CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>GLONASS - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"1eb8ac4e-f102-4061-80c3-ba7089a931d5","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"GLONASS","wgTitle":"GLONASS","wgCurRevisionId":1275569261,"wgRevisionId":1275569261,"wgArticleId":46149,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Science and technology articles needing translation from Russian Wikipedia","Use British English from June 2020","Use dmy dates from April 2020","Articles containing Russian-language text","Pages with Russian IPA","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011", "All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010","CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","CS1: unfit URL","Commons category link is on Wikidata","GLONASS","Navigation satellite constellations","Space program of Russia","Space program of the Soviet Union","Soviet inventions","Wireless locating","Earth observation satellites of the Soviet Union","Military equipment introduced in the 1980s"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"GLONASS","wgRelevantArticleId":46149,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true, "wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q486250","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading", "ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022", "ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/81/Glonass_logo.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/81/Glonass_logo.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="GLONASS - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=GLONASS&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-GLONASS rootpage-GLONASS skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=GLONASS" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=GLONASS" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=GLONASS" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=GLONASS" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-System_description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#System_description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>System description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-System_description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle System description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-System_description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Signal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Signal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-FDMA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FDMA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>FDMA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FDMA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accuracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accuracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1.1</span> <span>Accuracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accuracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CDMA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CDMA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>CDMA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CDMA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navigational_message" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navigational_message"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Navigational message</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navigational_message-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-L1OC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L1OC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>L1OC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L1OC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L3OC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L3OC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>L3OC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L3OC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_properties_of_open_CDMA_signals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_properties_of_open_CDMA_signals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Common properties of open CDMA signals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_properties_of_open_CDMA_signals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satellites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satellites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Satellites</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Satellites-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Satellites subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Satellites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>First generation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Second generation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Third generation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ground_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ground_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Ground control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ground_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Receivers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Receivers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Receivers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Receivers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Status</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Status-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Status subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Availability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Availability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Availability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Availability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accuracy_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accuracy_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Accuracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accuracy_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">GLONASS</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="GLONASS" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="غلوناس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غلوناس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="GLONASS" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A1" title="ГЛОНАСС – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="ГЛОНАСС" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="GLONASS" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="GLONASS" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A1" title="ГЛОНАСС – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="ГЛОНАСС" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="GLONASS" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="GLONASS" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="GLONASS" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="GLONASS" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="GLONASS" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="گلوناس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گلوناس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="GLONASS" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glonass" title="Glonass – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Glonass" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A1%9C%EB%82%98%EC%8A%A4" title="글로나스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="글로나스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="ग्लोनास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्लोनास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="GLONASS" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="GLONASS" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="GLONASS" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A1" title="גלונאס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גלונאס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಗ್ಲೋನಾಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗ್ಲೋನಾಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A1" title="ГЛОНАСС – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="ГЛОНАСС" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="GLONASS" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="GLONASS" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഗ്ലോനാസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്ലോനാസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Глонасс байршил тогтоох систем – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Глонасс байршил тогтоох систем" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="GLONASS" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="GLONASS" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="GLONASS" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="GLONASS" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="GLONASS" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="GLONASS" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="GLONASS" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="GLONASS" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A1" title="ГЛОНАСС – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="ГЛОНАСС" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="GLONASS" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="GLONASS" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="GLONASS" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="GLONASS" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="GLONASS" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glonass" title="Glonass – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Glonass" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="GLONASS" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="குளொனொஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குளொனொஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A1" title="ГЛОНАСС – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="ГЛОНАСС" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A1" title="ГЛОНАСС – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="ГЛОНАСС" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="GLONASS" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A1" title="ГЛОНАСС – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="ГЛОНАСС" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="GLONASS" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%B4%9B%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="格洛纳斯系统 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="格洛纳斯系统" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%B4%9B%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="格洛纳斯系统 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="格洛纳斯系统" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q486250#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:GLONASS" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/GLONASS"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=GLONASS&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=GLONASS&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/GLONASS"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=GLONASS&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=GLONASS&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/GLONASS" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/GLONASS" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=GLONASS&oldid=1275569261" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=GLONASS&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=GLONASS&id=1275569261&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGLONASS"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGLONASS"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=GLONASS&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=GLONASS&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:GLONASS" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q486250" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Russian global navigation satellite system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A1" class="extiw" title="ru:ГЛОНАСС">the corresponding article</a> in Russian</b>.  <i><small>(October 2023)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing Russian Wikipedia article at [[:ru:ГЛОНАСС]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|ru|ГЛОНАСС}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:GLONASS" title="Talk:GLONASS">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><caption class="infobox-title">GLONASS</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Glonass_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/81/Glonass_logo.png/260px-Glonass_logo.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/81/Glonass_logo.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">GLONASS logo<br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country/ies of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></i><br />(now <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a><br />(<span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Military, civilian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Operational</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coverage</th><td class="infobox-data">Global</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Accuracy</th><td class="infobox-data">2.8–7.38 metres</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Constellation size</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><abbr title="Intended number at full capacity">Nominal</abbr> satellites</th><td class="infobox-data">24</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><abbr title="All healthy: Operational + Spare">Current usable</abbr> satellites</th><td class="infobox-data">26</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First launch</th><td class="infobox-data">October 12, 1982<span class="noprint">; 42 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1982-10-12</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last launch</th><td class="infobox-data">7 August 2023</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Orbital characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regime(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">3 × <a href="/wiki/Medium_Earth_orbit" title="Medium Earth orbit">MEO</a> planes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Orbital height</th><td class="infobox-data">19,130 km</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Orbital period</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">8</span>⁄<span class="den">17</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sidereal_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidereal day">sd</a>, 11 hours and 16 minutes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_revisit_period" title="Satellite revisit period">Revisit period</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8 sidereal days</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.glonass-iac.ru/en/">glonass-iac.ru/en</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>GLONASS</b> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">ГЛОНАСС</span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ɡɫɐˈnas]</a></span>; Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Глобальная навигационная спутниковая система</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>:</small> <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Global'naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a></small> 'Global Navigation Satellite System') is a Russian <a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">satellite navigation</a> system operating as part of a <a href="/wiki/Radionavigation-satellite_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Radionavigation-satellite service">radionavigation-satellite service</a>. It provides an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> (GPS) and is the second navigational system in operation with global coverage and of comparable precision. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation_device" title="Satellite navigation device">Satellite navigation devices</a> supporting both GPS and GLONASS have more satellites available, meaning positions can be fixed more quickly and accurately, especially in built-up areas where buildings may obscure the view to some satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owing to its higher <a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">orbital inclination</a>, GLONASS supplementation of GPS systems also improves positioning in <a href="/wiki/High_latitude" class="mw-redirect" title="High latitude">high latitudes</a> (near the poles).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Development of GLONASS began in the Soviet Union in 1976. Beginning on 12 October 1982, numerous rocket launches added satellites to the system until the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Satellite_constellation" title="Satellite constellation">constellation</a> in 1995. In 2001, after a decline in capacity during the late 1990s, the restoration of the system was made a government priority, and funding increased substantially. GLONASS is the most expensive program of <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a>, consuming a third of its budget in 2010. </p><p>By 2010, GLONASS had achieved full coverage of <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Russia" title="Geography of Russia">Russia's territory</a>. In October 2011, the full orbital constellation of 24 satellites was restored, enabling full global coverage. The GLONASS satellites' designs have undergone several upgrades, with the latest version, <a href="/wiki/GLONASS-K2" title="GLONASS-K2">GLONASS-K2</a>, launched in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-tsr-20221219_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tsr-20221219-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="System_description">System description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GLONASS&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: System description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Comparison_satellite_navigation_orbits.svg"><img resource="/wiki/File:Comparison_satellite_navigation_orbits.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Comparison_satellite_navigation_orbits.svg/250px-Comparison_satellite_navigation_orbits.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Comparison_satellite_navigation_orbits.svg/375px-Comparison_satellite_navigation_orbits.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Comparison_satellite_navigation_orbits.svg/500px-Comparison_satellite_navigation_orbits.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Clickable image, highlighting <a href="/wiki/Medium_Earth_Orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Medium Earth Orbit">medium altitude orbits around Earth</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">Low Earth</a> to the lowest <a href="/wiki/High_Earth_orbit" title="High Earth orbit">High Earth orbit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Geostationary_Earth_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Geostationary Earth orbit">geostationary orbit</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Graveyard_orbit" title="Graveyard orbit">graveyard orbit</a>, at one ninth of the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_distance" title="Lunar distance">Moon's orbital distance</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the <a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_radiation_belt" title="Van Allen radiation belt">Van Allen radiation belts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> to scale</figcaption></figure> <p>GLONASS is a global navigation satellite system, providing real time position and velocity determination for military and civilian users. The satellites are located in middle circular orbit at 19,100 km (11,900 mi) altitude with a 64.8° inclination and an orbital period of 11 hours and 16 minutes (every 17 revolutions, done in 8 sidereal days, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_revisit_period" title="Satellite revisit period">a satellite passes over the same location</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-ato_glonass_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ato_glonass-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-federal_targeted_program_2002_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-federal_targeted_program_2002-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GLONASS's orbit makes it especially suited for usage in high latitudes (north or south), where getting a <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> signal can be problematic.<sup id="cite_ref-harvey_military_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvey_military-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-moskvitch_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moskvitch-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The constellation operates in three orbital planes, with eight evenly spaced satellites on each.<sup id="cite_ref-federal_targeted_program_2002_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-federal_targeted_program_2002-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fully operational constellation with global coverage consists of 24 satellites, while 18 satellites are necessary for covering the territory of Russia. To get a position fix the receiver must be in the range of at least four satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-ato_glonass_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ato_glonass-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Signal">Signal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GLONASS&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Signal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Signals"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="FDMA">FDMA</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GLONASS&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: FDMA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glonass-receiver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Glonass-receiver.jpg/290px-Glonass-receiver.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Glonass-receiver.jpg/435px-Glonass-receiver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Glonass-receiver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>A combined GLONASS/GPS receiver, ruggedised for the Russian military, 2003</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GLONASS_GPS_Personal_Radio_Beacon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/GLONASS_GPS_Personal_Radio_Beacon.jpg/290px-GLONASS_GPS_Personal_Radio_Beacon.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="387" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/GLONASS_GPS_Personal_Radio_Beacon.jpg/435px-GLONASS_GPS_Personal_Radio_Beacon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/GLONASS_GPS_Personal_Radio_Beacon.jpg/580px-GLONASS_GPS_Personal_Radio_Beacon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A combined GLONASS/GPS Personal Radio Beacon</figcaption></figure> <p>GLONASS satellites transmit two types of signals: open standard-precision signal L1OF/L2OF, and <a href="/wiki/Obfuscated" class="mw-redirect" title="Obfuscated">obfuscated</a> high-precision signal L1SF/L2SF. </p><p>The signals use similar <a href="/wiki/Direct-sequence_spread_spectrum" title="Direct-sequence spread spectrum">DSSS</a> encoding and <a href="/wiki/Phase-shift_keying" title="Phase-shift keying">binary phase-shift keying</a> (BPSK) modulation as in GPS signals. All GLONASS satellites transmit the same code as their standard-precision signal; however each transmits on a different frequency using a 15-channel <a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiple_access" title="Frequency-division multiple access">frequency-division multiple access</a> (FDMA) technique spanning either side from 1602.0 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">MHz</a>, known as the L1 band. The center frequency is 1602 MHz + <i>n</i> × 0.5625 MHz, where <i>n</i> is a satellite's frequency channel number (<i>n</i>=−6,...,0,...,6, previously <i>n</i>=0,...,13). Signals are transmitted in a 38° cone, using right-hand <a href="/wiki/Circular_polarization" title="Circular polarization">circular polarization</a>, at an <a href="/wiki/Effective_radiated_power" title="Effective radiated power">EIRP</a> between 25 and 27 <a href="/wiki/Decibel_watt" title="Decibel watt">dBW</a> (316 to 500 watts). Note that the 24-satellite constellation is accommodated with only 15 channels by using identical frequency channels to support <a href="/wiki/Antipodal_point" title="Antipodal point">antipodal</a> (opposite side of planet in orbit) satellite pairs, as these satellites are never both in view of an Earth-based user at the same time. </p><p>The L2 band signals use the same FDMA as the L1 band signals, but transmit straddling 1246 MHz with the center frequency 1246 MHz + <i>n</i> × 0.4375 MHz, where <i>n</i> spans the same range as for L1.<sup id="cite_ref-glonass_xmtr_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glonass_xmtr-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the original GLONASS design, only obfuscated high-precision signal was broadcast in the L2 band, but starting with GLONASS-M, an additional civil reference signal L2OF is broadcast with an identical standard-precision code to the L1OF signal. </p><p>The open standard-precision signal is generated with <a href="/wiki/XOR_gate" title="XOR gate">modulo-2 addition</a> (XOR) of 511 kbit/s pseudo-random ranging code, 50 bit/s navigation message, and an auxiliary 100 Hz <a href="/wiki/Meander_(mathematics)" title="Meander (mathematics)">meander</a> sequence (<a href="/wiki/Manchester_code" title="Manchester code">Manchester code</a>), all generated using a single time/frequency oscillator. The pseudo-random code is generated with a 9-stage shift register operating with a period of 1 <a href="/wiki/Millisecond" title="Millisecond">milliseconds</a>. </p><p>The navigational message is modulated at 50 bits per second. The superframe of the open signal is 7500 bits long and consists of 5 frames of 30 seconds, taking 150 seconds (2.5 minutes) to transmit the continuous message. Each frame is 1500 bits long and consists of 15 strings of 100 bits (2 seconds for each string), with 85 bits (1.7 seconds) for data and check-sum bits, and 15 bits (0.3 seconds) for time mark. Strings 1-4 provide immediate data for the transmitting satellite, and are repeated every frame; the data include <a href="/wiki/Ephemeris" title="Ephemeris">ephemeris</a>, clock and frequency offsets, and satellite status. Strings 5-15 provide non-immediate data (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Almanac" title="Almanac">almanac</a>) for each satellite in the constellation, with frames I-IV each describing five satellites, and frame V describing remaining four satellites. </p><p>The ephemerides are updated every 30 minutes using data from the Ground Control segment; they use <a href="/wiki/ECEF" class="mw-redirect" title="ECEF">Earth Centred Earth Fixed</a> (ECEF) Cartesian coordinates in position and velocity, and include lunisolar acceleration parameters. The almanac uses modified <a href="/wiki/Orbital_elements" title="Orbital elements">orbital elements</a> (Keplerian elements) and is updated daily. </p><p>The more accurate high-precision signal is available for authorized users, such as the Russian military, yet unlike the United States P(Y) code, which is modulated by an encrypting W code, the GLONASS restricted-use codes are broadcast in the clear using only <i><a href="/wiki/Security_through_obscurity" title="Security through obscurity">security through obscurity</a></i>. The details of the high-precision signal have not been disclosed. The modulation (and therefore the tracking strategy) of the data bits on the L2SF code has recently changed from unmodulated to 250 bit/s burst at random intervals. The L1SF code is modulated by the navigation data at 50 bit/s without a <a href="/wiki/Manchester_code" title="Manchester code">Manchester meander code</a>. </p><p>The high-precision signal is broadcast in phase quadrature with the standard-precision signal, effectively sharing the same carrier wave, but with a ten-times-higher bandwidth than the open signal. The message format of the high-precision signal remains unpublished, although attempts at reverse-engineering indicate that the superframe is composed of 72 frames, each containing 5 strings of 100 bits and taking 10 seconds to transmit, with total length of 36 000 bits or 720 seconds (12 minutes) for the whole navigational message. The additional data are seemingly allocated to critical <a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a> acceleration parameters and clock correction terms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Accuracy">Accuracy</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GLONASS&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Accuracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At peak efficiency, the standard-precision signal offers horizontal positioning accuracy within 5–10 metres, vertical positioning within 15 m (49 ft), a velocity vector measuring within 100 mm/s (3.9 in/s), and timing within 200 <a href="/wiki/Nanosecond" title="Nanosecond">nanoseconds</a>, all based on measurements from four first-generation satellites simultaneously;<sup id="cite_ref-miller_2000_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miller_2000-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> newer satellites such as GLONASS-M improve on this. </p><p>GLONASS uses a coordinate <a href="/wiki/Geodetic_datum" title="Geodetic datum">datum</a> named "<a href="/wiki/PZ-90" title="PZ-90">PZ-90</a>" (Earth Parameters 1990 – Parametry Zemli 1990), in which the precise location of the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a> is given as an average of its position from 1990 to 1995. This is in contrast to the GPS's coordinate datum, <a href="/wiki/World_Geodetic_System" title="World Geodetic System">WGS 84</a>, which uses the location of the North Pole in 1984. As of 17 September 2007, the PZ-90 datum has been updated to version PZ-90.02 which differ from WGS 84 by less than 400 mm (16 in) in any given direction. Since 31 December 2013, version PZ-90.11 is being broadcast, which is aligned to the <a href="/wiki/International_Terrestrial_Reference_System_and_Frame" title="International Terrestrial Reference System and Frame">International Terrestrial Reference System and Frame</a> 2008 at epoch 2011.0 at the centimetre level, but ideally a conversion to ITRF2008 should be done.<sup id="cite_ref-icg8_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icg8-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="CDMA">CDMA</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GLONASS&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: CDMA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 2008, new <a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">CDMA</a> signals are being researched for use with GLONASS.<sup id="cite_ref-CDMA_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDMA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDMA_report_2007_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDMA_report_2007-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDMA_report_2011_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDMA_report_2011-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GNSS2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GNSS2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDMA_2011_CGSIG_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDMA_2011_CGSIG-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDMA_2011_ICG_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDMA_2011_ICG-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDMA_2012_ICG_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDMA_2012_ICG-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IGNSS_2013_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IGNSS_2013-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ICG_2016_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICG_2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The interface control documents for GLONASS CDMA signals was published in August 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-glonass_icd_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glonass_icd-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to GLONASS developers, there will be three open and two restricted CDMA signals. The open signal L3OC is centered at 1202.025 MHz and uses BPSK(10) modulation for both data and pilot channels; the ranging code transmits at 10.23 million <a href="/wiki/Chip_(CDMA)" title="Chip (CDMA)">chips</a> per second, modulated onto the carrier frequency using QPSK with in-phase data and quadrature pilot. The data is error-coded with 5-bit <a href="/wiki/Barker_code" title="Barker code">Barker code</a> and the pilot with 10-bit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neuman-Hofman_code&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neuman-Hofman code (page does not exist)">Neuman-Hoffman code</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Open L1OC and restricted L1SC signals are centered at 1600.995 MHz, and open L2OC and restricted L2SC signals are centered at 1248.06 MHz, overlapping with GLONASS FDMA signals. Open signals L1OC and L2OC use <a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">time-division multiplexing</a> to transmit pilot and data signals, with BPSK(1) modulation for data and BOC(1,1) modulation for pilot; wide-band restricted signals L1SC and L2SC use BOC (5, 2.5) modulation for both data and pilot, transmitted in quadrature phase to the open signals; this places peak signal strength away from the center frequency of narrow-band open signals.<sup id="cite_ref-CDMA_2012_ICG_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDMA_2012_ICG-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GPSWorld_Nov_2011_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPSWorld_Nov_2011-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Phase-shift_keying" title="Phase-shift keying">Binary phase-shift keying</a> (BPSK) is used by standard GPS and GLONASS signals. <a href="/wiki/Binary_offset_carrier_modulation" title="Binary offset carrier modulation">Binary offset carrier</a> (BOC) is the modulation used by <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modernized_GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernized GPS">modernized GPS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou-2</a>. </p><p>The navigational message of CDMA signals is transmitted as a sequence of text strings. The message has variable size - each pseudo-frame usually includes six strings and contains <a href="/wiki/Ephemerides" class="mw-redirect" title="Ephemerides">ephemerides</a> for the current satellite (string types 10, 11, and 12 in a sequence) and part of the almanac for three satellites (three strings of type 20). To transmit the full almanac for all current 24 satellites, a superframe of 8 pseudo-frames is required. In the future, the superframe will be expanded to 10 pseudo-frames of data to cover full 30 satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-GPSWorld_Apr_2011_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPSWorld_Apr_2011-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The message can also contain <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth's rotation</a> parameters, <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a> models, long-term orbit parameters for GLONASS satellites, and <a href="/wiki/International_Cospas-Sarsat_Programme" title="International Cospas-Sarsat Programme">COSPAS-SARSAT</a> messages. The system time marker is transmitted with each string; <a href="/wiki/Leap_second" title="Leap second">UTC leap second</a> correction is achieved by shortening or lengthening (zero-padding) the final string of the day by one second, with abnormal strings being discarded by the receiver.<sup id="cite_ref-GPSWorld_Apr_2011_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPSWorld_Apr_2011-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The strings have a version tag to facilitate <a href="/wiki/Forward_compatibility" title="Forward compatibility">forward compatibility</a>: future upgrades to the message format will not break older equipment, which will continue to work by ignoring new data (as long as the constellation still transmits old string types), but up-to-date equipment will be able to use additional information from newer satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-GPSWorld_Nov_2013_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPSWorld_Nov_2013-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The navigational message of the L3OC signal is transmitted at 100 bit/s, with each string of symbols taking 3 seconds (300 bits). A pseudo-frame of 6 strings takes 18 seconds (1800 bits) to transmit. A superframe of 8 pseudo-frames is 14,400 bits long and takes 144 seconds (2 minutes 24 seconds) to transmit the full almanac. </p><p>The navigational message of the L1OC signal is transmitted at 100 bit/s. The string is 250 bits long and takes 2.5 seconds to transmit. A pseudo-frame is 1500 bits (15 seconds) long, and a superframe is 12,000 bits or 120 seconds (2 minutes). </p><p>L2OC signal does not transmit any navigational message, only the pseudo-range codes: </p> <div style="overflow:auto;"> <table style="font-size: 90%;" class="wikitable"> <caption><span style="font-size: 110%">Roadmap of GLONASS modernization</span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Satellite series </th> <th rowspan="2">Launches </th> <th rowspan="2">Current status </th> <th rowspan="2">Clock error </th> <th colspan="2" style="background:#bfbaed;">FDMA signals </th> <th colspan="3" style="background:#99df99;">CDMA signals </th> <th colspan="3" style="background:#fefe80;">Interoperability CDMA signals </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#bfbaed;">1602 + n×0.5625 MHz </th> <th style="background:#bfbaed;">1246 + n×0.4375 MHz </th> <th style="background:#99df99;">1600.995 MHz </th> <th style="background:#99df99;">1248.06 MHz </th> <th style="background:#99df99;">1202.025 MHz </th> <th style="background:#fefe80;">1575.42 MHz </th> <th style="background:#fefe80;">1207.14 MHz </th> <th style="background:#fefe80;">1176.45 MHz </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/GLONASS_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="GLONASS (satellite)">GLONASS</a> </td> <td>1982–2005 </td> <td>Out of service </td> <td>5<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>−13</sup> </td> <td>L1OF, L1SF </td> <td>L2SF </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/GLONASS-M" title="GLONASS-M">GLONASS-M</a> </td> <td>2003–2022 </td> <td>In service </td> <td>1<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>−13</sup> </td> <td>L1OF, L1SF </td> <td>L2OF, L2SF </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>L3OC <sup>‡</sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/GLONASS-K" title="GLONASS-K">GLONASS-K</a> </td> <td>2011– </td> <td>In service </td> <td>5<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>−14</sup>...1<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="2998870000000000000♠"></span>−13</span></sup> </td> <td>L1OF, L1SF </td> <td>L2OF, L2SF </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>L3OC </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/GLONASS-K2" title="GLONASS-K2">GLONASS-K2</a> </td> <td>2023– </td> <td>Testing </td> <td>5<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="2998850000000000000♠"></span>−15</span></sup>...5<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>−14</sup> </td> <td>L1OF, L1SF </td> <td>L2OF, L2SF </td> <td>L1OC, L1SC </td> <td>L2OC, L2SC </td> <td>L3OC </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>GLONASS-V </td> <td>2025– </td> <td>Design phase </td> <td> </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>L1OC, L1SC </td> <td>L2OC, L2SC </td> <td>L3OC, L3SVI </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>GLONASS-KМ </td> <td>2030– </td> <td>Research phase </td> <td> </td> <td>L1OF, L1SF </td> <td>L2OF, L2SF </td> <td>L1OC, L1SC </td> <td>L2OC, L2SC </td> <td>L3OC, L3SVI </td> <td>L1OCM </td> <td>L3OCM </td> <td>L5OCM </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="12">"O": open signal (standard precision), "S": obfuscated signal (high precision); "F":<a href="/wiki/FDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="FDMA">FDMA</a>, "С":<a href="/wiki/CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="CDMA">CDMA</a>; n=−7,−6,−5,...,6<br /> <p><sup>‡</sup>Glonass-M spacecraft produced since 2014 include L3OC signal </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2471" title="Kosmos 2471">Glonass-K1</a> test satellite launched in 2011 introduced L3OC signal. Glonass-M satellites produced since 2014 (s/n 755+) will also transmit L3OC signal for testing purposes. </p><p>Enhanced Glonass-K1 and <a href="/wiki/GLONASS-K2" title="GLONASS-K2">Glonass-K2</a> satellites, to be launched from 2023, will feature a full suite of modernized CDMA signals in the existing L1 and L2 bands, which includes L1SC, L1OC, L2SC, and L2OC, as well as the L3OC signal. Glonass-K2 series should gradually replace existing satellites starting from 2023, when Glonass-M launches will cease.<sup id="cite_ref-ICG_2016_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICG_2016-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-testoyedov-2015_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-testoyedov-2015-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Glonass-KM satellites will be launched by 2025. Additional open signals are being studied for these satellites, based on frequencies and formats used by existing GPS, Galileo, and <a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">Beidou/COMPASS</a> signals: </p> <ul><li>open signal L1OCM using BOC(1,1) modulation centered at 1575.42 MHz, similar to <a href="/wiki/GPS_signals#L1C" title="GPS signals">modernized GPS signal L1C</a>, Galileo signal E1, and Beidou/COMPASS signal B1C;</li> <li>open signal L5OCM using BPSK(10) modulation centered at 1176.45 MHz, similar to the GPS <a href="/wiki/GPS_signals#L5,_Safety_of_Life" title="GPS signals">"Safety of Life" (L5)</a>, Galileo signal E5a, and Beidou/COMPASS signal B2a;<sup id="cite_ref-CDMA_2010_insideGNSS_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDMA_2010_insideGNSS-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>open signal L3OCM using BPSK(10) modulation centered at 1207.14 MHz, similar to Galileo signal E5b and Beidou/COMPASS signal B2b.<sup id="cite_ref-CDMA_report_2011_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDMA_report_2011-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Such an arrangement will allow easier and cheaper implementation of multi-standard <a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">GNSS</a> receivers. </p><p>With the introduction of CDMA signals, the constellation will be expanded to 30 active satellites by 2025; this may require eventual deprecation of FDMA signals.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new satellites will be deployed into three additional planes, bringing the total to six planes from the current three—aided by <a href="/wiki/System_for_Differential_Correction_and_Monitoring" class="mw-redirect" title="System for Differential Correction and Monitoring">System for Differential Correction and Monitoring</a> (<a href="/wiki/MacAdam_ellipse" title="MacAdam ellipse">SDCM</a>), which is a <a href="/wiki/GNSS_augmentation" title="GNSS augmentation">GNSS augmentation system</a> based on a network of ground-based control stations and communication satellites <a href="/wiki/Luch_5A" title="Luch 5A">Luch 5A</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luch_5B" title="Luch 5B">Luch 5B</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SDCM_2012_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDCM_2012-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Six additional <a href="/wiki/GLONASS-K#GLONASS-V" title="GLONASS-K">Glonass-V</a> satellites, using <a href="/wiki/Tundra_orbit" title="Tundra orbit">Tundra orbit</a> in three orbital planes, will be launched starting in 2025;<sup id="cite_ref-tsr-20221219_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tsr-20221219-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this regional high-orbit segment will offer increased regional availability and 25% improvement in precision over <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern Hemisphere</a>, similar to Japanese <a href="/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System" title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System">QZSS</a> system and <a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">Beidou-1</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GPSWorld_GlonassV_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPSWorld_GlonassV-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new satellites will form two ground traces with inclination of 64.8°, eccentricity of 0.072, period of 23.9 hours, and ascending node longitude of 60° and 120°. Glonass-V vehicles are based on Glonass-K platform and will broadcast new CDMA signals only.<sup id="cite_ref-GPSWorld_GlonassV_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPSWorld_GlonassV-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously <a href="/wiki/Molniya_orbit" title="Molniya orbit">Molniya orbit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">geosynchronous orbit</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Inclined_orbit" title="Inclined orbit">inclined orbit</a> were also under consideration for the regional segment.<sup id="cite_ref-CDMA_report_2011_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDMA_report_2011-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GPSWorld_Apr_2011_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPSWorld_Apr_2011-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navigational_message">Navigational message</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GLONASS&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Navigational message"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="L1OC">L1OC</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GLONASS&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: L1OC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Full-length string for L1OC navigational message </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Field</th> <th>Size, bits</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>Timecode</td> <td>СМВ</td> <td>12</td> <td>Constant bit sequence 0101 1111 0001 (5F1h) </td></tr> <tr> <td>String type</td> <td>Тип</td> <td>6</td> <td>Type of the navigational message </td></tr> <tr> <td>Satellite ID</td> <td>j</td> <td>6</td> <td>System ID number of the satellite (1 to 63; 0 is reserved until FDMA signal switch-off) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Satellite state</td> <td>Г<sup>j</sup></td> <td>1</td> <td>This satellite is:<br />0 — healthy,<br />1 — in error state </td></tr> <tr> <td>Data reliability</td> <td>l<sup>j</sup></td> <td>1</td> <td>Transmitted navigational messages are:<br />0 — valid,<br />1 — unreliable </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ground control callback</td> <td>П1</td> <td>4</td> <td colspan="2">(Reserved for system use) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Orientation mode</td> <td>П2</td> <td>1</td> <td>Satellite orientation mode is:<br />0 — Sun sensor control,<br />1 — executing predictive thrust or mode transition </td></tr> <tr> <td>UTC correction</td> <td>КР</td> <td>2</td> <td>On the last day of the current quarter, at 00:00 (24:00), a UTC leap second is:<br />0 — not expected,<br />1 — expected with positive value,<br />2 — unknown,<br />3 — expected with negative value </td></tr> <tr> <td>Execute correction</td> <td>А</td> <td>1</td> <td>After the end of the current string, UTC correction is:<br />0 — not expected,<br />1 — expected </td></tr> <tr> <td>Satellite time</td> <td>ОМВ</td> <td>16</td> <td>Onboard time of the day in 2 seconds intervals (0 to 43199) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Information</td> <td></td> <td>184</td> <td>Content of the information field is defined by string type </td></tr> <tr> <td>CRC</td> <td>ЦК</td> <td>16</td> <td>Cyclic redundancy code </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Total</td> <td>250 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="L3OC">L3OC</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GLONASS&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: L3OC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Full-length string for L3OC navigation message </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Field</th> <th>Size, bits</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>Timecode</td> <td>СМВ</td> <td>20</td> <td>Constant bit sequence 0000 0100 1001 0100 1110 (0494Eh) </td></tr> <tr> <td>String type</td> <td>Тип</td> <td>6</td> <td>Type of the navigational message </td></tr> <tr> <td>Satellite time</td> <td>ОМВ</td> <td>15</td> <td>Onboard time of the day in 3 seconds intervals (0 to 28799) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Satellite ID</td> <td>j</td> <td>6</td> <td rowspan="7">The same as in L1OC signal </td></tr> <tr> <td>Satellite state</td> <td>Г<sup>j</sup></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Data reliability</td> <td>l<sup>j</sup></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ground control callback</td> <td>П1</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Orientation mode</td> <td>222 </td></tr> <tr> <td>UTC correction</td> <td>КР</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Execute correction</td> <td>А</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Information</td> <td></td> <td>219</td> <td>Content of the information field is defined by string type </td></tr> <tr> <td>CRC</td> <td>ЦК</td> <td>24</td> <td>Cyclic redundancy code </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Total</td> <td>300 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Common_properties_of_open_CDMA_signals">Common properties of open CDMA signals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GLONASS&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Common properties of open CDMA signals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>String types for navigational signals </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Type</th> <th>Content of the information field </th></tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td>(Reserved for system use) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Short string for the negative leap second </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Long string for the positive leap second </td></tr> <tr> <td>10, 11, 12</td> <td>Real-time information (ephemerides and time-frequency offsets).<br />Transmitted as a packet of three strings in sequence </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>Satellite orientation parameters for the predictive thrust maneuver </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td>Almanac </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td>Earth rotation parameters, ionosphere models, and time scale model for the difference between UTC(SU) and <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Time" title="International Atomic Time">TAI</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>31, 32</td> <td>Parameters of long-term movement model </td></tr> <tr> <td>50</td> <td>Cospas-Sarsat service message — L1OC signal only </td></tr> <tr> <td>60</td> <td>Text message </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Information field of a string type 20 (almanac) for the orbit type 0.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Field</th> <th>Size, bits</th> <th>Weight of the low bit</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>Orbit type</td> <td>ТО</td> <td>2</td> <td>1</td> <td>0 — circular orbit with 19100 km altitude <sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Satellite number</td> <td>N<sub>S</sub></td> <td>6</td> <td>1</td> <td>Total number of satellites transmitting CDMA signals (1 to 63) which are referenced to in the almanac. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Almanac age</td> <td>E<sub>A</sub></td> <td>6</td> <td>1</td> <td>Number of full days passed since the last almanac update. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Current day</td> <td>N<sub>A</sub></td> <td>11</td> <td>1</td> <td>Day number (1 to 1461) within a four-year interval starting on 1 January of the last leap year <sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to <a href="/wiki/Moscow_decree_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow decree time">Moscow decree time</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Signal status</td> <td>PC<sub>A</sub></td> <td>5</td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bit_field" title="Bit field">Bit field</a> encoding types of CDMA signals transmitted by the satellite.<br />Three highest bits correspond to signals L1, L2 and L3:<br />0 — transmitted,<br />1 — not transmitted </td></tr> <tr> <td>Satellite type</td> <td>PC<sub>A</sub></td> <td>3</td> <td>1</td> <td>Satellite model and the set of transmitted CDMA signals:<br />0 — Glonass-M (L3 signal),<br />1 — Glonass-K1 (L3 signal),<br />2 — Glonass-K1 (L2 and L3 signals),<br />3 — Glonass-K2 (L1, L2, and L3 signals) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Time correction</td> <td>τ<sub>A</sub></td> <td>14</td> <td>2<sup>−20</sup></td> <td>Rough correction from onboard time scale to the GLONASS time scale (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997780000000000000♠"></span>±7.8<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−3</sup></span> с). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ascension</td> <td>λ<sub>A</sub></td> <td>21</td> <td>2<sup>−20</sup></td> <td>Longitude of the satellite's first orbital node (±1 half-cycles). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ascension time</td> <td>t<sub>λ<sub>A</sub></sub></td> <td>21</td> <td>2<sup>−5</sup></td> <td>Time of the day when the satellite is crossing its first orbital node (0 to 44100 s). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Inclination</td> <td>Δi<sub>A</sub></td> <td>15</td> <td>2<sup>−20</sup></td> <td>Adjustments to nominal inclination (64,8°) of the satellite orbit at the moment of ascension (±0.0156 half-cycles). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eccentricity</td> <td>ε<sub>A</sub></td> <td>15</td> <td>2<sup>−20</sup></td> <td>Eccentricity of the satellite orbit at the ascension time (0 to 0.03). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Perigee</td> <td>ω<sub>A</sub></td> <td>16</td> <td>2<sup>−15</sup></td> <td>Argument to satellite's perigee at the ascension time (±1 half-cycles). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Period</td> <td>ΔT<sub>A</sub></td> <td>19</td> <td>2<sup>−9</sup></td> <td>Adjustments to the satellite's nominal draconic orbital period (40544 s) at the moment of ascension (±512 s). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Period change</td> <td>ΔṪ<sub>A</sub></td> <td>7</td> <td>2<sup>−14</sup></td> <td>Speed of change of the draconic orbital period at the moment of ascension (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997390000000000000♠"></span>±3.9<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−3</sup></span> s/orbit). </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">(Reserved)</td> <td>L1OC: 23</td> <td colspan="3" rowspan="2">- </td></tr> <tr> <td>L3OC: 58 </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Navigational message field j (satellite ID) references the satellite for the transmitted almanac (j<sub>A</sub>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The set of almanac parameters depends on the orbit type. Satellites with geosynchronous, medium-Earth, and high-elliptical orbits could be employed in the future.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In a departure from the Gregorian calendar, all years exactly divisible by 100 (i.e. 2100 and so on) are treated as leap years</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Satellites">Satellites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GLONASS&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Satellites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_GLONASS_satellites" title="List of GLONASS satellites">List of GLONASS satellites</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glonass-K_-_MAKS2015part8-12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Glonass-K_-_MAKS2015part8-12.jpg/220px-Glonass-K_-_MAKS2015part8-12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Glonass-K_-_MAKS2015part8-12.jpg/330px-Glonass-K_-_MAKS2015part8-12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Glonass-K_-_MAKS2015part8-12.jpg/440px-Glonass-K_-_MAKS2015part8-12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The Glonass-K spacecraft model</figcaption></figure> <p>The main contractor of the GLONASS program is Joint Stock Company <a href="/wiki/Information_Satellite_Systems_Reshetnev" title="Information Satellite Systems Reshetnev">Information Satellite Systems Reshetnev</a> (ISS Reshetnev, formerly called NPO-PM). The company, located in <a href="/wiki/Zheleznogorsk,_Krasnoyarsk_Krai" title="Zheleznogorsk, Krasnoyarsk Krai">Zheleznogorsk</a>, is the designer of all GLONASS satellites, in cooperation with the Institute for Space Device Engineering (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%98_%D0%9A%D0%9F" class="extiw" title="ru:РНИИ КП">ru:РНИИ КП</a>) and the Russian Institute of Radio Navigation and Time. Serial production of the satellites is accomplished by the company <a href="/wiki/Production_Corporation_Polyot" title="Production Corporation Polyot">Production Corporation Polyot</a> in <a href="/wiki/Omsk" title="Omsk">Omsk</a>. </p><p>Over the three decades of development, the satellite designs have gone through numerous improvements, and can be divided into three generations: the original GLONASS (since 1982), GLONASS-M (since 2003) and GLONASS-K (since 2011). Each GLONASS satellite has a <a href="/wiki/GRAU" class="mw-redirect" title="GRAU">GRAU</a> designation 11F654, and each of them also has the military "Cosmos-NNNN" designation.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_generation">First generation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GLONASS&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: First generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/GLONASS_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="GLONASS (satellite)">GLONASS (satellite)</a></div> <p>The true first generation of GLONASS (also called Uragan) satellites were all three-axis stabilized vehicles, generally weighing 1,250 kg (2,760 lb) and were equipped with a modest propulsion system to permit relocation within the constellation. Over time they were upgraded to Block IIa, IIb, and IIv vehicles, with each block containing evolutionary improvements. </p><p>Six Block IIa satellites were launched in 1985–1986 with improved time and frequency standards over the prototypes, and increased frequency stability. These spacecraft also demonstrated a 16-month average operational lifetime. Block IIb spacecraft, with a two-year design lifetimes, appeared in 1987, of which a total of 12 were launched, but half were lost in launch vehicle accidents. The six spacecraft that made it to orbit worked well, operating for an average of nearly 22 months. </p><p>Block IIv was the most prolific of the first generation. Used exclusively from 1988 to 2000, and continued to be included in launches through 2005, a total of 56 satellites were launched. The design life was three years, however numerous spacecraft exceeded this, with one late model lasting 68 months, nearly double.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Block II satellites were typically launched three at a time from the <a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a> using <a href="/wiki/Proton-K" title="Proton-K">Proton-K</a> <a href="/wiki/Blok_D" title="Blok D">Blok-DM2</a> or Proton-K <a href="/wiki/Briz_(rocket_stage)" title="Briz (rocket stage)">Briz-M</a> boosters. The only exception was when, on two launches, an <a href="/wiki/Etalon_(satellite)" title="Etalon (satellite)">Etalon</a> <a href="/wiki/Satellite_geodesy" title="Satellite geodesy">geodetic reflector satellite</a> was substituted for a GLONASS satellite. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_generation">Second generation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GLONASS&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Second generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/GLONASS-M" title="GLONASS-M">GLONASS-M</a></div> <p>The second generation of satellites, known as <a href="/wiki/GLONASS-M" title="GLONASS-M">Glonass-M</a>, were developed beginning in 1990 and first launched in 2003. These satellites possess a substantially increased lifetime of seven years and weigh slightly more at 1,480 kg (3,260 lb). They are approximately 2.4 m (7 ft 10 in) in diameter and 3.7 m (12 ft) high, with a solar array span of 7.2 m (24 ft) for an electrical power generation capability of 1600 watts at launch. The aft payload structure houses 12 primary antennas for L-band transmissions. Laser corner-cube reflectors are also carried to aid in precise orbit determination and geodetic research. On-board <a href="/wiki/Caesium_standard" title="Caesium standard">cesium clocks</a> provide the local clock source. 52 Glonass-M have been produced and launched. </p><p>A total of 41 second generation satellites were launched through the end of 2013. As with the previous generation, the second generation spacecraft were launched three at a time using <a href="/wiki/Proton_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton rocket">Proton-K</a> Blok-DM2 or Proton-K Briz-M boosters. Some were launched alone with <a href="/wiki/Soyuz-2" title="Soyuz-2">Soyuz-2-1b</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fregat" title="Fregat">Fregat</a>. </p><p>In July 2015, <a href="/wiki/Information_Satellite_Systems_Reshetnev" title="Information Satellite Systems Reshetnev">ISS Reshetnev</a> announced that it had completed the last GLONASS-M (No. 61) spacecraft and it was putting it in storage waiting for launch, along with eight previously built satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-issr-20150730_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-issr-20150730-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-itartass-811771_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-itartass-811771-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As on 22 September 2017, GLONASS-M No.52 satellite went into operation and the orbital grouping has again increased to 24 space vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_generation">Third generation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GLONASS&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Third generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/GLONASS-K" title="GLONASS-K">GLONASS-K</a> and <a href="/wiki/GLONASS-K2" title="GLONASS-K2">GLONASS-K2</a></div> <p>GLONASS-K is a substantial improvement of the previous generation: it is the first unpressurised GLONASS satellite with a much reduced mass of 750 kg (1,650 lb) versus the 1,450 kg (3,200 lb) of GLONASS-M. It has an operational lifetime of 10 years, compared to the 7-year lifetime of the second generation GLONASS-M. It will transmit more navigation signals to improve the system's accuracy — including new CDMA signals in the L3 and L5 bands, which will use modulation similar to modernized GPS, Galileo, and BeiDou. Glonass-K consist of 26 satellites having satellite index 65-98 and widely used in Russian Military space.<sup id="cite_ref-reshetnev_glonass_history_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reshetnev_glonass_history-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new satellite's advanced equipment—made solely from Russian components — will allow the doubling of GLONASS' accuracy.<sup id="cite_ref-ato_glonass_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ato_glonass-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with the previous satellites, these are 3-axis stabilized, <a href="/wiki/Nadir" title="Nadir">nadir</a> pointing with dual solar arrays.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The first GLONASS-K satellite was successfully launched on 26 February 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-reshetnev_glonass_history_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reshetnev_glonass_history-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc_russia_launches_satellite_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc_russia_launches_satellite-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to their weight reduction, GLONASS-K spacecraft can be launched in pairs from the <a href="/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome" title="Plesetsk Cosmodrome">Plesetsk Cosmodrome</a> launch site using the substantially lower cost <a href="/wiki/Soyuz-2" title="Soyuz-2">Soyuz-2.1b</a> boosters or in six-at-once from the <a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a> using Proton-K Briz-M launch vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-ato_glonass_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ato_glonass-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-federal_targeted_program_2002_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-federal_targeted_program_2002-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ground_control">Ground control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GLONASS&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ground control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GLONASS_GroundSegment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GLONASS_GroundSegment.jpg/290px-GLONASS_GroundSegment.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GLONASS_GroundSegment.jpg/435px-GLONASS_GroundSegment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GLONASS_GroundSegment.jpg/580px-GLONASS_GroundSegment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption>A map depicting ground control stations</figcaption></figure> <p>The ground control segment of GLONASS is almost entirely located within former Soviet Union territory, except for several in Brazil and one in Nicaragua.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The GLONASS ground segment consists of:<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>a system control centre;</li> <li>five Telemetry, Tracking and Command centers;</li> <li>two Laser Ranging Stations;<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and</li> <li>ten Monitoring and Measuring Stations.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Location</th> <th scope="col">System control</th> <th scope="col">Telemetry, Tracking and Command</th> <th scope="col">Central clock</th> <th scope="col">Upload stations</th> <th scope="col">Laser Ranging</th> <th scope="col">Monitoring and Measuring </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Krasnoznamensk,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Krasnoznamensk, Moscow Oblast">Krasnoznamensk</a></th> <th style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</th> <th>-</th> <th>-</th> <th>-</th> <th>-</th> <th style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Schelkovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Schelkovo">Schelkovo</a></th> <th>-</th> <th style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</th> <th style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</th> <th style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</th> <th style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</th> <th style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Komsomolsk-on-Amur" title="Komsomolsk-on-Amur">Komsomolsk</a></th> <th>-</th> <th style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</th> <th>-</th> <th style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</th> <th style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</th> <th style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></th> <th>-</th> <th style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</th> <th>-</th> <th>-</th> <th>-</th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ussuriysk" title="Ussuriysk">Ussuriysk</a></th> <th>-</th> <th style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</th> <th>-</th> <th>-</th> <th>-</th> <th>- </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Yeniseysk" title="Yeniseysk">Yeniseysk</a></th> <th>-</th> <th style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</th> <th>-</th> <th style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</th> <th>-</th> <th style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Yakutsk" title="Yakutsk">Yakutsk</a></th> <th>-</th> <th>-</th> <th>-</th> <th>-</th> <th>-</th> <th style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ulan-Ude" title="Ulan-Ude">Ulan-Ude</a></th> <th>-</th> <th>-</th> <th>-</th> <th>-</th> <th>-</th> <th style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nurak" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurak">Nurek</a></th> <th>-</th> <th>-</th> <th>-</th> <th>-</th> <th>-</th> <th style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Vorkuta" title="Vorkuta">Vorkuta</a></th> <th>-</th> <th>-</th> <th>-</th> <th>-</th> <th>-</th> <th style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a></th> <th>-</th> <th>-</th> <th>-</th> <th>-</th> <th>-</th> <th style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Zelenchukskaya" title="Zelenchukskaya">Zelenchuk</a></th> <th>-</th> <th>-</th> <th>-</th> <th>-</th> <th>-</th> <th style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Receivers">Receivers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GLONASS&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Receivers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp-russia2016-glonass.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Stamp-russia2016-glonass.png/290px-Stamp-russia2016-glonass.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Stamp-russia2016-glonass.png/435px-Stamp-russia2016-glonass.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Stamp-russia2016-glonass.png/580px-Stamp-russia2016-glonass.png 2x" data-file-width="1947" data-file-height="1602" /></a><figcaption>A Russian stamp with a GLONASS satellite, 2016</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GLONASS_module_1K-181.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/GLONASS_module_1K-181.jpg/290px-GLONASS_module_1K-181.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/GLONASS_module_1K-181.jpg/435px-GLONASS_module_1K-181.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/GLONASS_module_1K-181.jpg/580px-GLONASS_module_1K-181.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1708" data-file-height="1640" /></a><figcaption>A GLONASS receiver module 1K-181</figcaption></figure> <p>Companies producing GNSS receivers making use of GLONASS: </p> <ul><li>Furuno</li> <li>JAVAD GNSS, Inc</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septentrio" title="Septentrio">Septentrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topcon" title="Topcon">Topcon</a></li> <li>C-Nav</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellan_Navigation" title="Magellan Navigation">Magellan Navigation</a></li> <li>Novatel</li> <li>ComNav technology Ltd.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leica_Geosystems" title="Leica Geosystems">Leica Geosystems</a></li> <li>Hemisphere GNSS</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimble_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Trimble Inc">Trimble Inc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-blox" title="U-blox">u-blox</a></li></ul> <p>NPO Progress describes a receiver called <i>GALS-A1</i>, which combines GPS and GLONASS reception. </p><p><a href="/wiki/SkyWave_Mobile_Communications" title="SkyWave Mobile Communications">SkyWave Mobile Communications</a> manufactures an <a href="/wiki/Inmarsat" title="Inmarsat">Inmarsat</a>-based satellite communications terminal that uses both GLONASS and GPS.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2011<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GLONASS&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, some of the latest receivers in the <a href="/wiki/Garmin" title="Garmin">Garmin</a> eTrex line also support GLONASS (along with GPS).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garmin also produce a standalone <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> receiver, the GLO for Aviation, which combines GPS, <a href="/wiki/Wide_Area_Augmentation_System" title="Wide Area Augmentation System">WAAS</a> and GLONASS.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> from 2011 onwards have integrated GLONASS capability in addition to their pre-existing <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> receivers, with the intention of reducing signal acquisition periods by allowing the device to pick up more satellites than with a single-network receiver, including devices from: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiaomi" title="Xiaomi">Xiaomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Ericsson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Ericsson">Sony Ericsson</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZTE" title="ZTE">ZTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei" title="Huawei">Huawei</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> (since <a href="/wiki/IPhone_4S" class="mw-redirect" title="IPhone 4S">iPhone 4S</a>, concurrently with GPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTC" title="HTC">HTC</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LG_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="LG Corporation">LG</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia" title="Nokia">Nokia</a><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status">Status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GLONASS&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Availability">Availability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GLONASS&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Availability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GPSTest_screenshot_(2025).webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/GPSTest_screenshot_%282025%29.webp/220px-GPSTest_screenshot_%282025%29.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/GPSTest_screenshot_%282025%29.webp/330px-GPSTest_screenshot_%282025%29.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/GPSTest_screenshot_%282025%29.webp/440px-GPSTest_screenshot_%282025%29.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1195" /></a><figcaption>Screenshot of GPSTest application showing GLONASS satellites usage in <a href="/wiki/South_Tangerang" title="South Tangerang">South Tangerang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (2025)</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 17 February 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GLONASS&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the GLONASS constellation status is:<sup id="cite_ref-auto_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Total </th> <td>26 SC </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Operational </th> <td>24 SC (Glonass-M/K) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">In commissioning </th> <td>0 SC </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">In maintenance </th> <td>0 SC </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Under check by the Satellite Prime Contractor </th> <td>0 SC </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Spares </th> <td>0 SC </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">In flight tests phase </th> <td>2 SC </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>The system requires 18 satellites for continuous navigation services covering all of Russia, and 24 satellites to provide services worldwide.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The GLONASS system covers 100% of worldwide territory. </p><p>On 2 April 2014, the system experienced a technical failure that resulted in practical unavailability of the navigation signal for around 12 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-izvestia_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-izvestia-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14–15 April 2014, nine GLONASS satellites experienced a technical failure due to software problems.<sup id="cite_ref-novaya_gazeta_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-novaya_gazeta-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 February 2016, three GLONASS satellites experienced a technical failure: the batteries of GLONASS-738 exploded, the batteries of GLONASS-737 were depleted, and GLONASS-736 experienced a stationkeeping failure due to human error during maneuvering. GLONASS-737 and GLONASS-736 were expected to be operational again after maintenance, and one new satellite (GLONASS-751) to replace GLONASS-738 was expected to complete commissioning in early March 2016. The full capacity of the satellite group was expected to be restored in the middle of March 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the launching of two new satellites and maintenance of two others, the full capacity of the satellite group was restored. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accuracy_2">Accuracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GLONASS&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Accuracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Russian System of Differentional Correction and Monitoring's data, as of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GLONASS&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, precision of GLONASS navigation definitions (for p=0.95) for latitude and longitude were 4.46–7.38 m (14.6–24.2 ft) with mean number of navigation space vehicles (NSV) equals 7—8 (depending on station). In comparison, the same time precision of GPS <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigation</a> definitions were 2.00–8.76 m (6 ft 7 in – 28 ft 9 in) with mean number of NSV equals 6—11 (depending on station). </p><p>Some modern receivers are able to use both GLONASS and GPS satellites together, providing greatly improved coverage in urban canyons and giving a very fast time to fix due to over 50 satellites being available. In indoor, urban canyon or mountainous areas, accuracy can be greatly improved over using GPS alone. For using both navigation systems simultaneously, precision of GLONASS/GPS navigation definitions were 2.37–4.65 m (7 ft 9 in – 15 ft 3 in) with mean number of NSV equals 14—19 (depends on station). </p><p>In May 2009, <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Perminov" title="Anatoly Perminov">Anatoly Perminov</a>, then director of the <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a>, stated that actions were undertaken to expand GLONASS's constellation and to improve the <a href="/wiki/Ground_segment" title="Ground segment">ground segment</a> to increase the navigation definition of GLONASS to an accuracy of 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in) by 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-pr_rianscience_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pr_rianscience-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, the latest satellite design, <a href="/wiki/GLONASS-K" title="GLONASS-K">GLONASS-K</a> has the ability to double the system's accuracy once introduced. The system's ground segment is also to undergo improvements. As of early 2012, sixteen positioning ground stations are under construction in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Bellingshausen_Station" title="Bellingshausen Station">Bellingshausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Novolazarevskaya_Station" title="Novolazarevskaya Station">Novolazarevskaya</a> bases. New stations will be built around the southern hemisphere from <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> to <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. Together, these improvements are expected to bring GLONASS' accuracy to 0.6 m or better by 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-kramnik_feb2012_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kramnik_feb2012-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The setup of a GLONASS receiving station in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> is also now under negotiation.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GLONASS&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_GLONASS" title="History of GLONASS">History of GLONASS</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GLONASS&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviaconversiya" title="Aviaconversiya">Aviaconversiya</a> – a Russian satellite navigation firm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou</a> – Chinese counterpart</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era-glonass" class="mw-redirect" title="Era-glonass">Era-glonass</a> – GLONASS-based system of emergency response</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a> – European Union's counterpart</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> - American counterpart</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_GLONASS_satellites" title="List of GLONASS satellites">List of GLONASS satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateration" class="mw-redirect" title="Multilateration">Multilateration</a> – the mathematical technique used for positioning</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAVIC" class="mw-redirect" title="NAVIC">NAVIC</a> – Indian counterpart</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsikada" title="Tsikada">Tsikada</a> – a Russian satellite navigation system</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GLONASS&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orbital periods and speeds are calculated using the relations 4π<sup>2</sup><i>R</i><sup>3</sup> = <i>T</i><sup>2</sup><i>GM</i> and <i>V</i><sup>2</sup><i>R</i> = <i>GM</i>, where <i>R</i> is the radius of orbit in metres; <i>T</i> is the orbital period in seconds; <i>V</i> is the orbital speed in m/s; <i>G</i> is the gravitational constant, approximately <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6989667300000000000♠"></span>6.673<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−11</sup> Nm<sup>2</sup>/kg<sup>2</sup></span>; <i>M</i> is the mass of Earth, approximately 5.98<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>24</sup> kg (1.318<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>25</sup> lb).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Approximately 8.6 times when the Moon is nearest <span class="nowrap">(that is, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">363,104 km</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">42,164 km</span></span>⁠</span>)</span>, to 9.6 times when the Moon is farthest <span class="nowrap">(that is, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214402035"><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">405,696 km</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">42,164 km</span></span>⁠</span>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GLONASS&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAngrisanoPetovelloPugliano2012" class="citation journal cs1">Angrisano, A.; Petovello, M.; Pugliano, G. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3355462">"Benefits of combined GPS/GLONASS with low-cost MEMS IMUs for vehicular urban navigation"</a>. <i>Sensors</i>. <b>12</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">5134–</span>5158. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Senso..12.5134A">2012Senso..12.5134A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fs120405134">10.3390/s120405134</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3355462">3355462</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22666079">22666079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sensors&rft.atitle=Benefits+of+combined+GPS%2FGLONASS+with+low-cost+MEMS+IMUs+for+vehicular+urban+navigation&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5134-%3C%2Fspan%3E5158&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3355462%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22666079&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fs120405134&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012Senso..12.5134A&rft.aulast=Angrisano&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Petovello%2C+M.&rft.au=Pugliano%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3355462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxts.com/glonass-significantly-benefits-gps/">"GLONASS significantly benefits GPS"</a>. 15 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171115035649/http://www.oxts.com/glonass-significantly-benefits-gps/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GLONASS+significantly+benefits+GPS&rft.date=2010-09-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxts.com%2Fglonass-significantly-benefits-gps%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://developer.sonymobile.com/2012/01/19/glonass-support-in-our-latest-xperia-phones/">"Developer Tools - Sony Developer World"</a>. <i>sonymobile.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141229185429/http://developer.sonymobile.com/2012/01/19/glonass-support-in-our-latest-xperia-phones/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sonymobile.com&rft.atitle=Developer+Tools+-+Sony+Developer+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.sonymobile.com%2F2012%2F01%2F19%2Fglonass-support-in-our-latest-xperia-phones%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.unb.ca/gge/Resources/gpsworld.june10.pdf">"GPS, GLONASS, and More"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of New Brunswick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180430183527/http://www2.unb.ca/gge/Resources/gpsworld.june10.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 April 2018. <q>Figure 2 shows the PDOP improvement in percentage when comparing the GPS-only to the GPS-plus-GLONASS PDOP values. At high latitudes, that is, above 55°, the improvement is at the 30% level.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GPS%2C+GLONASS%2C+and+More&rft.pub=University+of+New+Brunswick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.unb.ca%2Fgge%2FResources%2Fgpsworld.june10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tsr-20221219-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tsr-20221219_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tsr-20221219_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendrickx2022" class="citation web cs1">Hendrickx, Bart (19 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thespacereview.com/article/4502/1">"The secret payloads of Russia's Glonass navigation satellites"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Space_Review" title="The Space Review">The Space Review</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221220033222/https://www.thespacereview.com/article/4502/1">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Space+Review&rft.atitle=The+secret+payloads+of+Russia%27s+Glonass+navigation+satellites&rft.date=2022-12-19&rft.aulast=Hendrickx&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thespacereview.com%2Farticle%2F4502%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnss.ca/gnss/1361-glonass">"GNSS Knowledge - GLONASS - Borealis Precision - Industry Leading Representative"</a>. <i>www.gnss.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gnss.ca&rft.atitle=GNSS+Knowledge+-+GLONASS+-+Borealis+Precision+-+Industry+Leading+Representative&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnss.ca%2Fgnss%2F1361-glonass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ato_glonass-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ato_glonass_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ato_glonass_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ato_glonass_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ato_glonass_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfanasyevDmitri_Vorontsov2010" class="citation journal cs1">Afanasyev, Igor; Dmitri Vorontsov (26 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101130065842/http://www.ato.ru/content/glonass-nearing-completion">"Glonass nearing completion"</a>. <i>Russia & CIS Observer</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ato.ru/content/glonass-nearing-completion">the original</a> on 30 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russia+%26+CIS+Observer&rft.atitle=Glonass+nearing+completion&rft.date=2010-11-26&rft.aulast=Afanasyev&rft.aufirst=Igor&rft.au=Dmitri+Vorontsov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ato.ru%2Fcontent%2Fglonass-nearing-completion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-federal_targeted_program_2002-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-federal_targeted_program_2002_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-federal_targeted_program_2002_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-federal_targeted_program_2002_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121201201715/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA484380">"The Global Navigation System GLONASS: Development and Usage in the 21st Century"</a>. 34th Annual Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Meeting. 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA484380">the original</a> on 1 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Global+Navigation+System+GLONASS%3A+Development+and+Usage+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pub=34th+Annual+Precise+Time+and+Time+Interval+%28PTTI%29+Meeting&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtic.mil%2Fcgi-bin%2FGetTRDoc%3FLocation%3DU2%26doc%3DGetTRDoc.pdf%26AD%3DADA484380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harvey_military-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-harvey_military_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2007" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Brian (2007). "Military programs". <i>The Rebirth of the Russian Space Program</i> (1st ed.). Germany: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-71354-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-71354-0"><bdi>978-0-387-71354-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Military+programs&rft.btitle=The+Rebirth+of+the+Russian+Space+Program&rft.place=Germany&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-387-71354-0&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moskvitch-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-moskvitch_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoskvitch2010" class="citation news cs1">Moskvitch, Katia (2 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8595704.stm">"Glonass: Has Russia's sat-nav system come of age?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120913/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8595704.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Glonass%3A+Has+Russia%27s+sat-nav+system+come+of+age%3F&rft.date=2010-04-02&rft.aulast=Moskvitch&rft.aufirst=Katia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F8595704.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glonass_xmtr-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-glonass_xmtr_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GLONASS transmitter specs</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-miller_2000-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-miller_2000_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A Review of GLONASS" Miller, 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-icg8-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-icg8_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/icg/2013/icg-8/wgD/D3_3_2.pdf">National Reference Systems of the Russian Federation used in GLONASS.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714182933/http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/icg/2013/icg-8/wgD/D3_3_2.pdf">Archived</a> 14 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> V. Vdovin and M. Vinogradova (TSNIImash), 8th ICG meeting, Dubai, November 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907014714/https://www.glonass-iac.ru/en/content/news/?ELEMENT_ID=721">"The transition to using the terrestrial geocentric coordinate system "Parametry Zemli 1990" (PZ-90.11) in operating the GLObal NAvigation Satellite System (GLONASS) has been implemented"</a>. <i>glonass-iac.ru</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glonass-iac.ru/en/content/news/?ELEMENT_ID=721">the original</a> on 7 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=glonass-iac.ru&rft.atitle=The+transition+to+using+the+terrestrial+geocentric+coordinate+system+%22Parametry+Zemli+1990%22+%28PZ-90.11%29+in+operating+the+GLObal+NAvigation+Satellite+System+%28GLONASS%29+has+been+implemented&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glonass-iac.ru%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fnews%2F%3FELEMENT_ID%3D721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDMA-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CDMA_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180313062644/http://www.insidegnss.com/node/648">"Russia Approves CDMA Signals for GLONASS, Discussing Common Signal Design"</a>. <i>Inside GNSS</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insidegnss.com/node/648">the original</a> on 13 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inside+GNSS&rft.atitle=Russia+Approves+CDMA+Signals+for+GLONASS%2C+Discussing+Common+Signal+Design&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidegnss.com%2Fnode%2F648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDMA_report_2007-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CDMA_report_2007_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/pdf/cgsicMeetings/47/%5B21%5D%20GLONASS%20CGSIC%20September%2024%20Fort%20Worth.pdf">GLONASS Status and Progress</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110614023018/http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/pdf/cgsicMeetings/47/%5B21%5D%20GLONASS%20CGSIC%20September%2024%20Fort%20Worth.pdf">Archived</a> 14 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, S.G.Revnivykh, 47th CGSIC Meeting, 2007. "L1CR and L5R CDMA interoperable with GPS and Galileo"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDMA_report_2011-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDMA_report_2011_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDMA_report_2011_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDMA_report_2011_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unoosa.org/pdf/icg/2010/ICG5/18october/03.pdf">GLONASS Status and Development</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060649/http://www.unoosa.org/pdf/icg/2010/ICG5/18october/03.pdf">Archived</a> 21 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, G.Stupak, 5th ICG Meeting</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GNSS2-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GNSS2_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insidegnss.com/node/2487">Russia's First GLONASS-K In Orbit, CDMA Signals Coming</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110307214035/http://www.insidegnss.com/node/2487">Archived</a> 7 March 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Inside_GNSS" title="Inside GNSS">Inside GNSS</a></i> (2011-02-26) Retrieved on 6 October 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDMA_2011_CGSIG-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CDMA_2011_CGSIG_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gps.gov/cgsic/meetings/2011/revnivykh.pdf">GLONASS Status and Modernization</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191125030536/https://www.gps.gov/cgsic/meetings/2011/revnivykh.pdf">Archived</a> 25 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Ekaterina Oleynik, Sergey Revnivykh, 51st CGSIG Meeting, September 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDMA_2011_ICG-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CDMA_2011_ICG_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/icg/2011/icg-6/3.pdf">GLONASS Status and Modernization</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120515092734/http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/icg/2011/icg-6/3.pdf">Archived</a> 15 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Sergey Revnivykh, 6th ICG Meeting, September 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDMA_2012_ICG-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDMA_2012_ICG_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDMA_2012_ICG_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unoosa.org/pdf/icg/2012/icg-7/3-1.pdf">GLONASS Status and Modernization</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060753/http://www.unoosa.org/pdf/icg/2012/icg-7/3-1.pdf">Archived</a> 21 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Sergey Revnivykh, 7th ICG Meeting, November 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IGNSS_2013-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IGNSS_2013_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glonass-iac.ru/aboutIAC/GLONASS_IGNSS-2013_Mirgorodskaya.pdf">GLONASS Government Policy, Status and Modernization Plans</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140102194619/http://glonass-iac.ru/aboutIAC/GLONASS_IGNSS-2013_Mirgorodskaya.pdf">Archived</a> 2 January 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Tatiana Mirgorodskaya, IGNSS-2013, 16 July 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICG_2016-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICG_2016_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICG_2016_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unoosa.org/pdf/icg/2016/icg11/01.pdf">GLONASS Program Update</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220060310/http://www.unoosa.org/pdf/icg/2016/icg11/01.pdf">Archived</a> 20 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Ivan Revnivykh, Roscosmos, 11th ICG Meeting, November 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glonass_icd-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-glonass_icd_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://russianspacesystems.ru/bussines/navigation/glonass/interfeysnyy-kontrolnyy-dokument/">Russian Space Systems JSC - GLONASS Interface Control Documents</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161022092226/http://russianspacesystems.ru/bussines/navigation/glonass/interfeysnyy-kontrolnyy-dokument/">Archived</a> 22 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Russian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032222/http://gpsworld.com/glonass-modernization-12232/">"GLONASS Modernization"</a>. GPS World. 2 November 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gpsworld.com/glonass-modernization-12232/">the original</a> on 17 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GLONASS+Modernization&rft.pub=GPS+World&rft.date=2011-11-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgpsworld.com%2Fglonass-modernization-12232%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insidegnss.com/auto/julyaug11-Dumas.pdf">"Data"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>insidegnss.com</i>. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140711133448/http://insidegnss.com/auto/julyaug11-Dumas.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=insidegnss.com&rft.atitle=Data&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidegnss.com%2Fauto%2Fjulyaug11-Dumas.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GPSWorld_Nov_2011-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GPSWorld_Nov_2011_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gpsworld.com/glonass-modernization-12232/">GLONASS Modernization</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060700/http://gpsworld.com/glonass-modernization-12232/">Archived</a> 21 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Yuri Urlichich, Valery Subbotin, Grigory Stupak, Vyacheslav Dvorkin, Alexander Povalyaev, Sergey Karutin, and Rudolf Bakitko, Russian Space Systems, GPS World, November 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GPSWorld_Apr_2011-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GPSWorld_Apr_2011_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GPSWorld_Apr_2011_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GPSWorld_Apr_2011_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gpsworld.com/innovation-glonass-11405/">GLONASS: Developing Strategies for the Future</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060741/http://gpsworld.com/innovation-glonass-11405/">Archived</a> 21 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Yuri Urlichich, Valeriy Subbotin, Grigory Stupak, Vyacheslav Dvorkin, Alexander Povalyaev, and Sergey Karutin. GPS World, November 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GPSWorld_Nov_2013-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GPSWorld_Nov_2013_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gpsworld.com/new-structure-for-glonass-nav-message/">New Structure for GLONASS Nav Message</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131212115824/http://gpsworld.com/new-structure-for-glonass-nav-message/">Archived</a> 12 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Alexander Povalyaev, GPS World, 2 November 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-testoyedov-2015-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-testoyedov-2015_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTestoyedov2015" class="citation web cs1">Testoyedov, Nikolay (18 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/psa/activities/2015/RussiaGNSS/Presentations/1.pdf">"Space Navigation in Russia: History of Development"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160923014654/http://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/psa/activities/2015/RussiaGNSS/Presentations/1.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Space+Navigation+in+Russia%3A+History+of+Development&rft.date=2015-05-18&rft.aulast=Testoyedov&rft.aufirst=Nikolay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unoosa.org%2Fdocuments%2Fpdf%2Fpsa%2Factivities%2F2015%2FRussiaGNSS%2FPresentations%2F1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDMA_2010_insideGNSS-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CDMA_2010_insideGNSS_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101205054554/http://insidegnss.com/node/1997">"Russia to Put 8 CDMA Signals on 4 GLONASS Frequencies"</a>. <i>Inside GNSS</i>. 17 March 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insidegnss.com/node/1997">the original</a> on 5 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inside+GNSS&rft.atitle=Russia+to+Put+8+CDMA+Signals+on+4+GLONASS+Frequencies&rft.date=2010-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidegnss.com%2Fnode%2F1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110101144902/http://www.gpsworld.com/gnss-system/glonass/news/glonass-update-delves-constellation-details-10499">"GLONASS Update Delves into Constellation Details"</a>. GPS World. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gpsworld.com/gnss-system/glonass/news/glonass-update-delves-constellation-details-10499">the original</a> on 1 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GLONASS+Update+Delves+into+Constellation+Details&rft.pub=GPS+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpsworld.com%2Fgnss-system%2Fglonass%2Fnews%2Fglonass-update-delves-constellation-details-10499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181102235300/http://gpsworld.com/gnss-systemnewsglonass-modernization-maybe-six-planes-probably-more-satellites-12490/">"GLONASS Modernization: Maybe Six Planes, Probably More Satellites"</a>. GPS World. 10 January 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpsworld.com/gnss-systemnewsglonass-modernization-maybe-six-planes-probably-more-satellites-12490/">the original</a> on 2 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GLONASS+Modernization%3A+Maybe+Six+Planes%2C+Probably+More+Satellites&rft.pub=GPS+World&rft.date=2012-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpsworld.com%2Fgnss-systemnewsglonass-modernization-maybe-six-planes-probably-more-satellites-12490%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SDCM_2012-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SDCM_2012_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unoosa.org/pdf/icg/2012/icg-7/3-2.pdf">SDCM status and plans</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140405044651/http://www.unoosa.org/pdf/icg/2012/icg-7/3-2.pdf">Archived</a> 5 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Grigory Stupak, 7th ICG Meeting, November 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GPSWorld_GlonassV-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GPSWorld_GlonassV_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GPSWorld_GlonassV_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181222173732/https://www.gpsworld.com/directions-2019-high-orbit-glonass-and-cdma-signal/">"Directions 2019: High-orbit GLONASS and CDMA signal"</a>. 12 December 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpsworld.com/directions-2019-high-orbit-glonass-and-cdma-signal/">the original</a> on 22 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Directions+2019%3A+High-orbit+GLONASS+and+CDMA+signal&rft.date=2018-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpsworld.com%2Fdirections-2019-high-orbit-glonass-and-cdma-signal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Uragan</i>, Russian Space Web</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GLONASS #787, 68.7 operational months; as reported by RSA "GLONASS constellation status" on 6 April 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-issr-20150730-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-issr-20150730_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iss-reshetnev.com/media/news/news-300715">"Glonass-M – a chapter in the history of satellite navigation"</a>. JSC Information Satellite Systems. 30 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160528232727/http://www.iss-reshetnev.com/media/news/news-300715">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glonass-M+%E2%80%93+a+chapter+in+the+history+of+satellite+navigation&rft.pub=JSC+Information+Satellite+Systems&rft.date=2015-07-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iss-reshetnev.com%2Fmedia%2Fnews%2Fnews-300715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-itartass-811771-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-itartass-811771_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tass.ru/en/non-political/811771">"Russia stops manufacturing of Glonass-M navigation satellites"</a>. ITAR-TASS. 30 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150801020451/http://tass.ru/en/non-political/811771">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia+stops+manufacturing+of+Glonass-M+navigation+satellites&rft.date=2015-07-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftass.ru%2Fen%2Fnon-political%2F811771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geospatialworld.net/news/russia-increases-glonass-orbital-grouping-24-satellites/">"Russia increases GLONASS orbital grouping to 24 satellites"</a>. Geospatial World. 23 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210712015940/https://www.geospatialworld.net/news/russia-increases-glonass-orbital-grouping-24-satellites/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia+increases+GLONASS+orbital+grouping+to+24+satellites&rft.date=2017-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geospatialworld.net%2Fnews%2Frussia-increases-glonass-orbital-grouping-24-satellites%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reshetnev_glonass_history-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reshetnev_glonass_history_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reshetnev_glonass_history_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110713063606/http://www.iss-reshetnev.com/images/File/magazin/2007/m2-screen_en.pdf">"Glonass-K: a prospective satellite of the GLONASS system"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Reshetnev Information Satellite Systems. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iss-reshetnev.com/images/File/magazin/2007/m2-screen_en.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glonass-K%3A+a+prospective+satellite+of+the+GLONASS+system&rft.pub=Reshetnev+Information+Satellite+Systems&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iss-reshetnev.com%2Fimages%2FFile%2Fmagazin%2F2007%2Fm2-screen_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangley2010" class="citation news cs1">Langley, Richard (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120711083220/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BPW/is_10_21/ai_n56309362/?tag=content;col1">"GLONASS forecast bright and plentiful"</a>. GPS World. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BPW/is_10_21/ai_n56309362/?tag=content;col1">the original</a> on 11 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=GLONASS+forecast+bright+and+plentiful&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Langley&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m0BPW%2Fis_10_21%2Fai_n56309362%2F%3Ftag%3Dcontent%3Bcol1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc_russia_launches_satellite-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_russia_launches_satellite_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12587238">"Russia launches satellite for global navigation system"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 26 February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181130234313/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12587238">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Russia+launches+satellite+for+global+navigation+system&rft.date=2011-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-12587238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoonemaaWeiss2021" class="citation web cs1">Roonemaa, Holger; Weiss, Michael (12 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newlinesmag.com/reportage/western-intelligence-fears-new-russian-sat-nav-espionage-capabilities/">"Western Intelligence Fears New Russian Sat-Nav's Espionage Capabilities"</a>. <i>New Lines Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526011659/https://newlinesmag.com/reportage/western-intelligence-fears-new-russian-sat-nav-espionage-capabilities/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Lines+Magazine&rft.atitle=Western+Intelligence+Fears+New+Russian+Sat-Nav%27s+Espionage+Capabilities&rft.date=2021-07-12&rft.aulast=Roonemaa&rft.aufirst=Holger&rft.au=Weiss%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewlinesmag.com%2Freportage%2Fwestern-intelligence-fears-new-russian-sat-nav-espionage-capabilities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidtSchmitt2013" class="citation news cs1">Schmidt, Michael; Schmitt, Eric (16 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/17/world/europe/a-russian-gps-using-us-soil-stirs-spy-fears.html">"A Russian GPS Using U.S. Soil Stirs Spy Fears"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220619183130/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/17/world/europe/a-russian-gps-using-us-soil-stirs-spy-fears.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Russian+GPS+Using+U.S.+Soil+Stirs+Spy+Fears&rft.date=2013-11-16&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Schmitt%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F11%2F17%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fa-russian-gps-using-us-soil-stirs-spy-fears.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPartlow2017" class="citation news cs1">Partlow, Joshua (8 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/the-soviet-union-fought-the-cold-war-in-nicaragua-now-putins-russia-is-back/2017/04/08/b43039b0-0d8b-11e7-aa57-2ca1b05c41b8_story.html">"The Soviet Union fought the Cold War in Nicaragua. Now Putin's Russia is back"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220410080203/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/the-soviet-union-fought-the-cold-war-in-nicaragua-now-putins-russia-is-back/2017/04/08/b43039b0-0d8b-11e7-aa57-2ca1b05c41b8_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Soviet+Union+fought+the+Cold+War+in+Nicaragua.+Now+Putin%27s+Russia+is+back.&rft.date=2017-04-08&rft.aulast=Partlow&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fthe_americas%2Fthe-soviet-union-fought-the-cold-war-in-nicaragua-now-putins-russia-is-back%2F2017%2F04%2F08%2Fb43039b0-0d8b-11e7-aa57-2ca1b05c41b8_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJakub" class="citation web cs1">Jakub, Hodek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unav.edu/web/global-affairs/detalle/-/blogs/a-special-russian-installation-in-nicaragua">"A 'special' Russian installation in Nicaragua"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Navarra" title="University of Navarra">University of Navarra</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220707003154/https://www.unav.edu/web/global-affairs/detalle/-/blogs/a-special-russian-installation-in-nicaragua">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Navarra&rft.atitle=A+%27special%27+Russian+installation+in+Nicaragua&rft.aulast=Jakub&rft.aufirst=Hodek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unav.edu%2Fweb%2Fglobal-affairs%2Fdetalle%2F-%2Fblogs%2Fa-special-russian-installation-in-nicaragua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navipedia.net/index.php/GLONASS_Ground_Segment">"GLONASS Ground Segment"</a>. <i>navipedia.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170616145904/http://navipedia.net/index.php/GLONASS_Ground_Segment">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=navipedia.net&rft.atitle=GLONASS+Ground+Segment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navipedia.net%2Findex.php%2FGLONASS_Ground_Segment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cddis.gsfc.nasa.gov/lw15/docs/papers/Russian%20Laser%20Tracking%20Network.pdf">"Russian Laser Tracking Network"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090404085613/http://cddis.gsfc.nasa.gov/lw15/docs/papers/Russian%20Laser%20Tracking%20Network.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+Laser+Tracking+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcddis.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Flw15%2Fdocs%2Fpapers%2FRussian%2520Laser%2520Tracking%2520Network.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/publications/icg_ebook.pdf">"Current and planned global and regional navigation satellite systems and satellite-based augmentation systems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121002214143/http://www.oosa.unvienna.org/pdf/publications/icg_ebook.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Current+and+planned+global+and+regional+navigation+satellite+systems+and+satellite-based+augmentation+systems&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oosa.unvienna.org%2Fpdf%2Fpublications%2Ficg_ebook.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"GLONASS added to SkyWave terminals", Digital Ship, 4 December 2009, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedigitalship.com/conferences/2006/displaynews.asp?NewsID=902">Thedigitalship.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716231551/http://www.thedigitalship.com/conferences/2006/displaynews.asp?NewsID=902">Archived</a> 16 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Garmin eTrex 20 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://buy.garmin.com/shop/shop.do?cID=145&pID=87771#overviewTab">https://buy.garmin.com/shop/shop.do?cID=145&pID=87771#overviewTab</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309035942/https://buy.garmin.com/shop/shop.do?cID=145&pID=87771#overviewTab">Archived</a> 9 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://buy.garmin.com/en-US/US/in-the-air/portable-gps/glo-for-aviation/prod109826.html">GLO for Aviation|Garmin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921062957/https://buy.garmin.com/en-US/US/in-the-air/portable-gps/glo-for-aviation/prod109826.html">Archived</a> 21 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, buy.garmin.com, Retrieved on 2 August 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl-www.sonyericsson.com/cws/download/1/922/663/1315211190/pro_WP_13.pdf">"Sony Xperia support (English)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>sonyericsson.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425091518/http://dl-www.sonyericsson.com/cws/download/1/922/663/1315211190/pro_WP_13.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sonyericsson.com&rft.atitle=Sony+Xperia+support+%28English%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdl-www.sonyericsson.com%2Fcws%2Fdownload%2F1%2F922%2F663%2F1315211190%2Fpro_WP_13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150723064735/http://www.cnews.ru/news/top/index.shtml?2011%2F02%2F15%2F427617">"Sony Ericsson и Huawei готовят смартфоны с ГЛОНАСС"</a>. <i>CNews.ru</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnews.ru/news/top/index.shtml?2011/02/15/427617">the original</a> on 23 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNews.ru&rft.atitle=Sony+Ericsson+%D0%B8+Huawei+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82+%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D1%81+%D0%93%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnews.ru%2Fnews%2Ftop%2Findex.shtml%3F2011%2F02%2F15%2F427617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samsung.com/global/microsite/galaxynote/note/spec.html">"Samsung GALAXY Note"</a>. <i>samsung.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111834/http://www.samsung.com/global/microsite/galaxynote/note/spec.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=samsung.com&rft.atitle=Samsung+GALAXY+Note&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.samsung.com%2Fglobal%2Fmicrosite%2Fgalaxynote%2Fnote%2Fspec.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.htc.com/www/smartphones/htc-wp-8x/#specs">Windows Phone 8X by HTC Overview - HTC Smartphones</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209181714/http://www.htc.com/www/smartphones/htc-wp-8x/#specs">Archived</a> 9 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, htc.com, Retrieved on 2 August 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qualcomm.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fcommon%2Fproducts-services%2Fsnapdragon_specs_9-12.pdf">Google Drive Viewer</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160417144445/https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qualcomm.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fcommon%2Fproducts-services%2Fsnapdragon_specs_9-12.pdf">Archived</a> 17 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, docs.google.com, Retrieved on 2 August 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mediacenter.motorola.com/Fact-Sheets/DROID-RAZR-by-Motorola-Fact-Sheet-386c.aspx">"The Official Motorola Blog"</a>. <i>motorola.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615084229/http://mediacenter.motorola.com/Fact-Sheets/DROID-RAZR-by-Motorola-Fact-Sheet-386c.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=motorola.com&rft.atitle=The+Official+Motorola+Blog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmediacenter.motorola.com%2FFact-Sheets%2FDROID-RAZR-by-Motorola-Fact-Sheet-386c.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-glonass-idUSTRE7783VU20110809">"GLONASS gets Nokia backing, aims to rival COMPASS"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 9 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924154559/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/09/us-russia-glonass-idUSTRE7783VU20110809">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=GLONASS+gets+Nokia+backing%2C+aims+to+rival+COMPASS&rft.date=2011-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-russia-glonass-idUSTRE7783VU20110809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glonass-iac.ru/en/sostavOG/">"Constellation status"</a>. <i>glonass-iac.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=glonass-iac.ru&rft.atitle=Constellation+status&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglonass-iac.ru%2Fen%2FsostavOG%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-izvestia-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-izvestia_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://izvestia.ru/news/568647">"Роскосмос ищет причины сбоя ГЛОНАСС"</a>. <i>Izvestia</i>. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151225113907/http://izvestia.ru/news/568647">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Izvestia&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81+%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%8F+%D0%93%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A1&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fizvestia.ru%2Fnews%2F568647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-novaya_gazeta-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-novaya_gazeta_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.novayagazeta.ru/news/2014/04/15/99404-sistema-glonass-vyshla-iz-stroya-vtoroy-raz-za-mesyats">"Система ГЛОНАСС вышла из строя второй раз за месяц"</a>. <i>Новая Газета</i>. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402153920/https://www.novayagazeta.ru/news/2014/04/15/99404-sistema-glonass-vyshla-iz-stroya-vtoroy-raz-za-mesyats">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%93%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A1+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%86&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.novayagazeta.ru%2Fnews%2F2014%2F04%2F15%2F99404-sistema-glonass-vyshla-iz-stroya-vtoroy-raz-za-mesyats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://izvestia.ru/news/604492">"Роскосмос обещает восстановить ГЛОНАСС к середине марта"</a>. <i>Известия</i>. 18 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160227002848/http://izvestia.ru/news/604492">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%93%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A1+%D0%BA+%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.date=2016-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fizvestia.ru%2Fnews%2F604492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pr_rianscience-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pr_rianscience_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rian.ru/science/20090512/170848130.html">"Роскосмос обещает повысить точность работы ГЛОНАСС с 10 до 5,5 метров"</a>. РИА Новости. 12 May 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100529064042/http://www.rian.ru/science/20090512/170848130.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C+%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%93%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A1+%D1%81+10+%D0%B4%D0%BE+5%2C5+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.pub=%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%90+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft.date=2009-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rian.ru%2Fscience%2F20090512%2F170848130.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kramnik_feb2012-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kramnik_feb2012_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramnik2012" class="citation news cs1">Kramnik, Ilya (16 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rbth.ru/articles/2012/02/16/glonass_benefits_worth_the_extra_expense_14862.html">"GLONASS benefits worth the extra expense"</a>. <i>Russia Beyond the Headlines</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120222100105/http://rbth.ru/articles/2012/02/16/glonass_benefits_worth_the_extra_expense_14862.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russia+Beyond+the+Headlines&rft.atitle=GLONASS+benefits+worth+the+extra+expense&rft.date=2012-02-16&rft.aulast=Kramnik&rft.aufirst=Ilya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frbth.ru%2Farticles%2F2012%2F02%2F16%2Fglonass_benefits_worth_the_extra_expense_14862.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dfa.gov.ph/dfa-news/news-from-our-foreign-service-postsupdate/17790-dost-finalizes-mou-with-russian-space-agency">"DOST Finalizes MOU with Russian Space Agency"</a>. Department of Foreign Affairs (Philippines). 7 September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180925104330/https://www.dfa.gov.ph/dfa-news/news-from-our-foreign-service-postsupdate/17790-dost-finalizes-mou-with-russian-space-agency">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=DOST+Finalizes+MOU+with+Russian+Space+Agency&rft.date=2018-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfa.gov.ph%2Fdfa-news%2Fnews-from-our-foreign-service-postsupdate%2F17790-dost-finalizes-mou-with-russian-space-agency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards">Standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GLONASS&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111021141150/http://www.aggf.ru/gnss/glon/ikd51ru.pdf">"GLONASS Interface Control Document, Navigational radio signal in bands L1, L2 (Edition 5.1)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Russian). Russian Space Systems OJSC. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ICD_GLONASS_rus_v5.1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GLONASS+Interface+Control+Document%2C+Navigational+radio+signal+in+bands+L1%2C+L2+%28Edition+5.1%29&rft.pub=Russian+Space+Systems+OJSC&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frussianspacesystems.ru%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F08%2FICD_GLONASS_rus_v5.1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161022090547/http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/IKD-L1-s-kod.-razd.-Red-1.0-2016.pdf">"GLONASS Interface Control Document, Open CDMA navigational radio signal in L1 band, Edition 1.0"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Russian). Russian Space Systems OJSC. 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/IKD-L1-s-kod.-razd.-Red-1.0-2016.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GLONASS+Interface+Control+Document%2C+Open+CDMA+navigational+radio+signal+in+L1+band%2C+Edition+1.0&rft.pub=Russian+Space+Systems+OJSC&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frussianspacesystems.ru%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F08%2FIKD-L1-s-kod.-razd.-Red-1.0-2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161022092222/http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/IKD-L2-s-kod.-razd.-Red-1.0-2016.pdf">"GLONASS Interface Control Document, Open CDMA navigational radio signal in L2 band, Edition 1.0"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Russian). Russian Space Systems OJSC. 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/IKD-L2-s-kod.-razd.-Red-1.0-2016.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GLONASS+Interface+Control+Document%2C+Open+CDMA+navigational+radio+signal+in+L2+band%2C+Edition+1.0&rft.pub=Russian+Space+Systems+OJSC&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frussianspacesystems.ru%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F08%2FIKD-L2-s-kod.-razd.-Red-1.0-2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161022091912/http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/IKD-L3-s-kod.-razd.-Red-1.0-2016.pdf">"GLONASS Interface Control Document, Open CDMA navigational radio signal in L3 band, Edition 1.0"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Russian). Russian Space Systems OJSC. 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/IKD-L3-s-kod.-razd.-Red-1.0-2016.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GLONASS+Interface+Control+Document%2C+Open+CDMA+navigational+radio+signal+in+L3+band%2C+Edition+1.0&rft.pub=Russian+Space+Systems+OJSC&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frussianspacesystems.ru%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F08%2FIKD-L3-s-kod.-razd.-Red-1.0-2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161022090410/http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/IKD.-Obshh.-opis.-Red.-1.0-2016.pdf">"GLONASS Interface Control Document, General description of CDMA signals, Edition 1.0"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Russian). Russian Space Systems OJSC. 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/IKD.-Obshh.-opis.-Red.-1.0-2016.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GLONASS+Interface+Control+Document%2C+General+description+of+CDMA+signals%2C+Edition+1.0&rft.pub=Russian+Space+Systems+OJSC&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frussianspacesystems.ru%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F08%2FIKD.-Obshh.-opis.-Red.-1.0-2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GLONASS&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161020203029/http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ICD_GLONASS_eng_v5.1.pdf"><i>GLONASS Interface Control Document</i>, Edition 5.1, 2008</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120710133600/http://facility.unavco.org/data/docs/ICD_GLONASS_5.1_(2008)_en.pdf">backup</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unavco.org/help/glossary/docs/ICD_GLONASS_4.0_(1998)_en.pdf"><i>GLONASS Interface Control Document</i>, Version 4.0, 1998</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190908/http://www.programs-gov.ru/ext/117/content.htm">"ФЕДЕРАЛЬНАЯ ЦЕЛЕВАЯ ПРОГРАММА "ГЛОБАЛЬНАЯ НАВИГАЦИОННАЯ СИСТЕМА", <i>FEDERAL SPECIAL-PURPOSE PROGRAM "GLOBAL NAVIGATION SYSTEM"</i>"</a> (in Russian). Russian Federal Government. 20 August 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.programs-gov.ru/26_1.php">the original</a> on 27 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A4%D0%95%D0%94%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%AC%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%AF+%D0%A6%D0%95%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%92%D0%90%D0%AF+%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9C%D0%9C%D0%90+%22%D0%93%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%91%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%AC%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%AF+%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%92%D0%98%D0%93%D0%90%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%AF+%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%95%D0%9C%D0%90%22%2C+FEDERAL+SPECIAL-PURPOSE+PROGRAM+%22GLOBAL+NAVIGATION+SYSTEM%22&rft.pub=Russian+Federal+Government&rft.date=2001-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.programs-gov.ru%2F26_1.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071024172738/http://www.glonass-ianc.rsa.ru/pls/htmldb/f?p=202:20:4969607893141445194::NO">"GLONASS constellation status for 18.01.08 under the analysis of the almanac and accepted in IANC (UTC)"</a>. Russian Space Agency (RSA). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glonass-ianc.rsa.ru/pls/htmldb/f?p=202:20:4969607893141445194::NO">the original</a> on 24 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GLONASS+constellation+status+for+18.01.08+under+the+analysis+of+the+almanac+and+accepted+in+IANC+%28UTC%29&rft.pub=Russian+Space+Agency+%28RSA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glonass-ianc.rsa.ru%2Fpls%2Fhtmldb%2Ff%3Fp%3D202%3A20%3A4969607893141445194%3A%3ANO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070426101716/http://www.spaceandtech.com/spacedata/constellations/glonass_consum.shtml">"GLONASS Summary"</a>. Space and Tech. Archived from the original on 26 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GLONASS+Summary&rft.pub=Space+and+Tech&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spaceandtech.com%2Fspacedata%2Fconstellations%2Fglonass_consum.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613234101/http://www.atnf.csiro.au/people/dmitchel/glonass.html">"GLONASS Transmitter Specifications"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atnf.csiro.au/people/dmitchel/glonass.html">the original</a> on 13 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GLONASS+Transmitter+Specifications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atnf.csiro.au%2Fpeople%2Fdmitchel%2Fglonass.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoebel" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Goebel, Greg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181022114901/http://vectorsite.net/ttgps.html">"Navigation Satellites & GPS"</a>. pp. Section 2.2. Archived from the original on 22 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Navigation+Satellites+%26+GPS&rft.pages=Section+2.2&rft.aulast=Goebel&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vectorsite.net%2Fttgps.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071024172737/http://www.glonass-ianc.rsa.ru/pls/htmldb/f?p=201:24:5771576984142464179::NO:::">"Интегральная доступность навигации наземного потребителя по системе ГЛОНАСС <i>Integral accessibility of the navigation of ground-based user along the system GLONASS</i>"</a> (in Russian). Russian Space Agency (RSA). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glonass-ianc.rsa.ru/pls/htmldb/f?p=201:24:5771576984142464179::NO:::">the original</a> on 24 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5+%D0%93%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A1+Integral+accessibility+of+the+navigation+of+ground-based+user+along+the+system+GLONASS&rft.pub=Russian+Space+Agency+%28RSA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.glonass-ianc.rsa.ru%2Fpls%2Fhtmldb%2Ff%3Fp%3D201%3A24%3A5771576984142464179%3A%3ANO%3A%3A%3A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India_joins_Russian_GPS_system/articleshow/1502481.cms">"India joins Russian GPS system"</a>. <i>The Times of India</i>. 29 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=India+joins+Russian+GPS+system&rft.date=2007-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2FIndia_joins_Russian_GPS_system%2Farticleshow%2F1502481.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20051121193827/http://www.mosnews.com/news/2005/06/27/indialaunch.shtml">"India to Launch 2 Russian GLONASS Satellites"</a>. MosNews. 27 June 2005. Archived from the original on 21 November 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=India+to+Launch+2+Russian+GLONASS+Satellites&rft.date=2005-06-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mosnews.com%2Fnews%2F2005%2F06%2F27%2Findialaunch.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070919124045/http://pnt.gov/public/docs/2006-WG1-statement.shtml">"Joint announcement (in English and Russian)"</a>. GPS/GLONASS Interoperability and Compatibility Working Group. 14 December 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pnt.gov/public/docs/2006-WG1-statement.shtml">the original</a> on 19 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joint+announcement+%28in+English+and+Russian%29&rft.pub=GPS%2FGLONASS+Interoperability+and+Compatibility+Working+Group&rft.date=2006-12-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpnt.gov%2Fpublic%2Fdocs%2F2006-WG1-statement.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2007" class="citation news cs1">Kramer, Andrew E. (7 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/04/business/worldbusiness/04gps.html">"Russia Challenges the U.S. Monopoly on Satellite Navigation"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Russia+Challenges+the+U.S.+Monopoly+on+Satellite+Navigation&rft.date=2007-04-07&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Andrew+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F04%2F04%2Fbusiness%2Fworldbusiness%2F04gps.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2000" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Keith M. (October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012120024/http://www.hydrographicsociety.org/Articles/journal/2000/98-1.htm">"A Review of GLONASS"</a>. <i>Hydrographic Society Journal</i> (98). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0309-7846">0309-7846</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydrographicsociety.org/Articles/journal/2000/98-1.htm">the original</a> on 12 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hydrographic+Society+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Review+of+GLONASS&rft.issue=98&rft.date=2000-10&rft.issn=0309-7846&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Keith+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hydrographicsociety.org%2FArticles%2Fjournal%2F2000%2F98-1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070210065953/http://www.gpsworld.com/gpsworld/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=399504">"Radical Change in the Air for GLONASS"</a>. GPS World. 22 January 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gpsworld.com/gpsworld/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=399504">the original</a> on 10 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Radical+Change+in+the+Air+for+GLONASS&rft.date=2007-01-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpsworld.com%2Fgpsworld%2Farticle%2FarticleDetail.jsp%3Fid%3D399504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220421193356/http://mosnews.com/news/2007/03/26/glonass.shtml">"Russia Allocates US$380 Million for Global Navigation System in 2007"</a>. MosNews. 26 March 2007. Archived from the original on 21 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia+Allocates+US%24380+Million+for+Global+Navigation+System+in+2007&rft.date=2007-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmosnews.com%2Fnews%2F2007%2F03%2F26%2Fglonass.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220421193356/http://mosnews.com/news/2007/03/26/glonass.shtml">"Russia Holds First Place in Spacecraft Launches"</a>. MosNews. 26 March 2007. Archived from the original on 21 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia+Holds+First+Place+in+Spacecraft+Launches&rft.date=2007-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmosnews.com%2Fnews%2F2007%2F03%2F26%2Fglonass.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828015513/http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/ap-071225-proton-glonass.html">"Russia Launches New Navigation Satellites into Orbit"</a>. Space.com / Associated Press. 25 December 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/ap-071225-proton-glonass.html">the original</a> on 28 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia+Launches+New+Navigation+Satellites+into+Orbit&rft.date=2007-12-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fmissionlaunches%2Fap-071225-proton-glonass.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20050207140740/http://www.mosnews.com/news/2004/12/01/indiaspace.shtml">"Russian Space Agency Plans Cooperation With India"</a>. MosNews. 12 January 2004. Archived from the original on 7 February 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russian+Space+Agency+Plans+Cooperation+With+India&rft.date=2004-01-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mosnews.com%2Fnews%2F2004%2F12%2F01%2Findiaspace.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070403015512/http://www.fas.org/spp/guide/russia/nav/glonass.htm">"Space Policy Project's "World Space Guide: GLONASS"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Federation of American Scientists. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/spp/guide/russia/nav/glonass.htm">the original</a> on 3 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Space+Policy+Project%27s+%22World+Space+Guide%3A+GLONASS%22&rft.pub=Federation+of+American+Scientists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fspp%2Fguide%2Frussia%2Fnav%2Fglonass.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ria.ru/science/20070518/65722212.html">"Услуги системы ГЛОНАСС будут предоставляться потребителям бесплатно <i>The services of system GLONASS will be given to users free of charge</i>"</a> (in Russian). RIA Novosti. 18 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B+%D0%93%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%A1+%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%82+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC+%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE+The+services+of+system+GLONASS+will+be+given+to+users+free+of+charge&rft.date=2007-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fria.ru%2Fscience%2F20070518%2F65722212.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230705/http://www.roscosmos.ru/NewsDoSele.asp?NEWSID=2021">"Три КА "Глонасс-М" взяты на управление <i>Three KA "GLONASS-M" have taken off</i>"</a> (in Russian). Russian Space Agency (RSA). 26 December 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roscosmos.ru/NewsDoSele.asp?NEWSID=2021">the original</a> on 27 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%90+%22%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81-%D0%9C%22+%D0%B2%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+Three+KA+%22GLONASS-M%22+have+taken+off&rft.pub=Russian+Space+Agency+%28RSA%29&rft.date=2006-12-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roscosmos.ru%2FNewsDoSele.asp%3FNEWSID%3D2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/uragan.htm">"Uragan (GLONASS, 11F654)"</a>. Gunter's Space Page. 16 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uragan+%28GLONASS%2C+11F654%29&rft.pub=Gunter%27s+Space+Page&rft.date=2007-01-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspace.skyrocket.de%2Fdoc_sdat%2Furagan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171219/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/uragan.html">"Uragan navsat (11F654)"</a>. Russian Space Web. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianspaceweb.com/uragan.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uragan+navsat+%2811F654%29&rft.pub=Russian+Space+Web&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russianspaceweb.com%2Furagan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gpssoft.ru/glonass/">"GLONASS News"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GLONASS+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpssoft.ru%2Fglonass%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGLONASS" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GLONASS&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:GLONASS" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:GLONASS">GLONASS</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.glonass-iac.ru/en/">Official GLONASS web page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180721162605/https://www.glonass-iac.ru/en/">Archived</a> 21 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/29px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/38px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Russia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="GLONASS_satellites142" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:GLONASS" title="Template:GLONASS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:GLONASS" title="Template talk:GLONASS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:GLONASS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:GLONASS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="GLONASS_satellites142" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">GLONASS</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_GLONASS_satellites" title="List of GLONASS satellites">satellites</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GLONASS_(first-generation_satellites)" title="GLONASS (first-generation satellites)">GLONASS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1413&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1413 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1413</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1490&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1490 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1490</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1491&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1491 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1491</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1519&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1519 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1519</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1520&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1520 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1520</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1554&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1554 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1554</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1555&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1555 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1555</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1593&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1593 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1593</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1594&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1594 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1594</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1650&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1650 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1650</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1651&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1651 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1651</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1710&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1710 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1710</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1711&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1711 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1711</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1778&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1778 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1778</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1779&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1779 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1779</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1780&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1780 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1780</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1883&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1883 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1883</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1884&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1884 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1884</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1885&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1885 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1885</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1946&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1946 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1947&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1947 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1947</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1948&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1948 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1948</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1970&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1970 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1970</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1971&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1971 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1971</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1972&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1972 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1987&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1987 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1987</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_1988&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 1988 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 1988</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2022&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2022 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2023&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2023 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2023</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2079&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2079 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2079</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2080&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2080 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2080</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2081&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2081 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2081</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2109&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2109 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2109</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2110&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2110 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2110</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2111&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2111 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2111</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2139&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2139 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2139</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2140&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2140 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2140</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2141&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2141 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2141</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2177&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2177 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2177</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2178&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2178 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2178</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2179&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2179 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2179</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2204&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2204 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2204</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2205&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2205 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2205</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2206&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2206 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2206</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2234&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2234 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2234</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2235&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2235 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2235</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2236&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2236 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2236</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2275&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2275 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2275</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2276&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2276 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2276</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2277&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2277 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2277</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2287&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2287 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2287</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2288&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2288 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2288</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2289&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2289 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2289</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2294&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2294 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2294</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2295&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2295 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2295</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2296&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2296 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2296</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2307&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2307 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2307</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2308&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2308 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2308</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2309&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2309 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2309</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2316&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2316 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2316</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2317&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2317 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2317</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2318&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2318 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2318</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2323&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2323 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2323</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2324&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2324 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2324</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2325&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2325 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2325</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2362&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2362 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2362</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2363&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2363 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2363</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2364&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2364 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2364</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2374&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2374 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2374</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2375&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2375 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2375</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2376&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2376 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2376</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2380" title="Kosmos 2380">Kosmos 2380</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2381" title="Kosmos 2381">Kosmos 2381</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2382" title="Kosmos 2382">Kosmos 2382</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2394" title="Kosmos 2394">Kosmos 2394</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2395" title="Kosmos 2395">Kosmos 2395</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2396" title="Kosmos 2396">Kosmos 2396</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2402" title="Kosmos 2402">Kosmos 2402</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2403" title="Kosmos 2403">Kosmos 2403</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2411" title="Kosmos 2411">Kosmos 2411</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2412" title="Kosmos 2412">Kosmos 2412</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2417" title="Kosmos 2417">Kosmos 2417</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GLONASS-M" title="GLONASS-M">GLONASS-M</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2404" title="Kosmos 2404">Kosmos 2404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2413" title="Kosmos 2413">Kosmos 2413</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2418" title="Kosmos 2418">Kosmos 2418</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2419" title="Kosmos 2419">Kosmos 2419</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2424" title="Kosmos 2424">Kosmos 2424</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2425" title="Kosmos 2425">Kosmos 2425</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2426" title="Kosmos 2426">Kosmos 2426</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2431" title="Kosmos 2431">Kosmos 2431</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2432" title="Kosmos 2432">Kosmos 2432</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2433" title="Kosmos 2433">Kosmos 2433</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2434" title="Kosmos 2434">Kosmos 2434</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2435" title="Kosmos 2435">Kosmos 2435</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2436" title="Kosmos 2436">Kosmos 2436</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2442" title="Kosmos 2442">Kosmos 2442</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2443" title="Kosmos 2443">Kosmos 2443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2444" title="Kosmos 2444">Kosmos 2444</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2447" title="Kosmos 2447">Kosmos 2447</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2448" title="Kosmos 2448">Kosmos 2448</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2449" title="Kosmos 2449">Kosmos 2449</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2456" title="Kosmos 2456">Kosmos 2456</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2457" title="Kosmos 2457">Kosmos 2457</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2458" title="Kosmos 2458">Kosmos 2458</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2459" title="Kosmos 2459">Kosmos 2459</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2460" title="Kosmos 2460">Kosmos 2460</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2461" title="Kosmos 2461">Kosmos 2461</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2464" title="Kosmos 2464">Kosmos 2464</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2465" title="Kosmos 2465">Kosmos 2465</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2466" title="Kosmos 2466">Kosmos 2466</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2474" title="Kosmos 2474">Kosmos 2474</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2475" title="Kosmos 2475">Kosmos 2475</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2476" title="Kosmos 2476">Kosmos 2476</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2477" title="Kosmos 2477">Kosmos 2477</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2478" title="Kosmos 2478">Kosmos 2478</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2485" title="Kosmos 2485">Kosmos 2485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2494" title="Kosmos 2494">Kosmos 2494</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2500" title="Kosmos 2500">Kosmos 2500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2514" title="Kosmos 2514">Kosmos 2514</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2516" title="Kosmos 2516">Kosmos 2516</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2522" title="Kosmos 2522">Kosmos 2522</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2527" title="Kosmos 2527">Kosmos 2527</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2529" title="Kosmos 2529">Kosmos 2529</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2534&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2534 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2534</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2544&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2544 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2544</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2545&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2545 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2545</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2564&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2564 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2564</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GLONASS-K" title="GLONASS-K">GLONASS-K</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2471" title="Kosmos 2471">Kosmos 2471</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_2501" title="Kosmos 2501">Kosmos 2501</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2547&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2547 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2547</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2557&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2557 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2557</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2559&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2559 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2559</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GLONASS-K2" title="GLONASS-K2">GLONASS-K2</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_2569&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 2569 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 2569</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Satellite_navigation_systems109" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Satellite_navigation_systems" title="Template:Satellite navigation systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Satellite_navigation_systems" title="Template talk:Satellite navigation systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Satellite_navigation_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Satellite navigation systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Satellite_navigation_systems109" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite navigation systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DORIS_(satellite_system)" title="DORIS (satellite system)">DORIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">GLONASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS / NavStar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System">IRNSS / NAVIC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou#BeiDou-1" title="BeiDou">BDS / BeiDou-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_(satellite)" title="Transit (satellite)">Transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timation" title="Timation">Timation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiklon_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsiklon (satellite)">Tsiklon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GNSS_augmentation" title="GNSS augmentation">GNSS augmentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS_Aided_GEO_Augmented_Navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation">GAGAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS%C2%B7C" title="GPS·C">GPS·C</a> (retired)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Precision_Approach_and_Landing_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Precision Approach and Landing System">JPALS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Area_Augmentation_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Area Augmentation System">LAAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTSAT_Satellite_Augmentation_System" title="MTSAT Satellite Augmentation System">MSAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networked_Transport_of_RTCM_via_Internet_Protocol" title="Networked Transport of RTCM via Internet Protocol">NTRIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System" title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System">QZSS / Michibiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Positioning_Augmentation_Network" title="Southern Positioning Augmentation Network">SouthPAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StarFire_(navigation_system)" title="StarFire (navigation system)">StarFire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Area_Augmentation_System" title="Wide Area Augmentation System">WAAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_for_Differential_Corrections_and_Monitoring" title="System for Differential Corrections and Monitoring">SDCM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNSS_reflectometry" title="GNSS reflectometry">GNSS reflectometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalman_filter" title="Kalman filter">Kalman filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Positioning_System" title="Korean Positioning System">Korean Positioning System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Global_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System">United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet" title="Wavelet">Wavelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RINEX" title="RINEX">RINEX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Satellite_constellations148" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Satellite_constellations" title="Template:Satellite constellations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Satellite_constellations" title="Template talk:Satellite constellations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Satellite_constellations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Satellite constellations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Satellite_constellations148" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_constellation" title="Satellite constellation">Satellite constellations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">GLONASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System">IRNSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System" title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System">QZSS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadband_Global_Area_Network" title="Broadband Global Area Network">BGAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Satellite_Communications_System" title="Defense Satellite Communications System">DSCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalstar" title="Globalstar">Globalstar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_satellite_constellation" title="Iridium satellite constellation">Iridium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O3b_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="O3b (satellite)">O3b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbcomm_(satellite)" title="Orbcomm (satellite)">Orbcomm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianfan" title="Qianfan">Qianfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlian" title="Tianlian">Tianlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracking_and_data_relay_satellite" title="Tracking and data relay satellite">TDRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viasat,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Viasat, Inc.">ViaSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wideband_Global_SATCOM" title="Wideband Global SATCOM">WGS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IRIS%C2%B2" title="IRIS²">IRIS²</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutelsat_OneWeb" title="Eutelsat OneWeb">OneWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O3b_mPOWER" title="O3b mPOWER">O3b mPOWER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_Systems" title="Kuiper Systems">Kuiper Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AST_SpaceMobile" title="AST SpaceMobile">SpaceMobile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abandoned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celestri" title="Celestri">Celestri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teledesic" title="Teledesic">Teledesic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Observation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Labs" title="Planet Labs">Planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleiades_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleiades (satellite)">Pleiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RapidEye" title="RapidEye">RapidEye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_signal_stations188" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_signal_stations" title="Template:Time signal stations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_signal_stations" title="Template talk:Time signal stations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_signal_stations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time signal stations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_signal_stations188" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Radio_clock" title="Radio clock">Time signal stations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Longwave" title="Longwave">Longwave</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BPC_(time_signal)" title="BPC (time signal)">BPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BPL_(time_service)" title="BPL (time service)">BPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSF_(time_service)" title="BSF (time service)">BSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_(time_signal)" title="Beta (time signal)">Beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DCF77" title="DCF77">DCF77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JJY" title="JJY">JJY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RBU_(radio_station)" title="RBU (radio station)">RBU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTZ_(radio_station)" title="RTZ (radio station)">RTZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALS162_time_signal" title="ALS162 time signal">TDF time signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_from_NPL_(MSF)" title="Time from NPL (MSF)">Time from NPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWVB" title="WWVB">WWVB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">Shortwave</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BPM_(time_service)" title="BPM (time service)">BPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHU_(radio_station)" title="CHU (radio station)">CHU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD2IOA" title="HD2IOA">HD2IOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HLA_(radio_station)" title="HLA (radio station)">HLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JN53DV" title="JN53DV">JN53DV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROA_Time" title="ROA Time">ROA Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RWM" title="RWM">RWM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWV_(radio_station)" title="WWV (radio station)">WWV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWVH" title="WWVH">WWVH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YVTO" title="YVTO">YVTO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Very-high_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Very-high frequency">VHF</a>/<a href="/wiki/FM_band" class="mw-redirect" title="FM band">FM</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ultra-high_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-high frequency">UHF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Data_System" title="Radio Data System">Radio Data System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou">BeiDou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DORIS_(satellite_system)" title="DORIS (satellite system)">DORIS</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">GLONASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System">IRNSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System" title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System">Quasi-Zenith Satellite System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BSF_(time_service)" title="BSF (time service)">BSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBG_(time_signal)" title="HBG (time signal)">HBG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAA_(Arlington,_Virginia)" title="NAA (Arlington, Virginia)">NAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLB5" title="OLB5">OLB5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMA_(time_signal)" title="OMA (time signal)">OMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_VNG" title="Radio VNG">Radio VNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWVB" title="WWVB">WWVL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y3S" title="Y3S">Y3S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_and_Russian_space_program317" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_space_program" title="Template:Russian space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_space_program" title="Template talk:Russian space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_and_Russian_space_program317" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russian space program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur Cosmodrome</a> <small>(in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dombarovsky_(air_base)" title="Dombarovsky (air base)">Dombarovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapustin_Yar" title="Kapustin Yar">Kapustin Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome" title="Plesetsk Cosmodrome">Plesetsk Cosmodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svobodny_Cosmodrome" title="Svobodny Cosmodrome">Svobodny Cosmodrome</a> <small>(defunct)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostochny_Cosmodrome" title="Vostochny Cosmodrome">Vostochny Cosmodrome</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg/80px-Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg/120px-Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg/160px-Roscosmos_logo_ru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="325" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angara_(rocket_family)" title="Angara (rocket family)">Angara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket_family)" title="Proton (rocket family)">Proton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket_family)" title="Soyuz (rocket family)">Soyuz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_programme" title="Vostok programme">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_programme" title="Voskhod programme">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salyut_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Salyut program">Salyut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almaz" title="Almaz">Almaz</a> <small>(incorporated into Salyut program)</small> / <a href="/wiki/TKS_(spacecraft)" title="TKS (spacecraft)">TKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Soyuz-Apollo</a> <small>(joint)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle–Mir Program">Shuttle–Mir</a> <small>(joint)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buran_programme" title="Buran programme">Buran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond (7K-L1)</a> <small>(Moon flyby)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">Soviet crewed lunar programs</a> <small>(Moon landing)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvezda_(moonbase)" title="Zvezda (moonbase)">Zvezda</a> <small>(moonbase)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMK" title="TMK">TMK</a> <small>(Mars/Venus flyby)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-105" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-105">Spiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Soyuz#Soyuz_7K-VI_Zvezda" title="Military Soyuz">Zvezda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarya_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarya (spacecraft)">Zarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAKS_(spacecraft)" title="MAKS (spacecraft)">MAKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliper" title="Kliper">Kliper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> <small>(joint)</small> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orbital_Segment" title="Russian Orbital Segment">Russian Orbital Segment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orel_(spacecraft)" title="Orel (spacecraft)">Orel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dnepropetrovsk_Sputnik" title="Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik">Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik</a> (1961–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prognoz_programme" title="Prognoz programme">Prognoz</a> (1972–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_programme" title="Luna programme">Luna</a> (1958–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a> (1961–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond</a> (1964–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astron_(spacecraft)" title="Astron (spacecraft)">Astron</a> (1983-1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_program" title="Vega program">Vega</a> (1984-1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_program" title="Phobos program">Phobos</a> <small>(failed)</small> (1988-1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granat" title="Granat">Granat</a> (1989-1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_(satellite)" title="Gamma (satellite)">Gamma</a> (1990-1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_96" title="Mars 96">Mars 96</a> <small>(failed)</small> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurs-DK_No.1" title="Resurs-DK No.1">Resurs-DK No.1</a> (2006-2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CORONAS_programme" title="CORONAS programme">CORONAS</a> (1994-2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fobos-Grunt" title="Fobos-Grunt">Fobos-Grunt</a> <small>(failed)</small> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-R" title="Spektr-R">Spektr-R</a> (2011–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">Luna 25</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(failed)</span> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kazachok" title="Kazachok">Kazachok</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bion_(satellite)" title="Bion (satellite)">Bion-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektro%E2%80%93L" title="Elektro–L">Elektro–L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_Gas_Orbiter" title="Trace Gas Orbiter">Trace Gas Orbiter</a> <small>(joint)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteor_(satellite)" title="Meteor (satellite)">Meteor-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurs-P" title="Resurs-P">Resurs-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-RG" title="Spektr-RG">Spektr-RG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Glob</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna_26" title="Luna 26">Luna 26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_27" title="Luna 27">Luna 27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_28" title="Luna 28">Luna 28</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-UV" title="Spektr-UV">Spektr-UV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik programme">Sputnik</a> (begun 1957) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_2" title="Sputnik 2">Sputnik 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_3" title="Sputnik 3">Sputnik 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_41" title="Sputnik 41">Sputnik 41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_99" title="Sputnik 99">Sputnik 99</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luch_(satellite)" title="Luch (satellite)">Luch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Deep_Space_Network" title="Soviet Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baikal_(rocket_booster)" title="Baikal (rocket booster)">Baikal-Angara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laplace-P" title="Laplace-P">Laplace-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars-Grunt" title="Mars-Grunt">Mars-Grunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-P" title="Mercury-P">Mercury-P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Piloted_Assembly_and_Experiment_Complex" title="Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex">OPSEK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spektr-M" title="Spektr-M">Spektr-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera-D" title="Venera-D">Venera-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfera_(satellite_constellation)" title="Sfera (satellite constellation)">Sfera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Images and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cosmonauts" title="List of cosmonauts">List of cosmonauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Cosmonaut ranks and positions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot-Cosmonaut_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation">Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_dogs" title="Soviet space dogs">Soviet space dogs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laika" title="Laika">Laika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belka_and_Strelka" title="Belka and Strelka">Belka and Strelka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_dogs#Veterok_and_Ugolyok" title="Soviet space dogs">Veterok and Ugolyok</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ivanovich_(Vostok_programme)" title="Ivan Ivanovich (Vostok programme)">Ivan Ivanovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_exploration_history_on_Soviet_stamps" title="Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps">Soviet space exploration history on Soviet stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmonauts_Alley" title="Cosmonauts Alley">Cosmonauts Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Conquerors_of_Space" title="Monument to the Conquerors of Space">Monument to the Conquerors of Space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Museum_of_Cosmonautics" title="Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics">Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Out_of_the_Present" title="Out of the Present">Out of the Present</a></i> (1995 documentary)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mission_to_Mir" title="Mission to Mir">Mission to Mir</a></i> (1997 documentary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_Russia" title="Space industry of Russia">Space industry of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Defence_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Defence Forces">Russian Aerospace Defence Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GLONASS&oldid=1275569261">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GLONASS&oldid=1275569261</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:GLONASS" title="Category:GLONASS">GLONASS</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Navigation_satellite_constellations" title="Category:Navigation satellite constellations">Navigation satellite constellations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_program_of_Russia" title="Category:Space program of Russia">Space program of Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Space_program_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Space program of the Soviet Union">Space program of the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_inventions" title="Category:Soviet inventions">Soviet inventions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wireless_locating" title="Category:Wireless locating">Wireless locating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Earth_observation_satellites_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Earth observation satellites of the Soviet Union">Earth observation satellites of the Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_equipment_introduced_in_the_1980s" title="Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1980s">Military equipment introduced in the 1980s</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_articles_needing_translation_from_Russian_Wikipedia" title="Category:Science and technology articles needing translation from Russian Wikipedia">Science and technology articles needing translation from Russian Wikipedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_June_2020" title="Category:Use British English from June 2020">Use British English from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2020">Use dmy dates from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Russian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Russian IPA">Pages with Russian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2011" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_February_2024" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2024">Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2010" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1: unfit URL">CS1: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 February 2025, at 20:15<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GLONASS&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">GLONASS</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>51 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-55f85cbc4-z8zc2","wgBackendResponseTime":144,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.252","walltime":"1.503","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8293,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":274630,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9606,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":19,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":294961,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1276.238 1 -total"," 30.95% 395.025 3 Template:Reflist"," 17.09% 218.122 43 Template:Cite_web"," 7.91% 100.996 22 Template:Cite_news"," 7.89% 100.670 8 Template:Navbox"," 7.71% 98.461 1 Template:Langx"," 6.88% 87.851 1 Template:Expand_Russian"," 6.75% 86.111 3 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.54% 83.405 1 Template:Expand_language"," 5.95% 75.937 1 Template:Ambox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.764","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19565786,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.canary-59f45c987b-7n467","timestamp":"20250224201225","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"GLONASS","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GLONASS","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q486250","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q486250","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-27T06:55:43Z","dateModified":"2025-02-13T20:15:42Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/8\/81\/Glonass_logo.png","headline":"Russian satellite navigation system"}</script> </body> </html>