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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conception_and_initial_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conception_and_initial_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Conception and initial development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conception_and_initial_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_involvement_in_Galileo_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_involvement_in_Galileo_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Chinese involvement in Galileo system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_involvement_in_Galileo_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phase_III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phase_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Phase III</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phase_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_outside_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_outside_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Use outside China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_outside_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GPS_vs._BeiDou_Capabilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GPS_vs._BeiDou_Capabilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>GPS vs. BeiDou Capabilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GPS_vs._BeiDou_Capabilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-BeiDou-3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BeiDou-3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>BeiDou-3</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BeiDou-3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predecessors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predecessors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Predecessors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Predecessors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Predecessors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Predecessors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-BeiDou-1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BeiDou-1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>BeiDou-1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BeiDou-1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Completion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Completion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Completion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Completion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Position_calculation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Position_calculation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Position calculation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Position_calculation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Terminals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decommissioning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decommissioning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>Decommissioning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decommissioning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-BeiDou-2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BeiDou-2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>BeiDou-2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BeiDou-2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accuracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accuracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Accuracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accuracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frequencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frequencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Frequencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frequencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compass-M1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compass-M1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Compass-M1</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compass-M1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Completion_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Completion_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.5</span> <span>Completion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Completion_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constellations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constellations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Constellations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constellations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prohibitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prohibitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Prohibitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prohibitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">BeiDou</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="نظام بايدو للملاحة بالأقمار الاصطناعية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام بايدو للملاحة بالأقمار الاصطناعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak-t%C3%A1u_%C5%8De-chhe%E2%81%BF_t%C5%8D-h%C3%A2ng_h%C4%93-th%C3%B3ng" title="Pak-táu ōe-chheⁿ tō-hâng hē-thóng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pak-táu ōe-chheⁿ tō-hâng hē-thóng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A8%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%95%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%9F%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B" title="སྨིན་བདུན་སྲུང་སྐར་ཕྱོགས་སྟོན་མ་ལག་ – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྨིན་བདུན་སྲུང་སྐར་ཕྱོགས་སྟོན་མ་ལག་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beidou" title="Beidou – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Beidou" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="BeiDou" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beidou_(Satellitennavigation)" title="Beidou (Satellitennavigation) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Beidou (Satellitennavigation)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="BeiDou" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beidou" title="Beidou – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Beidou" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bejdou" title="Bejdou – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bejdou" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%88" title="سامانه ناوبری بیدو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سامانه ناوبری بیدو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beidou" title="Beidou – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Beidou" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="BeiDou" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EC%9D%B4%EB%8D%94%EC%9A%B0" title="베이더우 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베이더우" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_Satelit_Navigasi_BeiDou" title="Sistem Satelit Navigasi BeiDou – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sistem Satelit Navigasi BeiDou" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_di_posizionamento_BeiDou" title="Sistema di posizionamento BeiDou – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sistema di posizionamento BeiDou" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="BeiDou" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beidou" title="Beidou – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Beidou" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%81" title="ബെയ്ദു – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബെയ്ദു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMPASS" title="COMPASS – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="COMPASS" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%83_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Бейдоу байршил тогтоох систем – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бейдоу байршил тогтоох систем" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beidou" title="Beidou – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beidou" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%96%97%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F%E5%B0%8E%E8%88%AA%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="北斗衛星導航系統 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="北斗衛星導航系統" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beidou" title="Beidou – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Beidou" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beidou" title="Beidou – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Beidou" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beidou" title="Beidou – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Beidou" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beidou" title="Beidou – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Beidou" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeiDou" title="BeiDou – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="BeiDou" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%83" title="Бэйдоу – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бэйдоу" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9E_%E0%B6%A0%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%9F_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="බෙයිදෞ චන්ද්‍රිකා මඟ පෙන්වීමේ පද්ධතිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බෙයිදෞ චන්ද්‍රිකා මඟ පෙන්වීමේ පද්ධතිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/COMPASS" title="COMPASS – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="COMPASS" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beidou" title="Beidou – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Beidou" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beidou" title="Beidou – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Beidou" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%8B%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7" title="ดาวเทียมเป๋ย์โต่ว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาวเทียมเป๋ย์โต่ว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeiDou_Uydu_Konumland%C4%B1rma_Sistemi" title="BeiDou Uydu Konumlandırma Sistemi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="BeiDou Uydu Konumlandırma Sistemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%83" title="Бейдоу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бейдоу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%88%D9%88" title="بیڈو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیڈو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%DB%95%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%83%DB%95%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%88%D9%86%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%8A_%DA%BE%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%BE_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B4_%D8%B3%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%90%D9%85%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="يەتىكەن سۈنئىي ھەمراھ يول باشلاش سىستېمىسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="يەتىكەن سۈنئىي ھەمراھ يول باشلاش سىستېمىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_th%E1%BB%91ng_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_v%E1%BB%8B_B%E1%BA%AFc_%C4%90%E1%BA%A9u" title="Hệ thống định vị Bắc Đẩu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hệ thống định vị Bắc Đẩu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%96%97%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F%E5%AF%BC%E8%88%AA%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="北斗卫星导航系统 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="北斗卫星导航系统" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chinese satellite navigation system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Beidou" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Beidou_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Beidou (disambiguation)">Beidou (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><caption class="infobox-title">BeiDou Navigation Satellite System</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beidou_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/29/Beidou_logo.png/200px-Beidou_logo.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/29/Beidou_logo.png/300px-Beidou_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/29/Beidou_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="316" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Logo of BeiDou<br /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country/ies of origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">China National Space Administration</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Military, commercial</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Operational</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coverage</th><td class="infobox-data">Global</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Accuracy</th><td class="infobox-data">3.6 m (global, public)<br />2.6 m (Asia Pacific, public)<br />10 cm (encrypted)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Constellation size</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><abbr title="Intended number at full capacity">Nominal</abbr> satellites</th><td class="infobox-data">30</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><abbr title="All healthy: Operational + Spare">Current usable</abbr> satellites</th><td class="infobox-data">35</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First launch</th><td class="infobox-data">31 October 2000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last launch</th><td class="infobox-data">23 June 2020<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total launches</th><td class="infobox-data">59<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Orbital characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regime(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">GEO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inclined_orbit#Geosynchronous_orbits" title="Inclined orbit">IGSO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medium_Earth_orbit" title="Medium Earth orbit">MEO</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Orbital period</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">7</span>⁄<span class="den">13</span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sidereal_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidereal day">sd</a> or 12 hours and 53 minutes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_revisit_period" title="Satellite revisit period">Revisit period</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7 sidereal days</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.beidou.gov.cn/">en<wbr />.beidou<wbr />.gov<wbr />.cn</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857141#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_Atlantic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Globe_Atlantic.svg/120px-Globe_Atlantic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Globe_Atlantic.svg/180px-Globe_Atlantic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Globe_Atlantic.svg/240px-Globe_Atlantic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="721" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Fundamentals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">Geodesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodynamics" title="Geodynamics">Geodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomatics" title="Geomatics">Geomatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_geodesy" title="History of geodesy">History</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_distance" title="Geographical distance">Geographical distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoid" title="Geoid">Geoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_of_the_Earth" title="Figure of the Earth">Figure of the Earth</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Earth_radius" title="Earth radius">radius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_circumference" title="Earth's circumference">circumference</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodetic_coordinates" title="Geodetic coordinates">Geodetic coordinates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodetic_datum" title="Geodetic datum">Geodetic datum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodesic" title="Geodesic">Geodesic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_position_representation" title="Horizontal position representation">Horizontal position representation</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">Latitude</a> / <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">Longitude</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map_projection" title="Map projection">Map projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_ellipsoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Reference ellipsoid">Reference ellipsoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_geodesy" title="Satellite geodesy">Satellite geodesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_reference_system" title="Spatial reference system">Spatial reference system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_relation" title="Spatial relation">Spatial relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_position" title="Vertical position">Vertical positions</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Technologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Global Nav. Sat. Systems (GNSSs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Pos. System (GPS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS <span style="font-size:85%;">(Russia)</span></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">BeiDou (BDS) <span style="font-size:85%;">(China)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo <span style="font-size:85%;">(Europe)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System">NAVIC <span style="font-size:85%;">(India)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System" title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System">Quasi-Zenith Sat. Sys. (QZSS) <span style="font-size:85%;">(Japan)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_Global_Grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrete Global Grid">Discrete Global Grid and Geocoding</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Standards (history)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="nowrap" style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;line-height:1.2em;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Sea_Level_Datum_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea Level Datum of 1929">NGVD 29</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> Sea Level Datum 1929</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/OSGB36" class="mw-redirect" title="OSGB36">OSGB36</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> Ordnance Survey Great Britain 1936</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/SK-42_reference_system" title="SK-42 reference system">SK-42</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> Systema Koordinat 1942 goda</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/ED50" title="ED50">ED50</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> European Datum 1950</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/South_American_Datum#SAD69" title="South American Datum">SAD69</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> South American Datum 1969</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/GRS_80" class="mw-redirect" title="GRS 80">GRS 80</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> Geodetic Reference System 1980</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/ISO_6709" title="ISO 6709">ISO 6709</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> Geographic point coord. 1983</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/North_American_Datum#North_American_Datum_of_1983" title="North American Datum">NAD 83</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> North American Datum 1983</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Geodetic_System" title="World Geodetic System">WGS 84</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> World Geodetic System 1984</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/North_American_Vertical_Datum_of_1988" title="North American Vertical Datum of 1988">NAVD 88</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> N. American Vertical Datum 1988</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/European_Terrestrial_Reference_System_1989" title="European Terrestrial Reference System 1989">ETRS89</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> European Terrestrial Ref. Sys. 1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Restrictions_on_geographic_data_in_China" title="Restrictions on geographic data in China">GCJ-02</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> Chinese obfuscated datum 2002</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-left:0.5em;"> <a href="/wiki/Geo_URI_scheme" title="Geo URI scheme">Geo URI</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;padding-right:0.55em;"> Internet link to a point 2010</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Terrestrial_Reference_System" class="mw-redirect" title="International Terrestrial Reference System">International Terrestrial Reference System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRID" class="mw-redirect" title="SRID">Spatial Reference System Identifier (SRID)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Transverse_Mercator_coordinate_system" title="Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system">Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geodesy" title="Template:Geodesy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geodesy" title="Template talk:Geodesy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geodesy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geodesy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>BeiDou Navigation Satellite System</b> (<b>BDS</b>; <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">北斗卫星导航系统</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">běidǒu wèixīng dǎoháng xìtǒng</span></i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">satellite-based radio navigation system</a> owned and operated by the <a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">China National Space Administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It provides geolocation and time information to a BDS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more BDS satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It does not require the user to transmit any data and operates independently of any telephonic or Internet reception, though these technologies can enhance the usefulness of the BDS positioning information;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, concerns have been raised about embedded malware leaking information in this way.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current service, <b>BeiDou-3</b> (third-generation BeiDou), provides full global coverage for timing and navigation, along with Russia's <a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a>, the European <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a>, and the US's <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It consists of satellites in three different orbits, including 24 satellites in medium-circle orbits (covering the world), 3 satellites in inclined geosynchronous orbits (covering the Asia-Pacific region), and 3 satellites in geostationary orbits (covering China). The BeiDou-3 system was fully operational in July 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-chinanews_20150331_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chinanews_20150331-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, BeiDou-3 reached millimeter-level accuracy with post-processing.<sup id="cite_ref-beidou-road-to-global-service_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beidou-road-to-global-service-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Predecessors included <b>BeiDou-1</b> (first-generation BeiDou), consisting of three satellites in a <a href="/wiki/Regional_satellite_navigation_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional satellite navigation system">regional satellite navigation system</a>. Since 2000, the system has mainly provided navigation services within China. In December 2012, as the design life of BeiDou-1 expired, it stopped operating.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <b>BeiDou-2</b> (second-generation BeiDou) system was also a regional satellite navigation system containing 16 satellites, including 6 geostationary satellites, 6 inclined geosynchronous orbit satellites, and 4 medium earth orbit satellites. In November 2012, BeiDou-2 began to provide users with regional positioning services in the <a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia-Pacific region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-op_china_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-op_china-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CustomersDec2012_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CustomersDec2012-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the region, BeiDou is more accurate than GPS.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 179">: 179 </span></sup> </p><p>In 2015, fifteen years after the satellite system was launched, it was generating a turnover of $31.5 billion per annum for major companies such as <a href="/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Industry_Corporation" title="China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation">China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/AutoNavi" title="AutoNavi">AutoNavi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Norinco" title="Norinco">Norinco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The industry has grown an average of over 20% in value annually to reach $64 billion in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BeiDou&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The official English name of the system is <i>BeiDou Navigation Satellite System</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is named after the <a href="/wiki/Big_Dipper" title="Big Dipper">Big Dipper</a> <a href="/wiki/Asterism_(astronomy)" title="Asterism (astronomy)">asterism</a>, which is known in Chinese as <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Běidǒu</span></i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">北斗</span>). The name literally means "Northern Dipper", the name given by ancient Chinese astronomers to the seven brightest stars of the <a href="/wiki/Ursa_Major_constellation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursa Major constellation">Ursa Major constellation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iTWire_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iTWire-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, this set of stars was used in navigation to locate the <a href="/wiki/Polaris" title="Polaris">North Star</a>. As such, the name BeiDou also serves as a metaphor for the purpose of the satellite navigation system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BeiDou&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conception_and_initial_development">Conception and initial development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BeiDou&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Conception and initial development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original idea of a Chinese satellite navigation system was conceived by <a href="/wiki/Chen_Fangyun" title="Chen Fangyun">Chen Fangyun</a> and his colleagues in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> in 1991 showcased how the GPS gave the US complete advantage on the battlefield and how satellite navigation systems can be used to conduct "space warfare".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1993, China realised the risk of denied access to GPS during the <a href="/wiki/Yinhe_incident" title="Yinhe incident">Yinhe incident</a> and including an alleged case in 1996 during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Third Taiwan Strait Crisis">Third Taiwan Strait Crisis</a>, gave impetus to the creation of its own indigenous satellite navigation system which officially began in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">China National Space Administration</a>, in 2010, the development of the system would be carried out in three steps:<sup id="cite_ref-CNSA_2010_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNSA_2010-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>2000–2003: experimental BeiDou navigation system consisting of three satellites</li> <li>By 2012: regional BeiDou navigation system covering China and neighboring regions</li> <li>By 2020: global BeiDou navigation system</li></ol> <p>The first satellite, <i>BeiDou-1A</i>, was launched on 30 October 2000, followed by <i>BeiDou-1B</i> on 20 December 2000. The third satellite, <i>BeiDou-1C</i> (a backup satellite), was put into orbit on 25 May 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-CNSA_2003_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNSA_2003-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The successful launch of <i>BeiDou-1C</i> also meant the establishment of the BeiDou-1 navigation system. </p><p>On 2 November 2006, China announced that from 2008 BeiDou would offer an open service with an accuracy of 10 metres, timing of 0.2 microseconds, and speed of 0.2 metres/second.<sup id="cite_ref-NewScientist_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewScientist-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2007, the fourth and last satellite of the BeiDou-1 system, <i>BeiDou-1D</i> (sometimes called <i>BeiDou-2A</i>, serving as a backup satellite), was launched.<sup id="cite_ref-gov.cn_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov.cn-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was reported that the satellite had suffered from a control system malfunction but was then fully restored.<sup id="cite_ref-SinoDefence_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SinoDefence-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2007, the first satellite of BeiDou-2, namely <i>Compass-M1</i> (to validate frequencies for the BeiDou-2 constellation) was successfully put into its working orbit. The second BeiDou-2 constellation satellite <i>Compass-G2</i> was launched on 15 April 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-ASM_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASM-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 January 2010, the official website of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System went online,<sup id="cite_ref-Compass-G1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compass-G1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the system's third satellite (<i>Compass-G1</i>) was carried into its orbit by a <a href="/wiki/Long_March_3C" title="Long March 3C">Long March 3C</a> rocket on 17 January 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Compass-G1_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compass-G1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 June 2010, the fourth satellite was launched successfully into orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-SpaceflightNow_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpaceflightNow-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fifth orbiter was launched into space from <a href="/wiki/Xichang_Satellite_Launch_Center" title="Xichang Satellite Launch Center">Xichang Satellite Launch Center</a> by an <a href="/wiki/Long_March_3" title="Long March 3">LM-3I</a> carrier rocket on 1 August 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Xinhua0810_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xinhua0810-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three months later, on 1 November 2010, the sixth satellite was sent into orbit by LM-3C.<sup id="cite_ref-cngov1101_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cngov1101-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another satellite, the BeiDou-2/Compass IGSO-5 (fifth inclined geosynchronous orbit) satellite, was launched from the Xichang Satellite Launch Center by a <a href="/wiki/Long_March_3A" title="Long March 3A">Long March 3A</a> on 1 December 2011 (UTC).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_news_rendering_of_Beidou_satellite.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Chinese_news_rendering_of_Beidou_satellite.png/274px-Chinese_news_rendering_of_Beidou_satellite.png" decoding="async" width="274" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Chinese_news_rendering_of_Beidou_satellite.png/411px-Chinese_news_rendering_of_Beidou_satellite.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Chinese_news_rendering_of_Beidou_satellite.png/548px-Chinese_news_rendering_of_Beidou_satellite.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Rendering of BeiDou satellite on Chinese news television</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_involvement_in_Galileo_system">Chinese involvement in Galileo system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BeiDou&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Chinese involvement in Galileo system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 2003, China intended to join the European <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo positioning system</a> project and was to invest €230 million (US$296 million, £160 million) in Galileo over the next few years.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, it was believed that China's "BeiDou" navigation system would then only be used by its armed forces.<sup id="cite_ref-NewScientist_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewScientist-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2004, China officially joined the Galileo project by signing the <i>Agreement on the Cooperation in the Galileo Program between the "Galileo Joint Undertaking" (GJU) and the "National Remote Sensing Centre of China" (NRSCC)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the Sino-European Cooperation Agreement on Galileo program, China Galileo Industries (CGI),<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the prime contractor of China's involvement in Galileo programs, was founded in December 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By April 2006, eleven cooperation projects within the Galileo framework had been signed between China and the EU.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phase_III">Phase III</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BeiDou&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phase III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HK_WCN_%E7%81%A3%E4%BB%94%E5%8C%97_Wan_Chai_North_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%9C%83%E5%B1%95_HKCEC_%E5%89%B5%E7%A7%91%E5%8D%9A%E8%A6%BD_InnoTech_Expo_%E5%8C%97%E6%96%97%E8%A1%9E%E6%98%9F%E5%B0%8E%E8%88%AA%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1_BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System_IGSO_GEO_December_2022_Px3_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Model of Beidou Phase III satellite orbits." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/HK_WCN_%E7%81%A3%E4%BB%94%E5%8C%97_Wan_Chai_North_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%9C%83%E5%B1%95_HKCEC_%E5%89%B5%E7%A7%91%E5%8D%9A%E8%A6%BD_InnoTech_Expo_%E5%8C%97%E6%96%97%E8%A1%9E%E6%98%9F%E5%B0%8E%E8%88%AA%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1_BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System_IGSO_GEO_December_2022_Px3_08.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/HK_WCN_%E7%81%A3%E4%BB%94%E5%8C%97_Wan_Chai_North_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%9C%83%E5%B1%95_HKCEC_%E5%89%B5%E7%A7%91%E5%8D%9A%E8%A6%BD_InnoTech_Expo_%E5%8C%97%E6%96%97%E8%A1%9E%E6%98%9F%E5%B0%8E%E8%88%AA%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1_BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System_IGSO_GEO_December_2022_Px3_08.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/HK_WCN_%E7%81%A3%E4%BB%94%E5%8C%97_Wan_Chai_North_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%9C%83%E5%B1%95_HKCEC_%E5%89%B5%E7%A7%91%E5%8D%9A%E8%A6%BD_InnoTech_Expo_%E5%8C%97%E6%96%97%E8%A1%9E%E6%98%9F%E5%B0%8E%E8%88%AA%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1_BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System_IGSO_GEO_December_2022_Px3_08.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Model of BeiDou Phase III satellite orbits</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In November 2014, BeiDou became part of the World-Wide Radionavigation System (WWRNS) at the 94th meeting of the <a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">International Maritime Organization</a> (IMO) Maritime Safety Committee,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which approved the "Navigation Safety Circular" of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>At Beijing time 21:52, 30 March 2015, the first new-generation BeiDou Navigation satellite (and the 17th overall) was successfully set to orbit by a <a href="/wiki/Long_March_3C" title="Long March 3C">Long March 3C</a> rocket.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BeiDou-launch-17_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeiDou-launch-17-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 20 April 2019, a BeiDou satellite was successfully launched. Launch occurred at 22:41 <a href="/wiki/Beijing_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing time">Beijing time</a>, and the Long March 3B delivered the BeiDou navigation payload into an elliptical transfer orbit ranging between 220 kilometres and 35,787 kilometres, with an inclination of 28.5° to the equator, according to U.S. military tracking data.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 23 June 2020, the final BeiDou satellite was successfully launched, the launch of the 55th satellite in the BeiDou family. The third iteration of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System provides global coverage for timing and navigation, offering an alternative to Russia's <a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a> and the European <a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo positioning system</a>, as well as the US's <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_outside_China">Use outside China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BeiDou&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Use outside China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan Armed Forces</a> received access to BeiDou for military purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, the Saudi <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Saudi_Arabia)" title="Ministry of Defense (Saudi Arabia)">Ministry of Defense</a> signed an agreement for military use of BeiDou.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, Argentina entered into a cooperation agreement with China regarding the use of BeiDou.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, the first China-Africa BeiDou System Cooperation Forum was held in Beijing.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> signed an agreement for the interoperability of BeiDou and <a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GPS_vs._BeiDou_Capabilities">GPS vs. BeiDou Capabilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BeiDou&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: GPS vs. BeiDou Capabilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The National Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Advisory Board, which offers independent guidance to the U.S. government on GPS policy, issued a summary report from its 27th meeting held on November 16–17, 2022. During the meeting, it was highlighted that "GPS capabilities are now significantly surpassed by China's BeiDou system."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="BeiDou-3">BeiDou-3</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BeiDou&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: BeiDou-3"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="BeiDou-3"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beidou_atomic_clock_at_CSTM_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hydrogen maser used by Beidou-3." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Beidou_atomic_clock_at_CSTM_02.jpg/220px-Beidou_atomic_clock_at_CSTM_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Beidou_atomic_clock_at_CSTM_02.jpg/330px-Beidou_atomic_clock_at_CSTM_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Beidou_atomic_clock_at_CSTM_02.jpg/440px-Beidou_atomic_clock_at_CSTM_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_maser" title="Hydrogen maser">Hydrogen maser</a> used by BeiDou-3</figcaption></figure> <p>The third phase of the BeiDou system (BDS-3) includes three GEO satellites, three IGSO satellites, and twenty-four MEO satellites which introduce new signal frequencies B1C/B1I/B1A (1575.42<span class="nowrap"> </span>MHz), B2a/B2b (1191.79<span class="nowrap"> </span>MHz), B3I/B3Q/B3A (1268.52<span class="nowrap"> </span>MHz), and Bs test frequency (2492.02<span class="nowrap"> </span>MHz). Interface control documents on the new open signals were published in 2017–2018.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 June 2020, the BDS-3 constellation deployment was fully completed after the last satellite was successfully launched at the <a href="/wiki/Xichang_Satellite_Launch_Center" title="Xichang Satellite Launch Center">Xichang Satellite Launch Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> BDS-3 satellites also include <a href="/wiki/Satellite-based_augmentation_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellite-based augmentation system">SBAS</a> (B1C, B2a, B1A - GEO sats), <a href="/wiki/Precise_Point_Positioning" title="Precise Point Positioning">Precise Point Positioning</a> (B2b - GEO sats),<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue_transponder" title="Search and rescue transponder">search and rescue transponder</a> (6 <a href="/wiki/MEOSAR" class="mw-redirect" title="MEOSAR">MEOSAR</a>) capabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/HK_WCN_%E7%81%A3%E4%BB%94%E5%8C%97_Wan_Chai_North_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%9C%83%E5%B1%95_HKCEC_%E5%89%B5%E7%A7%91%E5%8D%9A%E8%A6%BD_InnoTech_Expo_%E5%8C%97%E6%96%97%E8%A1%9E%E6%98%9F%E5%B0%8E%E8%88%AA%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1_BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System_IGSO_GEO_December_2022_Px3_05.jpg/154px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/HK_WCN_%E7%81%A3%E4%BB%94%E5%8C%97_Wan_Chai_North_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%9C%83%E5%B1%95_HKCEC_%E5%89%B5%E7%A7%91%E5%8D%9A%E8%A6%BD_InnoTech_Expo_%E5%8C%97%E6%96%97%E8%A1%9E%E6%98%9F%E5%B0%8E%E8%88%AA%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1_BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System_IGSO_GEO_December_2022_Px3_05.jpg/231px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/HK_WCN_%E7%81%A3%E4%BB%94%E5%8C%97_Wan_Chai_North_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%9C%83%E5%B1%95_HKCEC_%E5%89%B5%E7%A7%91%E5%8D%9A%E8%A6%BD_InnoTech_Expo_IGSO_%E5%82%BE%E6%96%9C%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%90%8C%E6%AD%A5%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93_Inclined_GeoSynchronous_Orbit_GEO_December_2022_Px3_01.jpg/154px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/HK_WCN_%E7%81%A3%E4%BB%94%E5%8C%97_Wan_Chai_North_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%9C%83%E5%B1%95_HKCEC_%E5%89%B5%E7%A7%91%E5%8D%9A%E8%A6%BD_InnoTech_Expo_IGSO_%E5%82%BE%E6%96%9C%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%90%8C%E6%AD%A5%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93_Inclined_GeoSynchronous_Orbit_GEO_December_2022_Px3_01.jpg/231px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/HK_WCN_%E7%81%A3%E4%BB%94%E5%8C%97_Wan_Chai_North_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%9C%83%E5%B1%95_HKCEC_%E5%89%B5%E7%A7%91%E5%8D%9A%E8%A6%BD_InnoTech_Expo_IGSO_%E5%82%BE%E6%96%9C%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%90%8C%E6%AD%A5%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93_Inclined_GeoSynchronous_Orbit_GEO_December_2022_Px3_01.jpg/308px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:275px;max-width:275px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:204px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beidou-3_Satellite_Mockup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Beidou-3_Satellite_Mockup.jpg/273px-Beidou-3_Satellite_Mockup.jpg" decoding="async" width="273" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Beidou-3_Satellite_Mockup.jpg/410px-Beidou-3_Satellite_Mockup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Beidou-3_Satellite_Mockup.jpg/546px-Beidou-3_Satellite_Mockup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2680" data-file-height="2011" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">From left to right: Mockups of Beidou-3 satellites operating in <a href="/wiki/Medium_Earth_orbit" title="Medium Earth orbit">MEO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inclined_orbit#Geosynchronous_orbits" title="Inclined orbit">IGSO</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">GEO</a></div></div></div></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Characteristics of BeiDou-2/Compass and BeiDou-3 signals<sup id="cite_ref-ERNP_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ERNP-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>BeiDou signal</th> <th>B1I</th> <th>B1Q</th> <th>B1C</th> <th>B1A</th> <th>B2I</th> <th>B2Q</th> <th>B2a</th> <th>B2b</th> <th>B3I</th> <th>B3Q</th> <th>B3A </th></tr> <tr> <th>GIOVE/Compass signal</th> <th>E2-I</th> <th>E2-Q</th> <th>E1-I</th> <th>E1-Q</th> <th>E5B-I</th> <th>E5B-Q</th> <th>E5a</th> <th>E5b</th> <th>E6-I</th> <th>E6-Q</th> <th>– </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Access type</td> <td>Open</td> <td>Authorized</td> <td>Open</td> <td>Authorized</td> <td>Open</td> <td>Authorized</td> <td>Open</td> <td>Open</td> <td>Open</td> <td>Authorized</td> <td>Authorized </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Code modulation</td> <td>BPSK(2)</td> <td>BPSK(2)</td> <td>MBOC(6,1,1/11)</td> <td>BOC(14,2)</td> <td>BPSK(2)</td> <td>BPSK(10)</td> <td>AltBOC(15,10)</td> <td>AltBOC(15,10)</td> <td>BPSK(10)</td> <td>BPSK(10)</td> <td>BOC(15,2.5) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Carrier frequency (MHz)</td> <td>1561.098</td> <td>1561.098</td> <td>1575.42</td> <td>1575.42</td> <td>1207.14</td> <td>1207.14</td> <td>1176.45</td> <td>1207.14</td> <td>1268.52</td> <td>1268.52</td> <td>1268.52 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Chip rate (Mchips/s)</td> <td>2.046</td> <td>2.046</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>2.046</td> <td>10.230</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>10.230</td> <td>10.230</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Code period (chips)</td> <td>2046</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>2046</td> <td>??</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>10230</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Code period (ms)</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>>400</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1.0</td> <td>>160</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>1.0</td> <td>>160</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Symbols rate (bits/s)</td> <td>50</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>50</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>50</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Navigation frames (s)</td> <td>6</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>6</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Navigation sub-frames (s)</td> <td>30</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>30</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">Navigation period (min)</td> <td>12.0</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>12.0</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">?</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Characteristics of the "I" signals on E2 and E5B are generally similar to the civilian codes of GPS (L1-CA and L2C), but Compass signals have somewhat greater power. The notation of Compass signals used in this page follows the naming of the frequency bands and agrees with the notation used in the American literature on the subject, but the notation used by the Chinese seems to be different.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There has also been an experimental <a href="/wiki/S_band" title="S band">S band</a> broadcast called "Bs" at 2492.028 MHz,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following similar experiments on BeiDou-1.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Predecessors">Predecessors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BeiDou&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Predecessors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="BeiDou-1">BeiDou-1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BeiDou&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: BeiDou-1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beidou-coverage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Beidou-coverage.png/220px-Beidou-coverage.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Beidou-coverage.png/330px-Beidou-coverage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Beidou-coverage.png/440px-Beidou-coverage.png 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>Coverage polygon of BeiDou-1</figcaption></figure> <p>BeiDou-1 was an experimental regional navigation system, which consisted of four satellites (three working satellites and one backup satellite). The satellites themselves were based on the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Dong_Fang_Hong" class="mw-redirect" title="Dong Fang Hong">DFH-3</a> geostationary communications satellite and had a launch weight of 1,000 kg each.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike the American <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a>, Russian GLONASS, and European <a href="/wiki/Galileo_positioning_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo positioning system">Galileo</a> systems, which use <a href="/wiki/Medium_Earth_orbit" title="Medium Earth orbit">medium Earth orbit</a> satellites, BeiDou-1 used satellites in <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary orbit</a>. This means that the system does not require a large constellation of satellites, but it also limits the coverage to areas on Earth where the satellites are visible.<sup id="cite_ref-CNSA_2003_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNSA_2003-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area that can be serviced is from longitude 70° E to 140° E and from latitude 5° N to 55° N. The frequency of the system is 2,491.75 MHz.<sup id="cite_ref-SinoDefence_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SinoDefence-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Completion">Completion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BeiDou&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Completion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first satellite, BeiDou-1A, was launched on 31 October 2000. The second satellite, BeiDou-1B, was successfully launched on 21 December 2000. The last operational satellite of the constellation, BeiDou-1C, was launched on 25 May 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-CNSA_2003_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNSA_2003-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Position_calculation">Position calculation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BeiDou&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Position calculation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2007, the official <a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a> reported that the resolution of the BeiDou system was as high as 0.5 metre.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the existing user terminals it appears that the calibrated accuracy is 20 m (100 m, uncalibrated).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Terminals">Terminals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BeiDou&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Terminals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2008, a BeiDou-1 ground terminal cost around <a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">CN¥</a> 20,000 (<a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>2,929), almost 10 times the price of a contemporary GPS terminal.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The price of the terminals was explained as being due to the cost of imported microchips.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the China High-Tech Fair ELEXCON of November 2009 in <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a>, a BeiDou terminal priced at <a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">CN¥</a> 3,000 was presented.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Applications">Applications</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BeiDou&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Over 1000 BeiDou-1 terminals were used after the <a href="/wiki/2008_Sichuan_earthquake" title="2008 Sichuan earthquake">2008 Sichuan earthquake</a>, providing information from the disaster area.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>As of October 2009, all Chinese border guards in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> were equipped with BeiDou-1 devices.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Sun_Jiadong" title="Sun Jiadong">Sun Jiadong</a>, the chief designer of the navigation system, said in 2010 that "Many organizations have been using our system for a while, and they like it very much".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Decommissioning">Decommissioning</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BeiDou&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Decommissioning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>BeiDou-1 was decommissioned at the end of 2012, after the BeiDou-2 system became operational. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="BeiDou-2">BeiDou-2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BeiDou&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: BeiDou-2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="BeiDou-2"></span><span class="anchor" id="Global_system"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beidou_Navigation_Satellite_System_2012.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Beidou_Navigation_Satellite_System_2012.png/220px-Beidou_Navigation_Satellite_System_2012.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Beidou_Navigation_Satellite_System_2012.png/330px-Beidou_Navigation_Satellite_System_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Beidou_Navigation_Satellite_System_2012.png/440px-Beidou_Navigation_Satellite_System_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption>Coverage polygon of BeiDou-2 in 2012</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gps_compass_galileo_frequency_allocation_Asimsky_05_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gps_compass_galileo_frequency_allocation_Asimsky_05_2008.jpg/320px-Gps_compass_galileo_frequency_allocation_Asimsky_05_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gps_compass_galileo_frequency_allocation_Asimsky_05_2008.jpg/480px-Gps_compass_galileo_frequency_allocation_Asimsky_05_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gps_compass_galileo_frequency_allocation_Asimsky_05_2008.jpg/640px-Gps_compass_galileo_frequency_allocation_Asimsky_05_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption>Frequency allocation of <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galileo_positioning_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo positioning system">Galileo</a>, and COMPASS; the light red color of E1 band indicates that the transmission in this band has not yet been detected.</figcaption></figure> <p>BeiDou-2 (formerly known as COMPASS)<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is not an extension to the older BeiDou-1, but rather supersedes it outright. The new system is a constellation of 35 satellites, which include 5 geostationary orbit satellites for backward compatibility with BeiDou-1, and 30 non-geostationary satellites (27 in <a href="/wiki/Medium_Earth_orbit" title="Medium Earth orbit">medium Earth orbit</a> and 3 in inclined <a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit" title="Geosynchronous orbit">geosynchronous orbit</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-InsideGNSS_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InsideGNSS-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that offer complete coverage of the globe. </p><p>The ranging signals are based on the <a href="/wiki/CDMA" class="mw-redirect" title="CDMA">CDMA</a> principle and have complex structure typical of <a href="/wiki/Galileo_positioning_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo positioning system">Galileo</a> or modernized <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a>. Similar to the other <a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">global navigation satellite systems</a> (GNSSs), there are two levels of positioning service: open (public) and restricted (military). The public service is available globally to general users. When all the currently planned GNSSs are deployed, users of multi-constellation receivers will benefit from a total over 100 satellites, which will significantly improve all aspects of positioning, especially availability of the signals in so-called <a href="/wiki/Urban_canyons" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban canyons">urban canyons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The general designer of the COMPASS navigation system is <a href="/wiki/Sun_Jiadong" title="Sun Jiadong">Sun Jiadong</a>, who is also the general designer of its predecessor, the original BeiDou navigation system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> All BeiDou satellites are equipped with laser <a href="/wiki/Retroreflector" title="Retroreflector">retroreflector</a> arrays for <a href="/wiki/Satellite_laser_ranging" title="Satellite laser ranging">satellite laser ranging</a><sup id="cite_ref-Quality_assessment_of_experimental_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quality_assessment_of_experimental-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the verification of the orbit quality.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Accuracy">Accuracy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BeiDou&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Accuracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two levels of service provided – a free service to civilians and licensed service to the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese government">Chinese government</a> and military.<sup id="cite_ref-SpaceflightNow_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpaceflightNow-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The free civilian service has a 10-metre location-tracking accuracy, synchronizes clocks with an accuracy of 10 nanoseconds, and measures speeds to within 0.2 m/s. The restricted military service has a location accuracy of 10 cm,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can be used for communication, and will supply information about the system status to the user.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2019, the International GNSS Service started providing precise orbits of BeiDou satellites in experimental products.<sup id="cite_ref-Quality_assessment_of_experimental_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quality_assessment_of_experimental-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To date, the military service has been granted only to the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces" title="Pakistan Armed Forces">Pakistan Armed Forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Frequencies">Frequencies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BeiDou&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Frequencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frequencies for COMPASS are allocated in four bands: E1, E2, E5B, and E6; they overlap with Galileo. The fact of overlapping could be convenient from the point of view of the receiver design, but on the other hand raises the issues of system interference, especially within E1 and E2 bands, which are allocated for Galileo's publicly regulated service.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, under <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> (ITU) policies, the first nation to start broadcasting in a specific frequency will have priority to that frequency, and any subsequent users will be required to obtain permission prior to using that frequency, and otherwise ensure that their broadcasts do not interfere with the original nation's broadcasts. As of 2009, it appeared that Chinese COMPASS satellites would start transmitting in the E1, E2, E5B, and E6 bands before Europe's Galileo satellites and thus have primary rights to these frequency ranges.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Compass-M1">Compass-M1</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BeiDou&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Compass-M1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compass-M1 is an experimental satellite launched for signal testing and validation and for the frequency filing on 14 April 2007. The role of Compass-M1 for Compass is similar to the role of the <a href="/wiki/GIOVE" title="GIOVE">GIOVE</a> satellites for the Galileo system. The orbit of Compass-M1 is nearly circular, has an altitude of 21,150 km and an inclination of 55.5°.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The investigation of the transmitted signals started immediately after the launch of Compass-M1 on 14 April 2007. Soon after in June 2007, engineers at <a href="/wiki/CNES" title="CNES">CNES</a> reported the spectrum and structure of the signals.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A month later, researchers from <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> reported the complete decoding of the "I" signals components.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The knowledge of the codes allowed a group of engineers at <a href="/wiki/Septentrio" title="Septentrio">Septentrio</a> to build the COMPASS receiver<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and report tracking and multipath characteristics of the "I" signals on E2 and E5B.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Operation">Operation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BeiDou&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ground_track_beidou-m2_satellite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ground_track_beidou-m2_satellite.jpg/220px-Ground_track_beidou-m2_satellite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ground_track_beidou-m2_satellite.jpg/330px-Ground_track_beidou-m2_satellite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Ground_track_beidou-m2_satellite.jpg/440px-Ground_track_beidou-m2_satellite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ground_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground track">Ground track</a> of BeiDou-M5 (2012-050A)</figcaption></figure> <p>In December 2011, the system went into operation on a trial basis.<sup id="cite_ref-CD69_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CD69-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It started providing navigation, positioning and timing data to China and the neighbouring area for free from 27 December 2011. During this trial run, Compass offered positioning accuracy to within 25 metre and the precision improved as more satellites were launched. Upon the system's official launch, it pledged to offer general users positioning information accurate to the nearest 10 m, measure speeds within 0.2 metre per second, and provide signals for clock synchronisation accurate to 0.02 microseconds.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC8_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC8-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The BeiDou-2 system began offering services for the Asia-Pacific region in December 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-CustomersDec2012_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CustomersDec2012-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time, the system could provide positioning data between longitude 55° E to 180° E and from latitude 55° S to 55° N.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new-generation BeiDou satellites support short message service.<sup id="cite_ref-BeiDou-launch-17_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeiDou-launch-17-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Completion_2">Completion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BeiDou&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Completion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 2011, <a href="/wiki/Xinhua" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhua">Xinhua</a> stated that "[t]he basic structure of the BeiDou system has now been established, and engineers are now conducting comprehensive system test and evaluation. The system will provide test-run services of positioning, navigation and time for China and the neighboring areas before the end of this year, according to the authorities".<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system became operational in the China region that same month.<sup id="cite_ref-op_china_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-op_china-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The global navigation system should be finished by 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of December 2012, 16 satellites for BeiDou-2 had been launched, with 14 in service. As of December 2017, 150 million Chinese smartphones (20% of the market) were equipped to utilize BeiDou.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constellations">Constellations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BeiDou&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Constellations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"> <caption>Summary of satellites, as of 19 May 2023 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Block </th> <th rowspan="2">Launch <br />period </th> <th colspan="3">Satellite launches </th> <th rowspan="2">Currently in orbit <br />and healthy </th></tr> <tr> <th>Success</th> <th>Failure</th> <th>Planned </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td>2000–2006</td> <td>4</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td>2007–2019</td> <td>20</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td>2015–present</td> <td>36</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>31 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Total </th> <td>60</td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>46 </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_BeiDou_satellites" title="List of BeiDou satellites">List of BeiDou satellites</a></div> <p>The regional BeiDou-1 system was decommissioned at the end of 2012.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The first satellite of the second-generation system, Compass-M1 was launched in 2007. It was followed by further nine satellites during 2009–2011, achieving functional regional coverage. A total of 16 satellites were launched during this phase.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2015, the system began its transition towards global coverage with the first launch of a new-generation of satellites,<sup id="cite_ref-BeiDou-launch-17_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeiDou-launch-17-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 17th one within the new system. On 25 July 2015, the 18th and 19th satellites were successfully launched from the <a href="/wiki/Xichang_Satellite_Launch_Center" title="Xichang Satellite Launch Center">Xichang Satellite Launch Center</a>, marking the first time for China to launch two satellites at once on top of a <a href="/wiki/Long_March_3B" title="Long March 3B">Long March 3B</a>/<a href="/wiki/Expedition_1" title="Expedition 1">Expedition 1</a> <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">carrier rocket</a>. The Expedition-1 is an independent <a href="/wiki/Multistage_rocket" title="Multistage rocket">upper stage</a> capable of delivering one or more spacecraft into different orbits. On 29 September 2015, the 20th satellite was launched, carrying a <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_maser" title="Hydrogen maser">hydrogen maser</a> for the first time within the system.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, the 21st, 22nd and 23rd satellites were launched from <a href="/wiki/Xichang_Satellite_Launch_Center" title="Xichang Satellite Launch Center">Xichang Satellite Launch Center</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the last two of which entered into service on 5 August and 30 November, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Orbital period: 12 hours and 53 minutes (every 13 revolutions, done in 7 sidereal days, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_revisit_period" title="Satellite revisit period">a satellite passes over the same location</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:1016px;max-width:1016px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Animation of BeiDou-3</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_BeiDou-3_orbit_around_Earth.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Animation_of_BeiDou-3_orbit_around_Earth.gif/250px-Animation_of_BeiDou-3_orbit_around_Earth.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Animation_of_BeiDou-3_orbit_around_Earth.gif/375px-Animation_of_BeiDou-3_orbit_around_Earth.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Animation_of_BeiDou-3_orbit_around_Earth.gif/500px-Animation_of_BeiDou-3_orbit_around_Earth.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Around the Earth</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_BeiDou-3_orbit_around_Earth_-_Polar_view.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Animation_of_BeiDou-3_orbit_around_Earth_-_Polar_view.gif/250px-Animation_of_BeiDou-3_orbit_around_Earth_-_Polar_view.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Animation_of_BeiDou-3_orbit_around_Earth_-_Polar_view.gif/375px-Animation_of_BeiDou-3_orbit_around_Earth_-_Polar_view.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Animation_of_BeiDou-3_orbit_around_Earth_-_Polar_view.gif/500px-Animation_of_BeiDou-3_orbit_around_Earth_-_Polar_view.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Around the Earth – polar view</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_BeiDou-3_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_front_view.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Animation_of_BeiDou-3_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_front_view.gif/250px-Animation_of_BeiDou-3_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_front_view.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Animation_of_BeiDou-3_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_front_view.gif/375px-Animation_of_BeiDou-3_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_front_view.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Animation_of_BeiDou-3_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_front_view.gif/500px-Animation_of_BeiDou-3_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_front_view.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/ECEF" class="mw-redirect" title="ECEF">Earth fixed frame</a> – equatorial view, front</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Animation_of_BeiDou-3_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_side_view.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Animation_of_BeiDou-3_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_side_view.gif/250px-Animation_of_BeiDou-3_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_side_view.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Animation_of_BeiDou-3_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_side_view.gif/375px-Animation_of_BeiDou-3_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_side_view.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Animation_of_BeiDou-3_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_side_view.gif/500px-Animation_of_BeiDou-3_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_side_view.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="420" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/ECEF" class="mw-redirect" title="ECEF">Earth fixed frame</a> – equatorial view, side</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: RoyalBlue ; color:white;"> </span>  Earth</span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: magenta ; color:black;"> </span>  I1 </span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: lime ; color:black;"> </span>  I2 </span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: Cyan ; color:black;"> </span>  I3</span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: Gold ; color:black;"> </span>  G1</span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: OrangeRed ; color:black;"> </span>  G2</span> <b>·</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: Gainsboro ; color:black;"> </span>  G3</span></div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prohibitions">Prohibitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BeiDou&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Prohibitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2018, Taiwan's <a href="/wiki/National_Communications_Commission" title="National Communications Commission">National Communications Commission</a> announced that it would be illegal to use BeiDou products in Taiwan without its approval.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BeiDou&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=m.news.cctv.com&rft.atitle=%22%E6%95%B0%22%E8%AF%B4%E5%8C%97%E6%96%97%E4%B8%A8%E5%8C%97%E6%96%97%E7%A9%B6%E7%AB%9F%E5%8F%91%E4%BA%86%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%91%E9%A2%97%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F%EF%BC%9F_%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB_%E5%A4%AE%E8%A7%86%E7%BD%91%28cctv.com%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.news.cctv.com%2F2020%2F06%2F15%2FARTIXUxpLLsgU7ip7pJ2NbqP200615.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeiDou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beidou-road-to-global-service-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-beidou-road-to-global-service_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gpsworld.com/directions-2017-beidous-road-to-global-service/">"Directions 2017: BeiDou's road to global service"</a>. <i>GPS World</i>. 6 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170527131959/http://gpsworld.com/directions-2017-beidous-road-to-global-service/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GPS+World&rft.atitle=Directions+2017%3A+BeiDou%27s+road+to+global+service&rft.date=2016-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgpsworld.com%2Fdirections-2017-beidous-road-to-global-service%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeiDou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdstm.cn/frontier/hthk/202103/t20210330_1045094.html">"20年磨一剑——北斗导航系统的发展历程--中国数字科技馆"</a>. <i>China Digital Science and Technology Museum</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221022181318/https://www.cdstm.cn/frontier/hthk/202103/t20210330_1045094.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Digital+Science+and+Technology+Museum&rft.atitle=20%E5%B9%B4%E7%A3%A8%E4%B8%80%E5%89%91%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E5%8C%97%E6%96%97%E5%AF%BC%E8%88%AA%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E5%8E%86%E7%A8%8B--%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E9%A6%86&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdstm.cn%2Ffrontier%2Fhthk%2F202103%2Ft20210330_1045094.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeiDou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-op_china-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-op_china_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-op_china_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-16337648">"China GPS rival Beidou starts offering navigation data"</a>. BBC. 27 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120203001904/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-16337648">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China+GPS+rival+Beidou+starts+offering+navigation+data&rft.date=2011-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-16337648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeiDou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CustomersDec2012-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CustomersDec2012_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CustomersDec2012_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-20852150">"China's Beidou GPS-substitute opens to public in Asia"</a>. BBC. 27 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121227182347/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-20852150">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%27s+Beidou+GPS-substitute+opens+to+public+in+Asia&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2012-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-20852150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeiDou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:03_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParzyan2023" class="citation book cs1">Parzyan, Anahit (2023). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=China%27s+answer+to+GPS+poised+to+create+US%24156+billion+industry&rft.date=2021-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Ftech%2Ftech-war%2Farticle%2F3135055%2Fus-china-tech-war-chinas-gps-rival-beidou-poised-support-industry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeiDou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/ctech-us-space-exploration-china-beidou-idCAKCN2D70FR-OCATC">"China's Beidou navigation system to serve $156 billion home market by 2025"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 26 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211026072348/https://www.reuters.com/article/ctech-us-space-exploration-china-beidou-idCAKCN2D70FR-OCATC">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=China%27s+Beidou+navigation+system+to+serve+%24156+billion+home+market+by+2025&rft.date=2021-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fctech-us-space-exploration-china-beidou-idCAKCN2D70FR-OCATC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeiDou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beidou.gov.cn/2013/03/29/20130329622a1d8c79ee4e5d849867358c1a97bf.html">"English Name of BeiDou"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018135107/http://www.beidou.gov.cn/2013/03/29/20130329622a1d8c79ee4e5d849867358c1a97bf.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=English+Name+of+BeiDou&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beidou.gov.cn%2F2013%2F03%2F29%2F20130329622a1d8c79ee4e5d849867358c1a97bf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeiDou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iTWire-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iTWire_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkins2007" class="citation web cs1">Atkins, William (5 February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itwire.com/science-news/space/9201-chinese-BeiDou-navigation-satellite-launched-from-long-march-3a-rocket">"Chinese BeiDou navigation satellite launched from Long March 3A rocket"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ITWire.com&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ITWire.com (page does not exist)">iTWire.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121204014912/http://www.itwire.com/science-news/space/9201-chinese-beidou-navigation-satellite-launched-from-long-march-3a-rocket">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chinese+BeiDou+navigation+satellite+launched+from+Long+March+3A+rocket&rft.pub=iTWire.com&rft.date=2007-02-05&rft.aulast=Atkins&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itwire.com%2Fscience-news%2Fspace%2F9201-chinese-BeiDou-navigation-satellite-launched-from-long-march-3a-rocket&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeiDou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610200429/http://focus.news.163.com/10/1231/09/6P7JHOMM00011SM9.html">"̽北斗记 ——探秘中国北斗卫星导航定位系统"</a>. <i>focus.news.163.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=focus.news.163.com&rft.atitle=%CC%BD%E5%8C%97%E6%96%97%E8%AE%B0+%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E6%8E%A2%E7%A7%98%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8C%97%E6%96%97%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F%E5%AF%BC%E8%88%AA%E5%AE%9A%E4%BD%8D%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffocus.news.163.com%2F10%2F1231%2F09%2F6P7JHOMM00011SM9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeiDou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/gps-and-the-world-s-first-space-war/">"GPS and the World's First "Space War"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GPS+and+the+World%27s+First+%22Space+War%22&rft.pub=Scientific+American&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fgps-and-the-world-s-first-space-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeiDou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/article/698161/unforgettable-humiliation-led-development-gps-equivalent">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Unforgettable humiliation' led to development of GPS equivalent"</a>. 12 November 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807053440/https://www.scmp.com/article/698161/unforgettable-humiliation-led-development-gps-equivalent">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=China+launches+final+Beidou+satellite+to+complete+GPS-like+navigation+system&rft.date=2020-06-23&rft.aulast=Howell&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fchina-launches-final-beidou-navigation-satellite.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DChina%2520successfully%2520launched%2520the%2520final%2CLaunch%2520Center%2520in%2520southwest%2520China.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeiDou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csno-tarc.cn/system/constellation&ce=english">BeiDou satellite status</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230811101026/http://www.csno-tarc.cn/system/constellation%26ce%3Denglish">Archived</a> 11 August 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> -- shows status of navigation, PPP, and SBAS services</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.beidou.gov.cn/WHATSNEWS/201806/t20180615_15048.html">"APPLICATIONS-Transport"</a>. <i>en.beidou.gov.cn</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181023034957/http://en.beidou.gov.cn/WHATSNEWS/201806/t20180615_15048.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.beidou.gov.cn&rft.atitle=APPLICATIONS-Transport&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.beidou.gov.cn%2FWHATSNEWS%2F201806%2Ft20180615_15048.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeiDou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ERNP-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ERNP_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/DocsRoom/documents/28325">"European radio navigation plan (ERNP)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181024035636/http://ec.europa.eu/DocsRoom/documents/28325">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+radio+navigation+plan+%28ERNP%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2FDocsRoom%2Fdocuments%2F28325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeiDou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF秦2013" class="citation journal cs1">秦, 鹏霄 (15 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210505224740/https://gb.oversea.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detailall.aspx?filename=wxdh201305002012&dbcode=CPFD&dbname=CPFDREF">"S频段信号的研究"</a>. <i>第四届中国卫星导航学术年会</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gb.oversea.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detailall.aspx?filename=wxdh201305002012&dbcode=CPFD&dbname=CPFDREF">the original</a> on 5 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E5%B1%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F%E5%AF%BC%E8%88%AA%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%AF%E5%B9%B4%E4%BC%9A&rft.atitle=S%E9%A2%91%E6%AE%B5%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7%E7%9A%84%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.date=2013-05-15&rft.aulast=%E7%A7%A6&rft.aufirst=%E9%B9%8F%E9%9C%84&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgb.oversea.cnki.net%2FKCMS%2Fdetail%2Fdetailall.aspx%3Ffilename%3Dwxdh201305002012%26dbcode%3DCPFD%26dbname%3DCPFDREF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeiDou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoebel2008" class="citation web cs1">Goebel, Greg (1 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vectorsite.net/ttgps_2.html#m3">"International Navigation Satellite Systems"</a>. vectorsite.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151001153149/http://www.vectorsite.net/ttgps_2.html#m3">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Navigation+Satellite+Systems&rft.pub=vectorsite.net&rft.date=2008-09-01&rft.aulast=Goebel&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vectorsite.net%2Fttgps_2.html%23m3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeiDou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227184508/http://orig.news.ifeng.com/mil/2/200707/0718_340_158622.shtml">"BeiDou navigation system first goes to public, with resolution 0.5 metre"</a> (in Chinese). <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Television" title="Phoenix Television">Phoenix Television</a>. 18 July 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orig.news.ifeng.com/mil/2/200707/0718_340_158622.shtml">the original</a> on 27 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BeiDou+navigation+system+first+goes+to+public%2C+with+resolution+0.5+metre&rft.pub=Phoenix+Television&rft.date=2007-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forig.news.ifeng.com%2Fmil%2F2%2F200707%2F0718_340_158622.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeiDou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090105114653/http://www.navchina.com/english/productlist.asp?classid=12">"BeiDou Products"</a>. BDStar Navigation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navchina.com/english/productlist.asp?classid=12">the original</a> on 5 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BeiDou+Products&rft.pub=BDStar+Navigation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navchina.com%2Fenglish%2Fproductlist.asp%3Fclassid%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeiDou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721193808/http://tech.163.com/08/0628/08/4FGTUVT9000915BE.html">"BeiDou-1 commercial controversy: 10 times the price of GPS terminal"</a> (in Chinese). <a href="/wiki/NetEase" title="NetEase">NetEase</a>. 28 June 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech.163.com/08/0628/08/4FGTUVT9000915BE.html">the original</a> on 21 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BeiDou-1+commercial+controversy%3A+10+times+the+price+of+GPS+terminal&rft.pub=NetEase&rft.date=2008-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech.163.com%2F08%2F0628%2F08%2F4FGTUVT9000915BE.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeiDou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prlog.org/10112053-why-is-chinas-beidou-terminal-so-expensive.html">"Why is China's Beidou terminal so expensive?"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PRLog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PRLog (page does not exist)">PRLog</a>. 31 August 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015050315/http://www.prlog.org/10112053-why-is-chinas-beidou-terminal-so-expensive.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+is+China%27s+Beidou+terminal+so+expensive%3F&rft.pub=PRLog&rft.date=2008-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prlog.org%2F10112053-why-is-chinas-beidou-terminal-so-expensive.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeiDou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100513015654/http://www.eetrend.com/news/100022852">"3000Yuan BeiDou Satellite Positioning System terminal solution was presented at ELEXCON"</a> (in Chinese). eetrend.com. 17 November 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eetrend.com/news/100022852">the original</a> on 13 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=3000Yuan+BeiDou+Satellite+Positioning+System+terminal+solution+was+presented+at+ELEXCON&rft.pub=eetrend.com&rft.date=2009-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eetrend.com%2Fnews%2F100022852&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeiDou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sohu.com/20080520/n256965516.shtml">"Hongkong report: BeiDou-1 played an important role in rescuing, 7 nations providing free satellite data"</a> (in Chinese). Sohu. 20 May 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141208063058/http://news.sohu.com/20080520/n256965516.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hongkong+report%3A+BeiDou-1+played+an+important+role+in+rescuing%2C+7+nations+providing+free+satellite+data&rft.pub=Sohu&rft.date=2008-05-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sohu.com%2F20080520%2Fn256965516.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeiDou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sohu.com/20091014/n267346694.shtml">"BeiDou-1 has equipped Yunnan troops, leading to command reform"</a> (in Chinese). Sohu. 14 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141208063304/http://news.sohu.com/20091014/n267346694.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BeiDou-1+has+equipped+Yunnan+troops%2C+leading+to+command+reform&rft.pub=Sohu&rft.date=2009-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sohu.com%2F20091014%2Fn267346694.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeiDou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/China_To_Set_Up_Independent_Satellite_Navigation_System_999.html">"China To Set Up Independent Satellite Navigation System"</a>. SpaceDaily.com. 24 May 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527065040/http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/China_To_Set_Up_Independent_Satellite_Navigation_System_999.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+To+Set+Up+Independent+Satellite+Navigation+System&rft.pub=SpaceDaily.com&rft.date=2010-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacedaily.com%2Freports%2FChina_To_Set_Up_Independent_Satellite_Navigation_System_999.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeiDou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923183323/http://www.beidou.gov.cn/2012/12/27/20121227db0e01c98b044232875e2f85cf5bb2a3.html">"The Logo Image of BeiDou Navigation Satellite System Issued"</a>. BeiDou.gov.cn. 27 December 2012. 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Proceedings of ENC GNSS 2008, Toulouse, 22–25 April 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CD69-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CD69_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2011-12/28/content_14343656.htm">"Satellite navigation system launched"</a>. <i>China Daily</i>. 28 December 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131224102604/http://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2011-12/28/content_14343656.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Daily&rft.atitle=Satellite+navigation+system+launched&rft.date=2010-12-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feurope.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fbusiness%2F2011-12%2F28%2Fcontent_14343656.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeiDou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC8-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC8_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-16337648">"China GPS rival Beidou starts offering navigation data"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 27 December 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120203001904/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-16337648">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=China+GPS+rival+Beidou+starts+offering+navigation+data&rft.date=2010-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-16337648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeiDou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130324195232/http://www.beidou.gov.cn/2012/12/26/20121226bac9c0de3e6b430d997368b19ff2c6b5.html"><bdi lang="zh">"5+5+4"这样的星座结构有什么特点？</bdi></a> (in Chinese). WWW.BEIDOU.GOV.CN. 26 December 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beidou.gov.cn/2012/12/26/20121226bac9c0de3e6b430d997368b19ff2c6b5.html">the original</a> on 24 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%225%2B5%2B4%22%E8%BF%99%E6%A0%B7%E7%9A%84%E6%98%9F%E5%BA%A7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E6%9C%89%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E7%89%B9%E7%82%B9%EF%BC%9F&rft.pub=WWW.BEIDOU.GOV.CN&rft.date=2012-12-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beidou.gov.cn%2F2012%2F12%2F26%2F20121226bac9c0de3e6b430d997368b19ff2c6b5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeiDou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120106093417/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/sci/2011-12/02/c_131283096.htm">"China launches 10th satellite for independent navigation system"</a>. Xinhua. 2 December 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/sci/2011-12/02/c_131283096.htm">the original</a> on 6 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+launches+10th+satellite+for+independent+navigation+system&rft.pub=Xinhua&rft.date=2011-12-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish2010%2Fsci%2F2011-12%2F02%2Fc_131283096.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeiDou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100309230826/http://news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2010-03/03/content_13087844.htm">"BeiDou navigation system covers Asia-Pacific region till 2012"</a> (in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. 3 March 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2010-03/03/content_13087844.htm">the original</a> on 9 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BeiDou+navigation+system+covers+Asia-Pacific+region+till+2012&rft.pub=Xinhua+News+Agency&rft.date=2010-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fmil%2F2010-03%2F03%2Fcontent_13087844.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeiDou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theworldin.com/article/14433/edition2018digital-silk-road">"A digital Silk Road"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171204171153/http://www.theworldin.com/article/14433/edition2018digital-silk-road">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+digital+Silk+Road&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theworldin.com%2Farticle%2F14433%2Fedition2018digital-silk-road&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeiDou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beidou.gov.cn/2015/09/30/201509303994d237a4c8419e925c86df8f5e1c32.html">"我国成功发射第四颗新一代北斗导航卫星"</a>. beidou.gov.cn. 30 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161225080021/http://www.beidou.gov.cn/2015/09/30/201509303994d237a4c8419e925c86df8f5e1c32.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%88%91%E5%9B%BD%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E9%A2%97%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E5%8C%97%E6%96%97%E5%AF%BC%E8%88%AA%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F&rft.pub=beidou.gov.cn&rft.date=2015-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beidou.gov.cn%2F2015%2F09%2F30%2F201509303994d237a4c8419e925c86df8f5e1c32.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeiDou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beidou.gov.cn/2016/02/01/20160201acefeef4af98428dad6b46b83a72b179.html">"我国成功发射第五颗新一代北斗导航卫星"</a>. beidou.gov.cn. 1 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510110643/http://www.beidou.gov.cn/2016/02/01/20160201acefeef4af98428dad6b46b83a72b179.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%88%91%E5%9B%BD%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E9%A2%97%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E5%8C%97%E6%96%97%E5%AF%BC%E8%88%AA%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F&rft.pub=beidou.gov.cn&rft.date=2016-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beidou.gov.cn%2F2016%2F02%2F01%2F20160201acefeef4af98428dad6b46b83a72b179.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeiDou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beidou.gov.cn/2016/08/05/20160805be35373a002d45788fc4b8e4b798750c.html">"第22颗北斗导航卫星正式入网提供服务"</a>. beidou.gov.cn. 5 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161225090148/http://www.beidou.gov.cn/2016/08/05/20160805be35373a002d45788fc4b8e4b798750c.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%AC%AC22%E9%A2%97%E5%8C%97%E6%96%97%E5%AF%BC%E8%88%AA%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F%E6%AD%A3%E5%BC%8F%E5%85%A5%E7%BD%91%E6%8F%90%E4%BE%9B%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1&rft.pub=beidou.gov.cn&rft.date=2016-08-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beidou.gov.cn%2F2016%2F08%2F05%2F20160805be35373a002d45788fc4b8e4b798750c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeiDou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beidou.gov.cn/2016/11/30/201611304b14b49a9cca4afa99b25abb519a9cee.html">"第23颗北斗导航卫星入网工作"</a>. beidou.gov.cn. 30 November 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161225083137/http://www.beidou.gov.cn/2016/11/30/201611304b14b49a9cca4afa99b25abb519a9cee.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%AC%AC23%E9%A2%97%E5%8C%97%E6%96%97%E5%AF%BC%E8%88%AA%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F%E5%85%A5%E7%BD%91%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C&rft.pub=beidou.gov.cn&rft.date=2016-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beidou.gov.cn%2F2016%2F11%2F30%2F201611304b14b49a9cca4afa99b25abb519a9cee.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeiDou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAswalYadavTakatsujiRachakonda2023" class="citation book cs1">Aswal, Dinesh K.; Yadav, Sanjay; Takatsuji, Toshiyuki; Rachakonda, Prem; Kumar, Harish (23 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I73SEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA512"><i>Handbook of Metrology and Applications</i></a>. Springer Nature. p. 512. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-99-2074-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-99-2074-7"><bdi>978-981-99-2074-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231030101033/https://books.google.be/books?id=I73SEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA512&lpg=PA512">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Metrology+and+Applications&rft.pages=512&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2023-08-23&rft.isbn=978-981-99-2074-7&rft.aulast=Aswal&rft.aufirst=Dinesh+K.&rft.au=Yadav%2C+Sanjay&rft.au=Takatsuji%2C+Toshiyuki&rft.au=Rachakonda%2C+Prem&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Harish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI73SEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeiDou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://focustaiwan.tw/society/202311140027">"Drug smuggling fishermen used Chinese sat nav to avoid detection"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Focus_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Focus Taiwan">Focus Taiwan</a></i>. 14 November 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231114200408/https://focustaiwan.tw/society/202311140027">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2023</span>. <q>Since 2018, the NCC has banned the use of BeiDou Navigation Satellite System products without approval, and asked related agencies to confiscate such equipment from those found illegally importing, using or selling it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Focus+Taiwan&rft.atitle=Drug+smuggling+fishermen+used+Chinese+sat+nav+to+avoid+detection&rft.date=2023-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffocustaiwan.tw%2Fsociety%2F202311140027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeiDou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=BeiDou&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_space_program" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CNSA_space_program" title="Template:CNSA space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CNSA_space_program" title="Template talk:CNSA space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CNSA_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CNSA space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_space_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">Chinese space program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">China National Space Administration (CNSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology_Corporation" title="China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation">China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Manned_Space_Agency" title="China Manned Space Agency">China Manned Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Astronaut_Corps" title="People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps">People's Liberation Army Astronaut Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Spaceports</a> and landing sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiuquan_Satellite_Launch_Center" title="Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center">Jiuquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiyuan_Satellite_Launch_Center" title="Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center">Taiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenchang_Spacecraft_Launch_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenchang Spacecraft Launch Site">Wenchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xichang_Satellite_Launch_Center" title="Xichang Satellite Launch Center">Xichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siziwang_Banner" class="mw-redirect" title="Siziwang Banner">Siziwang Banner</a> (landing site)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_1" title="Long March 1">Long March 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2" title="Long March 2">Long March 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3" title="Long March 3">Long March 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3A" title="Long March 3A">Long March 3A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3B" title="Long March 3B">Long March 3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3C" title="Long March 3C">Long March 3C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4" title="Long March 4">Long March 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4A" title="Long March 4A">Long March 4A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4B" title="Long March 4B">Long March 4B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4C" title="Long March 4C">Long March 4C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_5" title="Long March 5">Long March 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_6" title="Long March 6">Long March 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_7" title="Long March 7">Long March 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_8" title="Long March 8">Long March 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_9" title="Long March 9">Long March 9</a> (In development)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_10" title="Long March 10">Long March 10</a> (In development)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_11" title="Long March 11">Long March 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_12" title="Long March 12">Long March 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou" title="Kuaizhou">Kuaizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaituozhe_(rocket_family)" title="Kaituozhe (rocket family)">Kaituozhe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Exploration programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuguang_(spacecraft)" title="Shuguang (spacecraft)">Shuguang</a> (cancelled)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Manned_Space_Program" title="China Manned Space Program">CMS</a> (human spaceflight)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">Chang'e</a> (lunar exploration)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_program" title="Tiangong program">Tiangong</a> (space station)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Exploration_of_China" title="Planetary Exploration of China">Tianwen</a> (interplanetary exploration)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Projects_and_missions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Projects and missions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Planetary science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_1" title="Chang'e 1">Chang'e 1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2007–09)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">Chang'e 2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinghuo_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinghuo 1">Yinghuo 1</a>† <span style="font-size:85%;">(2011)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2013–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2014–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yutu_(rover)" title="Yutu (rover)">Yutu rover</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2013–2016)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2">Yutu-2 rover</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1">Tianwen-1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2020–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2020–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)">Zhurong rover</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2021–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Chang'e 6</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-2" title="Tianwen-2">Tianwen-2</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2025)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_7" title="Chang'e 7">Chang'e 7</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2026)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_8" title="Chang'e 8">Chang'e 8</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2028)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-3" title="Tianwen-3">Tianwen-3</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2028)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-4" title="Tianwen-4">Tianwen-4</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2029)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Astronomy and<br />cosmology</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Matter_Particle_Explorer" title="Dark Matter Particle Explorer">DAMPE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2015–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_X-ray_Modulation_Telescope" title="Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope">HXMT</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_Wave_High-energy_Electromagnetic_Counterpart_All-sky_Monitor" title="Gravitational Wave High-energy Electromagnetic Counterpart All-sky Monitor">GECAM</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2020–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_H-alpha_Solar_Explorer" title="Chinese H-alpha Solar Explorer">CHASE</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2021–present)</span></li> <li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Space-based_Solar_Observatory" class="extiw" title="fr:Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory">ASO-S</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2022–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_Probe" title="Einstein Probe">Einstein Probe</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Variable_Objects_Monitor" title="Space Variable Objects Monitor">SVOM</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–present)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xuntian" title="Xuntian">Xuntian</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2026)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Solar_Telescope" title="Space Solar Telescope">Space Solar Telescope</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Earth observation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSES" class="mw-redirect" title="CSES">CSES</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Star_(satellite)" title="Double Star (satellite)">Double Star</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2003–07)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaofen" title="Gaofen">Gaofen Series</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2013–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HY_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="HY (satellite)">Haiyang Series</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TanSat" title="TanSat">TanSat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan Series</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2006–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyuan_(satellite)" title="Ziyuan (satellite)">Ziyuan Series</a> (<a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Brazil_Earth_Resources_Satellite_program" title="China–Brazil Earth Resources Satellite program">CBERS</a>) <span style="font-size:85%;">(1999–present)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solar_wind_Magnetosphere_Ionosphere_Link_Explorer" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer">SMILE</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2025)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/China_Manned_Space_Program" title="China Manned Space Program">Human<br />spaceflight</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Uncrewed expeditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_1" title="Shenzhou 1">Shenzhou 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_2" title="Shenzhou 2">Shenzhou 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_3" title="Shenzhou 3">Shenzhou 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_4" title="Shenzhou 4">Shenzhou 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_8" title="Shenzhou 8">Shenzhou 8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Crewed expeditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_5" title="Shenzhou 5">Shenzhou 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_6" title="Shenzhou 6">Shenzhou 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_7" title="Shenzhou 7">Shenzhou 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_9" title="Shenzhou 9">Shenzhou 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_10" title="Shenzhou 10">Shenzhou 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_11" title="Shenzhou 11">Shenzhou 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_12" title="Shenzhou 12">Shenzhou 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_13" title="Shenzhou 13">Shenzhou 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_14" title="Shenzhou 14">Shenzhou 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_15" title="Shenzhou 15">Shenzhou 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_16" title="Shenzhou 16">Shenzhou 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_17" title="Shenzhou 17">Shenzhou 17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhou_18" title="Shenzhou 18">Shenzhou 18</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_astronauts" title="List of Chinese astronauts">List of Chinese astronauts</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;">Space laboratories and cargos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiangong 1">Tiangong 1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2011–2018)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiangong 2">Tiangong 2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016–2019)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianzhou_1" title="Tianzhou 1">Tianzhou 1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianzhou_2" title="Tianzhou 2">Tianzhou 2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2021)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianzhou_3" title="Tianzhou 3">Tianzhou 3</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2021)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianzhou_4" title="Tianzhou 4">Tianzhou 4</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2022)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianzhou_5" title="Tianzhou 5">Tianzhou 5</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2022)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianzhou_6" title="Tianzhou 6">Tianzhou 6</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2023)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_space_station" title="Tiangong space station">Tiangong space station</a> modules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianhe_core_module" title="Tianhe core module">Tianhe</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2021–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wentian_module" title="Wentian module">Wentian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2022–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengtian_module" title="Mengtian module">Mengtian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2022–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">BeiDou Navigation Satellite System</a> (BDS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Telecommunications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APT_Satellite_Holdings" title="APT Satellite Holdings">Apstar Series</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinasat" title="Chinasat">Chinasat Series</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiandu" title="Tiandu">Tiandu 1 and 2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlian_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianlian I">Tianlian I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2008–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlian_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianlian II">Tianlian II</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2019–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianfan" title="Qianfan">Qianfan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao-2_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao-2 relay satellite">Queqiao 2</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2024–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Technology<br />demonstrators</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_reusable_experimental_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese reusable experimental spacecraft">Chinese reusable experimental spacecraft</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2020)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanhui_Shi_Weixing" title="Fanhui Shi Weixing">FSW Program</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1969–2006)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Experiments_at_Space_Scale" title="Quantum Experiments at Space Scale">QUESS</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shijian_13" class="mw-redirect" title="Shijian 13">Shijian Series</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971–present)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_pulsar-based_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="X-ray pulsar-based navigation">XPNAV 1</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2016–present)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanyue_(spacecraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanyue (spacecraft)">Lanyue Lunar Lander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Future missions marked in <i>italics</i>. Failed missions marked with † sign</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Satellite_navigation_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Satellite_navigation_systems" title="Template:Satellite navigation systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Satellite_navigation_systems" title="Template talk:Satellite navigation systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Satellite_navigation_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Satellite navigation systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Satellite_navigation_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite navigation systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">BeiDou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DORIS_(satellite_system)" title="DORIS (satellite system)">DORIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS / NavStar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System">IRNSS / NAVIC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#BeiDou-1">BDS / BeiDou-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_(satellite)" title="Transit (satellite)">Transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timation" title="Timation">Timation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsiklon_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsiklon (satellite)">Tsiklon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GNSS_augmentation" title="GNSS augmentation">GNSS augmentation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Geostationary_Navigation_Overlay_Service" title="European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service">EGNOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS_Aided_GEO_Augmented_Navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation">GAGAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS%C2%B7C" title="GPS·C">GPS·C</a> (retired)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Precision_Approach_and_Landing_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Precision Approach and Landing System">JPALS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_Area_Augmentation_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Area Augmentation System">LAAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTSAT_Satellite_Augmentation_System" title="MTSAT Satellite Augmentation System">MSAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networked_Transport_of_RTCM_via_Internet_Protocol" title="Networked Transport of RTCM via Internet Protocol">NTRIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System" title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System">QZSS / Michibiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Positioning_Augmentation_Network" title="Southern Positioning Augmentation Network">SouthPAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StarFire_(navigation_system)" title="StarFire (navigation system)">StarFire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_Area_Augmentation_System" title="Wide Area Augmentation System">WAAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_for_Differential_Corrections_and_Monitoring" title="System for Differential Corrections and Monitoring">SDCM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNSS_reflectometry" title="GNSS reflectometry">GNSS reflectometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalman_filter" title="Kalman filter">Kalman filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Global_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System">United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet" title="Wavelet">Wavelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RINEX" title="RINEX">RINEX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Satellite_constellations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Satellite_constellations" title="Template:Satellite constellations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Satellite_constellations" title="Template talk:Satellite constellations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Satellite_constellations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Satellite constellations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Satellite_constellations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_constellation" title="Satellite constellation">Satellite constellations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">BeiDou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System">IRNSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System" title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System">QZSS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadband_Global_Area_Network" title="Broadband Global Area Network">BGAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Satellite_Communications_System" title="Defense Satellite Communications System">DSCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalstar" title="Globalstar">Globalstar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_satellite_constellation" title="Iridium satellite constellation">Iridium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O3b_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="O3b (satellite)">O3b</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbcomm_(satellite)" title="Orbcomm (satellite)">Orbcomm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlink" title="Starlink">Starlink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlian" title="Tianlian">Tianlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracking_and_data_relay_satellite" title="Tracking and data relay satellite">TDRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viasat,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Viasat, Inc.">ViaSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wideband_Global_SATCOM" title="Wideband Global SATCOM">WGS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IRIS%C2%B2" title="IRIS²">IRIS²</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutelsat_OneWeb" title="Eutelsat OneWeb">OneWeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O3b_mPOWER" title="O3b mPOWER">O3b mPOWER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_Systems" title="Kuiper Systems">Kuiper Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AST_SpaceMobile" title="AST SpaceMobile">SpaceMobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thousand_Sails" class="mw-redirect" title="Thousand Sails">Thousand Sails</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abandoned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celestri" title="Celestri">Celestri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teledesic" title="Teledesic">Teledesic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Observation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Labs" title="Planet Labs">Planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleiades_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleiades (satellite)">Pleiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RapidEye" title="RapidEye">RapidEye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_signal_stations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time signal stations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_signal_stations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Radio_clock" title="Radio clock">Time signal stations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Longwave" title="Longwave">Longwave</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BPC_(time_signal)" title="BPC (time signal)">BPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BPL_(time_service)" title="BPL (time service)">BPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSF_(time_service)" title="BSF (time service)">BSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_(time_signal)" title="Beta (time signal)">Beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DCF77" title="DCF77">DCF77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JJY" title="JJY">JJY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RBU_(radio_station)" title="RBU (radio station)">RBU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTZ_(radio_station)" title="RTZ (radio station)">RTZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALS162_time_signal" title="ALS162 time signal">TDF time signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_from_NPL_(MSF)" title="Time from NPL (MSF)">Time from NPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWVB" title="WWVB">WWVB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_frequency" title="High frequency">Shortwave</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BPM_(time_service)" title="BPM (time service)">BPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHU_(radio_station)" title="CHU (radio station)">CHU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD2IOA" title="HD2IOA">HD2IOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HLA_(radio_station)" title="HLA (radio station)">HLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JN53DV" title="JN53DV">JN53DV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ROA_Time" title="ROA Time">ROA Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RWM" title="RWM">RWM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWV_(radio_station)" title="WWV (radio station)">WWV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWVH" title="WWVH">WWVH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YVTO" title="YVTO">YVTO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Very-high_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Very-high frequency">VHF</a>/<a href="/wiki/FM_band" class="mw-redirect" title="FM band">FM</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ultra-high_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-high frequency">UHF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Data_System" title="Radio Data System">Radio Data System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">Satellite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">BeiDou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DORIS_(satellite_system)" title="DORIS (satellite system)">DORIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLONASS" title="GLONASS">GLONASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)" title="Galileo (satellite navigation)">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System">IRNSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System" title="Quasi-Zenith Satellite System">Quasi-Zenith Satellite System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BSF_(time_service)" title="BSF (time service)">BSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBG_(time_signal)" title="HBG (time signal)">HBG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAA_(Arlington,_Virginia)" title="NAA (Arlington, Virginia)">NAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OLB5" title="OLB5">OLB5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMA_(time_signal)" title="OMA (time signal)">OMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_VNG" title="Radio VNG">Radio VNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWVB" title="WWVB">WWVL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y3S" title="Y3S">Y3S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_spacecraft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_spacecraft" title="Template:Chinese spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Chinese spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_spacecraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">Chinese spacecraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth observation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_Star_(satellite)" title="Double Star (satellite)">Double Star</a> (joint with ESA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fengyun" title="Fengyun">Fengyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaofen" title="Gaofen">Gaofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanhui_Shi_Weixing" title="Fanhui Shi Weixing">FSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huanjing_(satellite)" title="Huanjing (satellite)">Huanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HY_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="HY (satellite)">HY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilin-1" title="Jilin-1">Jilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiyan_(satellite)" title="Shiyan (satellite)">Shiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SMMS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SMMS (page does not exist)">SMMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TanSat" title="TanSat">TanSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiyan_(satellite)" title="Shiyan (satellite)">Tansuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianhui_1B" title="Tianhui 1B">Tianhui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaogan" title="Yaogan">Yaogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyuan_(satellite)" title="Ziyuan (satellite)">Ziyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communication and engineering</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Fang_Hong" class="mw-redirect" title="Dong Fang Hong">Dong Fang Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FH-1_(spacecraft)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FH-1 (spacecraft) (page does not exist)">FH-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APT_Satellite_Holdings" title="APT Satellite Holdings">Apstar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=APMT&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APMT (page does not exist)">APMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AsiaSat" title="AsiaSat">Asiasat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinasat" title="Chinasat">ChinaSat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ChinaStar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ChinaStar (page does not exist)">ChinaStar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HKSTG&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HKSTG (page does not exist)">HKSTG</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Large_Geostationary_Satellite_Platform&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Large Geostationary Satellite Platform (page does not exist)">LGSP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OlympicSat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OlympicSat (page does not exist)">OlympicSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianfan" title="Qianfan">Qianfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shijian" title="Shijian">Shijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino_Satellite_Communications" title="Sino Satellite Communications">Sinosat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantong_(Satellite)" title="Tiantong (Satellite)">Tiantong 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsinghua-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsinghua-1 (page does not exist)">Tsinghua-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiwang_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiwang 1 (page does not exist)">Xiwang 1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Data relay satellite system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queqiao-2_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao-2 relay satellite">Queqiao 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiandu" title="Tiandu">Tiandu 1 and 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlian" title="Tianlian">Tianlian Constellation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellite navigation system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">BeiDou-1</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">BeiDou-2</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beidou-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomical observation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Space-based_Solar_Observatory" class="extiw" title="fr:Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory">ASO-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_H-alpha_Solar_Explorer" title="Chinese H-alpha Solar Explorer">CHASE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Matter_Particle_Explorer" title="Dark Matter Particle Explorer">DAMPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_Wave_High-energy_Electromagnetic_Counterpart_All-sky_Monitor" title="Gravitational Wave High-energy Electromagnetic Counterpart All-sky Monitor">GECAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_X-ray_Modulation_Telescope" title="Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope">HXMT</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuafu_project" title="Kuafu project">Kuafu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjiang-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Longjiang-2">Longjiang-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_Eye_Imager_for_Astronomy" title="Lobster Eye Imager for Astronomy">Lobster Eye Imager for Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_Probe" title="Einstein Probe">Einstein Probe</a> (joint with ESA)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Solar_Telescope" title="Space Solar Telescope">SST</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Variable_Objects_Monitor" title="Space Variable Objects Monitor">SVOM</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xuntian" title="Xuntian">Xuntian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SMILE_(spacecraft)" title="SMILE (spacecraft)">SMILE</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lunar exploration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">Chinese Lunar Exploration Program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_1" title="Chang'e 1">Chang'e 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">Chang'e 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yutu_(rover)" title="Yutu (rover)">Yutu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2">Yutu-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Chang'e 6</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_7" title="Chang'e 7">Chang'e 7</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_8" title="Chang'e 8">Chang'e 8</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planetary exploration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yinghuo-1" title="Yinghuo-1">Yinghuo-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">Chang'e 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-1" title="Tianwen-1">Tianwen-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhurong_(rover)" title="Zhurong (rover)">Zhurong</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shensuo_(spacecraft)" title="Shensuo (spacecraft)">Shensuo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-2" title="Tianwen-2">Tianwen-2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-3" title="Tianwen-3">Tianwen-3</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tianwen-4" title="Tianwen-4">Tianwen-4</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Microsatellites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fengniao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fengniao (page does not exist)">Fengniao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xinyan_(spacecraft)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xinyan (spacecraft) (page does not exist)">Xinyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Future spacecraft in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output 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