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id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Principles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_navigation_satellite_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_navigation_satellite_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Global navigation satellite systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Global_navigation_satellite_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Global navigation satellite systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Global_navigation_satellite_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-GPS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GPS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>GPS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GPS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GLONASS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GLONASS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>GLONASS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GLONASS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-BeiDou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BeiDou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>BeiDou</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BeiDou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Galileo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Galileo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Galileo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Galileo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_navigation_satellite_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_navigation_satellite_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Regional navigation satellite systems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regional_navigation_satellite_systems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regional navigation satellite systems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regional_navigation_satellite_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-NavIC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NavIC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>NavIC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NavIC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_BeiDou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_BeiDou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Early BeiDou</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_BeiDou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Augmentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Augmentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Augmentation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Augmentation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Augmentation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Augmentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-QZSS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#QZSS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>QZSS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-QZSS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EGNOS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EGNOS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>EGNOS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EGNOS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Comparison of systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Related techniques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Related_techniques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Related techniques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Related_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-DORIS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DORIS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>DORIS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DORIS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LEO_satellites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LEO_satellites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>LEO satellites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LEO_satellites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>International regulation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_regulation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International regulation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frequency_allocation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frequency_allocation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Frequency allocation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frequency_allocation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Information_on_specific_GNSS_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information_on_specific_GNSS_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Information on specific GNSS systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information_on_specific_GNSS_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizations_related_to_GNSS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations_related_to_GNSS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>Organizations related to GNSS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizations_related_to_GNSS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supportive_or_illustrative_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supportive_or_illustrative_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.3</span> <span>Supportive or illustrative sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supportive_or_illustrative_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Satellite navigation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الملاحة عبر الأقمار الاصطناعية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الملاحة عبر الأقمار الاصطناعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_global_de_navegaci%C3%B3n_per_sat%C3%A9lite" title="Sistema global de navegación per satélite – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sistema global de navegación per satélite" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="কৃত্রিম উপগ্রহভিত্তিক দিকনির্ণয় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কৃত্রিম উপগ্রহভিত্তিক দিকনির্ণয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Спадарожнікавая сістэма навігацыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Спадарожнікавая сістэма навігацыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Спътникова навигация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Спътникова навигация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_Geolec%27hiadur_Hollek_dre_Satellit" title="Sistem Geolec'hiadur Hollek dre Satellit – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sistem Geolec'hiadur Hollek dre Satellit" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_navegaci%C3%B3_per_sat%C3%A8l%C2%B7lit" title="Sistema de navegació per satèl·lit – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sistema de navegació per satèl·lit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD_%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%C4%95_%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%82%C4%83%D0%BC%C4%95" title="Навигацин çулташсемлĕ тытăмĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Навигацин çулташсемлĕ тытăмĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelitn%C3%AD_navigace" title="Satelitní navigace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Satelitní navigace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Global Navigation Satellite System – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Global Navigation Satellite System" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globales_Navigationssatellitensystem" title="Globales Navigationssatellitensystem – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Globales Navigationssatellitensystem" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Clemaailmne_satelliitnavigatsioonis%C3%BCsteem" title="Ülemaailmne satelliitnavigatsioonisüsteem – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ülemaailmne satelliitnavigatsioonisüsteem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_global_de_navegaci%C3%B3n_por_sat%C3%A9lite" title="Sistema global de navegación por satélite – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sistema global de navegación por satélite" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tergloba_navigada_satelita_sistemo" title="Tergloba navigada satelita sistemo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tergloba navigada satelita sistemo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_guia" title="Sistema de guia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Sistema de guia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelite_bidezko_nabigazio_sistema" title="Satelite bidezko nabigazio sistema – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Satelite bidezko nabigazio sistema" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="ناوبری ماهواره‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ناوبری ماهواره‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_de_positionnement_par_satellites" title="Système de positionnement par satellites – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Système de positionnement par satellites" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satail%C3%ADt_loingseoireachta" title="Satailít loingseoireachta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Satailít loingseoireachta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%94%EC%A7%80%EA%B5%AC_%EC%9C%84%EC%84%B1_%ED%95%AD%EB%B2%95_%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%9C" title="범지구 위성 항법 시스템 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="범지구 위성 항법 시스템" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="उपग्रह नौवहन प्रणाली – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उपग्रह नौवहन प्रणाली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalni_navigacijski_satelitski_sustavi" title="Globalni navigacijski satelitski sustavi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Globalni navigacijski satelitski sustavi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_navigasi_satelit" title="Sistem navigasi satelit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sistem navigasi satelit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_satellitare_globale_di_navigazione" title="Sistema satellitare globale di navigazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sistema satellitare globale di navigazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%98_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מערכת ניווט לוויינית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מערכת ניווט לוויינית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96" title="Спутниктік навигация жүйесі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Спутниктік навигация жүйесі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mfumo_wa_uongozaji_kwa_satelaiti" title="Mfumo wa uongozaji kwa satelaiti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mfumo wa uongozaji kwa satelaiti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Глобалдык орун аныктоо системи – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Глобалдык орун аныктоо системи" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavado%C5%86navig%C4%81cija" title="Pavadoņnavigācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pavadoņnavigācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sist%C9%9B%CC%81m%C9%9B_ya_boyebi_bis%C3%ADk%C3%A1" title="Sistɛ́mɛ ya boyebi bisíká – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Sistɛ́mɛ ya boyebi bisíká" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC" title="സാറ്റലൈറ്റ് നാവിഗേറ്റർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സാറ്റലൈറ്റ് നാവിഗേറ്റർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86" title="Хиймэл дагуулын навигац – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хиймэл дагуулын навигац" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellietnavigatie" title="Satellietnavigatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Satellietnavigatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F%E6%B8%AC%E4%BD%8D%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0" title="衛星測位システム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="衛星測位システム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigasjonssatellitt" title="Navigasjonssatellitt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Navigasjonssatellitt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigasjonssatellitt" title="Navigasjonssatellitt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Navigasjonssatellitt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sist%C3%A8ma_de_posicionament_per_satellits" title="Sistèma de posicionament per satellits – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sistèma de posicionament per satellits" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun%CA%BCiy_yo%CA%BBldoshli_global_navigatsion_tizim" title="Sunʼiy yoʻldoshli global navigatsion tizim – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sunʼiy yoʻldoshli global navigatsion tizim" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawigacja_satelitarna" title="Nawigacja satelitarna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nawigacja satelitarna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_de_navega%C3%A7%C3%A3o_por_sat%C3%A9lite" title="Sistema de navegação por satélite – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sistema de navegação por satélite" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_de_naviga%C8%9Bie_prin_satelit" title="Sistem de navigație prin satelit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sistem de navigație prin satelit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Спутниковая система навигации – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Спутниковая система навигации" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Satellite navigation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru%C5%BEicov%C3%BD_naviga%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_pr%C3%ADstroj" title="Družicový navigačný prístroj – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Družicový navigačný prístroj" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سیستمی مانگی دەستکردی گەشتیاریی جیھانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سیستمی مانگی دەستکردی گەشتیاریی جیھانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalni_navigacioni_satelitski_sistemi" title="Globalni navigacioni satelitski sistemi – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Globalni navigacioni satelitski sistemi" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satelliittipaikannus" title="Satelliittipaikannus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Satelliittipaikannus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellitnavigation" title="Satellitnavigation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Satellitnavigation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabigasyong_satelayt" title="Nabigasyong satelayt – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nabigasyong satelayt" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="செய்மதி இடஞ்சுட்டல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செய்மதி இடஞ்சுட்டல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCresel_uydu_seyr%C3%BCsefer_sistemi" title="Küresel uydu seyrüsefer sistemi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Küresel uydu seyrüsefer sistemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Супутникова навігація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Супутникова навігація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85" title="عالمی جہازرانی سیارچی نظام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عالمی جہازرانی سیارچی نظام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_th%E1%BB%91ng_v%E1%BB%87_tinh_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_v%E1%BB%8B_to%C3%A0n_c%E1%BA%A7u" title="Hệ thống vệ tinh định vị toàn cầu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hệ thống vệ tinh định vị toàn cầu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Use of satellite signals for geo-spatial positioning</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For maneuvering satellites to maintain orbit and station, see <a href="/wiki/Orbital_station-keeping" title="Orbital station-keeping">Orbital station-keeping</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GPS_Block_IIIA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/GPS_Block_IIIA.jpg/250px-GPS_Block_IIIA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/GPS_Block_IIIA.jpg/330px-GPS_Block_IIIA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/GPS_Block_IIIA.jpg/500px-GPS_Block_IIIA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3150" data-file-height="3150" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Space_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Space Force">U.S. Space Force</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> was the first global satellite navigation system and the first to be provided as a free global service.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Spaceflight" title="Category:Spaceflight">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0.5em"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:STS115_Atlantis_undock_ISS_edit2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/STS115_Atlantis_undock_ISS_edit2.jpg/220px-STS115_Atlantis_undock_ISS_edit2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/STS115_Atlantis_undock_ISS_edit2.jpg/330px-STS115_Atlantis_undock_ISS_edit2.jpg 1.5x, 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of lunar missions">Lunar missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_Mars" title="List of missions to Mars">Mars missions</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight#Applications_of_spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Applications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy satellite">Espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_satellite" title="Military satellite">Military</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink 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travel">Interstellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_travel" title="Intergalactic travel">Intergalactic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">List of space organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_space_agencies" title="List of government space agencies">Space agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_forces,_units,_and_formations" title="List of space forces, units, and formations">Space forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_private_spaceflight_companies" title="List of private spaceflight companies">Companies</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#000 2px solid; border-bottom:#000 2px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/20px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/40px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spaceflight_sidebar" title="Template:Spaceflight sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spaceflight_sidebar" title="Template talk:Spaceflight sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>satellite navigation</b> or <b>satnav</b> system is a system that uses <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</a> to provide autonomous <a href="/wiki/Geopositioning" title="Geopositioning">geopositioning</a>. A satellite navigation system with global coverage is termed <b>global navigation satellite system</b> (<b>GNSS</b>). As of 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, four global systems are operational: the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> (GPS), <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>'s Global Navigation Satellite System (<a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a>), <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>'s <a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou</a> Navigation Satellite System (BDS),<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union's</a> <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Satellite-based_augmentation_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite-based augmentation system">Satellite-based augmentation systems</a></i> (SBAS), designed to enhance the accuracy of GNSS,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> include Japan's <a href="/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System" title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System">Quasi-Zenith Satellite System</a> (QZSS),<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India's <a href="/wiki/GAGAN" class="mw-redirect" title="GAGAN">GAGAN</a> and the European <a href="/wiki/EGNOS" class="mw-redirect" title="EGNOS">EGNOS</a>, all of them based on GPS. Previous iterations of the BeiDou navigation system and the present <a href="/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System">Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System</a> (IRNSS), operationally known as NavIC, are examples of stand-alone operating <b>regional navigation satellite systems</b> (<b>RNSS</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation_device" title="Satellite navigation device">Satellite navigation devices</a> determine their location (<a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Altitude" title="Altitude">altitude</a>/<a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevation</a>) to high precision (within a few centimeters to meters) using <a href="/wiki/Time_signal" title="Time signal">time signals</a> transmitted along a <a href="/wiki/Line-of-sight_propagation" title="Line-of-sight propagation">line of sight</a> by <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> from satellites. The system can be used for providing position, navigation or for tracking the position of something fitted with a receiver (satellite tracking). The signals also allow the electronic receiver to calculate the current local time to a high precision, which allows time synchronisation. These uses are collectively known as <b>Positioning, Navigation and Timing</b> (PNT). Satnav systems operate independently of any telephonic or internet reception, though these technologies can enhance the usefulness of the positioning information generated. </p><p>Global coverage for each system is generally achieved by a <a href="/wiki/Satellite_constellation" title="Satellite constellation">satellite constellation</a> of 18–30 <a href="/wiki/Medium_Earth_orbit" title="Medium Earth orbit">medium Earth orbit</a> (MEO) satellites spread between several <a href="/wiki/Orbital_planes" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital planes">orbital planes</a>. The actual systems vary, but all use <a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">orbital inclinations</a> of >50° and <a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">orbital periods</a> of roughly twelve hours (at an altitude of about 20,000 kilometres or 12,000 miles). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/GNSS_augmentation" title="GNSS augmentation">GNSS augmentation</a></div> <p>GNSS systems that provide enhanced accuracy and integrity monitoring usable for civil navigation are classified as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-generations_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-generations-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="GNSS-1"></span><span class="vanchor-text">GNSS-1</span></span></b> is the first generation system and is the combination of existing satellite navigation systems (GPS and GLONASS), with <a href="/wiki/Satellite_Based_Augmentation_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite Based Augmentation System">Satellite Based Augmentation Systems</a> (SBAS) or <a href="/wiki/Ground_Based_Augmentation_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground Based Augmentation System">Ground Based Augmentation Systems</a> (GBAS).<sup id="cite_ref-generations_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-generations-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, the satellite-based component is the <a href="/wiki/Wide_Area_Augmentation_System" title="Wide Area Augmentation System">Wide Area Augmentation System</a> (WAAS); in Europe, it is the <a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service</a> (EGNOS); in Japan, it is the <a href="/wiki/Multi-Functional_Transport_Satellite" title="Multi-Functional Transport Satellite">Multi-Functional Satellite Augmentation System</a> (MSAS); and in India, it is the <a href="/wiki/GPS-aided_GEO_augmented_navigation" title="GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation">GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation</a> (GAGAN). Ground-based augmentation is provided by systems like the <a href="/wiki/Local_Area_Augmentation_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Area Augmentation System">Local Area Augmentation System</a> (LAAS).<sup id="cite_ref-generations_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-generations-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509" /><span class="vanchor"><span id="GNSS-2"></span><span class="vanchor-text">GNSS-2</span></span></b> is the second generation of systems that independently provide a full civilian satellite navigation system, exemplified by the European Galileo positioning system.<sup id="cite_ref-generations_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-generations-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These systems will provide the accuracy and integrity monitoring necessary for civil navigation; including aircraft. Initially, this system consisted of only Upper <a href="/wiki/L_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="L Band">L Band</a> frequency sets (L1 for GPS, E1 for Galileo, <a href="/wiki/L_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="L Band">and</a> G1 for GLONASS). In recent years, GNSS systems have begun activating Lower <a href="/wiki/L_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="L Band">L Band</a> frequency sets (L2 and L5 for GPS, E5a and E5b for Galileo, <a href="/wiki/L_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="L Band">and</a> G3 for GLONASS) for civilian use; they feature higher aggregate accuracy and fewer problems with signal reflection.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of late 2018, a few consumer-grade GNSS devices are being sold that leverage both. They are typically called "Dual band GNSS" or "Dual band GPS" devices.</li></ul> <p>By their roles in the navigation system, systems can be classified as: </p> <ul><li>There are four global satellite navigation systems, currently <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a> (United States), <a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a> (Russian Federation), <a href="/wiki/Beidou" class="mw-redirect" title="Beidou">Beidou</a> (China) and <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a> (European Union).</li> <li>Global Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS) such as <a href="/wiki/OmniSTAR" title="OmniSTAR">OmniSTAR</a> and <a href="/wiki/StarFire_(navigation_system)" title="StarFire (navigation system)">StarFire</a>.</li> <li>Regional SBAS including WAAS (US), EGNOS (EU), MSAS (Japan), <a href="/wiki/GPS-aided_geo-augmented_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS-aided geo-augmented navigation">GAGAN</a> (India) and SDCM (Russia).</li> <li>Regional Satellite Navigation Systems such as India's <a href="/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System">NAVIC</a>, and Japan's <a href="/wiki/QZSS" class="mw-redirect" title="QZSS">QZSS</a>.</li> <li>Continental scale Ground Based Augmentation Systems (GBAS) for example the Australian GRAS and the joint US Coast Guard, Canadian Coast Guard, US Army Corps of Engineers and US Department of Transportation National <a href="/wiki/Differential_GPS" title="Differential GPS">Differential GPS</a> (DGPS) service.</li> <li>Regional scale GBAS such as CORS networks.</li> <li>Local GBAS typified by a single GPS reference station operating <a href="/wiki/Real_Time_Kinematic" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Time Kinematic">Real Time Kinematic</a> (RTK) corrections.</li></ul> <p>As many of the global GNSS systems (and augmentation systems) use similar frequencies and signals around L1, many "Multi-GNSS" receivers capable of using multiple systems have been produced. While some systems strive to interoperate with GPS as well as possible by providing the same clock, others do not.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/GPS#History" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS § History</a>, <a href="/wiki/GLONASS#History" title="GLONASS">GLONASS § History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)#History" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">GALILEO#History</a>, and <a href="/wiki/BeiDou#History" title="BeiDou">BeiDou § History</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Accuracy_of_Navigation_Systems.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Accuracy_of_Navigation_Systems.svg/250px-Accuracy_of_Navigation_Systems.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Accuracy_of_Navigation_Systems.svg/330px-Accuracy_of_Navigation_Systems.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Accuracy_of_Navigation_Systems.svg/500px-Accuracy_of_Navigation_Systems.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Ground-based <a href="/wiki/Radio_navigation" title="Radio navigation">radio navigation</a> is decades old. The <a href="/wiki/Decca_Navigator_System" title="Decca Navigator System">DECCA</a>, <a href="/wiki/LORAN" title="LORAN">LORAN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gee_(navigation)" title="Gee (navigation)">GEE</a> and <a href="/wiki/Omega_Navigation_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Omega Navigation System">Omega</a> systems used terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Longwave" title="Longwave">longwave</a> radio <a href="/wiki/Transmitter" title="Transmitter">transmitters</a> which broadcast a radio pulse from a known "master" location, followed by a pulse repeated from a number of "slave" stations. The delay between the reception of the master signal and the slave signals allowed the receiver to deduce the distance to each of the slaves, providing a <a href="/wiki/Fix_(position)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fix (position)">fix</a>. </p><p>The first satellite navigation system was <a href="/wiki/Transit_(satellite)" title="Transit (satellite)">Transit</a>, a system deployed by the US military in the 1960s. Transit's operation was based on the <a href="/wiki/Doppler_effect" title="Doppler effect">Doppler effect</a>: the satellites travelled on well-known paths and broadcast their signals on a well-known <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency</a>. The received frequency will differ slightly from the broadcast frequency because of the movement of the satellite with respect to the receiver. By monitoring this frequency shift over a short time interval, the receiver can determine its location to one side or the other of the satellite, and several such measurements combined with a precise knowledge of the satellite's orbit can fix a particular position. Satellite orbital position errors are caused by radio-wave <a href="/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">refraction</a>, gravity field changes (as the Earth's gravitational field is not uniform), and other phenomena. A team, led by Harold L Jury of Pan Am Aerospace Division in Florida from 1970 to 1973, found solutions and/or corrections for many error sources.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Using real-time data and recursive estimation, the systematic and residual errors were narrowed down to accuracy sufficient for navigation.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principles">Principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/GPS#Principles" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS § Principles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/GPS#Navigation_equations" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS § Navigation equations</a></div> <p>Part of an orbiting satellite's broadcast includes its precise orbital data. Originally, the <a href="/wiki/US_Naval_Observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="US Naval Observatory">US Naval Observatory (USNO)</a> continuously observed the precise orbits of these satellites. As a satellite's orbit deviated, the USNO sent the updated information to the satellite. Subsequent broadcasts from an updated satellite would contain its most recent <a href="/wiki/Ephemeris" title="Ephemeris">ephemeris</a>. </p><p>Modern systems are more direct. The satellite broadcasts a signal that contains orbital data (from which the position of the satellite can be calculated) and the precise time the signal was transmitted. Orbital data include a rough <a href="/wiki/Almanac" title="Almanac">almanac</a> for all satellites to aid in finding them, and a precise ephemeris for this satellite. The orbital <a href="/wiki/Ephemeris" title="Ephemeris">ephemeris</a> is transmitted in a data message that is superimposed on a code that serves as a timing reference. The satellite uses an <a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic clock</a> to maintain synchronization of all the satellites in the constellation. The receiver compares the time of broadcast encoded in the transmission of three (at sea level) or four (which allows an altitude calculation also) different satellites, measuring the time-of-flight to each satellite. Several such measurements can be made at the same time to different satellites, allowing a continual fix to be generated in real time using an adapted version of <a href="/wiki/Trilateration" title="Trilateration">trilateration</a>: see <a href="/wiki/GNSS_positioning_calculation" class="mw-redirect" title="GNSS positioning calculation">GNSS positioning calculation</a> for details. </p><p>Each distance measurement, regardless of the system being used, places the receiver on a spherical shell centred on the broadcaster, at the measured distance from the broadcaster. By taking several such measurements and then looking for a point where the shells meet, a fix is generated. However, in the case of fast-moving receivers, the position of the receiver moves as signals are received from several satellites. In addition, the radio signals slow slightly as they pass through the ionosphere, and this slowing varies with the receiver's angle to the satellite, because that angle corresponds to the distance which the signal travels through the ionosphere. The basic computation thus attempts to find the shortest directed line tangent to four oblate spherical shells centred on four satellites. Satellite navigation receivers reduce errors by using combinations of signals from multiple satellites and multiple correlators, and then using techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Kalman_filter" title="Kalman filter">Kalman filtering</a> to combine the noisy, partial, and constantly changing data into a single estimate for position, time, and velocity. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Einstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstein">Einstein</a>'s theory of <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a> is applied to GPS time correction, the net result is that time on a GPS satellite clock advances faster than a clock on the ground by about 38 microseconds per day.<sup id="cite_ref-einstein_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-einstein-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GPSTest_screenshot_(2025).webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/GPSTest_screenshot_%282025%29.webp/250px-GPSTest_screenshot_%282025%29.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/GPSTest_screenshot_%282025%29.webp/330px-GPSTest_screenshot_%282025%29.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/GPSTest_screenshot_%282025%29.webp/500px-GPSTest_screenshot_%282025%29.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1195" /></a><figcaption>GNSS satellites (GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou) and a GNSS augmentation system (Quasi-Zenith Satellite System) used on a smartphone in <a href="/wiki/South_Tangerang" title="South Tangerang">South Tangerang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (2025)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/GNSS_applications" title="GNSS applications">GNSS applications</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Automotive_navigation_system" title="Automotive navigation system">Automotive navigation system</a></div> <p>The original motivation for satellite navigation was for military applications. Satellite navigation allows precision in the delivery of weapons to targets, greatly increasing their lethality whilst reducing inadvertent casualties from mis-directed weapons. (See <a href="/wiki/Guided_bomb" title="Guided bomb">Guided bomb</a>). Satellite navigation also allows forces to be directed and to locate themselves more easily, reducing the <a href="/wiki/Fog_of_war" title="Fog of war">fog of war</a>. </p><p>Now a global navigation satellite system, such as <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a>, is used to determine users location and the location of other people or objects at any given moment. The range of application of satellite navigation in the future is enormous, including both the public and private sectors across numerous market segments such as science, transport, agriculture, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ability to supply satellite navigation signals is also the ability to deny their availability. The operator of a satellite navigation system potentially has the ability to degrade or eliminate satellite navigation services over any territory it desires. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_navigation_satellite_systems">Global navigation satellite systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Global navigation satellite systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Comparison_satellite_navigation_orbits.svg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Comparison_satellite_navigation_orbits.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Comparison_satellite_navigation_orbits.svg/250px-Comparison_satellite_navigation_orbits.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Comparison_satellite_navigation_orbits.svg/500px-Comparison_satellite_navigation_orbits.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Clickable image, highlighting <a href="/wiki/Medium_Earth_Orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Medium Earth Orbit">medium altitude orbits around Earth</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">Low Earth</a> to the lowest <a href="/wiki/High_Earth_orbit" title="High Earth orbit">High Earth orbit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Geostationary_Earth_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Geostationary Earth orbit">geostationary orbit</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Graveyard_orbit" title="Graveyard orbit">graveyard orbit</a>, at one ninth of the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_distance" title="Lunar distance">Moon's orbital distance</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the <a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_radiation_belt" title="Van Allen radiation belt">Van Allen radiation belts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> to scale</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Launched_GNSS_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Launched_GNSS_2014.jpg/220px-Launched_GNSS_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Launched_GNSS_2014.jpg/330px-Launched_GNSS_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Launched_GNSS_2014.jpg/440px-Launched_GNSS_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>Launched GNSS satellites 1978 to 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>In order of first launch year: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GPS">GPS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: GPS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a></div> <p>First launch year: 1978 </p><p>The United States' Global Positioning System (GPS) consists of up to 32 <a href="/wiki/Medium_Earth_orbit" title="Medium Earth orbit">medium Earth orbit</a> satellites in six different <a href="/wiki/Orbital_plane_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital plane (astronomy)">orbital planes</a>. The exact number of satellites varies as older satellites are retired and replaced. Operational since 1978 and globally available since 1994, GPS is the world's most utilized satellite navigation system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GLONASS">GLONASS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: GLONASS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a></div> <p>First launch year: 1982 </p><p>The formerly <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a>, and now <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a>, <i><b>Glo</b>bal'naya <b>Na</b>vigatsionnaya <b>S</b>putnikovaya <b>S</b>istema</i>, (GLObal NAvigation Satellite System or GLONASS), is a space-based satellite navigation system that provides a civilian radionavigation-satellite service and is also used by the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces. GLONASS has full global coverage since 1995 and with 24 active satellites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="BeiDou">BeiDou</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: BeiDou"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System" class="mw-redirect" title="BeiDou Navigation Satellite System">BeiDou Navigation Satellite System</a></div> <p>First launch year: 2000 </p><p>BeiDou started as the now-decommissioned Beidou-1, an Asia-Pacific local network on the geostationary orbits. The second generation of the system BeiDou-2 became operational in China in December 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The BeiDou-3 system is proposed to consist of 30 <a href="/wiki/Medium_Earth_orbit" title="Medium Earth orbit">MEO</a> satellites and five geostationary satellites (IGSO). A 16-satellite regional version (covering Asia and Pacific area) was completed by December 2012. Global service was completed by December 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 June 2020, the BDS-3 constellation deployment is fully completed after the last satellite was successfully launched at the <a href="/wiki/Xichang_Satellite_Launch_Center" title="Xichang Satellite Launch Center">Xichang Satellite Launch Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Galileo">Galileo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Galileo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo (satellite navigation)</a></div> <p>First launch year: 2011 </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> agreed in March 2002 to introduce their own alternative to GPS, called the <a href="/wiki/Galileo_positioning_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo positioning system">Galileo positioning system</a>. Galileo became operational on 15 December 2016 (global Early Operational Capability, EOC).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At an estimated cost of €10 billion,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the system of 30 <a href="/wiki/Medium_Earth_orbit" title="Medium Earth orbit">MEO</a> satellites was originally scheduled to be operational in 2010. The original year to become operational was 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first experimental satellite was launched on 28 December 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galileo is expected to be compatible with the <a href="/wiki/GPS_modernization" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS modernization">modernized GPS</a> system. The receivers will be able to combine the signals from both Galileo and GPS satellites to greatly increase the accuracy. The full Galileo constellation consists of 24 active satellites,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the last of which was launched in December 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main modulation used in Galileo Open Service signal is the <a href="/wiki/Composite_Binary_Offset_Carrier" title="Composite Binary Offset Carrier">Composite Binary Offset Carrier</a> (CBOC) modulation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_navigation_satellite_systems">Regional navigation satellite systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Regional navigation satellite systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NavIC">NavIC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: NavIC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/NavIC" class="mw-redirect" title="NavIC">NavIC</a></div> <p>The <b>NavIC</b> (acronym for <b>Navigation with Indian Constellation</b>) is an autonomous regional satellite navigation system developed by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation</a> (ISRO). The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Indian government</a> approved the project in May 2006. It consists of a constellation of 7 navigational satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three of the satellites are placed in <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary orbit (GEO)</a> and the remaining 4 in <a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">geosynchronous orbit (GSO)</a> to have a larger signal footprint and lower number of satellites to map the region. It is intended to provide an all-weather absolute position accuracy of better than 7.6 metres (25 ft) throughout <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and within a region extending approximately 1,500 km (930 mi) around it.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Extended Service Area lies between the primary service area and a rectangle area enclosed by the <a href="/wiki/30th_parallel_south" class="mw-redirect" title="30th parallel south">30th parallel south</a> to the <a href="/wiki/50th_parallel_north" class="mw-redirect" title="50th parallel north">50th parallel north</a> and the <a href="/wiki/30th_meridian_east" title="30th meridian east">30th meridian east</a> to the <a href="/wiki/130th_meridian_east" title="130th meridian east">130th meridian east</a>, 1,500–6,000 km beyond borders.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A goal of complete Indian control has been stated, with the <a href="/wiki/Satellite_space_segment" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite space segment">space segment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ground_segment" title="Ground segment">ground segment</a> and user receivers all being built in India.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The constellation was in orbit as of 2018, and the system was available for public use in early 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NavIC provides two levels of service, the "standard positioning service", which will be open for civilian use, and a "restricted service" (an <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encrypted</a> one) for authorized users (including military). There are plans to expand NavIC system by increasing constellation size from 7 to 11.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>India plans to make the NavIC global by adding 24 more <a href="/wiki/Medium_Earth_orbit" title="Medium Earth orbit">MEO</a> satellites. The Global NavIC will be free to use for the global public.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_BeiDou">Early BeiDou</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Early BeiDou"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/BeiDou-1" class="mw-redirect" title="BeiDou-1">BeiDou-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/BeiDou-2" class="mw-redirect" title="BeiDou-2">BeiDou-2</a></div> <p>The first two generations of China's BeiDou navigation system were designed to provide regional coverage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korea">Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korean_Positioning_System" title="Korean Positioning System">Korean Positioning System</a></div> <p>The Korean Positioning System (KPS) is currently in development and expected to be operational by 2035.<sup id="cite_ref-l316_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l316-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-f292_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f292-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Augmentation">Augmentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Augmentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/GNSS_augmentation" title="GNSS augmentation">GNSS augmentation</a> is a method of improving a navigation system's attributes, such as accuracy, reliability, and availability, through the integration of external information into the calculation process, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Wide_Area_Augmentation_System" title="Wide Area Augmentation System">Wide Area Augmentation System</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Multi-functional_Satellite_Augmentation_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation System">Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation System</a>, <a href="/wiki/Differential_GPS" title="Differential GPS">Differential GPS</a>, <a href="/wiki/GPS-aided_GEO_augmented_navigation" title="GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation">GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation</a> (GAGAN) and <a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">inertial navigation systems</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="QZSS">QZSS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: QZSS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System" title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System">Quasi-Zenith Satellite System</a></div> <p>The Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) is a four-satellite regional <a href="/wiki/Time_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Time transfer">time transfer</a> system and enhancement for <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a> covering <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Pacific">Asia-Oceania</a> regions. QZSS services were available on a trial basis as of January 12, 2018, and were started in November 2018. The first satellite was launched in September 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An independent satellite navigation system (from GPS) with 7 satellites is planned for 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EGNOS">EGNOS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: EGNOS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EGNOS_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/EGNOS_map.svg/250px-EGNOS_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/EGNOS_map.svg/375px-EGNOS_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/EGNOS_map.svg/500px-EGNOS_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Map of the EGNOS ground network</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service</a> (EGNOS) is a <a href="/wiki/Satellite-based_augmentation_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite-based augmentation system">satellite-based augmentation system</a> (SBAS) developed by the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>. Currently, it supplements <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> by reporting on the reliability and accuracy of their positioning data and sending out corrections. The system will supplement <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a> in the future version 3.0. </p><p>EGNOS consists of 40 Ranging Integrity Monitoring Stations, 2 Mission Control Centres, 6 Navigation Land Earth Stations, the EGNOS Wide Area Network (EWAN), and 3 <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Geostationary satellite">geostationary satellites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ground stations determine the accuracy of the satellite navigation systems data and transfer it to the geostationary satellites; users may freely obtain this data from those satellites using an EGNOS-enabled receiver, or over the Internet. One main use of the system is in <a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">aviation</a>. </p><p>According to specifications, horizontal position accuracy when using EGNOS-provided corrections should be better than seven metres. In practice, the horizontal position accuracy is at the metre level. </p><p>Similar service is provided in North America by the <a href="/wiki/Wide_Area_Augmentation_System" title="Wide Area Augmentation System">Wide Area Augmentation System</a> (WAAS), in Russia by the <a href="/wiki/System_for_Differential_Corrections_and_Monitoring" title="System for Differential Corrections and Monitoring">System for Differential Corrections and Monitoring</a> (SDCM), and in Asia, by Japan's <a href="/wiki/Multi-functional_Satellite_Augmentation_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation System">Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation System</a> (MSAS) and India's <a href="/wiki/GPS-aided_GEO_augmented_navigation" title="GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation">GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation</a> (GAGAN). </p> <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a> and EGNOS received a budget of €14.6 billion for its six-year, 2021–2027, research and development period.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_of_systems">Comparison of systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Comparison of systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>System </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Beidou_Navigation_Satellite_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Beidou Navigation Satellite System">BeiDou</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System">NavIC</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System" title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System">QZSS</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Owner </th> <td><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">European Union</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Coverage </th> <td>Global </td> <td>Global </td> <td>Global </td> <td>Global </td> <td>Regional </td> <td>Regional </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Channel_access_method" title="Channel access method">Coding</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="CDMA">CDMA</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="CDMA">CDMA</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/FDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="FDMA">FDMA</a> & <a href="/wiki/CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="CDMA">CDMA</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="CDMA">CDMA</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="CDMA">CDMA</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="CDMA">CDMA</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Altitude<br />km (mi) </th> <td>21,150<br />(13,140) </td> <td>23,222<br />(14,429) </td> <td>19,130<br />(11,890) </td> <td>20,180<br />(12,540) </td> <td>36,000<br />(22,000) </td> <td>32,600–39,000<br />(20,300–24,200)<sup id="cite_ref-h2a_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h2a-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Period </th> <td>12.88 h<br /> (12 h 53 min) </td> <td>14.08 h<br /> (14 h  5 min) </td> <td>11.26 h<br /> (11 h 16 min) </td> <td>11.97 h<br /> (11 h 58 min) </td> <td>23.93 h<br /> (23 h 56 min) </td> <td>23.93 h<br /> (23 h 56 min) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Rev./<a href="/wiki/Sidereal_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidereal day">S. day</a> </th> <td>13/7 <span style="color:gray">(1.86)</span> </td> <td>17/10 <span style="color:gray">(1.7)</span> </td> <td>17/8 <span style="color:gray">(2.125)</span> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Satellites </th> <td>BeiDou-3:<br /> 28 operational<br /> (24 MEO, 3 IGSO, 1 GSO)<br /> 5 in orbit validation<br /> 2 GSO planned 20H1<br />BeiDou-2:<br /> 15 operational<br /> 1 in commissioning </td> <td>By design: <p>27 operational + 3 spares </p><p>Currently: </p><p>26 in orbit<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galileo_satellites" title="List of Galileo satellites">24 operational</a> </p><p>2 inactive<br />6 to be launched<sup id="cite_ref-AvWeek12sep2018_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AvWeek12sep2018-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td> <td>24 by design<br />24 operational<br />1 commissioning<br />1 in flight tests<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>24 by design<br />30 operational<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>8 operational<br />(3 GEO, 5 <a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous" class="mw-redirect" title="Geosynchronous">GSO</a> MEO) </td> <td>4 operational (3 GSO, 1 GEO)<br />7 in the future </td></tr> <tr> <th>Frequency<br />GHz </th> <td>1.561098 (B1)<br />1.589742 (B1-2)<br />1.20714 (B2)<br />1.26852 (B3) </td> <td>1.559–1.592 (E1)<br />1.164–1.215 (E5a/b)<br />1.260–1.300 (E6) </td> <td>1.593–1.610 (G1)<br />1.237–1.254 (G2)<br />1.189–1.214 (G3) </td> <td>1.563–1.587 (L1)<br />1.215–1.2396 (L2)<br />1.164–1.189 (L5) </td> <td>1.57542 (L1)<br />1.17645 (L5)<br />2.49202 (S) </td> <td>1.57542 (L1C/A, L1C, L1S)<br />1.22760 (L2C)<br />1.17645 (L5, L5S)<br />1.27875 (L6)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Status </th> <td>Operational<sup id="cite_ref-bdsStatus20200623_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bdsStatus20200623-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Operating since 2016<br />2020 completion<sup id="cite_ref-AvWeek12sep2018_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AvWeek12sep2018-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Operational </td> <td>Operational </td> <td>Operational </td> <td>Operational </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accuracy<br />m (ft) </th> <td>3.6 (12) (public)<br />0.1 (0.33) (encrypted) </td> <td>0.2 (0.66) (public)<br />0.01 (0.033) (encrypted) </td> <td>2–4 (6.6–13.1) </td> <td>0.3–5 (0.98–16.40)<br />(no DGPS or WAAS) </td> <td>1 (3.3) (public)<br />0.1 (0.33) (encrypted) </td> <td>1 (3.3) (public)<br />0.1 (0.33) (encrypted) </td></tr> <tr> <th>System </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Beidou_Navigation_Satellite_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Beidou Navigation Satellite System">BeiDou</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System">NavIC</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System" title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System">QZSS</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">Sources:<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Using multiple GNSS systems for user positioning increases the number of visible satellites, improves precise point positioning (PPP) and shortens the average convergence time.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The signal-in-space ranging error (SISRE) in November 2019 were 1.6 cm for Galileo, 2.3 cm for GPS, 5.2 cm for GLONASS and 5.5 cm for BeiDou when using real-time corrections for satellite orbits and clocks.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average SISREs of the BDS-3 MEO, IGSO, and GEO satellites were 0.52 m, 0.90 m and 1.15 m, respectively. Compared to the four major global satellite navigation systems consisting of MEO satellites, the SISRE of the BDS-3 MEO satellites was slightly inferior to 0.4 m of Galileo, slightly superior to 0.59 m of GPS, and remarkably superior to 2.33 m of GLONASS. The SISRE of BDS-3 IGSO was 0.90 m, which was on par with the 0.92 m of QZSS IGSO. However, as the BDS-3 GEO satellites were newly launched and not completely functioning in orbit, their average SISRE was marginally worse than the 0.91 m of the QZSS GEO satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_techniques">Related techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Related techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Satellite_geodesy#Radio_techniques" title="Satellite geodesy">Satellite geodesy § Radio techniques</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DORIS">DORIS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: DORIS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/DORIS_(satellite_system)" title="DORIS (satellite system)">DORIS (satellite system)</a></div> <p>Doppler Orbitography and Radio-positioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS) is a French precision navigation system. Unlike other GNSS systems, it is based on static emitting stations around the world, the receivers being on satellites, in order to precisely determine their orbital position. The system may be used also for mobile receivers on land with more limited usage and coverage. Used with traditional GNSS systems, it pushes the accuracy of positions to centimetric precision (and to millimetric precision for altimetric application and also allows monitoring very tiny seasonal changes of Earth rotation and deformations), in order to build a much more precise geodesic reference system.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LEO_satellites">LEO satellites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: LEO satellites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two current operational <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> (LEO) <a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">satellite phone</a> networks are able to track transceiver units with accuracy of a few kilometres using doppler shift calculations from the satellite. The coordinates are sent back to the transceiver unit where they can be read using <a href="/wiki/AT_command" class="mw-redirect" title="AT command">AT commands</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can also be used by the gateway to enforce restrictions on geographically bound calling plans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_regulation">International regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: International regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> (ITU) defines a <b>radionavigation-satellite service</b> (<b>RNSS</b>) as "a <a href="/wiki/Radiodetermination-satellite_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiodetermination-satellite service">radiodetermination-satellite service</a> used for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Radio_navigation" title="Radio navigation">radionavigation</a>. This service may also include <a href="/wiki/Feeder_link" title="Feeder link">feeder links</a> necessary for its operation".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>RNSS is regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Safety_service" title="Safety service">safety-of-life service</a> and an essential part of <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigation</a> which must be protected from <a href="/wiki/Interference_(communication)" title="Interference (communication)">interferences</a>. </p><p><b> Aeronautical radionavigation-satellite </b> (<b>ARNSS</b>) is – according to <i>Article 1.47</i> of the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union's</a> (ITU) <a href="/wiki/ITU_Radio_Regulations" title="ITU Radio Regulations">Radio Regulations</a> (RR)<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – defined as «<i>A <a href="/wiki/Radionavigation_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Radionavigation service">radionavigation service</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Earth_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth station">earth stations</a> are located on board aircraft</i>.» </p><p><b> Maritime radionavigation-satellite service </b> (<b>MRNSS</b>) is – according to <i>Article 1.45</i> of the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union's</a> (ITU) <a href="/wiki/ITU_Radio_Regulations" title="ITU Radio Regulations">Radio Regulations</a> (RR)<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – defined as «<i>A <a href="/wiki/Radionavigation-satellite_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Radionavigation-satellite service">radionavigation-satellite service</a> in which earth stations are located on board ships</i>.» </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification_2">Classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ITU Radio Regulations (article 1) classifies <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radiocommunication</a> services as: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiodetermination_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiodetermination service">Radiodetermination service</a> (article 1.40)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiodetermination-satellite_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiodetermination-satellite service">Radiodetermination-satellite service</a> (article 1.41)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionavigation_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Radionavigation service">Radionavigation service</a> (article 1.42) <ul><li><b>Radionavigation-satellite service</b> (article 1.43)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_radionavigation_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime radionavigation service">Maritime radionavigation service</a> (article 1.44) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_radionavigation-satellite_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime radionavigation-satellite service">Maritime radionavigation-satellite service</a> (article 1.45)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeronautical_radionavigation_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeronautical radionavigation service">Aeronautical radionavigation service</a> (article 1.46) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeronautical_radionavigation-satellite_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeronautical radionavigation-satellite service">Aeronautical radionavigation-satellite service</a> (article 1.47)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Examples of RNSS use</dt></dl> <ul><li>Augmentation system <a href="/wiki/GNSS_augmentation" title="GNSS augmentation">GNSS augmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_Dependent_Surveillance%E2%80%93Broadcast" title="Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast">Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou Navigation Satellite System</a> (BDS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">GALILEO</a>, European GNSS</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> (GPS), with <a href="/wiki/Differential_GPS" title="Differential GPS">Differential GPS</a> (DGPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System">NAVIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System" title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System">Quasi-Zenith Satellite System</a> (QZSS)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frequency_allocation">Frequency allocation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Frequency allocation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Frequency_allocation" title="Frequency allocation">Frequency allocation</a></div> <p>The allocation of radio frequencies is provided according to <i>Article 5</i> of the ITU Radio Regulations (edition 2012).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To improve harmonisation in spectrum utilisation, most service allocations are incorporated in national Tables of Frequency Allocations and Utilisations within the responsibility of the appropriate national administration. Allocations are: </p> <ul><li>primary: indicated by writing in capital letters</li> <li>secondary: indicated by small letters</li> <li>exclusive or shared utilization: within the responsibility of administrations.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"> <td align="center" colspan="3"><b>Allocation to services</b> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union_region" class="mw-redirect" title="International Telecommunication Union region">Region 1</a> </td> <td>     Region 2      </td> <td>     Region 3      </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">5 000–5 010 MHz<br /> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>AERONAUTICAL MOBILE-SATELLITE (R) <br />AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION <br /><b>RADIONAVIGATION-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)</b></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/40px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/60px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acronyms_and_abbreviations_in_avionics" class="mw-redirect" title="Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics">Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoinformatics" title="Geoinformatics">Geoinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNSS_positioning_calculation" class="mw-redirect" title="GNSS positioning calculation">GNSS positioning calculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNSS_reflectometry" title="GNSS reflectometry">GNSS reflectometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS_spoofing" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS spoofing">GPS spoofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS-aided_geo-augmented_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS-aided geo-augmented navigation">GPS-aided geo-augmented navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emerging_technologies" title="List of emerging technologies">List of emerging technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_map_display" title="Moving map display">Moving map display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudolite" title="Pseudolite">Pseudolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receiver_Autonomous_Integrity_Monitoring" class="mw-redirect" title="Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring">Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_GNSS_Receiver" class="mw-redirect" title="Software GNSS Receiver">Software GNSS Receiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Integrated_GPS/INS" title="Space Integrated GPS/INS">Space Integrated GPS/INS</a> (SIGI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Global_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System">United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNSW_School_of_Surveying_and_Geospatial_Engineering" title="UNSW School of Surveying and Geospatial Engineering">UNSW School of Surveying and Geospatial Engineering</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orbital periods and speeds are calculated using the relations 4π<sup>2</sup><i>R</i><sup>3</sup> = <i>T</i><sup>2</sup><i>GM</i> and <i>V</i><sup>2</sup><i>R</i> = <i>GM</i>, where <i>R</i> is the radius of orbit in metres; <i>T</i> is the orbital period in seconds; <i>V</i> is the orbital speed in m/s; <i>G</i> is the gravitational constant, approximately <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6989667300000000000♠"></span>6.673<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−11</sup> Nm<sup>2</sup>/kg<sup>2</sup></span>; <i>M</i> is the mass of Earth, approximately 5.98<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>24</sup> kg (1.318<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>25</sup> lb).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Approximately 8.6 times when the Moon is nearest <span class="nowrap">(that is, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">363,104 km</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">42,164 km</span></span>⁠</span>)</span>, to 9.6 times when the Moon is farthest <span class="nowrap">(that is, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035" /><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">405,696 km</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">42,164 km</span></span>⁠</span>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/24/tech/china-beidou-satellite-gps-intl-hnk/index.html">"China's GPS rival Beidou is now fully operational after final satellite launched"</a>. cnn.com. 24 June 2020<span 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%27s+GPS+rival+Beidou+is+now+fully+operational+after+final+satellite+launched&rft.pub=cnn.com&rft.date=2020-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2020%2F06%2F24%2Ftech%2Fchina-beidou-satellite-gps-intl-hnk%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+navigation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euspa.europa.eu/european-space/galileo/What-Galileo">"Galileo is the European global satellite-based navigation system"</a>. <i>www.euspa.europa.eu</i>. 26 January 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2022</span>. <q>ISRO/DOS shall work towards expanding the coverage from regional to global to ensure availability of NavIC standalone signal in any part of the world without relying on other GNSS and aid in wide utilisation of Indian navigation system across the globe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Satellite+Navigation+Policy+-+2021+%28Draft%29&rft.place=Bengaluru%2C+India&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Department+of+Space&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.gov.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fsatnav_policy-29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+navigation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-generations-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-generations_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-generations_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-generations_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-generations_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170627221451/http://www.ifatca.org/system/files/public_docs/gnss.pdf">"A Beginner's Guide to GNSS in Europe"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ISRO&rft.atitle=NAVIC+SIGNAL+IN+SPACE+ICD+FOR+STANDARD+POSITIONING+SERVICE+IN+L1+FREQUENCY&rft.date=2023-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.gov.in%2Fmedia_isro%2Fpdf%2FSateliteNavigation%2FNavIC_SPS_ICD_L1_final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+navigation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFXiaYeXiaZhao2019" class="citation journal cs1">Xia, Fengyu; Ye, Shirong; Xia, Pengfei; Zhao, Lewen; Jiang, Nana; Chen, Dezhong; Hu, Guangbao (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0273117718304745">"Assessing the latest performance of Galileo-only PPP and the contribution of Galileo to Multi-GNSS PPP"</a>. <i>Advances in Space Research</i>. <b>63</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">2784–</span>2795. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019AdSpR..63.2784X">2019AdSpR..63.2784X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.asr.2018.06.008">10.1016/j.asr.2018.06.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:125213815">125213815</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Space+Research&rft.atitle=Assessing+the+latest+performance+of+Galileo-only+PPP+and+the+contribution+of+Galileo+to+Multi-GNSS+PPP&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2784-%3C%2Fspan%3E2795&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A125213815%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.asr.2018.06.008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019AdSpR..63.2784X&rft.aulast=Xia&rft.aufirst=Fengyu&rft.au=Ye%2C+Shirong&rft.au=Xia%2C+Pengfei&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Lewen&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Nana&rft.au=Chen%2C+Dezhong&rft.au=Hu%2C+Guangbao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0273117718304745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+navigation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKazmierskiZajdelSośnica2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kazmierski, Kamil; Zajdel, Radoslaw; Sośnica, Krzysztof (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10291-020-01026-6">"Evolution of orbit and clock quality for real-time multi-GNSS solutions"</a>. <i>GPS Solutions</i>. <b>24</b> (111): 111. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020GPSS...24..111K">2020GPSS...24..111K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10291-020-01026-6">10.1007/s10291-020-01026-6</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GPS+Solutions&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+orbit+and+clock+quality+for+real-time+multi-GNSS+solutions&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=111&rft.pages=111&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10291-020-01026-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020GPSS...24..111K&rft.aulast=Kazmierski&rft.aufirst=Kamil&rft.au=Zajdel%2C+Radoslaw&rft.au=So%C5%9Bnica%2C+Krzysztof&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10291-020-01026-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+navigation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aviso.altimetry.fr/en/doris.html">"DORIS information page"</a>. Jason.oceanobs.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DORIS+information+page&rft.pub=Jason.oceanobs.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aviso.altimetry.fr%2Fen%2Fdoris.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+navigation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110711101531/http://common.globalstar.com/doc/common/en/products/gsp1700_usermanual.pdf">"Globalstar GSP-1700 manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://common.globalstar.com/doc/common/en/products/gsp1700_usermanual.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-07-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Globalstar+GSP-1700+manual&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommon.globalstar.com%2Fdoc%2Fcommon%2Fen%2Fproducts%2Fgsp1700_usermanual.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+navigation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRickerson2005" class="citation web cs1">Rickerson, Don (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051109014357/http://www.skyhelp.net/acrobat/jan_05/Iridium%20SBD-FAQ%201-05.pdf">"Iridium SMS and SBD"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Personal Satellite Network, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skyhelp.net/acrobat/jan_05/Iridium%20SBD-FAQ%201-05.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 November 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iridium+SMS+and+SBD&rft.pub=Personal+Satellite+Network%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2005-01&rft.aulast=Rickerson&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skyhelp.net%2Facrobat%2Fjan_05%2FIridium%2520SBD-FAQ%25201-05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatellite+navigation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ITU Radio Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.43, definition: <i>radionavigation-satellite service </i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ITU Radio Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.47, definition: <i>aeronautical radionavigation service </i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ITU Radio Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems – Article 1.45, definition: <i>maritime radionavigation-satellite service</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>ITU Radio Regulations, CHAPTER II – Frequencies, ARTICLE 5 Frequency allocations, Section IV – Table of Frequency Allocations</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Office for Outer Space Affairs of the United Nations (2010), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/publications/icg_ebook.pdf">Report on Current and Planned Global and Regional Navigation Satellite Systems and Satellite-based Augmentation Systems</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information_on_specific_GNSS_systems">Information on specific GNSS systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Information on specific GNSS systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/esaNA/GGG63950NDC_egnos_0.html">ESA information on EGNOS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020621064652/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/beidou.htm">Information on the Beidou system</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ieee.li/pdf/viewgraphs/gnss_fundamentals.pdf">Global Navigation Satellite System Fundamentals</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizations_related_to_GNSS">Organizations related to GNSS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Organizations related to GNSS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/SAP/gnss/icg.html">United Nations International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (ICG)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ion.org/meetings/#gnss">Institute of Navigation (ION) GNSS Meetings</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.igs.org/">The International GNSS Service (IGS)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ignss.org/">International Global Navigation Satellite Systems Society Inc (IGNSS)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iers.org/MainDisp.csl?pid=84-63">International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) International GNSS Service (IGS)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnt.gov/">US National Executive Committee for Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/orbits/">US National Geodetic Survey</a> Orbits for the Global Positioning System satellites in the Global Navigation Satellite System</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://facility.unavco.org/science_tech/gnss_modernization.html">UNAVCO GNSS Modernization</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apecgit.org/">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) GNSS Implementation Team</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supportive_or_illustrative_sites">Supportive or illustrative sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satellite_navigation&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Supportive or illustrative sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rhp.detmich.com/gps.html">GPS and GLONASS Simulation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Java_applet" title="Java applet">Java applet</a>) Simulation and graphical depiction of the motion of space vehicles, including <a href="/wiki/Dilution_of_precision_(GPS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dilution of precision (GPS)">DOP</a> computation.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://northsurveying.com/index.php/soporte/gnss-and-geodesy-concepts">GPS, GNSS, Geodesy and Navigation Concepts in depth</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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signal)">BPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BPL_(time_service)" title="BPL (time service)">BPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSF_(time_service)" title="BSF (time service)">BSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_(time_signal)" title="Beta (time signal)">Beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DCF77" title="DCF77">DCF77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JJY" title="JJY">JJY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RBU_(radio_station)" title="RBU (radio station)">RBU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTZ_(radio_station)" title="RTZ (radio station)">RTZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALS162_time_signal" title="ALS162 time signal">TDF time signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_from_NPL_(MSF)" title="Time from NPL (MSF)">Time from NPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWVB" title="WWVB">WWVB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">Shortwave</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BPM_(time_service)" title="BPM (time service)">BPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHU_(radio_station)" title="CHU (radio station)">CHU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD2IOA" title="HD2IOA">HD2IOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HLA_(radio_station)" title="HLA (radio station)">HLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JN53DV" title="JN53DV">JN53DV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROA_Time" title="ROA Time">ROA Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RWM" title="RWM">RWM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWV_(radio_station)" title="WWV (radio station)">WWV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWVH" title="WWVH">WWVH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YVTO" title="YVTO">YVTO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Very-high_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Very-high frequency">VHF</a>/<a href="/wiki/FM_band" class="mw-redirect" title="FM band">FM</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ultra-high_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-high frequency">UHF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Data_System" title="Radio Data System">Radio Data System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Satellite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DORIS_(satellite_system)" title="DORIS (satellite system)">DORIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System">IRNSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System" title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System">Quasi-Zenith Satellite System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BSF_(time_service)" title="BSF (time service)">BSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBG_(time_signal)" title="HBG (time signal)">HBG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAA_(Arlington,_Virginia)" title="NAA (Arlington, Virginia)">NAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLB5" title="OLB5">OLB5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMA_(time_signal)" title="OMA (time signal)">OMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_VNG" title="Radio VNG">Radio VNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWVB" title="WWVB">WWVL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y3S" title="Y3S">Y3S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Satellite_navigation151" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Satellite_navigation" title="Template:Satellite navigation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Satellite_navigation" title="Template talk:Satellite navigation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Satellite_navigation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Satellite navigation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Satellite_navigation151" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Satellite navigation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DORIS_(satellite_system)" title="DORIS (satellite system)">DORIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System">IRNSS / NAVIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System" title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System">QZSS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation_device" title="Satellite navigation device">Devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_navigation_assistant" title="Personal navigation assistant">Personal navigation assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_navigation_system" title="Automotive navigation system">Automotive navigation system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS_tracking_unit" title="GPS tracking unit">GPS tracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS_tracking_unit#Data_loggers" title="GPS tracking unit">GPS logger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chipsets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SiRFstarIII" title="SiRFstarIII">SiRFstarIII</a></li> <li>SiRFatlasIV</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MediaTek" title="MediaTek">MTK</a></li> <li>CellGuide ACLYS</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GNSS_augmentation" title="GNSS augmentation">GNSS augmentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS-aided_GEO_augmented_navigation" title="GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation">GAGAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS%C2%B7C" title="GPS·C">GPS·C</a> (retired)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_precision_approach_and_landing_system" title="Joint precision approach and landing system">JPALS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local-area_augmentation_system" title="Local-area augmentation system">LAAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTSAT_Satellite_Augmentation_System" title="MTSAT Satellite Augmentation System">MSAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networked_Transport_of_RTCM_via_Internet_Protocol" title="Networked Transport of RTCM via Internet Protocol">NTRIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System" title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System">QZSS / Michibiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Positioning_Augmentation_Network" title="Southern Positioning Augmentation Network">SouthPAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StarFire_(navigation_system)" title="StarFire (navigation system)">StarFire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Area_Augmentation_System" title="Wide Area Augmentation System">WAAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_for_Differential_Corrections_and_Monitoring" title="System for Differential Corrections and Monitoring">SDCM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protocols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NMEA_0183" title="NMEA 0183">NMEA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_GNSS" title="Assisted GNSS">A-GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-GPS" title="S-GPS">S-GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_kinematic_positioning" title="Real-time kinematic positioning">RTK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Maps" title="Apple Maps">Apple Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baidu_Maps" title="Baidu Maps">Baidu Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bing_Maps" title="Bing Maps">Bing Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Google Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Maps" title="Google Maps">Google Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Here_WeGo" title="Here WeGo">Here WeGo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MapQuest" title="MapQuest">MapQuest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenCPN" title="OpenCPN">OpenCPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petal_Maps" title="Petal Maps">Petal Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_WorldWind" title="NASA WorldWind">NASA WorldWind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ViaMichelin" title="ViaMichelin">ViaMichelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Maps" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo! Maps">Yahoo! Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yandex_Maps" title="Yandex Maps">Yandex Maps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocaching" title="Geocaching">Geocaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Address_geocoding" title="Address geocoding">Geocoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoinformatics" title="Geoinformatics">Geoinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomatics" title="Geomatics">Geomatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS_animal_tracking" title="GPS animal tracking">GPS animal tracking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Satellite_navigation_systems109" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Satellite_navigation_systems" title="Template:Satellite navigation systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Satellite_navigation_systems" title="Template talk:Satellite navigation systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Satellite_navigation_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Satellite navigation systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Satellite_navigation_systems109" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Satellite navigation systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DORIS_(satellite_system)" title="DORIS (satellite system)">DORIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS / NavStar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System">IRNSS / NAVIC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou#BeiDou-1" title="BeiDou">BDS / BeiDou-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_(satellite)" title="Transit (satellite)">Transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timation" title="Timation">Timation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiklon_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsiklon (satellite)">Tsiklon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GNSS_augmentation" title="GNSS augmentation">GNSS augmentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS_Aided_GEO_Augmented_Navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation">GAGAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS%C2%B7C" title="GPS·C">GPS·C</a> (retired)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Precision_Approach_and_Landing_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Precision Approach and Landing System">JPALS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Area_Augmentation_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Area Augmentation System">LAAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTSAT_Satellite_Augmentation_System" title="MTSAT Satellite Augmentation System">MSAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networked_Transport_of_RTCM_via_Internet_Protocol" title="Networked Transport of RTCM via Internet Protocol">NTRIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System" title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System">QZSS / Michibiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Positioning_Augmentation_Network" title="Southern Positioning Augmentation Network">SouthPAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StarFire_(navigation_system)" title="StarFire (navigation system)">StarFire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Area_Augmentation_System" title="Wide Area Augmentation System">WAAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_for_Differential_Corrections_and_Monitoring" title="System for Differential Corrections and Monitoring">SDCM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNSS_reflectometry" title="GNSS reflectometry">GNSS reflectometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalman_filter" title="Kalman filter">Kalman filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Positioning_System" title="Korean Positioning System">Korean Positioning System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Global_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System">United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet" title="Wavelet">Wavelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RINEX" title="RINEX">RINEX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spaceflight370" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spaceflight" title="Template:Spaceflight"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spaceflight" title="Template talk:Spaceflight"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spaceflight"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spaceflight370" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_mechanics" title="Orbital mechanics">Astrodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_spaceflight" title="History of spaceflight">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_spaceflight" title="Timeline of spaceflight">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_records" title="List of spaceflight records">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight-related_accidents_and_incidents" title="List of spaceflight-related accidents and incidents">Accidents and incidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy" title="Space policy">Space policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_programme_of_Australia" title="Category:Space programme of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency_Science_Programme" title="European Space Agency Science Programme">European Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Space_Programme" title="European Union Space Programme">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISRO" title="ISRO">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_space_program" title="Japanese space program">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_space_program" title="North Korean space program">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_space_program" title="South Korean space program">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_law" title="Space law">Space law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty" title="Outer Space Treaty">Outer Space Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_Agreement" title="Rescue Agreement">Rescue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Liability_Convention" title="Space Liability Convention">Space Liability Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration_Convention" title="Registration Convention">Registration Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Treaty" title="Moon Treaty">Moon Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare" title="Space warfare">Space warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_command" title="Space command">Space command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_force" title="Space force">Space force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarisation_of_space" title="Militarisation of space">Militarisation of space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_spaceflight" title="Private spaceflight">Private spaceflight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billionaire_space_race" title="Billionaire space race">Billionaire space race</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_science" title="Outline of space science">Applications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote sensing (archaeology)">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">Imagery and mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellite" title="Reconnaissance satellite">Reconnaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">Weather and environment monitoring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Satellite navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_use_of_space" title="Commercial use of space">Commercial use of space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_launch_market_competition" title="Space launch market competition">Space launch market competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Space architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Space exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_research" title="Space research">Space research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology">Space technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_weather" title="Space weather">Space weather</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronaut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_astronaut" title="Commercial astronaut">commercial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-support_system" title="Life-support system">Life-support system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_space" title="Animals in space">Animals in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioastronautics" title="Bioastronautics">Bioastronautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_suit" title="Space suit">Space suit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">Extravehicular activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overview_effect" title="Overview effect">Overview effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weightlessness" title="Weightlessness">Weightlessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_toilet" title="Space toilet">Space toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_tourism" title="Space tourism">Space tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Space colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_diving" title="Space diving">Space diving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–Mir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Manned_Space_Program" title="China Manned Space Program">Shenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_program" title="Tiangong program">Tiangong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Shepard" title="New Shepard">New Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Health issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effect_of_spaceflight_on_the_human_body" title="Effect of spaceflight on the human body">Effect of spaceflight on the human body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_adaptation_syndrome" title="Space adaptation syndrome">Space adaptation syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_threat_from_cosmic_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Health threat from cosmic rays">Health threat from cosmic rays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_psychology" title="Space psychology">Space psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_and_sociological_effects_of_spaceflight" title="Psychological and sociological effects of spaceflight">Psychological and sociological effects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_and_survival" title="Space and survival">Space and survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_medicine" title="Space medicine">Space medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_nursing" title="Space nursing">Space nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_sexology" title="Space sexology">Space sexology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">Rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_capsule" title="Space capsule">Space capsule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_module" title="Orbital module">Orbital module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reentry_capsule" title="Reentry capsule">Reentry capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_module" title="Service module">Service module</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">Spaceplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic spacecraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lander (spacecraft)">Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rover_(space_exploration)" title="Rover (space exploration)">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_spacecraft" title="Self-replicating spacecraft">Self-replicating spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_telescope" title="Space telescope">Space telescope</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_propulsion" title="Spacecraft propulsion">Spacecraft propulsion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">Rocket engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_electric_propulsion" title="Spacecraft electric propulsion">Electric propulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_sail" title="Solar sail">Solar sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_assist" title="Gravity assist">Gravity assist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Destinations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">Sub-orbital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">Orbital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">Geocentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">Geosynchronous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_spaceflight" title="Interplanetary spaceflight">Interplanetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_travel" title="Interstellar travel">Interstellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_travel" title="Intergalactic travel">Intergalactic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_launch" title="Space launch">Space launch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_ascent" title="Direct ascent">Direct ascent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_velocity" title="Escape velocity">Escape velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expendable_launch_system" title="Expendable launch system">Expendable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reusable_launch_vehicle" title="Reusable launch vehicle">reusable launch systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_pad" title="Launch pad">Launch pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-rocket_spacelaunch" title="Non-rocket spacelaunch">Non-rocket spacelaunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Spaceport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_segment" title="Ground segment">Ground segment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_controller" title="Flight controller">Flight controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_station" title="Ground station">Ground station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_pass" 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