the historical record a few decades later, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600 BC</span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The later Mycenaean assaults on Crete (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1450 BC</span>) and Troy (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250 BC</span>) would have been a continuation of the steady encroachment of the Greeks upon the weakened Minoan world.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Europe">Central Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Central Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nebra_disc_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nebra_disc_1.jpg/220px-Nebra_disc_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nebra_disc_1.jpg/330px-Nebra_disc_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nebra_disc_1.jpg/440px-Nebra_disc_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4177" data-file-height="3385" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nebra_sky_disc" title="Nebra sky disc">Nebra sky disc</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Aunjetitz_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Aunjetitz culture">Aunjetitz culture</a>, present-day Germany (1800–1600 BC)</figcaption></figure> <p>In Central Europe, the Early Bronze Age <a href="/wiki/Unetice_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Unetice culture">Unetice culture</a> (2300–1600 BC) includes numerous smaller groups like the <a href="/wiki/Straubing" title="Straubing">Straubing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adlerberg" title="Adlerberg">Adlerberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hatvan" title="Hatvan">Hatvan</a> cultures. Some very rich burials, such as the one located at <a href="/wiki/Leubingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Leubingen">Leubingen</a> with grave gifts crafted from gold, point to an increase of social stratification already present in the <a href="/wiki/Unetice_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Unetice culture">Unetice culture</a>. Cemeteries of this period are small and rare. The Unetice culture was followed by the Middle Bronze Age (1600–1200 BC) <a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">tumulus culture</a>, characterised by inhumation burials in <a href="/wiki/Tumuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumuli">tumuli</a> barrows. In the eastern Hungarian <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6r%C3%B6s" title="Körös">Körös</a> tributaries, the early Bronze Age first saw the introduction of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mako_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mako culture (page does not exist)">Mako culture</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Otomani_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Otomani culture">Otomani</a> and Gyulavarsand cultures. </p><p>The late Bronze Age <a href="/wiki/Urnfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Urnfield">Urnfield</a> culture (1300–700 BC) was characterised by cremation burials. It included the <a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian culture</a> in eastern Germany and Poland (1300–500 BC) that continues into the Iron Age. The Central European Bronze Age was followed by the Iron Age <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a> (700–450 BC). Important sites include <a href="/wiki/Biskupin" title="Biskupin">Biskupin</a> in Poland, <a href="/wiki/Nebra_(Unstrut)" title="Nebra (Unstrut)">Nebra</a> in Germany, <a href="/wiki/Vr%C3%A1ble" title="Vráble">Vráble</a> in Slovakia, and Zug-Sumpf in Switzerland. </p><p>German prehistorian <a href="/wiki/Paul_Reinecke" title="Paul Reinecke">Paul Reinecke</a> described Bronze A1 (Bz A1) period (2300–2000 BC: triangular daggers, flat axes, stone wrist-guards, flint arrowheads) and Bronze A2 (Bz A2) period (1950–1700 BC: daggers with metal hilt, flanged axes, halberds, pins with perforated spherical heads, solid bracelets) and phases Hallstatt A and B (Ha A and B). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Europe">Southern Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Southern Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronzetto_nuragico_Sulcis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bronzetto_nuragico_Sulcis.jpg/180px-Bronzetto_nuragico_Sulcis.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="432" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bronzetto_nuragico_Sulcis.jpg/270px-Bronzetto_nuragico_Sulcis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Bronzetto_nuragico_Sulcis.jpg/360px-Bronzetto_nuragico_Sulcis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a> figurine, Sardinia, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000 BC</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine culture</a> was a technology complex in central and southern Italy spanning both the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age proper. The <a href="/wiki/Camuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Camuni">Camuni</a> were an ancient people of uncertain origin who lived in <a href="/wiki/Val_Camonica" title="Val Camonica">Val Camonica</a>, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>, during the Iron Age, although groups of hunters, shepherds, and farmers are known to have lived in the area since the Neolithic. </p><p>Located in <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuragic civilisation">Nuragic civilisation</a> lasted from the early Bronze Age (18th century BC) to the 2nd century AD, when the islands were already <a href="/wiki/Romanised" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanised">Romanised</a>. They take their name from the characteristic Nuragic towers, which evolved from the pre-existing megalithic culture, which built <a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">dolmens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">menhirs</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navicella_nuragica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Navicella_nuragica.jpg/220px-Navicella_nuragica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Navicella_nuragica.jpg/330px-Navicella_nuragica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Navicella_nuragica.jpg/440px-Navicella_nuragica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3192" data-file-height="2352" /></a><figcaption>Bronze votive boat model, <a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic culture</a>, Sardinia, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000 BC</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The towers are unanimously considered the best-preserved and largest megalithic remains in Europe. Their purpose is still debated: some scholars consider them monumental tombs, others as <a href="/wiki/Giants%27_grave" title="Giants' grave">Houses of the Giants</a>, other as fortresses, ovens for metal fusion, prisons, or finally temples for a solar cult. Near the end of the 3rd millennium BC, Sardinia exported to Sicily a culture that built small dolmens, trilithic or polygonal shaped, that served as tombs, as in the Sicilian dolmen of "Cava dei Servi". From this region, they reached <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> and other countries of Mediterranean basin.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Terramare" class="mw-redirect" title="Terramare">Terramare</a> was an early <a href="/wiki/Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European">Indo-European</a> civilisation in the area of what is now <a href="/wiki/Pianura_Padana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pianura Padana">Pianura Padana</a> in northern Italy, before the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>, and in other parts of Europe. They lived in square villages of wooden <a href="/wiki/Stilt_houses" class="mw-redirect" title="Stilt houses">stilt houses</a>. These villages were built on land, but generally near a stream, with roads forming a <a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">grid plan</a>. The whole complex was of the nature of a fortified settlement. The Terramare culture was widespread in the <a href="/wiki/Pianura_Padana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pianura Padana">Pianura Padana</a>, especially along the <a href="/wiki/Panaro_(river)" title="Panaro (river)">Panaro</a> river, between <a href="/wiki/Modena" title="Modena">Modena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, and in the rest of Europe. The civilisation developed in the Middle and Late Bronze Age during to the 17th–13th centuries BC. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Castellieri_culture" title="Castellieri culture">Castellieri culture</a> developed in <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a> during the Middle Bronze Age. It lasted for more than a millennium, from the 15th century BC until the Roman conquest in the 3rd century BC. It takes its name from the fortified boroughs (<i>Castellieri</i>, <a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a>: <i lang="fur">cjastelir</i>) that characterised the culture. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate culture</a> developed from the mid-Bronze Age (13th century BC) until the Iron Age in the Pianura Padana, in what are now western <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a>. It takes its name from the township of <a href="/wiki/Canegrate" title="Canegrate">Canegrate</a>, where, in the 20th century, some fifty tombs with ceramics and metal objects were found. The Canegrate culture migrated from the northwest part of the Alps and descended to Pianura Padana from the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alps" title="Swiss Alps">Swiss Alps</a> passes and the Ticino. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca culture</a> developed starting from the late Bronze Age in the <a href="/wiki/Po_plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Po plain">Po plain</a>. It takes its name from Golasecca, a locality next to the Ticino, where in the early 19th century abbot <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Battista_Giani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Battista Giani (page does not exist)">Giovanni Battista Giani</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Giani" class="extiw" title="it:Giovanni Battista Giani">it</a>]</span> excavated its first findings comprising some 50 tombs with ceramics and metal objects. Remains of the Golasecca culture span an area of about 20,000 km<sup>2</sup> (4,900,000 acres) south to the Alps, between the Po, <a href="/wiki/Sesia" title="Sesia">Sesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Serio_(river)" title="Serio (river)">Serio</a> rivers, dating to the 9th–4th centuries BC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Europe">Western Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Western Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Great_Britain">Great Britain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Great Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" title="Bronze Age Britain">Bronze Age Britain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarian_Rhyd_y_Gors-_Rhyd_y_Gors_Shield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tarian_Rhyd_y_Gors-_Rhyd_y_Gors_Shield.jpg/220px-Tarian_Rhyd_y_Gors-_Rhyd_y_Gors_Shield.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tarian_Rhyd_y_Gors-_Rhyd_y_Gors_Shield.jpg/330px-Tarian_Rhyd_y_Gors-_Rhyd_y_Gors_Shield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tarian_Rhyd_y_Gors-_Rhyd_y_Gors_Shield.jpg/440px-Tarian_Rhyd_y_Gors-_Rhyd_y_Gors_Shield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3005" data-file-height="3389" /></a><figcaption>Bronze shield, <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" title="Bronze Age Britain">Bronze Age Britain</a>, 1300–1000 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>In Great Britain, the Bronze Age is considered to have been the period from <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2100</span> to 750 BC. Migration brought new people to the islands from the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-Barras2019_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barras2019-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tooth enamel isotope research on bodies found in early Bronze Age graves around <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a> indicates that at least some of the migrants came from the area of present-day Switzerland. Another example site is <a href="/wiki/Must_Farm" title="Must Farm">Must Farm</a> near <a href="/wiki/Whittlesey" title="Whittlesey">Whittlesey</a>, host to the most complete Bronze Age wheel ever to be found. The <a href="/wiki/Beaker_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaker culture">Beaker culture</a> displayed different behaviours from earlier Neolithic people, and cultural change was significant. Integration is thought to have been peaceful, as many of the early <a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">henge</a> sites were seemingly adopted by the newcomers. The rich <a href="/wiki/Wessex_culture" title="Wessex culture">Wessex culture</a> developed in southern Britain at this time. Additionally, the climate was deteriorating; where once the weather was warm and dry it became much wetter as the Bronze Age continued, forcing the population away from easily defended sites in the hills and into the fertile valleys. Large livestock farms developed in the lowlands and appear to have contributed to economic growth and inspired increasing forest clearances. The <a href="/wiki/Deverel-Rimbury_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Deverel-Rimbury culture">Deverel-Rimbury culture</a> began to emerge in the second half of the Middle Bronze Age (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1400–1100 BC</span>) to exploit these conditions. <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> were major sources of tin for much of western Europe and copper was extracted from sites such as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Orme" title="Great Orme">Great Orme</a> mine in northern <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>. Social groups appear to have been tribal but with growing complexity and hierarchies becoming apparent. </p><p>The burials, which until this period had usually been communal, became more individual. For example, whereas in the Neolithic a large <a href="/wiki/Chambered_cairn" title="Chambered cairn">chambered cairn</a> or <a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">long barrow</a> housed the dead, Early Bronze Age people buried their dead in individual barrows (commonly known and marked on modern British <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_Survey" title="Ordnance Survey">Ordnance Survey</a> maps as tumuli), or sometimes in <a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">cists</a> covered with <a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">cairns</a>. </p><p>The greatest quantities of bronze objects in England were discovered in <a href="/wiki/East_Cambridgeshire" title="East Cambridgeshire">East Cambridgeshire</a>, with the most important finds being the 6500-piece <a href="/wiki/Isleham_Hoard" title="Isleham Hoard">Isleham Hoard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alloying of copper with zinc or tin to make brass or bronze was practised soon after the discovery of copper. One copper mine at Great Orme in North Wales, reached a depth of 70 metres.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Alderley_Edge" title="Alderley Edge">Alderley Edge</a> in Cheshire, carbon dating has established mining at around 2280 to 1890 BC with a 95% probability.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest identified metalworking site (Sigwells, Somerset) came much later, dated by globular urn-style pottery to <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> the 12th century BC</span>. The identifiable <a href="/wiki/Sherds" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherds">sherds</a> from over 500 mould fragments included a perfect fit of the hilt of a sword in the Wilburton style held in <a href="/wiki/Somerset_County_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Somerset County Museum">Somerset County Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Atlantic_Bronze_Age">Atlantic Bronze Age</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Atlantic Bronze Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bronze_Age" title="Atlantic Bronze Age">Atlantic Bronze Age</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zwaard_van_Jutphaas_(24466600427).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Zwaard_van_Jutphaas_%2824466600427%29.jpg/260px-Zwaard_van_Jutphaas_%2824466600427%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="347" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Zwaard_van_Jutphaas_%2824466600427%29.jpg/390px-Zwaard_van_Jutphaas_%2824466600427%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Zwaard_van_Jutphaas_%2824466600427%29.jpg/520px-Zwaard_van_Jutphaas_%2824466600427%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>The Sword of Jutphaas, <a href="/wiki/Hilversum_culture" title="Hilversum culture">Hilversum culture</a>, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500 BC</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The Atlantic Bronze Age as cultural geographic region is a cultural complex (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2100</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;">  / 800 / 700 cal. BC</span>) that includes different cultures in the context of the Atlantic Iberian Peninsula (Portugal, Andalucía, Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria, País Vasco, Navarra and Castilla and León), the Atlantic France, Britain and Ireland, while the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bronze_Age" title="Atlantic Bronze Age">Atlantic Bronze Age</a> as cultural complex of the final phase of the Bronze Age period is dated between <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1350</span> and 700 BC. It is marked by economic and cultural exchange. Commercial contacts extend to Denmark and the Mediterranean. The Atlantic Bronze Age was defined by many distinct regional centres of metal production, unified by a regular maritime exchange of products. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ireland">Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland#Bronze_Age" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Prehistoric Ireland § Bronze Age</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bronze_Age" title="Atlantic Bronze Age">Atlantic Bronze Age</a></div> <p>The Bronze Age in Ireland began <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000 BC</span> when copper was alloyed with tin and used to manufacture Ballybeg type flat axes and associated metalwork. The preceding period is known as the <a href="/wiki/Copper_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper Age">Copper Age</a> and is characterised by the production of flat axes, daggers, <a href="/wiki/Halberds" class="mw-redirect" title="Halberds">halberds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">awls</a> in copper. The period is divided into three phases: Early Bronze Age (2000–1500 BC), Middle Bronze Age (1500–1200 BC), and Late Bronze Age (1200 – <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500 BC</span>). Ireland is known for a relatively large number of Early Bronze Age burials. The country's <a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">stone circles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stone_rows" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone rows">stone rows</a> were built during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the characteristic types of artefacts of the Early Bronze Age in Ireland is the flat axe. There are five main types of flat axes: Lough Ravel crannog (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2200 BC</span>), Ballybeg (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000 BC</span>), Killaha (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000 BC</span>), Ballyvalley (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000–1600 BC</span>), Derryniggin (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600 BC</span>), and a number of metal ingots in the shape of axes.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Europe">Northern Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Northern Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solvognen-00100.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Solvognen-00100.jpg/220px-Solvognen-00100.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Solvognen-00100.jpg/330px-Solvognen-00100.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Solvognen-00100.jpg/440px-Solvognen-00100.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6088" data-file-height="4550" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trundholm_sun_chariot" title="Trundholm sun chariot">Trundholm sun chariot</a>, Denmark, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1500 BC</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The Bronze Age in Northern Europe spans the 2nd millennium BC, (<a href="/wiki/Unetice_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Unetice culture">Unetice culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian culture</a>) lasting until <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600 BC</span>. The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Bronze Age">Northern Bronze Age</a> was both a period and a Bronze Age culture in Scandinavian pre-history, <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1700–500 BC</span>, with sites as far east as Estonia. Succeeding the Late Neolithic culture, its ethnic and linguistic affinities are unknown in the absence of written sources. It was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a>. </p><p>Even though Northern European Bronze Age cultures came relatively late, and came into existence via trade, sites present rich and well-preserved objects made of wool, wood and imported Central European bronze and gold. Many rock carvings depict ships, and the large stone burial monuments known as stone ships suggest that shipping played an important role. Thousands of rock carvings depict ships, most probably representing sewn plank-built canoes for warfare, fishing, and trade. These may have a history as far back as the neolithic period and continue into the Pre-Roman Iron Age, as shown by the <a href="/wiki/Hjortspring_boat" title="Hjortspring boat">Hjortspring boat</a>. There are many mounds and rock carving sites from the period. Numerous artefacts of bronze and gold are found. No written language existed in the Nordic countries during the Bronze Age. The rock carvings have been dated through comparison with depicted artefacts. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Europe">Eastern Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Eastern Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yamnaya_Steppe_Pastoralists.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Yamnaya_Steppe_Pastoralists.jpg/310px-Yamnaya_Steppe_Pastoralists.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Yamnaya_Steppe_Pastoralists.jpg/465px-Yamnaya_Steppe_Pastoralists.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Yamnaya_Steppe_Pastoralists.jpg/620px-Yamnaya_Steppe_Pastoralists.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3326" data-file-height="1372" /></a><figcaption>Bronze Age spread of <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a> steppe pastoralist ancestry into two subcontinents—Europe and South Asia, and location of the <a href="/wiki/Afanasievo_culture" title="Afanasievo culture">Afanasievo culture</a>, which has the same genetic characteristics as the Yamnayas.<sup id="cite_ref-Barras2019_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barras2019-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya culture</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3300–2600 BC</span>) was a Late Copper Age/Early Bronze Age culture of the <a href="/wiki/Pontic-Caspian_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic-Caspian steppe">Pontic-Caspian steppe</a><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> associated with early <a href="/wiki/Indo-Europeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Europeans">Indo-Europeans</a>. It was followed on the steppe by the <a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb culture</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2800–2200 BC</span>) and the <a href="/wiki/Poltavka_culture" title="Poltavka culture">Poltavka culture</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2800–2200 BC</span>). The closely-related <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Forest-steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest-steppe">forest-steppe</a> region to the north (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 3000–2350 BC</span>) spread eastwards with the <a href="/wiki/Fatyanovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatyanovo culture">Fatyanovo culture</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2900–2050 BC</span>), which subsequently developed into the <a href="/wiki/Abashevo_culture" title="Abashevo culture">Abashevo culture</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2200–1850 BC</span>) and the <a href="/wiki/Sintashta_culture" title="Sintashta culture">Sintashta culture</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2200–1750 BC</span>). The earliest known <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariots</a> have been found in Sintashta burials and there is earlier evidence for chariot use in the Abashevo culture. The Sintashta culture expanded further eastwards into central Asia becoming the <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya culture</a> (<span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900–1200 BC</span>) continued the use of chariots in eastern Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caucasus">Caucasus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Caucasus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Arsenical_bronze" title="Arsenical bronze">Arsenical bronze</a> artefacts of the <a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop culture</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a> have been dated to around the 4th millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This innovation resulted in the circulation of arsenical bronze technology through southern and eastern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:World_history" title="Category:World history">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">Human history</a><br /><span style="font-size:80%;">and <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <span style="font-size:120%">↑</span> <a href="/wiki/Australopithecine" title="Australopithecine">before <i>Homo</i></a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nowrap">  </span>(<a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene epoch</a>)</span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></dt> <dd> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a></dt> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i></li></ul></div></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Archaic_humans" title="Archaic humans">Early <i>Homo sapiens</i></a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epipalaeolithic" title="Epipalaeolithic">Epipalaeolithic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></li></ul></div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">Cradle of civilization</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Protohistory" title="Protohistory">Protohistory</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Copper Age</a></dd> <dt><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bronze Age</a></dt> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East#Bronze_Age" title="Ancient Near East">Near East</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">South Asia</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#East_Asia">East Asia</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a> </i></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></dt> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East#Iron_Age" title="Ancient Near East">Near East</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_India" title="Iron Age in India">South Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_India" title="Iron Age in India">Southeast Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age#East_Asia" title="Iron Age">East Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_metallurgy_in_Africa" title="Iron metallurgy in Africa">West Africa</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Recorded_history" title="Recorded history">Recorded history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient history</a></dt> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">Earliest records</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory" title="Protohistory">Protohistory</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">Post-classical history</a></dt> <dt><a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern history</a></dt> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history" title="Contemporary history">Contemporary</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;background:#efefef;text-align:left;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span style="font-size:120%">↓</span> <a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">Future</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;"><span class="nowrap">  </span>(<a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene epoch</a>)</span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_history_and_prehistory" title="Template:Human history and prehistory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_history_and_prehistory" title="Template talk:Human history and prehistory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_history_and_prehistory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human history and prehistory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africa">Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sub-Saharan_Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Sub-Saharan Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Copper_metallurgy_in_Africa" title="Copper metallurgy in Africa">Copper metallurgy in Africa</a></div> <p>Iron and copper smelting appeared around the same time in most parts of Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller1994_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller1994-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Childs2008_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Childs2008-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, most <a href="/wiki/Classical_African_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical African civilisation">Classical African civilisations</a> outside Egypt did not experience a distinct Bronze Age. Evidence for iron smelting appears earlier or at the same time as copper smelting in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 900–800 BC</span>, <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a> <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 700–500 BC</span> and <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BC</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Childs2008_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Childs2008-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holl2009_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl2009-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a longstanding debate about whether copper and iron metallurgy were independently developed in sub-Saharan Africa or introduced from the outside across the Sahara from North Africa or the Indian Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-Childs2008_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Childs2008-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence for theories of independent development and outside introduction are scarce and the subject of active scholarly debate.<sup id="cite_ref-Childs2008_98-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Childs2008-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars have suggested that both the relative dearth of archaeological research in sub-Saharan Africa as well as long-standing prejudices have limited or biased our understanding of pre-historic metallurgy on the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-Holl2009_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl2009-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chirikure2010_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chirikure2010-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One scholar characterised the state of historical knowledge: "To say that the history of metallurgy in sub-Saharan Africa is complicated is perhaps an understatement."<sup id="cite_ref-Chirikure2010_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chirikure2010-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Africa">West Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: West Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Copper smelting took place in West Africa prior to the appearance of iron smelting in the region. Evidence for copper smelting furnaces was found near <a href="/wiki/Agadez" title="Agadez">Agadez</a>, Niger that has been dated as early as 2200 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Holl2009_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl2009-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, evidence for copper production in this region before 1000 BC is debated.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Miller1994_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller1994-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holl2009_99-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl2009-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence of copper mining and smelting has been found at <a href="/wiki/Akjoujt" title="Akjoujt">Akjoujt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a> that suggests small scale production <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800—400 BC</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holl2009_99-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl2009-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Americas">Americas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_in_pre-Columbian_America" title="Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America">Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_in_pre-Columbian_Mesoamerica" title="Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica">Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Moche_culture" title="Moche culture">Moche culture</a> of South America independently discovered and developed bronze smelting.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bronze technology was developed further by the <a href="/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">Inca</a> and widely used for utilitarian objects and for sculpture.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (January 2024)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> A later appearance of limited bronze smelting in western Mexico suggests either contact of that region with <a href="/wiki/Andean_civilisations" class="mw-redirect" title="Andean civilisations">Andean civilisations</a> or separate discovery of the technology. The <a href="/wiki/Calchaqu%C3%AD" title="Calchaquí">Calchaquí</a> people of northwestern Argentina had bronze technology.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trade">Trade</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trade and industry played a major role in the development of Bronze Age civilisations. With artefacts of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a> found in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt, it is clear that these civilisations were not only in touch with one another, but also trading. Early long-distance trade was limited almost exclusively to luxury goods like spices, textiles, and precious metals. Not only did this make cities with ample amounts of these products rich, but it also led to an intermingling of cultures for the first time in history.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trade routes were not just on land. The first and most extensive trade routes were along rivers such as the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>, which led to the growth of cities on the banks of these rivers. The later domestication of camels also helped encourage <a href="/wiki/Trade_routes" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade routes">trade routes</a> overland, linking the Indus Valley with the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>. This further led to towns appearing where there was a pit-stop or caravan-to-ship port. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Bronze_Age_Boat" title="Dover Bronze Age Boat">Dover Bronze Age Boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferriby_Boats" title="Ferriby Boats">Ferriby Boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">Hillfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdon_Bay_(Kent)" title="Langdon Bay (Kent)">Langdon Bay (Kent)</a> hoard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Bronze_Age_migrations_(ancient_Near_East)" title="Middle Bronze Age migrations (ancient Near East)">Middle Bronze Age migrations (ancient Near East)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxhide_ingot" title="Oxhide ingot">Oxhide ingot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shropshire_bulla" title="Shropshire bulla">Shropshire bulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_human_evolution" title="Timeline of human evolution">Timeline of human evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tollense_valley_battlefield" title="Tollense valley battlefield">Tollense valley battlefield</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Europe/The-Metal-Ages">"The Metal Ages"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 16 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Metal+Ages&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2024-09-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fhistory-of-Europe%2FThe-Metal-Ages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClellan_IIIDorn2006" class="citation book cs1">McClellan III, James E.; Dorn, Harold (14 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YnqLfVRJ3AkC"><i>Science and Technology in World History</i></a> (2nd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YnqLfVRJ3AkC&pg=PA21">21</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8360-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8360-6"><bdi>978-0-8018-8360-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Technology+in+World+History&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=21&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2006-04-14&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8360-6&rft.aulast=McClellan+III&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft.au=Dorn%2C+Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYnqLfVRJ3AkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bronze was independently discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop culture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a> as early as the mid-4th millennium BC, which makes them the producers of the oldest-known bronze. However, the Maykop culture only had <a href="/wiki/Arsenical_bronze" title="Arsenical bronze">arsenical bronze</a>. Other regions developed bronze and its associated technology at different periods.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radivojevic2013-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Radivojevic2013_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Radivojevic2013_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadivojevicRehrenKuzmanovic-CvetkovicJovanovic2013" class="citation journal cs1">Radivojevic, M.; Rehren, T.; Kuzmanovic-Cvetkovic, J.; Jovanovic, M.; Northover, J. P. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1420706/">"Tainted ores and the rise of tin bronzes in Eurasia, c. 6500 years ago"</a>. <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>87</b> (338): 1030–1045. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X0004984X">10.1017/S0003598X0004984X</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Tainted+ores+and+the+rise+of+tin+bronzes+in+Eurasia%2C+c.+6500+years+ago&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=338&rft.pages=1030-1045&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X0004984X&rft.aulast=Radivojevic&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Rehren%2C+T.&rft.au=Kuzmanovic-Cvetkovic%2C+J.&rft.au=Jovanovic%2C+M.&rft.au=Northover%2C+J.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2F1420706%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSljivarBoric2014" class="citation journal cs1">Sljivar, D.; Boric, D.; et al. (2014). "Context is everything: comments on Radivojevic et al. (2013)". <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>88</b> (342): 1310–1315. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0003598x00115480">10.1017/s0003598x00115480</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163137272">163137272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Context+is+everything%3A+comments+on+Radivojevic+et+al.+%282013%29&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=342&rft.pages=1310-1315&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0003598x00115480&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163137272%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sljivar&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Boric%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadivojevicRehrenKuzmanovic-CvetkovicJovanovic2014" class="citation journal cs1">Radivojevic, M.; Rehren, Th.; Kuzmanovic-Cvetkovic, J.; Jovanovic, M. (2014). "Context is everything indeed: a response to Sljivar and Boric". <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>88</b> (342): 1315–1319. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0003598x00115492">10.1017/s0003598x00115492</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163091248">163091248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Context+is+everything+indeed%3A+a+response+to+Sljivar+and+Boric&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=342&rft.pages=1315-1319&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0003598x00115492&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163091248%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Radivojevic&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Rehren%2C+Th.&rft.au=Kuzmanovic-Cvetkovic%2C+J.&rft.au=Jovanovic%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Near East period dates and phases are unrelated to the bronze chronology of other world regions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piotr Bienkowski, Alan Ralph Millard, eds. <i>Dictionary of the ancient Near East</i>. p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amélie Kuhr. <i>The Ancient Near East, c. 3000–330 BC</i>. p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevBecharBoaretto2021" class="citation journal cs1">Lev, Ron; Bechar, Shlomit; Boaretto, Elisabetta (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FRDC.2021.76">"Hazor Eb III City Abandonment and Iba People Return: Radiocarbon Chronology and ITS Implications"</a>. <i>Radiocarbon</i>. <b>63</b> (5): 1453. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Radcb..63.1453L">2021Radcb..63.1453L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FRDC.2021.76">10.1017/RDC.2021.76</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiocarbon&rft.atitle=Hazor+Eb+III+City+Abandonment+and+Iba+People+Return%3A+Radiocarbon+Chronology+and+ITS+Implications&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1453&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FRDC.2021.76&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021Radcb..63.1453L&rft.aulast=Lev&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft.au=Bechar%2C+Shlomit&rft.au=Boaretto%2C+Elisabetta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FRDC.2021.76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKillebrew2013" class="citation book cs1">Killebrew, Ann E. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gBCl2IQfNioC&pg=PA1"><i>The Philistines and Other 'Sea Peoples' in Text and Archaeology</i></a>. Society of Biblical Literature Archaeology and biblical studies. Vol. 15. Society of Biblical Literature. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-721-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-721-8"><bdi>978-1-58983-721-8</bdi></a>. <q>First coined in 1881 by the French Egyptologist G. Maspero (1896), the somewhat misleading term 'Sea Peoples' encompasses the ethnonyms Lukka, Sherden, Shekelesh, Teresh, Eqwesh, Denyen, Sikil / Tjekker, Weshesh, and Peleset (Philistines). [Footnote: The modern term 'Sea Peoples' refers to peoples that appear in several New Kingdom Egyptian texts as originating from 'islands' (tables 1–2; Adams and Cohen, this volume; see, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Robert_Drews" title="Robert Drews">Drews</a> 1993, 57 for a summary). The use of quotation marks in association with the term 'Sea Peoples' in our title is intended to draw attention to the problematic nature of this commonly used term. It is noteworthy that the designation 'of the sea' appears only concerning the Sherden, Shekelesh, and Eqwesh. Subsequently, this term was applied somewhat indiscriminately to several additional ethnonyms, including the Philistines, who are portrayed in their earliest appearance as invaders from the north during the reigns of Merenptah and Ramesses Ill (see, e.g., Sandars 1978; Redford 1992, 243, n. 14; for a recent review of the primary and secondary literature, see Woudhuizen 2006). Henceforth the term Sea Peoples will appear without quotation marks.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philistines+and+Other+%27Sea+Peoples%27+in+Text+and+Archaeology&rft.series=Society+of+Biblical+Literature+Archaeology+and+biblical+studies&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-721-8&rft.aulast=Killebrew&rft.aufirst=Ann+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgBCl2IQfNioC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrews1993" class="citation book cs1">Drews, Robert (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bFpK6aXEWN8C&pg=PA48"><i>The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe ca. 1200 B.C.</i></a> Princeton University Press. pp. 48–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691025916" title="Special:BookSources/0691025916"><bdi>0691025916</bdi></a>. <q>The thesis that a great 'migration of the Sea Peoples' occurred ca. 1200 B.C. is supposedly based on Egyptian inscriptions, one from the reign of Merneptah and another from the reign of Ramesses III. Yet in the inscriptions themselves, such a migration nowhere appears. After reviewing what the Egyptian texts have to say about 'the sea peoples', one Egyptologist (Wolfgang Helck) recently remarked that although some things are unclear, 'eins ist aber sicher: Nach den ägyptischen Texten haben wir es nicht mit einer "Völkerwanderung" zu tun.' Thus, the migration hypothesis is based not on the inscriptions themselves but on their interpretation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Bronze+Age%3A+Changes+in+Warfare+and+the+Catastrophe+ca.+1200+B.C.&rft.pages=48-61&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0691025916&rft.aulast=Drews&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbFpK6aXEWN8C%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karin_Sowada_and_Peter_Grave-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karin_Sowada_and_Peter_Grave_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karin_Sowada_and_Peter_Grave_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Karin Sowada and Peter Grave. <i>Egypt in the Eastern Mediterranean during the Old Kingdom</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lukas de Blois and R. J. van der Spek. <i>An Introduction to the Ancient World</i>. p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hansen, M. (2000). <i>A comparative study of thirty city-state cultures: An investigation conducted by the Copenhagen Polis Centre</i>. Copenhagen, Denmark: Det Kongelike Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Childs1993-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Childs1993_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Childs1993_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChildsKillick1993" class="citation journal cs1">Childs, S. Terry; Killick, David (1993). "Indigenous African Metallurgy: Nature and Culture". <i>Annual Review of Anthropology</i>. <b>22</b>: 317–337. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.22.1.317">10.1146/annurev.anthro.22.1.317</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2155851">2155851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Indigenous+African+Metallurgy%3A+Nature+and+Culture&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=317-337&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.22.1.317&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2155851%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Childs&rft.aufirst=S.+Terry&rft.au=Killick%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller1994-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miller1994_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller1994_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller1994_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillervan_der_Merwe1994" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Duncan E.; van der Merwe, Nikolaas J. (1994). "Early Metal Working in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of Recent Research". <i>The Journal of African History</i>. <b>35</b> (1): 1–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021853700025949">10.1017/s0021853700025949</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/182719">182719</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162330270">162330270</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=Early+Metal+Working+in+Sub-Saharan+Africa%3A+A+Review+of+Recent+Research&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-36&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162330270%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F182719%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0021853700025949&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Duncan+E.&rft.au=van+der+Merwe%2C+Nikolaas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Othmar Keel and Christoph Uehlinger. <i>Gods, goddesses, and images of God in ancient Israel</i>, 1998. p. 17. "The first phase (Middle Bronze Age IIA) runs roughly parallel to the Egyptian Twelfth Dynasty".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce G. Trigger. <i>Ancient Egypt: A Social History</i>. 1983. p. 137. "... for the Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period it is the Middle Bronze Age".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaltonFranksRead1905" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ormonde_Maddock_Dalton" class="mw-redirect" title="Ormonde Maddock Dalton">Dalton, Ormonde Maddock</a>; <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Wollaston_Franks" title="Augustus Wollaston Franks">Franks, Augustus Wollaston</a>; Read, C. H. (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p14VAAAAYAAJ"><i>The treasure of the Oxus</i></a>. London: British Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+treasure+of+the+Oxus&rft.place=London&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Dalton&rft.aufirst=Ormonde+Maddock&rft.au=Franks%2C+Augustus+Wollaston&rft.au=Read%2C+C.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp14VAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasson" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Masson, V. M. "Bronze Age in Khorasan and Transoxiana". In Dani, A. H.; Masson, Vadim Mikhaĭlovich (eds.). <i>History of civilizations of Central Asia</i>. Vol. The dawn of civilization: earliest times to 700 BC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bronze+Age+in+Khorasan+and+Transoxiana&rft.btitle=History+of+civilizations+of+Central+Asia&rft.aulast=Masson&rft.aufirst=V.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Possehl, G. L. (1986)., <i>Kulli: An exploration of ancient civilization in Asia</i>. Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piggott, S. (1961). <i>Prehistoric India to 1000 B.C.</i> Baltimore: Penguin.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2000" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Mogens Herman (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8qvY8pxVxcwC&pg=PA57"><i>A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation</i></a>. Vol. 21. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8778761774" title="Special:BookSources/978-8778761774"><bdi>978-8778761774</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+Study+of+Thirty+City-state+Cultures%3A+An+Investigation&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Kgl.+Danske+Videnskabernes+Selskab&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-8778761774&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Mogens+Herman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8qvY8pxVxcwC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">under <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_I" title="Shamshi-Adad I">Shamshi-Adad I</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelstein1996" class="citation journal cs1">Finkelstein, Israel (1996). "Ethnicity and origin of the Iron I settlers in the Highlands of Canaan: Can the real Israel stand up?". <i>The Biblical Archaeologist</i>. <b>59</b> (4): 198–212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3210562">10.2307/3210562</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3210562">3210562</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164201705">164201705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Biblical+Archaeologist&rft.atitle=Ethnicity+and+origin+of+the+Iron+I+settlers+in+the+Highlands+of+Canaan%3A+Can+the+real+Israel+stand+up%3F&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=198-212&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164201705%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3210562%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3210562&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelstein1988" class="citation book cs1">Finkelstein, Israel (1988). <i>The archaeology of the Israelite settlement</i>. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-221-007-2" title="Special:BookSources/965-221-007-2"><bdi>965-221-007-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+archaeology+of+the+Israelite+settlement&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=Israel+Exploration+Society&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=965-221-007-2&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelsteinNaʼaman1994" class="citation book cs1">Finkelstein, Israel; Naʼaman, Nadav, eds. (1994). <i>From nomadism to monarchy: archaeological and historical aspects of early Israel</i>. Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/965-217-117-4" title="Special:BookSources/965-217-117-4"><bdi>965-217-117-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+nomadism+to+monarchy%3A+archaeological+and+historical+aspects+of+early+Israel&rft.pub=Yad+Izhak+Ben-Zvi&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=965-217-117-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelstein1996" class="citation journal cs1">Finkelstein, Israel (1996). "The archaeology of the United Monarchy: an alternative view". <i>Levant</i>. <b>28</b> (1): 177–187. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Flev.1996.28.1.177">10.1179/lev.1996.28.1.177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Levant&rft.atitle=The+archaeology+of+the+United+Monarchy%3A+an+alternative+view&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=177-187&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Flev.1996.28.1.177&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2002" class="citation book cs1">Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2002). <i>The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts</i>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-86913-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-86913-6"><bdi>0-684-86913-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+Unearthed%3A+Archaeology%27s+New+Vision+of+Ancient+Israel+and+the+Origin+of+Sacred+Texts&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-684-86913-6&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft.au=Silberman%2C+Neil+Asher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpengler2015" class="citation journal cs1">Spengler, Robert N. (1 September 2015). "Agriculture in the Central Asian Bronze Age". <i>Journal of World Prehistory</i>. <b>28</b> (3): 215–253. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10963-015-9087-3">10.1007/s10963-015-9087-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-7802">1573-7802</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161968192">161968192</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+Prehistory&rft.atitle=Agriculture+in+the+Central+Asian+Bronze+Age&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=215-253&rft.date=2015-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161968192%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1573-7802&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10963-015-9087-3&rft.aulast=Spengler&rft.aufirst=Robert+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vidale, Massimo, 2017. Treasures from the Oxus, I. B. Tauris, pp. 8–10 & Table 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPossehl2002" class="citation book cs1">Possehl, Gregory L. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pmAuAsi4ePIC"><i>The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective</i></a>. Rowman Altamira. pp. 215–232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0172-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7591-0172-2"><bdi>978-0-7591-0172-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indus+Civilization%3A+A+Contemporary+Perspective&rft.pages=215-232&rft.pub=Rowman+Altamira&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7591-0172-2&rft.aulast=Possehl&rft.aufirst=Gregory+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpmAuAsi4ePIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarasimhanPattersonMoorjaniRohland2019" class="citation journal cs1">Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; et al. 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"Scholars crack the code of an ancient enigma". <i>BBC History Magazine</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+History+Magazine&rft.atitle=Scholars+crack+the+code+of+an+ancient+enigma&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2009-01&rft.aulast=Keys&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteHamilton2009" class="citation journal cs1">White, Joyce; Hamilton, Elizabeth (2009). "The Transmission of Early Bronze Technology to Thailand: New Perspectives". <i>Journal of World Prehistory</i>. <b>22</b> (4): 357–397. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10963-009-9029-z">10.1007/s10963-009-9029-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9400588">9400588</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+Prehistory&rft.atitle=The+Transmission+of+Early+Bronze+Technology+to+Thailand%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=357-397&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10963-009-9029-z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9400588%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Joyce&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLalueza-FoxSampietroGilbertCastri2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lalueza-Fox, C.; Sampietro, M. L.; Gilbert, M. T.; Castri, L.; Facchini, F.; Pettener, D.; Bertranpetit, J. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691686">"Unravelling migrations in the steppe: Mitochondrial DNA sequences from ancient central Asians"</a>. <i>Proceedings. Biological Sciences</i>. <b>271</b> (1542): 941–947. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2004.2698">10.1098/rspb.2004.2698</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691686">1691686</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15255049">15255049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings.+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Unravelling+migrations+in+the+steppe%3A+Mitochondrial+DNA+sequences+from+ancient+central+Asians&rft.volume=271&rft.issue=1542&rft.pages=941-947&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1691686%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15255049&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2004.2698&rft.aulast=Lalueza-Fox&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Sampietro%2C+M.+L.&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+M.+T.&rft.au=Castri%2C+L.&rft.au=Facchini%2C+F.&rft.au=Pettener%2C+D.&rft.au=Bertranpetit%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1691686&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeyserBouakazeCrubézyNikolaev2009" class="citation journal cs1">Keyser, Christine; Bouakaze, Caroline; Crubézy, Eric; Nikolaev, Valery G.; Montagnon, Daniel; Reis, Tatiana; Ludes, Bertrand (2009). "Ancient DNA provides new insights into the history of south Siberian Kurgan people". <i>Human Genetics</i>. <b>126</b> (3): 395–410. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00439-009-0683-0">10.1007/s00439-009-0683-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19449030">19449030</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21347353">21347353</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Ancient+DNA+provides+new+insights+into+the+history+of+south+Siberian+Kurgan+people&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=395-410&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21347353%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19449030&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00439-009-0683-0&rft.aulast=Keyser&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft.au=Bouakaze%2C+Caroline&rft.au=Crub%C3%A9zy%2C+Eric&rft.au=Nikolaev%2C+Valery+G.&rft.au=Montagnon%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Reis%2C+Tatiana&rft.au=Ludes%2C+Bertrand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartini2010" class="citation book cs1">Martini, I. Peter (2010). <i>Landscapes and Societies: Selected Cases</i>. Springer. p. 310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-9412-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-9412-4"><bdi>978-90-481-9412-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landscapes+and+Societies%3A+Selected+Cases&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-481-9412-4&rft.aulast=Martini&rft.aufirst=I.+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigham2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Higham_(archaeologist)" title="Charles Higham (archaeologist)">Higham, Charles</a> (2004). <i>Encyclopedia of ancient Asian civilizations</i>. Infobase. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4640-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4640-9"><bdi>978-0-8160-4640-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+ancient+Asian+civilizations&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Infobase&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-4640-9&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The archaeological term "Bronze Age" was first introduced for Europe in the 1830s and soon extended to the Near East. By the 1860s, there was some debate as to whether the term should be extended to China (<a href="/wiki/John_Lubbock,_1st_Baron_Avebury" title="John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury">John Lubbock</a>, <i>Prehistoric Times</i> (1868), cited after <i>The Athenaeum</i> No. 2121, 20 June 1868, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VpRGAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA870">p. 870</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert L. Thorp, <i>China in the Early Bronze Age: Shang Civilization</i>, University of Pennsylvania Press (2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">" Without entering on the vexed question whether or not there ever was a bronze age in any part of the world distinguished by the sole use of that metal, in China and Japan to the present day, amid an iron age, bronze is in constant use for cutting instruments, either alone or in combination with steel." <i>The Rectangular Review</i>, Volume 1 (1871), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CXwtAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA408">p. 408</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Hung" title="Wu Hung">Wu Hung</a> (1995). <i>Monumentality in Early Chinese Art and Architecture</i>. pp. 11, 13 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chang, K. C.: "Studies of Shang Archaeology", pp. 6–7, 1. Yale University Press, 1982.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chang, K. C.: "Studies of Shang Archaeology", p. 1. Yale University Press, 1982.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080213205159/http://www.nga.gov/education/chinatp_pt2.shtm">"Teaching Chinese Archaeology, Part Two"</a>. Nga.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nga.gov/education/chinatp_pt2.shtm">the original</a> on 13 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Teaching+Chinese+Archaeology%2C+Part+Two&rft.pub=Nga.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nga.gov%2Feducation%2Fchinatp_pt2.shtm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Li-Liu; The Chinese Neolithic, Cambridge University Press, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/shzh/hd_shzh.htm"><i>Shang and Zhou Dynasties: The Bronze Age of China</i> Heilbrunn Timeline</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150210074557/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/shzh/hd_shzh.htm">Archived</a> 10 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 13 May 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomgard2008" class="citation journal cs1">Romgard, Jan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206060414/http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp185_silk_road.pdf">"Questions of Ancient Human Settlements in Xinjiang and the Early Silk Road Trade, with an Overview of the Silk Road Research Institutions and Scholars in Beijing, Gansu, and Xinjiang"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sino-Platonic Papers</i> (185): 30–32. 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"Bronze Casting and Bronze Alloys in Ancient China", p. 14. The Australian National University and Monumenta Serica, 1961.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White, W. C. "Bronze Culture of Ancient China", p. 208. University of Toronto Press, 1956.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Erdberg1993" class="citation book cs1">von Erdberg, Elizabeth (1993). <i>Ancient Chinese Bronzes: Terminology and Iconology</i>. 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"Sources of Western Zhou History", pp. 76–83. University of California Press, 1982.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaughnessy, E. L. "Sources of Western Zhou History", p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kyohaku.go.jp/eng/exhibitions/feature/b/seidou_2024/">"Kyoto National Museum"</a>. <i>Kyoto National Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Columbia University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/tps/1000bce_ko.htm">the original</a> on 12 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia+for+Educators&rft.atitle=1000+BC+to+300+AD%3A+Korea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafe.easia.columbia.edu%2Ftps%2F1000bce_ko.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertrandJarrigeRéfrégiersRobbiola2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bertrand, L.; Jarrige, J.-F.; Réfrégiers, M.; Robbiola, L.; Séverin-Fabiani, T.; Mille, B.; Thoury, M. (15 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5116070">"High spatial dynamics-photoluminescence imaging reveals the metallurgy of the earliest lost-wax cast object"</a>. <i>Nature Communications</i>. <b>7</b>: 13356. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatCo...713356T">2016NatCo...713356T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms13356">10.1038/ncomms13356</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723">2041-1723</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5116070">5116070</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27843139">27843139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=High+spatial+dynamics-photoluminescence+imaging+reveals+the+metallurgy+of+the+earliest+lost-wax+cast+object&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=13356&rft.date=2016-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5116070%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016NatCo...713356T&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27843139&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms13356&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft.aulast=Bertrand&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Jarrige%2C+J.-F.&rft.au=R%C3%A9fr%C3%A9giers%2C+M.&rft.au=Robbiola%2C+L.&rft.au=S%C3%A9verin-Fabiani%2C+T.&rft.au=Mille%2C+B.&rft.au=Thoury%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5116070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccrtindia.gov.in/induscivilisculp.php">"Centre for Cultural Resources and Training (CCRT)"</a>. <i>ccrtindia.gov.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ccrtindia.gov.in&rft.atitle=Centre+for+Cultural+Resources+and+Training+%28CCRT%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccrtindia.gov.in%2Finduscivilisculp.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rita_P._Wright" title="Rita P. Wright">Wright, Rita P.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gAgFPQAACAAJ"><i>The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 115–125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57219-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57219-4"><bdi>978-0-521-57219-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Indus%3A+Urbanism%2C+Economy%2C+and+Society&rft.pages=115-125&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57219-4&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Rita+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgAgFPQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyson2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Dyson" title="Tim Dyson">Dyson, Tim</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29"><i>A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-882905-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-882905-8"><bdi>978-0-19-882905-8</bdi></a>. <q>Mohenjo-daro and Harappa may each have contained between 30,000 and 60,000 people (perhaps more in the former case). Water transport was crucial for the provisioning of these and other cities. That said, the vast majority of people lived in rural areas. At the height of the Indus valley civilization the subcontinent may have contained 4–6 million people.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Population+History+of+India%3A+From+the+First+Modern+People+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-882905-8&rft.aulast=Dyson&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3TRtDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntosh2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_McIntosh" title="Jane McIntosh">McIntosh, Jane</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC"><i>The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives</i></a>. ABC-ClIO. p. 387. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-907-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-907-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-907-2</bdi></a>. <q>The enormous potential of the greater Indus region offered scope for huge population increase; by the end of the Mature Harappan period, the Harappans are estimated to have numbered somewhere between 1 and 5 million, probably well below the region's carrying capacity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Indus+Valley%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.pages=387&rft.pub=ABC-ClIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-907-2&rft.aulast=McIntosh&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1AJO2A-CbccC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427023505/http://penn.museum/documents/publications/expedition/PDFs/43-2/Science.pdf">"Bronze from Ban Chiang, Thailand: A view from the Laboratory"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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(2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/187874">"Did They or Didn't They Invent It? Iron in Sub-Saharan Africa"</a>. <i>History in Africa</i>. <b>32</b>: 41–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhia.2005.0003">10.1353/hia.2005.0003</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20065735">20065735</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162880295">162880295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+in+Africa&rft.atitle=Did+They+or+Didn%27t+They+Invent+It%3F+Iron+in+Sub-Saharan+Africa&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=41-94&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162880295%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20065735%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhia.2005.0003&rft.aulast=Alpern&rft.aufirst=Stanley+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F187874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKillick2009" class="citation journal cs1">Killick, David (2009). "Cairo to Cape: The Spread of Metallurgy Through Eastern and Southern Africa". <i>Journal of World Prehistory</i>. <b>22</b> (4): 399–414. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10963-009-9025-3">10.1007/s10963-009-9025-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162458882">162458882</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+World+Prehistory&rft.atitle=Cairo+to+Cape%3A+The+Spread+of+Metallurgy+Through+Eastern+and+Southern+Africa&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=399-414&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10963-009-9025-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162458882%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Killick&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chirikure2010-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chirikure2010_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chirikure2010_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChirikure2010" class="citation journal cs1">Chirikure, Shadreck (2010). 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Holl's 'On the Iron Front'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_African_Archaeology" title="Journal of African Archaeology">Journal of African Archaeology</a></i>. <b>8</b> (1): 25–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3213%2F1612-1651-10156">10.3213/1612-1651-10156</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43135498">43135498</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+Archaeology&rft.atitle=On+Evidence%2C+Ideas+and+Fantasy%3A+The+Origins+of+Iron+in+Sub-Saharan+Africa%3A+Thoughts+on+%C3%89.+Zagato+%26+A.+F.+C.+Holl%27s+%27On+the+Iron+Front%27&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=25-28&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3213%2F1612-1651-10156&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43135498%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Chirikure&rft.aufirst=Shadreck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKillickvan_der_MerweGordonGrebenart1988" class="citation journal cs1">Killick, David; van der Merwe, Nikolaas J.; Gordon, Robert B.; Grebenart, Danilo (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0305-4403%2888%2990036-2">"Reassessment of the Evidence for Early Metallurgy in Niger, West Africa"</a>. <i>Journal of Archaeological Science</i>. <b>15</b> (4): 367–3944. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988JArSc..15..367K">1988JArSc..15..367K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0305-4403%2888%2990036-2">10.1016/0305-4403(88)90036-2</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=Reassessment+of+the+Evidence+for+Early+Metallurgy+in+Niger%2C+West+Africa&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=367-3944&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0305-4403%2888%2990036-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988JArSc..15..367K&rft.aulast=Killick&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=van+der+Merwe%2C+Nikolaas+J.&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Robert+B.&rft.au=Grebenart%2C+Danilo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252F0305-4403%252888%252990036-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090417064326/http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/publicacionesbanrep/bolmuseo/1996/jldi41/jldi01a.htm">"El bronce y el horizonte medio"</a>. <i>lablaa.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lablaa.org/blaavirtual/publicacionesbanrep/bolmuseo/1996/jldi41/jldi01a.htm">the original</a> on 17 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lablaa.org&rft.atitle=El+bronce+y+el+horizonte+medio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lablaa.org%2Fblaavirtual%2Fpublicacionesbanrep%2Fbolmuseo%2F1996%2Fjldi41%2Fjldi01a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutierrez" class="citation web cs1">Gutierrez, Antonio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090131034920/http://incas.homestead.com/inca_metallurgy_copper.html">"Inca Metallurgy"</a>. Incas.homestead.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://incas.homestead.com/inca_metallurgy_copper.html">the original</a> on 31 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inca+Metallurgy&rft.pub=Incas.homestead.com&rft.aulast=Gutierrez&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fincas.homestead.com%2Finca_metallurgy_copper.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ambrosetti, El bronze de la región calchaquí, Buenos Aires, 1904.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/stream/arqueologaargen01ambrgoog#page/n4/mode/2up">[1]</a>. Retrieved 28 March 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristiansen2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kristiansen, Kristian (26 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fppr.2015.17">"Connected Histories: the Dynamics of Bronze Age Interaction and Trade 1500–1100 BC"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society</i>. <b>81</b>: 361–392. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fppr.2015.17">10.1017/ppr.2015.17</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Prehistoric+Society&rft.atitle=Connected+Histories%3A+the+Dynamics+of+Bronze+Age+Interaction+and+Trade+1500%E2%80%931100+BC&rft.volume=81&rft.pages=361-392&rft.date=2015-11-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fppr.2015.17&rft.aulast=Kristiansen&rft.aufirst=Kristian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fppr.2015.17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEogan1983" class="citation book cs1">Eogan, George (1983). <i>The Hoards of the Irish Later Bronze Age</i>. Dublin University College. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-901120-77-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-901120-77-4"><bdi>0-901120-77-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hoards+of+the+Irish+Later+Bronze+Age&rft.pub=Dublin+University+College&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-901120-77-4&rft.aulast=Eogan&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradleyHallColesEntwistle1994" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, Richard; Hall, David; Coles, John; Entwistle, Roy; Raymond, Frances (1994). <i>Fenland Survey</i>. London: English Heritage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85074-477-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85074-477-7"><bdi>1-85074-477-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fenland+Survey&rft.place=London&rft.pub=English+Heritage&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-85074-477-7&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Hall%2C+David&rft.au=Coles%2C+John&rft.au=Entwistle%2C+Roy&rft.au=Raymond%2C+Frances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pernicka, E., Eibner, C., Öztunah, Ö., Wagener, G. A. (2003). "", In: Wagner, G. A., Pernicka, E. and Uerpmann, H-P. (eds), <i>Troia and the Troad: scientific approaches</i>, Natural science in archaeology, Berlin, Germany; London, England: Springer, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-43711-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-43711-8">3-540-43711-8</a>, pp. </li> <li>Piccolo, Salvatore (2013). <i>Ancient Stones: The Prehistoric Dolmens of Sicily</i>. Abingdon (Great Britain): Brazen Head Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-09565106-2-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-09565106-2-4">978-09565106-2-4</a></li> <li>Power, Denis. <i>Archaeological inventory of County Cork, Volume 3: Mid Cork</i>. Stationery Office, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7076-4933-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7076-4933-7">978-0-7076-4933-7</a></li> <li>Waddell, John (1998). <i>The prehistoric archaeology of Ireland</i>, Galway University Press, 433 p., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-901421-10-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-901421-10-4">1-901421-10-4</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilde1930" class="citation book cs1">Childe, V. G. (1930). <i>The bronze age</i>. New York: The Macmillan Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+bronze+age&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Childe&rft.aufirst=V.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFigueiredo2010" class="citation journal cs1">Figueiredo, Elin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repositorio.ul.pt/bitstream/10451/9795/1/Smelting%20and%20recicling%20evidences%20from%20the%20Late%20Bronze%20Age%20habitat%20site%20of%20Bai%c3%b5es.pdf">"Smelting and Recycling Evidences from the Late Bronze Age habitat site of Baioes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Archaeological Science</i>. <b>37</b> (7): 1623–1634. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2010.01.023">10.1016/j.jas.2010.01.023</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10451%2F9795">10451/9795</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53316689">53316689</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=Smelting+and+Recycling+Evidences+from+the+Late+Bronze+Age+habitat+site+of+Baioes&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1623-1634&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10451%2F9795&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53316689%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jas.2010.01.023&rft.aulast=Figueiredo&rft.aufirst=Elin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepositorio.ul.pt%2Fbitstream%2F10451%2F9795%2F1%2FSmelting%2520and%2520recicling%2520evidences%2520from%2520the%2520Late%2520Bronze%2520Age%2520habitat%2520site%2520of%2520Bai%25c3%25b5es.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFong1980" class="citation book cs1">Fong, Wen, ed. (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatbronzeageof0000unse"><i>The great bronze age of China: an exhibition from the People's Republic of China</i></a></span>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-226-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-226-1"><bdi>978-0-87099-226-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+great+bronze+age+of+China%3A+an+exhibition+from+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-87099-226-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatbronzeageof0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelleher1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bradford_Kelleher" title="Bradford Kelleher">Kelleher, Bradford</a> (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/treasuresfrombro00metr"><i>Treasures from the Bronze Age of China: An exhibition from the People's Republic of China, the Metropolitan Museum of Art</i></a></span>. New York: Ballantine. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-230-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-230-8"><bdi>978-0-87099-230-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treasures+from+the+Bronze+Age+of+China%3A+An+exhibition+from+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China%2C+the+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ballantine&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-87099-230-8&rft.aulast=Kelleher&rft.aufirst=Bradford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftreasuresfrombro00metr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner1993" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Donald B. (1993). <i>Iron and Steel143–172 in Ancient China</i>. Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+and+Steel143%E2%80%93172+in+Ancient+China&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Donald+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuijpers2008" class="citation book cs1">Kuijpers, M. H. G. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130205205212/http://www.sidestone.com/library/bronze-age-metalworking-in-the-netherlands-c2000-800bc"><i>Bronze Age metalworking in the Netherlands (c. 2000–800 BC): A research into the preservation of metallurgy related artefacts and the social position of the smith</i></a>. Leiden, Netherlands: Sidestone. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9088900150" title="Special:BookSources/978-9088900150"><bdi>978-9088900150</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sidestone.com/library/bronze-age-metalworking-in-the-netherlands-c2000-800bc">the original</a> on 5 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bronze+Age+metalworking+in+the+Netherlands+%28c.+2000%E2%80%93800+BC%29%3A+A+research+into+the+preservation+of+metallurgy+related+artefacts+and+the+social+position+of+the+smith&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=Sidestone&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9088900150&rft.aulast=Kuijpers&rft.aufirst=M.+H.+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sidestone.com%2Flibrary%2Fbronze-age-metalworking-in-the-netherlands-c2000-800bc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2010" class="citation journal cs1">Li; et al. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2838831">"Evidence that a West-East admixed population lived in the Tarim Basin as early as the early Bronze Age"</a>. <i>BMC Biology</i>. <b>8</b>: 15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1741-7007-8-15">10.1186/1741-7007-8-15</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2838831">2838831</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20163704">20163704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Biology&rft.atitle=Evidence+that+a+West-East+admixed+population+lived+in+the+Tarim+Basin+as+early+as+the+early+Bronze+Age&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=15&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2838831%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20163704&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1741-7007-8-15&rft.au=Li&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2838831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller-LyerLakeLake1921" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Carl_M%C3%BCller-Lyer" title="Franz Carl Müller-Lyer">Müller-Lyer, Franz Carl</a>; Lake, E. C.; Lake, H. A. (1921). <i>The history of social development</i>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+social+development&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller-Lyer&rft.aufirst=Franz+Carl&rft.au=Lake%2C+E.+C.&rft.au=Lake%2C+H.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPittman1984" class="citation book cs1">Pittman, Holly (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131226083511/http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/33948"><i>Art of the Bronze Age: southeastern Iran, western Central Asia, and the Indus Valley</i></a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-365-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-365-7"><bdi>978-0-87099-365-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/33948">the original</a> on 26 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+of+the+Bronze+Age%3A+southeastern+Iran%2C+western+Central+Asia%2C+and+the+Indus+Valley&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-87099-365-7&rft.aulast=Pittman&rft.aufirst=Holly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F33948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsThorntonPigott2009" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, B. W.; Thornton, C. P.; Pigott, V. C. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://britishmuseum.academia.edu/BenjaminRoberts/Papers/340888/Development_of_metallurgy_in_Eurasia">"Development of Metallurgy in Eurasia"</a>. <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>83</b> (322): 112–122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00099312">10.1017/S0003598X00099312</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163062746">163062746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Development+of+Metallurgy+in+Eurasia&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=322&rft.pages=112-122&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00099312&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163062746%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=B.+W.&rft.au=Thornton%2C+C.+P.&rft.au=Pigott%2C+V.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbritishmuseum.academia.edu%2FBenjaminRoberts%2FPapers%2F340888%2FDevelopment_of_metallurgy_in_Eurasia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiklosy2009" class="citation journal cs1">Siklosy; et al. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Frcm.3943">"Bronze Age volcanic event recorded in stalagmites by combined isotope and trace element studies"</a>. <i>Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry</i>. <b>23</b> (6): 801–808. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009RCMS...23..801S">2009RCMS...23..801S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Frcm.3943">10.1002/rcm.3943</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19219896">19219896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rapid+Communications+in+Mass+Spectrometry&rft.atitle=Bronze+Age+volcanic+event+recorded+in+stalagmites+by+combined+isotope+and+trace+element+studies&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=801-808&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19219896&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Frcm.3943&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009RCMS...23..801S&rft.au=Siklosy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Frcm.3943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bronze_Age" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Bronze Age"><b><i>Bronze Age</i></b></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Bronze Age</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Bronze+Age&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Bronze+Age">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Bronze+Age&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bronze Age"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bronze_Age">"Bronze Age" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bronze+Age&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABronze+Age" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bronze-age-craft.com/">Bronze Age Experimental Archeology and Museum Reproductions</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umha-aois.com/">Umha Aois – Reconstructed Bronze Age metal casting</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181119084851/http://web.comhem.se/vikingbronze/umha_aois_06.wmv">Umha Aois – ancient bronze casting videoclip</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aegeobalkanprehistory.net/">Aegean and Balkan Prehistory</a> articles, site-reports and bibliography database concerning the Aegean, Balkans and Western Anatolia</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penn.museum/sites/mmap/publications/whitejwp.pdf">The Transmission of Early Bronze Technology to Thailand: New Perspectives</a>"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-evolution-timeline-interactive">Human Timeline (Interactive)</a> – <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian">Smithsonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="National Museum of Natural History">National Museum of Natural History</a> (August 2016)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Seafaring</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/northamptonshire/4330031.stm">Divers unearth Bronze Age hoard off the coast of Devon</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bronze_Age" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bronze_Age_footer" title="Template:Bronze Age footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bronze_Age_footer" title="Template talk:Bronze Age footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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culture">Apennine culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorican_Tumulus_culture" title="Armorican Tumulus culture">Armorican Tumulus culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bronze_Age" title="Atlantic Bronze Age">Atlantic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">BMAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" title="Bronze Age Britain">Bronze Age Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_culture" title="Catacomb culture">Catacomb culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bronze_Age_sites_in_China" title="List of Bronze Age sites in China">Chinese Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_stones_culture" title="Deer stones culture">Deer stones culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deverel%E2%80%93Rimbury_culture" title="Deverel–Rimbury culture">Deverel–Rimbury culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elp_culture" title="Elp culture">Elp culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewart_Park_Phase" title="Ewart Park Phase">Ewart Park Phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezero_culture" title="Ezero culture">Ezero culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glazkov_culture" title="Glazkov culture">Glazkov culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Argar" title="El Argar">Argaric culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helladic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Helladic period">Helladic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Late Jomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasuk_culture" title="Karasuk culture">Karasuk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoning_bronze_dagger_culture" title="Liaoning bronze dagger culture">Liaoning bronze dagger culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumun_pottery_period" title="Mumun pottery period">Mumun pottery period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okunev_culture" title="Okunev culture">Okunev culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordos_culture" title="Ordos culture">Ordos culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penard_Period" title="Penard Period">Penard Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samus_culture" title="Samus culture">Samus culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-Western_Iberian_Bronze" title="South-Western Iberian Bronze">South-Western Iberian Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srubnaya_culture" title="Srubnaya culture">Srubnaya culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagar_culture" title="Tagar culture">Tagar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarim_mummies" title="Tarim mummies">Tarim Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trzciniec_culture" title="Trzciniec culture">Trzciniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wessex_culture" title="Wessex culture">Wessex culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilburton-Wallington_Phase" title="Wilburton-Wallington Phase">Wilburton-Wallington Phase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bronze Age</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(North Caucasus<br />and Transcaucasia)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurgan culture">Kurgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koban_culture" title="Koban culture">Koban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri-Shomu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchian_culture" title="Colchian culture">Colchian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialeti_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialeti culture">Trialeti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maykop_culture" title="Maykop culture">Maykop culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leyla-Tepe_culture" title="Leyla-Tepe culture">Leyla-Tepe culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar-Burial_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Jar-Burial Culture">Jar-Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojaly%E2%80%93Gadabay_culture" title="Khojaly–Gadabay culture">Khojaly–Gadabay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>↓ <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_Asia" title="Template:Prehistoric Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_Asia" title="Template talk:Prehistoric Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Asia" title="Prehistoric Asia">Prehistoric Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmanisi_hominins" title="Dmanisi hominins">Dmanisi hominins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Japanese Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">Java Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">List of Paleolithic sites in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia#Paleolithic_and_Epipaleolithic_periods" title="History of Mesopotamia">Paleolithic Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">Peking Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riwat" title="Riwat">Riwat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiran" title="Sangiran">Sangiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_Man" title="Solo Man">Solo Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">South Asian Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubeidiya_prehistoric_site" title="Ubeidiya prehistoric site">Ubeidiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaochangliang" title="Xiaochangliang">Xiaochangliang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic#Early_settlements" title="Neolithic">Early Neolithic settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Khiamian">Khiamian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialetian" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialetian">Trialetian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Nemrikian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Tibet" title="Neolithic Tibet">Neolithic Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Korea#Neolithic" title="Prehistoric Korea">Neolithic Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic South Asia">Neolithic South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohalo">Ohalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A</a> (Mesopotamia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a> (Mesopotamia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daimabad" title="Daimabad">Daimabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Anatolia">Bronze Age Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Caucasus">Bronze Age Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age China">Bronze Age China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">Bronze Age India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Korea">Bronze Age Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Levant">Bronze Age Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bronze_Age_sites_in_China" title="List of Bronze Age sites in China">List of Bronze Age sites in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seima-Turbino_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Seima-Turbino phenomenon">Seima-Turbino phenomenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods" title="List of archaeological periods">Archaeological periods</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_time_periods" title="List of time periods">Time periods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Three-age_system" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Three-age_system" title="Template:Three-age system"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Three-age_system" title="Template talk:Three-age system"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Three-age_system" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Three-age system"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Three-age_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system" title="Three-age system">Three-age system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Flint tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Middle Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Stone_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Stone Age">Later Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epipalaeolithic" title="Epipalaeolithic">Epipaleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery Neolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Continent" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stone-Age_Poland" title="Stone-Age Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Stone_Age" title="Nordic Stone Age">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_British_Isles" title="Neolithic British Isles">British</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Bronze Age collapse</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Continent" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copper_metallurgy_in_Africa" title="Copper metallurgy in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Levant">Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Bronze_Age" title="Atlantic Bronze Age">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" title="Bronze Age Britain">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_in_Romania" title="Bronze Age in Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">History of ferrous metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_meteorite" title="Iron meteorite">Iron meteorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Continent" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_metallurgy_in_Africa" title="Iron metallurgy in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Asian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_in_India" title="Iron Age in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe"> Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Scandinavia" title="Iron Age Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods" title="List of archaeological periods">List of archaeological periods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_time_periods" title="List of time periods">List of time periods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11761#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11761#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11761#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4008357-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bronze age"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85017095">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570287">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="doba bronzová"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph137452&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007292422905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/f4869494-3230-4cb0-8b27-151304315e92">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/008013">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=36306">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&oldid=1259805717">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bronze_Age&oldid=1259805717</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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