CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Fevzi Çakmak: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy" ,"wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"22f298bb-ba33-4bbd-9655-5eeaaea37400","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Fevzi_Çakmak","wgTitle":"Fevzi Çakmak","wgCurRevisionId":1259338399,"wgRevisionId":1259338399,"wgArticleId":1598695,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with Turkish-language sources (tr)","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from February 2022","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from June 2020","Articles to be expanded from October 2010","All articles to be expanded","All articles with unsourced statements", "Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010","Articles containing Turkish-language text","Commons category link is on Wikidata","1876 births","1950 deaths","20th-century prime ministers of Turkey","Military personnel from Istanbul","Kuleli Military High School alumni","Ottoman Military Academy alumni","Ottoman Military College alumni","Ottoman Army generals","Ottoman military personnel of the Italo-Turkish War","Ottoman military personnel of the Balkan Wars","Ottoman military personnel of World War I","Turks from the Ottoman Empire","Turkish Army generals","Chiefs of the Turkish General Staff","Turkish military personnel of the Turkish War of Independence","Turkish military personnel of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)","Field marshals of Turkey","Government ministers of Turkey","Ministers of national defence of Turkey","Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie, 5th class","Recipients of the Gold Imtiyaz Medal","Recipients of the Gold Liakat Medal", "Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class","Recipients of the Medal of Independence with Red-Green Ribbon (Turkey)","Deputies of Istanbul","Burials at Eyüp Cemetery","People of the Dersim rebellion","Members of the 1st government of Turkey","Nation Party (Turkey, 1948) politicians","Anti-Kurdish sentiment","Turanists"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Fevzi_Çakmak","wgRelevantArticleId":1598695,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true}, "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"extRevisionSliderTimeOffset":0,"wgDiffOldId":1072311055,"wgDiffNewId":1259338399,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q328331","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.visualEditor.diffPage.init.styles":"ready","oojs-ui.styles.icons-accessibility":"ready", "oojs-ui.styles.icons-editing-advanced":"ready","oojs-ui-core.styles":"ready","oojs-ui.styles.indicators":"ready","mediawiki.widgets.styles":"ready","oojs-ui-core.icons":"ready","ext.RevisionSlider.lazyCss":"ready","mediawiki.interface.helpers.styles":"ready","mediawiki.diff.styles":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.helplink":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.visualEditor.diffPage.init","ext.RevisionSlider.lazyJs","mediawiki.diff","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher", "ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.RevisionSlider.lazyCss%7Cext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.visualEditor.diffPage.init.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.diff.styles%7Cmediawiki.helplink%7Cmediawiki.interface.helpers.styles%7Cmediawiki.widgets.styles%7Coojs-ui-core.icons%2Cstyles%7Coojs-ui.styles.icons-accessibility%2Cicons-editing-advanced%2Cindicators%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow,max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/%C4%B0stanbul_milletvekili_Fevzi_%C3%87akmak.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1604"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/%C4%B0stanbul_milletvekili_Fevzi_%C3%87akmak.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1069"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="855"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Fevzi Çakmak: Difference between revisions - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mw-article-diff skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Fevzi_Çakmak rootpage-Fevzi_Çakmak skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Fevzi+%C3%87akmak&returntoquery=diff%3D1259338399%26oldid%3D1072311055" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Fevzi+%C3%87akmak&returntoquery=diff%3D1259338399%26oldid%3D1072311055" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Fevzi+%C3%87akmak&returntoquery=diff%3D1259338399%26oldid%3D1072311055" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Fevzi+%C3%87akmak&returntoquery=diff%3D1259338399%26oldid%3D1072311055" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Biography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Family_and_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_and_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Family and schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_and_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Rumelia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Rumelia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Western Rumelia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Rumelia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balkan_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balkan_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Balkan Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balkan_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_of_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>War of Independence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-War_of_Independence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle War of Independence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-War_of_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Kütahya-Eskişehir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Kütahya-Eskişehir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Kütahya-Eskişehir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Sakarya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Sakarya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Battle of Sakarya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Sakarya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Great Offensive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republican_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Republican era</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Republican_era-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Republican era subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Republican_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Musul_offensive_plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musul_offensive_plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Musul offensive plan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musul_offensive_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Member_of_the_Reform_Council_in_the_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Member_of_the_Reform_Council_in_the_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Member of the Reform Council in the East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Member_of_the_Reform_Council_in_the_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_Kurds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_Kurds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Views on Kurds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_Kurds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Candidate_to_be_Atatürk's_successor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Candidate_to_be_Atatürk's_successor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Candidate to be Atatürk's successor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Candidate_to_be_Atatürk's_successor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medals_and_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medals_and_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Medals and decorations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medals_and_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Family tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Fevzi Çakmak: Difference between revisions</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%82" title="فوزي جاكماق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فوزي جاكماق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fevzi_%C3%87axmaq" title="Fevzi Çaxmaq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fevzi Çaxmaq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak" title="Fevzi Çakmak – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fevzi Çakmak" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak" title="Fevzi Çakmak – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fevzi Çakmak" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak" title="Fevzi Çakmak – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fevzi Çakmak" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B5%CE%B2%CE%B6%CE%AF_%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BA" title="Φεβζί Τσακμάκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φεβζί Τσακμάκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak" title="Fevzi Çakmak – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fevzi Çakmak" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7" title="فوزی پاشا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فوزی پاشا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak" title="Fevzi Çakmak – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fevzi Çakmak" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%B8%8C%EC%A7%80_%EC%B0%A8%ED%81%AC%EB%A7%88%ED%81%AC" title="페브지 차크마크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페브지 차크마크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%87%D5%A6%D5%AB_%D5%89%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%84" title="Ֆևզի Չաքմաք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆևզի Չաքմաք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak" title="Fevzi Çakmak – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fevzi Çakmak" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak" title="Fevzi Çakmak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fevzi Çakmak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak" title="Fevzi Çakmak – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fevzi Çakmak" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%96%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98" title="ფევზი ჩაქმაქი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფევზი ჩაქმაქი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak" title="Fevzi Çakmak – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Fevzi Çakmak" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7" title="فوزی پاشا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فوزی پاشا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B4%E3%82%BA%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF" title="フェヴズィ・チャクマク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フェヴズィ・チャクマク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak" title="Fevzi Çakmak – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fevzi Çakmak" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak" title="Fevzi Çakmak – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fevzi Çakmak" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak" title="Fevzi Çakmak – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fevzi Çakmak" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA,_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Чакмак, Мустафа Февзи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чакмак, Мустафа Февзи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak" title="Fevzi Çakmak – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fevzi Çakmak" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak" title="Fevzi Çakmak – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fevzi Çakmak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C_%DA%86%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%82" title="فوزی چکماق – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فوزی چکماق" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak" title="Fevzi Çakmak – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Fevzi Çakmak" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E5%A4%AB%E9%BD%8A%C2%B7%E6%81%B0%E5%85%8B%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B" title="費夫齊·恰克馬克 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="費夫齊·恰克馬克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak" title="Fevzi Çakmak – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Fevzi Çakmak" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E5%A4%AB%E9%BD%8A%C2%B7%E6%81%B0%E5%85%8B%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B" title="費夫齊·恰克馬克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="費夫齊·恰克馬克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q328331#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Fevzi_%C3%87akmak" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&oldid=1259338399" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&id=1259338399&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DFevzi_%25C3%2587akmak%26diff%3D1259338399%26oldid%3D1072311055"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DFevzi_%25C3%2587akmak%26diff%3D1259338399%26oldid%3D1072311055"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fevzi_%C3%87akmak" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q328331" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-mw-helplink" class="mw-indicator"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Diff" target="_blank" class="mw-helplink"><span class="mw-helplink-icon"></span>Help</a></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-revslider-container"><span style='width: 100%; text-align: center;' id='ooui-php-1' class='mw-revslider-toggle-button oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-indicatorElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget' data-ooui='{"_":"OO.ui.ButtonWidget","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"indicator":"down","label":"Browse history interactively","title":"Open revision slider","classes":["mw-revslider-toggle-button"]}'><a role='button' title='Open revision slider' tabindex='0' rel='nofollow' class='oo-ui-buttonElement-button'><span class='oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-iconElement-noIcon'></span><span class='oo-ui-labelElement-label'>Browse history interactively</span><span class='oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicator-down'></span></a></span><div class="mw-revslider-slider-wrapper" style="display: none;"><div class="mw-revslider-placeholder"><div class="mw-revslider-spinner"><div class="mw-revslider-bounce"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mw-diff-revision-history-links"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&diff=prev&oldid=1072311055" class="mw-diff-revision-history-link-previous" title="Fevzi Çakmak">← Previous edit</a></div><div class="mw-diff-table-prefix" dir="ltr" lang="en"><div class="mw-diff-inline-legend oo-ui-element-hidden"><span class="mw-diff-inline-legend-del">Content deleted</span> <span class="mw-diff-inline-legend-ins">Content added</span></div><div class="ve-init-mw-diffPage-diffMode"><span class='oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonGroupWidget'><span aria-disabled='true' class='oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-disabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-framed oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget'><a role='button' tabindex='-1' aria-disabled='true' rel='nofollow' class='oo-ui-buttonElement-button'><span class='oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-eye oo-ui-image-invert'></span><span class='oo-ui-labelElement-label'>Visual</span><span class='oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator oo-ui-image-invert'></span></a></span><span class='oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-framed oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget oo-ui-buttonElement-active'><a role='button' tabindex='0' rel='nofollow' class='oo-ui-buttonElement-button'><span class='oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-wikiText oo-ui-image-invert'></span><span class='oo-ui-labelElement-label'>Wikitext</span><span class='oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator oo-ui-image-invert'></span></a></span></span></div><div class="mw-diffPage-inlineToggle-container"><div id='mw-diffPage-inline-toggle-switch-layout' class='oo-ui-layout oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-fieldLayout oo-ui-fieldLayout-align-left' data-ooui='{"_":"OO.ui.FieldLayout","fieldWidget":{"tag":"mw-diffPage-inline-toggle-switch"},"$overlay":true,"label":"Inline","title":"Switches between inline format and two-column format"}'><div class='oo-ui-fieldLayout-body'><span class='oo-ui-fieldLayout-header'><label title='Switches between inline format and two-column format' id='ooui-php-2' class='oo-ui-labelElement-label'>Inline</label></span><div class='oo-ui-fieldLayout-field'><div id='mw-diffPage-inline-toggle-switch' title='Switches between inline format and two-column format' aria-checked='false' tabindex='0' role='switch' aria-labelledby='ooui-php-2' class='oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-toggleWidget oo-ui-toggleWidget-off oo-ui-toggleSwitchWidget' data-ooui='{"_":"OO.ui.ToggleSwitchWidget","href":"\/w\/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&diff=1259338399&oldid=1072311055&diff-type=inline","value":false,"title":"Switches between inline format and two-column format"}'><span class='oo-ui-toggleSwitchWidget-glow'></span><a href='/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&diff=1259338399&oldid=1072311055&diff-type=inline'><span class='oo-ui-toggleSwitchWidget-grip'></span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><table class="diff diff-type-table diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" class="diff-otitle diff-side-deleted"><div id="mw-diff-otitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&oldid=1072311055" title="Fevzi Çakmak">Revision as of 02:02, 17 February 2022</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&action=edit&oldid=1072311055" title="Fevzi Çakmak">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2022-02-17T02:02:58Z"></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Nikkimaria" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Nikkimaria" data-mw-revid="1072311055"><bdi>Nikkimaria</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Nikkimaria" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Nikkimaria">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Nikkimaria" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Nikkimaria">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Autopatrolled" title="Wikipedia:Autopatrolled">Autopatrolled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>229,603</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses">dl</span></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle5"></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&diff=prev&oldid=1072311055" title="Fevzi Çakmak" id="differences-prevlink">← Previous edit</a></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-ntitle diff-side-added"><div id="mw-diff-ntitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&oldid=1259338399" title="Fevzi Çakmak">Latest revision as of 16:56, 24 November 2024</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&action=edit" title="Fevzi Çakmak">edit</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2024-11-24T16:56:32Z"></span> <span class="mw-diff-undo"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&action=edit&undoafter=1072311055&undo=1259338399" title=""Undo" reverts this edit and opens the edit form in preview mode. It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:Lightiggy" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Lightiggy" data-mw-revid="1259338399"><bdi>Lightiggy</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Lightiggy" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Lightiggy">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/Lightiggy" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Lightiggy">contribs</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_confirmed_editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Extended confirmed editors">Extended confirmed users</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>56,878</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses">Added categories</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"><span class="mw-tag-markers"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tag</a>: <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-visualeditor"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VisualEditor" title="Wikipedia:VisualEditor">Visual edit</a></span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"> </div></td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="diff-multi" lang="en">(43 intermediate revisions by 38 users not shown)</td></tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Short description|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2nd Chief of the General Staff of the </del>Turkish <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Armed Forces</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">from</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1921</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1944</del>}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{Short description|Turkish <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">field</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">marshal</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">politician</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(1876–1950)</ins>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{redirect|Fevzi Pasha|other people known as Fevzi Pasha|Fevzi Pasha (disambiguation)}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{redirect|Fevzi Pasha|other people known as Fevzi Pasha|Fevzi Pasha (disambiguation)}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Infobox officeholder</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Infobox officeholder</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|honorific-prefix = [[Mareşal (Turkey)|Mareşal]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>honorific-prefix<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = [[Mareşal (Turkey)|Mareşal]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|name = Fevzi Çakmak</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>name<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = Fevzi Çakmak</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|image = <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Kavaklifevzi</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">jpg</del></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>image<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">İstanbul milletvekili Fevzi Çakmak</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">png</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|image_size = </div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>image_size<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|caption = </div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>caption<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Çakmak in 1946</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|office = 2nd [[Prime Minister of Turkey|Prime Minister of the Government of the Grand National Assembly]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>office<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = 2nd [[Prime Minister of Turkey|Prime Minister of the Government of the Grand National Assembly]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|deputy = </div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>deputy<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|term_start = 24 January 1921</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>term_start<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = 24 January 1921</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|term_end = 12 July 1922</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>term_end<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = 12 July 1922</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|predecessor = [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>predecessor<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|successor = [[Rauf Orbay]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>successor<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = [[Rauf Orbay]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|office1 = 1st [[Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>office1<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = 1st [[Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|primeminister1<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>primeminister1 = [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|term_start1 = 3 May 1920</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>term_start1<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = 3 May 1920</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|term_end1 = 24 January 1921</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>term_end1<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = 24 January 1921</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|predecessor1 = ''Position established''</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>predecessor1<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = ''Position established''</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|successor1 = [[Mümtaz Ökmen]] {{small|(1946)}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>successor1<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = [[Mümtaz Ökmen]] {{small|(1946)}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|office2 = 2nd [[General Staff of the Republic of Turkey|Chief of General Staff]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>office2<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = 2nd [[General Staff of the Republic of Turkey|Chief of General Staff]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|term_start2 = 5 August 1921</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>term_start2<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = 5 August 1921</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|term_end2 = 12 January 1944</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>term_end2<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = 12 January 1944</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|president2 = [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]<br>[[İsmet İnönü]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>president2<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]<br>[[İsmet İnönü]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|predecessor2 = [[İsmet İnönü]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>predecessor2<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = [[İsmet İnönü]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|successor2 = [[Kâzım Orbay]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>successor2<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = [[Kâzım Orbay]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|office3 = 1st [[Ministry of National Defense (Turkey)|Minister of National Defense]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>office3<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = 1st [[Ministry of National Defense (Turkey)|Minister of National Defense]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|term_start3 = 3 May 1920</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>term_start3<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = 3 May 1920</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|term_end3 = 5 August 1921</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>term_end3<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = 5 August 1921</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|primeminister3 = [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]<br>Himself</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>primeminister3<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]<br>Himself</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|predecessor3 = ''Position established''</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>predecessor3<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = ''Position established''</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|successor3 = [[Refet Bele]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>successor3<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = [[Refet Bele]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|office4 = [[Imperial Government (Ottoman Empire)|Minister of War]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>office4<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = [[Imperial Government (Ottoman Empire)|Minister of War]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|term_start4 = 3 February 1920</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>term_start4<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = 3 February 1920</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|term_end4 = 2 April 1920</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>term_end4<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = 2 April 1920</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|primeminister4 = [[Ali Rıza Pasha]]<br>[[Salih Hulusi Pasha]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>primeminister4<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = [[Ali Rıza Pasha]]<br>[[Salih Hulusi Pasha]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|office5 = [[Imperial Government (Ottoman Empire)|5th Chief of General Staff]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>office5<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = [[Imperial Government (Ottoman Empire)|5th Chief of General Staff]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|term_start5 = 24 December 1918</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>term_start5<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = 24 December 1918</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|term_end5 = 14 May 1919</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>term_end5<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = 14 May 1919</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|primeminister5 = [[Ahmet Tevfik Pasha]]<br>[[Damat Ferid Pasha]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>primeminister5<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = [[Ahmet Tevfik Pasha]]<br>[[Damat Ferid Pasha]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|predecessor5 = [[Cevat Çobanlı|Djevad Pasha]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>predecessor5<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = [[Cevat Çobanlı|Djevad Pasha]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|successor5 = [[Cevat Çobanlı|Djevad Pasha]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>successor5<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = [[Cevat Çobanlı|Djevad Pasha]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|nickname= Kavaklı Fevzi,<br />Müşir, Mareşal</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>nickname<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>= Kavaklı Fevzi,<br />Müşir, Mareşal</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|birth_date= {{Birth date|df=yes|1876|1|12}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>birth_date<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>= {{Birth date|df=yes|1876|1|12}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|birth_place= [[Cihangir]], [[Istanbul]], [[Ottoman Empire]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>birth_place<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>= [[Cihangir]], [[Istanbul]], [[Ottoman Empire]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|death_date= {{Death date and age|df=yes|1950|4|10|1876|01|12}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>death_date<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>= {{Death date and age|df=yes|1950|4|10|1876|01|12}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|death_place= [[Teşvikiye]], Istanbul, Turkey</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>death_place<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>= [[Teşvikiye]], Istanbul, Turkey</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|resting_place= [[Eyüp Cemetery]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>resting_place<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>= [[Eyüp Cemetery]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|party = [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Republican People's</del> Party (Turkey)|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Republican People's</del> Party]]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> (CHP)</del> {{small|([[Turkey|Turkish Republic]])}}<br>[[Committee of Union and Progress]]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> (CUP)</del> {{small|([[Ottoman Empire]])}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>party<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins> = [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Nation</ins> Party (Turkey<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 1948</ins>)|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Nation</ins> Party]] {{small|([[Turkey|Turkish Republic]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 1948–50)}}<br>[[Democrat Party (Turkey, 1946–1961)|Democrat Party]] {{small|(Turkish Republic, 1946–48</ins>)}}<br>[[Committee of Union and Progress]] {{small|([[Ottoman Empire]])}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|allegiance={{flag|Ottoman Empire}} (1896–1920)<br />{{flagdeco|Ottoman Empire}} [[Government of the Grand National Assembly|Ankara Government]] (1920–1923)<br/>{{flag|Turkey}} (1920–1944)</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>allegiance<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>{{flag|Ottoman Empire}} (1896–1920)<br />{{flagdeco|Ottoman Empire}} [[Government of the Grand National Assembly|Ankara Government]] (1920–1923)<br/>{{flag|Turkey}} (1920–1944)</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>| branch = {{army|Ottoman Empire}}<br />{{flagdeco|Ottoman Empire}} [[Turkish Land Forces#War of Independence|Army of the GNA]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Turkish Land Forces Command.svg}} [[Turkish Army]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>| branch = {{army|Ottoman Empire}}<br />{{flagdeco|Ottoman Empire}} [[Turkish Land Forces#War of Independence|Army of the GNA]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Turkish Land Forces Command.svg}} [[Turkish Army]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|serviceyears=1896–1944</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>serviceyears<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>1896–1944</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|rank=[[File:Turkey-Army-OF-10 (1933-1947).svg|25px]] [[Mareşal (Turkey)|Mareşal]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>rank<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>[[File:Turkey-Army-OF-10 (1933-1947).svg|25px]] [[Mareşal (Turkey)|Mareşal]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|commands= [[2nd Division (Ottoman Empire)|2nd Division]], [[V Corps (Ottoman Empire)|5th Corps]], [[II Caucasian Corps (Ottoman Empire)|2nd Caucasian Corps]], [[Second Army (Ottoman Empire)|2nd Army]], [[Seventh Army (Ottoman Empire)|7th Army]], [[First Army (Ottoman Empire)#After Mundros|1st Army Troops Inspectorate]], [[List of the Chiefs of the Turkish General Staff|Chief of the General Staff]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>commands<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>= [[2nd Division (Ottoman Empire)|2nd Division]], [[V Corps (Ottoman Empire)|5th Corps]], [[II Caucasian Corps (Ottoman Empire)|2nd Caucasian Corps]], [[Second Army (Ottoman Empire)|2nd Army]], [[Seventh Army (Ottoman Empire)|7th Army]], [[First Army (Ottoman Empire)#After Mundros|1st Army Troops Inspectorate]], [[List of the Chiefs of the Turkish General Staff|Chief of the General Staff]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|unit=</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>unit<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|battles=[[Albanian National Awakening|Albanian Uprising]]<br />[[Italo-Turkish War]]<br />[[Balkan Wars]]<br />First World War<br />[[Turkish <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">War of Independence|</del>War of Independence]]<br />[[Sheikh Said rebellion]]<br />[[Ararat rebellion]]<br />[[Dersim Rebellion]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>battles<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>[[Albanian National Awakening|Albanian Uprising]]<br />[[Italo-Turkish War]]<br />[[Balkan Wars]]<br /><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>First World War<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins><br />[[Turkish War of Independence]]<br />[[Sheikh Said rebellion]]<br />[[Ararat rebellion]]<br />[[Dersim Rebellion]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>|signature=Fevzi Çakmak signature.png</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>signature<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>Fevzi Çakmak signature.png</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 65:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 65:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>He was appointed as National Defence Minister and Deputy Prime Minister by [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal Paşa]] in 1920, commanding numerous military successes throughout the [[Turkish War of Independence]], notably during the [[Battle of Sakarya]]. He succeeded Mustafa Kemal as Prime Minister in 1921, resigning in 1922 to engage in the successful [[Battle of Dumlupınar]]. He was appointed [[Field Marshal]] ([[Mareşal (Turkey)|Mareşal]]) in 1922 at the recommendation of Mustafa Kemal. He had succeeded [[İsmet İnönü]] as the Chief of General Staff in August 1921 and continued serving after the Turkish Republic was declared in 1923. Adopting the surname 'Çakmak', he was a candidate to succeed [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] as the [[President of Turkey]] after Atatürk's death in 1938, but stood down in favour of İnönü. He continued to serve as Chief of General Staff until 1944, after which he became a Member of Parliament for [[Istanbul]] from the [[Democratic Party (Turkey, historical)|Democrat Party]]. He later resigned from the Democrats and co-founded the [[Nation Party (Turkey, 1948)|Nation Party]] headed by [[Osman Bölükbaşı]].</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>He was appointed as National Defence Minister and Deputy Prime Minister by [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal Paşa]] in 1920, commanding numerous military successes throughout the [[Turkish War of Independence]], notably during the [[Battle of Sakarya]]. He succeeded Mustafa Kemal as Prime Minister in 1921, resigning in 1922 to engage in the successful [[Battle of Dumlupınar]]. He was appointed [[Field Marshal]] ([[Mareşal (Turkey)|Mareşal]]) in 1922 at the recommendation of Mustafa Kemal. He had succeeded [[İsmet İnönü]] as the Chief of General Staff in August 1921 and continued serving after the Turkish Republic was declared in 1923. Adopting the surname 'Çakmak', he was a candidate to succeed [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] as the [[President of Turkey]] after Atatürk's death in 1938, but stood down in favour of İnönü. He continued to serve as Chief of General Staff until 1944, after which he became a Member of Parliament for [[Istanbul]] from the [[Democratic Party (Turkey, historical)|Democrat Party]]. He later resigned from the Democrats and co-founded the [[Nation Party (Turkey, 1948)|Nation Party]] headed by [[Osman Bölükbaşı]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Fevzi Çakmak remains, alongside Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, as one of the two<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> and only</del> field marshals of Turkey.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Fevzi Çakmak remains, alongside Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, as one of the<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> only</ins> two field marshals of Turkey.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== Biography ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== Biography ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 71:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 71:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===Family and schools===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===Family and schools===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Mustafa Fevzi was born on 12 January 1876 in [[Cihangir]] ([[Istanbul]], [[Ottoman Empire]]) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mother</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Hesna Hanım, daughter</del> of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Varnalı</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Hacı</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Bekir</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Efendi</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">who is the youngest son of Ömer Ağa</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and father Ali Sırrı Efendi, who is son of Çakmakoğlu Hüseyin Derviş Kaptan and served for</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Tophane</del> (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Arsenal</del>) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">as</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">secretary.</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">In 1879 his father Ali Sırrı Bey was appointed</del> to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Black Sea Artillery Regiment (''Karadeniz Topçu Alayı'')</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">at</del> [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Rumeli</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Kavağı</del>]],<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> family move there. Thus Fevzi's name</del> in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Army</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">will become "Kavaklı Fevzi Pasha"</del>.<ref <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">name</del>=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"Gök3">Hayrullah</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gök,</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</del>Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak'ın <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">askerî</del> ve <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">siyasî</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">faaliyetleri,</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1876–1950''</del>, p<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">3.</ref></del></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Mustafa Fevzi was born on 12 January 1876 in [[Cihangir]] ([[Istanbul]], [[Ottoman Empire]]) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">His</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">family</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is</ins> of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Turkish</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">people|Turkish]]</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">origin.<ref>Millı̂</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Kültür</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">p;7</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Kültür</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Bakanlığı</ins> (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1990</ins>)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></ref></ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Their</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ancestors</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">came</ins> to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Istanbul</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">from</ins> [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Çakmak,</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gönen|Çakmak</ins>]], in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">modern-day</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Balıkesir</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Province]]</ins>.<ref<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">>{{cite</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">web | url</ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">https://www.canakkaletravel.com/yazi/maresal-fevzi-cakmakin-buyuk-dedesinin-mezari-ve-evi.html</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">title=</ins>Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak'ın <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Büyük Dedesi'nin Mezarı</ins> ve <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Evi</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">}}</ref><ref>Millı̂</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Kültür</ins>, p<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">;7,</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Kültür Bakanlığı (1990)</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div></ref> to mother Hesna Hanım, daughter of Varnalı Hacı Bekir Efendi, who was the youngest son of Ömer Ağa, and father Ali Sırrı Efendi, who was the son of Çakmakoğlu Hüseyin Derviş Kaptan. Ali Sırrı Efendi had served for Tophane (Arsenal) as secretary. In 1879 Ali Sırrı Bey was appointed to Black Sea Artillery Regiment (''Karadeniz Topçu Alayı'') at [[Rumeli Kavağı]], and the family moved there. Thus, Fevzi's name in the Army became "Kavaklı Fevzi Pasha".<ref name="Gök3">Hayrullah Gök, ''Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak'ın askerî ve siyasî faaliyetleri, 1876–1950'', p. 3.</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>He studied at Sadık Hoca Mektebi in Rumeli Kavağı between 1882 and 1884. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">And he</del> continued to study at Tedrisiye-i Haybiye Mektebi in [[Sarıyer]] between 1884 and 1886, at [[Salonica Military School]] (''Selânik Askerî Rüşdiyesi'' ) between 1886 and 1887, at Soğukçeşme Askerî Rüşdiyesi between 1887 and 1890. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">And he</del> learned [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] languages from his grandfather Hacı Bekir Efendi, who had studied in [[Egypt]] and [[Baghdad]] and was one of the prominent intelligentsia at the time.<ref name="Gök3"/> He continued to [[Kuleli Military High School]] (''Kuleli Askerî İdadisi'') between 1890 and 1893.<ref>Nilüfer Hatemi, ''Günlükleri'', II. Cilt, p. 910.</ref> After graduating from Kuleli military <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">highschool</del>, he entered [[Kara Harp Okulu|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Harbiye</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Mektibi</del>]] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(''Mekteb-i Füsûn-u Harbiyye-i Şâhâne'') in Pangaltı,</del> 29 April 1893. He completed the military school as the seventh of the class on 28 January 1896 and joined the [[Military of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman military]] as an [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Infantry</del>]]<ref>Nusret Baycan, "Büyük Taarruz'da Komuta Kademelerinde Görev Alanlarla Üst Düzeydeki Karargâh Subayları", ''Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi'', Sayı 26, Cilt: IX, Mart 1993, [http://www.atam.gov.tr/index.php?Page=DergiIcerik&IcerikNo=542] {{in lang|tr}}</ref> [[Second Lieutenant]] (''Mülâzım-ı Sani'').<ref name="Genelkurmay52">T.C. Genelkurmay Harp Tarihi Başkanlığı Yayınları, ''Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademelerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri'', Genelkurmay Başkanlığı Basımevi, Ankara, 1972, p. 52. {{in lang|tr}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>He studied at Sadık Hoca Mektebi in Rumeli Kavağı between 1882 and 1884. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">He</ins> continued to study at Tedrisiye-i Haybiye Mektebi in [[Sarıyer]] between 1884 and 1886, at [[Salonica Military School]] (''Selânik Askerî Rüşdiyesi'' ) between 1886 and 1887, at Soğukçeşme Askerî Rüşdiyesi between 1887 and 1890. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">He</ins> learned [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] languages from his grandfather Hacı Bekir Efendi, who had studied in [[Egypt]] and [[Baghdad]] and was one of the prominent intelligentsia at the time.<ref name="Gök3"/> He continued to [[Kuleli Military High School]] (''Kuleli Askerî İdadisi'') between 1890 and 1893.<ref>Nilüfer Hatemi, ''Günlükleri'', II. Cilt, p. 910.</ref> After graduating from<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> the</ins> Kuleli military <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">high school</ins>, he entered [[Kara Harp Okulu|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Ottoman</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Military College</ins>]] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">on</ins> 29 April 1893. He completed the military school as the seventh of the class on 28 January 1896 and joined the [[Military of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman military]] as an<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> infantryman where he saw combat during the 1897</ins> [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Greco-Turkish War (1897)|Greco-Turkish War</ins>]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</ins><ref>Nusret Baycan, "Büyük Taarruz'da Komuta Kademelerinde Görev Alanlarla Üst Düzeydeki Karargâh Subayları", ''Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi'', Sayı 26, Cilt: IX, Mart 1993, [http://www.atam.gov.tr/index.php?Page=DergiIcerik&IcerikNo=542] {{in lang|tr}}</ref> [[Second Lieutenant]] (''Mülâzım-ı Sani'').<ref name="Genelkurmay52">T.C. Genelkurmay Harp Tarihi Başkanlığı Yayınları, ''Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademelerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri'', Genelkurmay Başkanlığı Basımevi, Ankara, 1972, p. 52. {{in lang|tr}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>On 28 January 1898, he entered the War Academy<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> (Staff College, ''Mekteb-i Erkân-ı Harbiye-i Şâhâne''), present day: ''Harp Akademisi'')</del> and on 16 March 1897, he was promoted to the rank of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[First</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Lieutenant]] (''Mülâzım-ı Evvel'')</del>.<ref name="Genelkurmay52"/> On 25 December 1898, he graduated from Academy as a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Staff (military)|Staff]] [[Captain (land)|Captain]] (''Erkân-ı Harp</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Yüzbaşısı'')</del> and was assigned to the 4th department of the General Staff.<ref name="Genelkurmay53">Genelkurmay, ''Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademelerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri'', p. 53.</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>On 28 January 1898, he entered the<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> Imperial</ins> War Academy and on 16 March 1897, he was promoted to the rank of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">first</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">lieutenant</ins>.<ref name="Genelkurmay52"/> On 25 December 1898, he graduated from Academy as a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">staff</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">captain</ins> and was assigned to the 4th department of the General Staff.<ref name="Genelkurmay53">Genelkurmay, ''Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademelerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri'', p. 53.</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===Western Rumelia===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===Western Rumelia===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Mitrovica train station 1894.jpg|thumb|170px|Railway station of Metroviça ([[Kosovska Mitrovica|Mitrovica]])]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Mitrovica train station 1894.jpg|thumb|170px|Railway station of Metroviça ([[Kosovska Mitrovica|Mitrovica]])]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>On 11 April 1899, he became the staff officer of 18th Regular Division<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> (''On Sekicinsi Nizamiye Fırkası'')</del> under the command of [[Şemsi Pasha (general)|Şemsi Pasha]] at Metroviça (present day<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:</del> [[Kosovska Mitrovica|Mitrovica]]) of the [[Third Army (Ottoman Empire)|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">3rd</del> Army]].<ref name="Genelkurmay53"/> He studied [[Serbian language|Serbian]], [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [[Albanian language|Albanian]] languages to read their newspapers for collecting information. On 20 April 1900, he was promoted to the rank of [[Kolağası]], on 20 April 1902, Major (''Binbaşı''),<ref name="Genelkurmay52"/> on 19 July 1906, [[Lieutenant Colonel]] (''Kaymakam'') and on 17 December 1907, [[Miralay]].<ref name="Genelkurmay53"/></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>On 11 April 1899, he became the staff officer of 18th Regular Division under the command of [[Şemsi Pasha (general)|Şemsi Pasha]] at Metroviça (present day [[Kosovska Mitrovica|Mitrovica]]) of the [[Third Army (Ottoman Empire)|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Third</ins> Army]].<ref name="Genelkurmay53"/> He studied [[Serbian language|Serbian]], [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [[Albanian language|Albanian]] languages to read their newspapers for collecting information. On 20 April 1900, he was promoted to the rank of [[Kolağası]], on 20 April 1902, Major (''Binbaşı''),<ref name="Genelkurmay52"/> on 19 July 1906, [[Lieutenant Colonel]] (''Kaymakam'') and on 17 December 1907, [[Miralay]].<ref name="Genelkurmay53"/></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>According to some researchers, he was in contact with [[Committee of Union and Progress]] and elected the member of the secret board of directors of the Metroviça <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">blanch</del> of the committee.<ref>Hayrullah Gök, ''Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak'ın askerî ve siyasî faaliyetleri, 1876–1950'', p. 9.</ref><ref>Ayfer Özçelik, "Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak", ''Millî Kültür'', Sayı: 83, Nisan 1991, Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, Ankara, 1991, p. 56. {{in lang|tr}}</ref><ref>Nilüfer Hatemi, "Marshal Fevzi Cakmak’s Family and Education: A Formation Process" in ''Identity and Identity Formation in the Ottoman Middle East and the Balkans: A Volume of the Essays in Honor of Norman Itzkowitz'', Baki Tezcan (ed.), ''International Journal of Turkish Studies'', 13:1&2, (Fall 2007): p. 203.</ref> On 3 July 1908, Senior Captain [[Ahmed Niyazi Bey]] stationed at Resne (present day: [[Resen (town)|Resen]]), an ethnic [[Albanian people|Albanian]], took to the hills with 200 soldiers and a number of civilians, and issued a manifesto which demanded the restoration of constitutional government. Şemsi Pasha, an ethnic Albanian, was ordered to crush the rebel and went to Monastir with two battalions. But he was shot and killed by Second Lieutenant Bigalı Atıf Bey.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>According to some researchers, he was in contact with [[Committee of Union and Progress]] and elected the member of the secret board of directors of the Metroviça <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">branch</ins> of the committee.<ref>Hayrullah Gök, ''Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak'ın askerî ve siyasî faaliyetleri, 1876–1950'', p. 9.</ref><ref>Ayfer Özçelik, "Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak", ''Millî Kültür'', Sayı: 83, Nisan 1991, Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, Ankara, 1991, p. 56. {{in lang|tr}}</ref><ref>Nilüfer Hatemi, "Marshal Fevzi Cakmak’s Family and Education: A Formation Process" in ''Identity and Identity Formation in the Ottoman Middle East and the Balkans: A Volume of the Essays in Honor of Norman Itzkowitz'', Baki Tezcan (ed.), ''International Journal of Turkish Studies'', 13:1&2, (Fall 2007): p. 203.</ref> On 3 July 1908, Senior Captain [[Ahmed Niyazi Bey]] stationed at Resne (present day: [[Resen (town)|Resen]]), an ethnic [[Albanian people|Albanian]], took to the hills with 200 soldiers and a number of civilians, and issued a manifesto which demanded the restoration of constitutional government. Şemsi Pasha, an ethnic Albanian, was ordered to crush the rebel and went to Monastir with two battalions. But he was shot and killed by<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> then</ins> Second Lieutenant <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Atıf Kamçıl|</ins>Bigalı Atıf Bey<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>On 19 August 1909, he was demoted to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Major</del>, because of the Law for the Purge of Military Ranks<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> (''Tasfiye-i Rüteb-i Askeriye Kanunu'')</del>.<ref name="Genelkurmay53"/></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>On 19 August 1909, he was demoted to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">major</ins>, because of the Law for the Purge of Military Ranks.<ref name="Genelkurmay53"/></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>On 29 December 1908 he was appointed <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Governor (''mutassarıf'')</del> and commander of Taşlıca (present day<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:</del> [[Pljevlja]]), and at the same time, the commander of the 35th Brigade <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(''Otuzbeşinci Liva'')</del>.<ref name="Genelkurmay53"/> On 15 January 1910, he was temporarily assigned to the headquarters of the Kosovo Provisional Corps<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> (''Mürretep Kosova Kolordusu'')</del>, on 29 September,<ref name="Genelkurmay53"/> he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> (''Kaymakam'')</del> and on 27 July,<ref name="Genelkurmay52"/> became the chief of staff of the same corps.<ref name="Genelkurmay53"/></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>On 29 December 1908 he was appointed <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">as</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">governor</ins> and commander of Taşlıca (present day [[Pljevlja]]), and at the same time, the commander of the 35th Brigade .<ref name="Genelkurmay53"/> On 15 January 1910, he was temporarily assigned to the headquarters of the Kosovo Provisional Corps, on 29 September,<ref name="Genelkurmay53"/> he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel and on 27 July,<ref name="Genelkurmay52"/> became the chief of staff of the same corps.<ref name="Genelkurmay53"/></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>On 15 January 1911, he was assigned to the 4th department of the General Staff. On 2 October 1911, when he was staying in İşkodra (present day: [[Shkodër]]), because [[Italo-Turkish War]] (29 September 1911 – 18 October 1912) broke out, he was assigned to the [[Western Army (Ottoman Empire)|Western Army]] that was formed for the defense of [[Rumelia|Western Rumelia]] under the command of Birinci Ferik [[Ali Rıza Pasha]]. On 6 October, he was appointed <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">to the Governor (''mutassarıf'')</del> of İpek Sancağı (present day<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:</del> [[District of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Peć</del>]]). On 19 October, he went back to Istanbul to continue his task at the 4th department of the General Staff. On 11 February 1912, he was appointed to the member of the committee that was formed under the chairmanship of the Minister of the Interior Hacı Adil Bey with the decision about reform of [[History of Ottoman Albania|Albania]] and three [[vilayet]] ([[Salonica Vilayet|Salonica]], [[Monastir Vilayet|Monastir]], [[Kosovo Vilayet|Kosova]]). 9 May, he was appointed to a secretariat formed in the [[Grand Vizier|Sadaret]] and on 3 July, to the deputy commander of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">21th{{Clarify|date=August 2013|reason=Should this be '20th', '</del>21st<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">' or something else?}}</del> Infantry Division<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> (''Yirmi Birinci Fırka'')</del> at Yakova (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">present day:</del> [[Gjakova]]),<ref name="Genelkurmay53"/> on 6 August, to the staff of the General Forces of Kosovo <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(''Kosova Kuva-yi Umumiyesi'')</del>.<ref name="Genelkurmay54">Genelkurmay, ''Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademelerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri'', p. 54.</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>On 15 January 1911, he was assigned to the 4th department of the General Staff. On 2 October 1911, when he was staying in İşkodra (present day: [[Shkodër]]), because [[Italo-Turkish War]] (29 September 1911 – 18 October 1912) broke out, he was assigned to the [[Western Army (Ottoman Empire)|Western Army]] that was formed for the defense of [[Rumelia|Western Rumelia]] under the command of Birinci Ferik [[Ali Rıza Pasha]]. On 6 October, he was appointed <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">governor</ins> of İpek Sancağı (present day [[District of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Peja</ins>]]). On 19 October, he went back to Istanbul to continue his task at the 4th department of the General Staff. On 11 February 1912, he was appointed to the member of the committee that was formed under the chairmanship of the Minister of the Interior Hacı Adil Bey with the decision about reform of [[History of Ottoman Albania|Albania]] and three [[vilayet]] ([[Salonica Vilayet|Salonica]], [[Monastir Vilayet|Monastir]], [[Kosovo Vilayet|Kosova]]). 9 May, he was appointed to a secretariat formed in the [[Grand Vizier|Sadaret]] and on 3 July, to the deputy commander of the 21st Infantry Division at Yakova (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">now</ins> [[Gjakova]]),<ref name="Genelkurmay53"/> on 6 August, to the staff of the General Forces of Kosovo .<ref name="Genelkurmay54">Genelkurmay, ''Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademelerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri'', p. 54.</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===Balkan Wars===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===Balkan Wars===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 93:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 94:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>On 29 September 1912, he was appointed to the chief of the 1st department (chief of operations) of the [[Vardar Army]] under the command of Ferik [[Zekki Pasha|Halepli Zeki Pasha]], formed within the Western Army.<ref name="Genelkurmay54"/> During the [[First Balkan War]] (8 October 1912 – 30 May 1913), after the defeat at the [[Battle of Kumanovo]] ( 23–24 October 1912), Fevzi wrote that the distributions of the Ottoman forces over a wide area gave initiative to the enemy and that mobilization and concentration plan was poorly designed and flawed. He also noted that there were great deficiencies in artillery, wireless, and air units.<ref name="Defeat183">Edward J. Erickson, ''Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913'', Praeger, 2003, {{ISBN|0-275-97888-5}}, p. 183.</ref> But he wrote that he had put the idea of creating a six-corps army of one hundred thousand men operation on interior lines from the Monastir (present day: [[Bitola]]) area.<ref name="Defeat183"/> The Vardar Army retreated to Monastir.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>On 29 September 1912, he was appointed to the chief of the 1st department (chief of operations) of the [[Vardar Army]] under the command of Ferik [[Zekki Pasha|Halepli Zeki Pasha]], formed within the Western Army.<ref name="Genelkurmay54"/> During the [[First Balkan War]] (8 October 1912 – 30 May 1913), after the defeat at the [[Battle of Kumanovo]] ( 23–24 October 1912), Fevzi wrote that the distributions of the Ottoman forces over a wide area gave initiative to the enemy and that mobilization and concentration plan was poorly designed and flawed. He also noted that there were great deficiencies in artillery, wireless, and air units.<ref name="Defeat183">Edward J. Erickson, ''Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913'', Praeger, 2003, {{ISBN|0-275-97888-5}}, p. 183.</ref> But he wrote that he had put the idea of creating a six-corps army of one hundred thousand men operation on interior lines from the Monastir (present day: [[Bitola]]) area.<ref name="Defeat183"/> The Vardar Army retreated to Monastir.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>On 16 November, during the [[Battle of Monastir]] ( 16–19 November 1912), his younger brother Muhtar Efendi was killed in action at the heights of Oblakovo, northwest of Bitola.<ref name="Günlükleri I-191">Nilüfer Hatemi, ''Günlükleri'', I. Cilt., p. 191.</ref> After the defeat at the Battle of Bitola, he wrote that the Vardar Army's effective strength for its 78 infantry battalions was 39,398 men.<ref>Erickson, ''Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913'', p. 194.</ref> The Vardar Army retreated to Albania. On 10 May, because <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Miralay</del> [[İbrahim Halil Sedes|Ibrahim Halil Bey]] (Sedes), who was the chief of staff of the Vardar Army, went to Istanbul, Fevzi deputized the chief of staff.<ref>Hayrullah Gök, ''Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak'ın askerî ve siyasî faaliyetleri, 1876–1950'', p. 14.</ref> On 19 June the headquarters of the Vardar Army<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">left</del> pier <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">at</del> [[Seman River|Seman]] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">with</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">steamships</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">named</del> ''Karadeniz'' and ''Gülcemal'' and arrived at Istanbul on 22 June.<ref>Hayrullah Gök, ''Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak'ın askerî ve siyasî faaliyetleri, 1876–1950'', p. 15.</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>On 16 November, during the [[Battle of Monastir]] ( 16–19 November 1912), his younger brother Muhtar Efendi was killed in action at the heights of Oblakovo, northwest of Bitola.<ref name="Günlükleri I-191">Nilüfer Hatemi, ''Günlükleri'', I. Cilt., p. 191.</ref> After the defeat at the Battle of Bitola, he wrote that the Vardar Army's effective strength for its 78 infantry battalions was 39,398 men.<ref>Erickson, ''Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913'', p. 194.</ref> The Vardar Army retreated to Albania. On 10 May, because <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Colonel</ins> [[İbrahim Halil Sedes|Ibrahim Halil Bey]] (Sedes), who was the chief of staff of the Vardar Army, went to Istanbul,<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> and</ins> Fevzi<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> was</ins> deputized the chief of staff.<ref>Hayrullah Gök, ''Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak'ın askerî ve siyasî faaliyetleri, 1876–1950'', p. 14.</ref> On 19 June<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins> the headquarters of the Vardar Army <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">evacuated from the</ins> pier <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">on the</ins> [[Seman River|Seman]] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">aboard</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">steamships</ins> ''Karadeniz'' and ''Gülcemal'' and arrived at Istanbul on 22 June.<ref>Hayrullah Gök, ''Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak'ın askerî ve siyasî faaliyetleri, 1876–1950'', p. 15.</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Fevzi wrote:</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Fevzi wrote:</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 99:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 100:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{bquote|On the morning of June 6, 1329, ''Karadeniz'', in late afternoon ''Gülcemal'', left pier at Seman. I also got on board ''Gülcemal''. We've bid farewell to five centuries of Turkish rule of Western Rumelia. When the sun went down, the coast of Albania was gradually ceasing to be visible in front of our eyes. The cession of the part of our homeland, where our ancestors irrigated with their blood for centuries and many old and new martyrs were buried, brought unacceptable heartbreak and nostalgia to our hearts. Today, Western Rumelia that is the victim of ignorance and politics, was fluttering in pathetic sorrows.<ref>Fevzi Çakmak (Mareşal), ''Garbî Rumeli'nin Suret-i Ziya-ı ve Balkan Harbinde Garp Cephesi Hakkında. Konferanslar'', Erkan-ı Harbiye Mektebi Matbaası, İstanbul, 1927, p. 475, modern Turkish text: ... 6 Haziran 1329 sabahı Karadeniz, akşama doğru da Gülcemal, seman iskelesinden hareket ettiler. Ben de Gülcemal'de indim. Garbî Rumeli'nde beş asırlık Türk hâkimiyetine veda ettik. Güneş batarken Arnavutluk sahilleri tedricen gözümüzün önünden siliniyordu. Atalarımızın asırlarca müdded kanlarıyla suladığı ve eski yeni birçok şühedamızın gömüldüğü vatan parçasının terki kalplerimizde nâ kabul izale acılar, hasretler tevlîd ediyordu. Cehalet ve politika kurbanı olan Garbî Rumeli elyevm elîm hicrânlar içinde çırpınmakadır.</ref>}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{bquote|On the morning of June 6, 1329, ''Karadeniz'', in late afternoon ''Gülcemal'', left pier at Seman. I also got on board ''Gülcemal''. We've bid farewell to five centuries of Turkish rule of Western Rumelia. When the sun went down, the coast of Albania was gradually ceasing to be visible in front of our eyes. The cession of the part of our homeland, where our ancestors irrigated with their blood for centuries and many old and new martyrs were buried, brought unacceptable heartbreak and nostalgia to our hearts. Today, Western Rumelia that is the victim of ignorance and politics, was fluttering in pathetic sorrows.<ref>Fevzi Çakmak (Mareşal), ''Garbî Rumeli'nin Suret-i Ziya-ı ve Balkan Harbinde Garp Cephesi Hakkında. Konferanslar'', Erkan-ı Harbiye Mektebi Matbaası, İstanbul, 1927, p. 475, modern Turkish text: ... 6 Haziran 1329 sabahı Karadeniz, akşama doğru da Gülcemal, seman iskelesinden hareket ettiler. Ben de Gülcemal'de indim. Garbî Rumeli'nde beş asırlık Türk hâkimiyetine veda ettik. Güneş batarken Arnavutluk sahilleri tedricen gözümüzün önünden siliniyordu. Atalarımızın asırlarca müdded kanlarıyla suladığı ve eski yeni birçok şühedamızın gömüldüğü vatan parçasının terki kalplerimizde nâ kabul izale acılar, hasretler tevlîd ediyordu. Cehalet ve politika kurbanı olan Garbî Rumeli elyevm elîm hicrânlar içinde çırpınmakadır.</ref>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>On 2 August 1913, he was appointed to the commander of the Ankara Reserve Division<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> (''Ankara Redif Fırkası'')</del>, on 6 November, to the commander of the [[2nd Infantry Division (Ottoman Empire)|2nd Infantry Division]]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> (''İkinci Fırka'')</del><ref name="Genelkurmay54"/> and on 24 November, he was promoted to the rank of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Miralay</del>.<ref name="Genelkurmay52"/></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>On 2 August 1913, he was appointed to the commander of the Ankara Reserve Division, on 6 November, to the commander of the [[2nd Infantry Division (Ottoman Empire)|2nd Infantry Division]]<ref name="Genelkurmay54"/> and on 24 November, he was promoted to the rank of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">colonel</ins>.<ref name="Genelkurmay52"/></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===World War I===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===World War I===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Portrait_of_Marashall_Fevzi_Çakmak.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Marashall Fevzi Çakmak by Hüseyin Avni Lifij]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>On 22 December 1913, he was appointed to the commander of the [[V Corps (Ottoman Empire)|V Corps]]. His corps engaged in the [[Gallipoli Campaign|defense of Gallipoli]].<ref name="Genelkurmay54"/> On 2 March 1915, he was promoted to the rank of [[Mirliva]].<ref name="Genelkurmay52"/> He arrived at the Gallipoli Front on 13 July and command his corps in battles of [[Battle of Gully Ravine#Achi Baba Nullah (2. Kerevizdere Battle)|Achi Baba]] (''İkinci Kerevizdere Muharebesi'') and [[Battle of Sari Bair|Sari Bair]]. On 8 August, his younger brother, the [[company commander|commander]] of the 1st Company of the 2nd Battalion of the 64th Regiment, Lieutenant Mehmed Nazif Efendi was killed in action in the [[Battle of Chunuk Bair]].<ref name="Mehmed Nazif">Kemal Arı, [http://web.deu.edu.tr/atmer/atmer/uploaded_files/file/kemalarimakale/mulazimievvel_nazif.pdf "Mülâzım-ı Evvel Mehmed Nazif Efendi'nin Conkbayırı'nda Şehit Düşüşü ve Buna İlişkin Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk)'in Bir Mektubu"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301213313/http://web.deu.edu.tr/atmer/atmer/uploaded_files/file/kemalarimakale/mulazimievvel_nazif.pdf |date=1 March 2012 }}, Türk Tarih Kurumu, ''Belleten'', LVIII/222 (Ağustos, 1994), pp. 451–459. {{in lang|tr}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>On 22 December 1913, he was appointed to the commander of the [[V Corps (Ottoman Empire)|V Corps]]. His corps engaged in the [[Gallipoli Campaign|defense of Gallipoli]].<ref name="Genelkurmay54"/> On 2 March 1915, he was promoted to the rank of [[Mirliva]].<ref name="Genelkurmay52"/> He arrived at the Gallipoli Front on 13 July and command his corps in battles of [[Battle of Gully Ravine#Achi Baba Nullah (2. Kerevizdere Battle)|Achi Baba]] (''İkinci Kerevizdere Muharebesi'') and [[Battle of Sari Bair|Sari Bair]]. On 8 August, his younger brother, the [[company commander|commander]] of the 1st Company of the 2nd Battalion of the 64th Regiment, Lieutenant Mehmed Nazif Efendi was killed in action in the [[Battle of Chunuk Bair]].<ref name="Mehmed Nazif">Kemal Arı, [http://web.deu.edu.tr/atmer/atmer/uploaded_files/file/kemalarimakale/mulazimievvel_nazif.pdf "Mülâzım-ı Evvel Mehmed Nazif Efendi'nin Conkbayırı'nda Şehit Düşüşü ve Buna İlişkin Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk)'in Bir Mektubu"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301213313/http://web.deu.edu.tr/atmer/atmer/uploaded_files/file/kemalarimakale/mulazimievvel_nazif.pdf |date=1 March 2012 }}, Türk Tarih Kurumu, ''Belleten'', LVIII/222 (Ağustos, 1994), pp. 451–459. {{in lang|tr}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>On 6 December 1915, he served concurrently as the commander of the Anafartalar Group. In April 1916, he was appointed to the 3rd military district of Eastern Front and on 7 September 1916, to the commander of [[II Caucasian Corps (Ottoman Empire)|II Caucasian Corps]] consisted of 5th, 11th and 37th Caucasian divisions. On 5 July 1917, he was appointed to the commander of the [[Second Army (Ottoman Empire)|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2nd</del> Army]] at [[Diyarbakır|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Diyârbekir</del>]].<ref name="Genelkurmay54"/></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>On 6 December 1915, he served concurrently as the commander of the Anafartalar Group. In April 1916, he was appointed to the 3rd military district of Eastern Front and on 7 September 1916, to the commander of [[II Caucasian Corps (Ottoman Empire)|II Caucasian Corps]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, which</ins> consisted of<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> the</ins> 5th, 11th and 37th Caucasian divisions. On 5 July 1917, he was appointed to the commander of the [[Second Army (Ottoman Empire)|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Second</ins> Army]] at [[Diyarbakır|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Diyarbekir</ins>]].<ref name="Genelkurmay54"/></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>On 9 October 1917, he was assigned to the command of the [[Seventh Army (Ottoman Empire)|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">7th</del> Army]] at the [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign|Sinai and Palestine Front]] and he remained in [[Aleppo]] until 18 October and began to move his headquarters forward to Halilürrahman and arrived there on 23 October.<ref name="Effectiveness115">Edward J. Erickson, ''Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I: A comparative study'', Routledge, 2007, {{ISBN|978-0-415-77099-6}}, p. 115.</ref> [[Erich von Falkenhayn]] gave Fevzi control of [[Beersheba]] and the eastern half of the Palestine Front on 28 October. But Falkenhayn gave <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">alternating</del> orders on the same day<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. According to these orders</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">gave the</del> command of all units on the Sinai Front [[Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein|Kress von Kressenstein]] until the new command arrangements <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">are</del> functional<ref name="Effectiveness120">Erickson, ''Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I: A comparative study'', p. 120.</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>On 9 October 1917, he was assigned to the command of the [[Seventh Army (Ottoman Empire)|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Seventh</ins> Army]] at the [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign|Sinai and Palestine Front]] and he remained in [[Aleppo]] until 18 October and began to move his headquarters forward to Halilürrahman and arrived there on 23 October.<ref name="Effectiveness115">Edward J. Erickson, ''Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I: A comparative study'', Routledge, 2007, {{ISBN|978-0-415-77099-6}}, p. 115.</ref> [[Erich von Falkenhayn]] gave Fevzi control of [[Beersheba]] and the eastern half of the Palestine Front on 28 October. But Falkenhayn gave <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">an alternate set of</ins> orders on the same day, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">giving</ins> command of all units on the Sinai Front<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> to</ins> [[Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein|Kress von Kressenstein]] until the new command arrangements <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">would become</ins> functional<ref name="Effectiveness120">Erickson, ''Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I: A comparative study'', p. 120.</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>On 15 February 1918, he wrote to Erich von Falkenhayn, serious problems with the inefficient lines of communication and the supply and recruiting <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Zone</del> proportionate with the strength and situation of the army. Moreover, he mentioned that here were combat skills proficiency problems caused by the inability of his under-strength army to withdraw front-line units for training in the rear area.<ref>Erickson, ''Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I: A comparative study'', p. 143.</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>On 15 February 1918, he wrote to Erich von Falkenhayn, serious problems with the inefficient lines of communication and the supply and recruiting <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">zone</ins> proportionate with the strength and situation of the army. Moreover, he mentioned that here were combat skills proficiency problems caused by the inability of his under-strength army to withdraw front-line units for training in the rear area.<ref>Erickson, ''Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I: A comparative study'', p. 143.</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>On 28 July 1918, he was promoted to the rank of [[Ferik (rank)|Ferik]].<ref name="Genelkurmay52"/> But in August 1918 he <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">became</del> ill and went to Istanbul to get medical treatment.<ref name="Genelkurmay54"/></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>On 28 July 1918, he was promoted to the rank of [[Ferik (rank)|Ferik]].<ref name="Genelkurmay52"/> But in August 1918 he <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fell</ins> ill and went to Istanbul to get medical treatment.<ref name="Genelkurmay54"/></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>After World War I, on 24 December 1918, Fevzi Pasha was appointed to the Chief of the General Staff<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> (''Erkân-ı Harbiye Umûmiye Riyaseti'')</del> of the Ottoman Empire. In April 1919, he met with [[Şevket Turgut Pasha]], [[Cevat Çobanlı|Cevat Pasha]] secretly in Constantinople and prepared a report called "Trio Oath" (''Üçler Misâkı'') to establish army inspectorate for the defense of homeland. In late April, Fevzi Pasha submitted this report to the Minister of War [[Şakir Pasha]]. On 30 April 1919, the War Ministry and Sultan [[Mehmed VI]] ratified the decision about the establishing of army inspectorates that had been accepted by the Chief of General Staff<ref>Zekeriya Türkmen, ''Mütareke Döneminde Ordunun Durumu ve Yeniden Yapılanması (1918–1920)'', Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 2001, {{ISBN|975-16-1372-8}}, p. 105. {{in lang|tr}}</ref> On 14 May 1919, he was appointed to the commander of the Inspector of the [[First Army (Ottoman Empire)#After Mudros|1st Army Troops Inspectorate]] (''Birinci Ordu Kıt'aatı Müfettişi''). On 3 November, he assigned to the task in ''Heyet-i Nasîha'' and on 31 December, he was appointed to the member of the Military Council (''Askerî Şûra''). He became the Minister of War of [[Ali Rıza Pasha]] Cabinet (3 February – 3 March 1920) and [[Salih Hulusi Pasha|Salih Pasha]] Cabinet (8 March – 2 April 1920).<ref name="Genelkurmay54"/></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>After World War I, on 24 December 1918, Fevzi Pasha was appointed to the Chief of the General Staff of the Ottoman Empire. In April 1919, he met with [[Şevket Turgut Pasha]], [[Cevat Çobanlı|Cevat Pasha]] secretly in Constantinople and prepared a report called "Trio Oath" (''Üçler Misâkı'') to establish army inspectorate for the defense of homeland. In late April, Fevzi Pasha submitted this report to the Minister of War [[Şakir Pasha]]. On 30 April 1919, the War Ministry and Sultan [[Mehmed VI]] ratified the decision about the establishing of army inspectorates that had been accepted by the Chief of General Staff<ref>Zekeriya Türkmen, ''Mütareke Döneminde Ordunun Durumu ve Yeniden Yapılanması (1918–1920)'', Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 2001, {{ISBN|975-16-1372-8}}, p. 105. {{in lang|tr}}</ref> On 14 May 1919, he was appointed to the commander of the Inspector of the [[First Army (Ottoman Empire)#After Mudros|1st Army Troops Inspectorate]] (''Birinci Ordu Kıt'aatı Müfettişi''). On 3 November, he assigned to the task in ''Heyet-i Nasîha'' and on 31 December, he was appointed to the member of the Military Council (''Askerî Şûra''). He became the Minister of War of [[Ali Rıza Pasha]] Cabinet (3 February – 3 March 1920) and [[Salih Hulusi Pasha|Salih Pasha]] Cabinet (8 March – 2 April 1920).<ref name="Genelkurmay54"/></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>==War of Independence==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>==War of Independence==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 137:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 139:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The Army of Grand National Assembly defeated the Greek forces at the [[Battle of Sakarya]] on the outskirts of Ankara.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The Army of Grand National Assembly defeated the Greek forces at the [[Battle of Sakarya]] on the outskirts of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Ankara<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><ref>Sadri Karakoyunlu, "Sakarya Meydan Muharebesi'nin Yankıları (Melhâme-i Kübrâ Büyük Kan Seli veya büyük Savaş Alanı)", ''Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi'', Sayı 31, Cilt: XI, Mart 1995, [http://www.atam.gov.tr/index.php?Page=DergiIcerik&IcerikNo=807<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>] {{in lang|tr}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><ref>Sadri Karakoyunlu, "Sakarya Meydan Muharebesi'nin Yankıları (Melhâme-i Kübrâ Büyük Kan Seli veya büyük Savaş Alanı)", ''Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi'', Sayı 31, Cilt: XI, Mart 1995, [http://www.atam.gov.tr/index.php?Page=DergiIcerik&IcerikNo=807] {{in lang|tr}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>On 12 July 1922, he resigned as the Prime Minister.<ref name="Genelkurmay55"/></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>On 12 July 1922, he resigned as the Prime Minister.<ref name="Genelkurmay55"/></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 157:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 159:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>===Musul offensive plan===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>===Musul offensive plan===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Expand section|date=October 2010}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Expand section|date=October 2010}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><ref>Zekeriya Türkmen, "Özdemir Bey’in Musul Harekatı ve İngilizlerin Karşı Tedbirleri (1921–1923)", ''Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi'', Sayı 49, Cilt: XVII, Mart 2001, [http://www.atam.gov.tr/index.php?Page=DergiIcerik&IcerikNo=270<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>] {{in lang|tr}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><ref>Zekeriya Türkmen, "Özdemir Bey’in Musul Harekatı ve İngilizlerin Karşı Tedbirleri (1921–1923)", ''Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi'', Sayı 49, Cilt: XVII, Mart 2001, [http://www.atam.gov.tr/index.php?Page=DergiIcerik&IcerikNo=270] {{in lang|tr}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>On 14 August 1923, he was elected a deputy from Istanbul.<ref name="Genelkurmay55"/></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>On 14 August 1923, he was elected a deputy from Istanbul.<ref name="Genelkurmay55"/></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 166:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 168:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>=== Member of the Reform Council in the East ===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>=== Member of the Reform Council in the East ===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>In September 1925, after the suppression of the [[Sheikh Said rebellion]], he was a member of the Reform Council of the East ({{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Lang-</del>tr|Turkish: Şark İslahat Encümeni}}) which delivered the [[1925 Report for Reform in the East (Turkey)|Report for Reform in the East]] ({{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Lang-</del>tr|Şark İslahat Raporu}}), which recommended the suppression of the Kurdish elite and establishment of [[Inspectorates-General (Turkey)|Inspectorates-General]] that where governed by [[Martial law|Martial Law]]<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Suny|first1=Ronald Grigor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AoM8DwAAQBAJ&q=sark+islahat+enc%C3%BCmeni+turkey+Fevzi+Cakmak&pg=PA301|title=A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire|last2=Göçek|first2=Fatma Müge|last3=Gocek|first3=Fatma Muge|last4=Naimark|first4=Norman M.|last5=Naimark|first5=Robert and Florence McDonnell Professor of East European Studies Norman M.|date=2011-02-23|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-539374-3|pages=301–302|language=en}}</ref> Following this report, three of such Inspectorates–General were established in the Kurdish areas.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jongerden|first=Joost|title=The Settlement Issue in Turkey and the Kurds: An Analysis of Spatial Policies, Modernity and War|url=https://archive.org/details/settlementissuet00jong_169|url-access=limited|date=28 May 2007|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-474-2011-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/settlementissuet00jong_169/page/n82 53]|language=en}}</ref> </div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>In September 1925, after the suppression of the [[Sheikh Said rebellion]], he was a member of the Reform Council of the East ({{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Langx|</ins>tr|Turkish: Şark İslahat Encümeni}}) which delivered the [[1925 Report for Reform in the East (Turkey)|Report for Reform in the East]] ({{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Langx|</ins>tr|Şark İslahat Raporu}}), which recommended the suppression of the Kurdish elite and establishment of [[Inspectorates-General (Turkey)|Inspectorates-General]] that where governed by [[Martial law|Martial Law]]<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Suny|first1=Ronald Grigor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AoM8DwAAQBAJ&q=sark+islahat+enc%C3%BCmeni+turkey+Fevzi+Cakmak&pg=PA301|title=A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire|last2=Göçek|first2=Fatma Müge|last3=Gocek|first3=Fatma Muge|last4=Naimark|first4=Norman M.|last5=Naimark|first5=Robert and Florence McDonnell Professor of East European Studies Norman M.|date=2011-02-23|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-539374-3|pages=301–302|language=en}}</ref> Following this report, three of such Inspectorates–General were established in the Kurdish areas.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jongerden|first=Joost|title=The Settlement Issue in Turkey and the Kurds: An Analysis of Spatial Policies, Modernity and War|url=https://archive.org/details/settlementissuet00jong_169|url-access=limited|date=28 May 2007|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-474-2011-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/settlementissuet00jong_169/page/n82 53]|language=en}}</ref> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>=== Views on Kurds ===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>=== Views on Kurds ===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>In 1930, he complained that the Kurds would still demand their right for self-determination like it was described in the [[Fourteen Points]] provided by US president [[Woodrow Wilson]] following the end of [[World War I]], and demanded the exclusion of any member of Kurdish race from the administration in [[Erzincan]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kieser|first=Hans-Lukas|author-link=Hans-Lukas Kieser|date=2016-01-19|title=Dersim Massacre, 1937-1938 {{!}} Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network|url=http://dersim-massacre-1937-1938.html/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|url-status=live</del>|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-01-31|website=dersim-massacre-1937-1938.html|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> </div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>In 1930, he complained that the Kurds would still demand their right for self-determination like it was described in the [[Fourteen Points]] provided by US president [[Woodrow Wilson]] following the end of [[World War I]], and demanded the exclusion of any member of Kurdish race from the administration in [[Erzincan]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kieser|first=Hans-Lukas|author-link=Hans-Lukas Kieser|date=2016-01-19|title=Dersim Massacre, 1937-1938 {{!}} Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network|url=http://dersim-massacre-1937-1938.html/|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-01-31|website=dersim-massacre-1937-1938.html|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>=== Candidate to be Atatürk's successor ===</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>=== Candidate to be Atatürk's successor ===</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>His name was mentioned as a possible successor of Atatürk and as a Turkish war hero he was very respected amongst the Turkish political and civil society. But he denied his interest of becoming president mentioning Ismet Inönü as the official candidate.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gingeras|first=Ryan|title=Eternal Dawn: Turkey in the Age of Atatürk|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2019|isbn=978-0-19-879121-8|location=|pages=383|language=en}}</ref><ref>[[Hasan Rıza Soyak]], Atatürk's secretary, quotes Atatürk on the subject of his successor, "Of course, the right to speak and elect belongs to nation and its representative Grand National Assembly. But I'll state my opinion about this issue. Firstly İsmet Paşa comes to mind; he has performed many great contributions to this country. However, for some reason he seems not to get (sic) public sympathy. So he should not be very attractive (sic). And Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak, he has great contributions in this country and also he fared well with everyone, he always has appreciated opinions of owners of authority; he is in a fight with nobody. In this regard, I think he is the most appropriate friend for the Head of State". Atatürk'ten Hatıralar'', Yapıkredi Yayınları, 2004, {{ISBN|975-08-0882-7}}, p. 717.{{in lang|tr}}</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>His name was mentioned as a possible successor of Atatürk and as a Turkish war hero he was very respected amongst the Turkish political and civil society. But he denied his interest of becoming president mentioning Ismet Inönü as the official candidate.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gingeras|first=Ryan|title=Eternal Dawn: Turkey in the Age of Atatürk|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2019|isbn=978-0-19-879121-8|location=|pages=383|language=en}}</ref><ref>[[Hasan Rıza Soyak]], Atatürk's secretary, quotes Atatürk on the subject of his successor, "Of course, the right to speak and elect belongs to nation and its representative Grand National Assembly. But I'll state my opinion about this issue. Firstly İsmet Paşa comes to mind; he has performed many great contributions to this country. However, for some reason he seems not to get (sic) public sympathy. So he should not be very attractive (sic). And Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak, he has great contributions in this country and also he fared well with everyone, he always has appreciated opinions of owners of authority; he is in a fight with nobody. In this regard, I think he is the most appropriate friend for the Head of State". Atatürk'ten Hatıralar'', Yapıkredi Yayınları, 2004, {{ISBN|975-08-0882-7}}, p. 717.{{in lang|tr}}<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins></ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>He retired on 12 January 1944.<ref name="Genelkurmay55"/></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>He retired on 12 January 1944.<ref name="Genelkurmay55"/></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 183:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 185:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>He knew French, English, German, Russian, [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Albanian language|Albanian]], and [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]].<ref name="Genelkurmay52"/> He spoke French and translated English and German.<ref>Hayrullah Gök, ''Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak'ın askerî ve siyasî faaliyetleri, 1876–1950'', appendix: 25, İstanbul Milletvekili Seçilen Fevzi Paşa için tanzim edilen tutanak.</ref></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>He knew French, English, German, Russian, [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Albanian language|Albanian]], and [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]].<ref name="Genelkurmay52"/> He spoke French and translated English and German.<ref>Hayrullah Gök, ''Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak'ın askerî ve siyasî faaliyetleri, 1876–1950'', appendix: 25, İstanbul Milletvekili Seçilen Fevzi Paşa için tanzim edilen tutanak.</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>==Medals and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Decorations</del>==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>==Medals and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">decorations</ins>==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>*[[Imtiyaz Medal]] in Silver (23 January 1900)</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>*[[Imtiyaz Medal]] in Silver (23 January 1900)</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>*[[Order of Medjidie]], 5th class (22 August 1900)</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>*[[Order of Medjidie]], 5th class (22 August 1900)</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 216:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 218:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Tree chart|boxstyle=background:#F5FFFA;| | | | | | | | | | | | MŞÇ |y|NGR | | AMZ |~| BRH | | | | | | | |MŞÇ=M. Şefik Çakmak<br />(1892–1966)|boxstyle_NGR=background-color:Cyan; |NGR=Nigar Çakmak<br />(1909–1982)|AMZ=A. Muazzez<br />(1911–1939)|BRH=Burhan Toprak<br />(1906–1967)}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Tree chart|boxstyle=background:#F5FFFA;| | | | | | | | | | | | MŞÇ |y|NGR | | AMZ |~| BRH | | | | | | | |MŞÇ=M. Şefik Çakmak<br />(1892–1966)|boxstyle_NGR=background-color:Cyan; |NGR=Nigar Çakmak<br />(1909–1982)|AMZ=A. Muazzez<br />(1911–1939)|BRH=Burhan Toprak<br />(1906–1967)}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Tree chart|boxstyle=background:#F5FFFA;| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Tree chart|boxstyle=background:#F5FFFA;| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Tree chart|boxstyle=background:#F5FFFA;| | | | | | | | | | | | | |AHM |y| NRK | | | | | | | | | | | | | |boxstyle_AHM=background-color:LightSkyBlue |AHM=[[Professor emeritus]] of [[Princeton University]]<ref>[http://www.princeton.edu/pr/pwb/00/0522/p/emeritus.shtml "Cakmak, Irby, Keaney, Miner, Obeyesekere, Peebles transfer to emeritus status"], ''Princeton Weekly Bulletin'', 22 May 2000, [[Princeton University]].</ref><br />[[:tr:Ahmet S. Çakmak|Ahmet <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">S.</del> Çakmak]]<ref>[http://www.princeton.edu/engineering/eqnews/summer00/feature10.html Ahmet Çakmak named 2000 SEAS Distinguished Professor of the department of operations research and financial engineering]</ref><ref>[http://orfe.princeton.edu/people/faculty Ahmet Çakmak, Professor Emeritus, the department of operations research and financial engineering]</ref><br />(1934–)|NRK=Noriko Nagafuji Çakmak<br />[[Japanese language|Ja]] チャクマク・長藤紀子<br />(1949–)}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>{{Tree chart|boxstyle=background:#F5FFFA;| | | | | | | | | | | | | |AHM |y| NRK | | | | | | | | | | | | | |boxstyle_AHM=background-color:LightSkyBlue |AHM=[[Professor emeritus]] of [[Princeton University]]<ref>[http://www.princeton.edu/pr/pwb/00/0522/p/emeritus.shtml "Cakmak, Irby, Keaney, Miner, Obeyesekere, Peebles transfer to emeritus status"], ''Princeton Weekly Bulletin'', 22 May 2000, [[Princeton University]].</ref><br />[[:tr:Ahmet S. Çakmak|Ahmet <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Şefik</ins> Çakmak]]<ref>[http://www.princeton.edu/engineering/eqnews/summer00/feature10.html Ahmet Çakmak named 2000 SEAS Distinguished Professor of the department of operations research and financial engineering]</ref><ref>[http://orfe.princeton.edu/people/faculty Ahmet Çakmak, Professor Emeritus, the department of operations research and financial engineering]</ref><br />(1934–)|NRK=Noriko Nagafuji Çakmak<br />[[Japanese language|Ja]] チャクマク・長藤紀子<br />(1949–)}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Tree chart|boxstyle=background:#F5FFFA;| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Tree chart|boxstyle=background:#F5FFFA;| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Tree chart|boxstyle=background:#F5FFFA;| | | | | | | | | | | | | | ELY | | LAY | | | | | | | | | | | | | |ELY=Erika Leila<br />(1972–)|LAY=Lisa Ayla<br />(1978–)}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Tree chart|boxstyle=background:#F5FFFA;| | | | | | | | | | | | | | ELY | | LAY | | | | | | | | | | | | | |ELY=Erika Leila<br />(1972–)|LAY=Lisa Ayla<br />(1978–)}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 305:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 307:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:1950 deaths]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:1950 deaths]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:20th-century prime ministers of Turkey]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:20th-century prime ministers of Turkey]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">People</del> from Istanbul]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Military personnel</ins> from Istanbul]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Kuleli Military High School alumni]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Kuleli Military High School alumni]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Ottoman Military Academy alumni]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Ottoman Military Academy alumni]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 313:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 315:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Ottoman military personnel of the Balkan Wars]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Ottoman military personnel of the Balkan Wars]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Ottoman military personnel of World War I]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Ottoman military personnel of World War I]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Turks from the Ottoman Empire]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Turkish Army generals]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Turkish Army generals]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Chiefs of the Turkish General Staff]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Chiefs of the Turkish General Staff]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 318:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 321:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Turkish military personnel of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Turkish military personnel of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Field marshals of Turkey]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Field marshals of Turkey]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Prime Ministers of Turkey]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Government ministers of Turkey]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Government ministers of Turkey]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Ministers of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">National</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Defence</del> of Turkey]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Ministers of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">national</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">defence</ins> of Turkey]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie, 5th class]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie, 5th class]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Recipients of the Gold Imtiyaz Medal]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Recipients of the Gold Imtiyaz Medal]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 331:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 333:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Members of the 1st government of Turkey]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Members of the 1st government of Turkey]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Category:Nation Party (Turkey, 1948) politicians]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Nation Party (Turkey, 1948) politicians]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Anti-Kurdish sentiment]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[Category:Turanists]]</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Latest revision as of 16:56, 24 November 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Turkish field marshal and politician (1876–1950)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Fevzi Pasha" redirects here. For other people known as Fevzi Pasha, see <a href="/wiki/Fevzi_Pasha_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fevzi Pasha (disambiguation)">Fevzi Pasha (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mare%C5%9Fal_(Turkey)" title="Mareşal (Turkey)">Mareşal</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Fevzi Çakmak</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%B0stanbul_milletvekili_Fevzi_%C3%87akmak.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/%C4%B0stanbul_milletvekili_Fevzi_%C3%87akmak.png/220px-%C4%B0stanbul_milletvekili_Fevzi_%C3%87akmak.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/%C4%B0stanbul_milletvekili_Fevzi_%C3%87akmak.png/330px-%C4%B0stanbul_milletvekili_Fevzi_%C3%87akmak.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/%C4%B0stanbul_milletvekili_Fevzi_%C3%87akmak.png/440px-%C4%B0stanbul_milletvekili_Fevzi_%C3%87akmak.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="735" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Çakmak in 1946</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Turkey" title="Prime Minister of Turkey">Prime Minister of the Government of the Grand National Assembly</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />24 January 1921 – 12 July 1922</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rauf_Orbay" title="Rauf Orbay">Rauf Orbay</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Turkey" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey">Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />3 May 1920 – 24 January 1921</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCmtaz_%C3%96kmen" title="Mümtaz Ökmen">Mümtaz Ökmen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1946)</span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd <a href="/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="General Staff of the Republic of Turkey">Chief of General Staff</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />5 August 1921 – 12 January 1944</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet İnönü</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet İnönü</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Orbay" title="Kâzım Orbay">Kâzım Orbay</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of National Defense (Turkey)">Minister of National Defense</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />3 May 1920 – 5 August 1921</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a><br />Himself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Position established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Refet_Bele" title="Refet Bele">Refet Bele</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Government_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Government (Ottoman Empire)">Minister of War</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />3 February 1920 – 2 April 1920</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ali_R%C4%B1za_Pasha" title="Ali Rıza Pasha">Ali Rıza Pasha</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Salih_Hulusi_Pasha" title="Salih Hulusi Pasha">Salih Hulusi Pasha</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Government_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Government (Ottoman Empire)">5th Chief of General Staff</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />24 December 1918 – 14 May 1919</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Prime Minister</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Tevfik_Pasha" title="Ahmet Tevfik Pasha">Ahmet Tevfik Pasha</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Damat_Ferid_Pasha" title="Damat Ferid Pasha">Damat Ferid Pasha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cevat_%C3%87obanl%C4%B1" title="Cevat Çobanlı">Djevad Pasha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cevat_%C3%87obanl%C4%B1" title="Cevat Çobanlı">Djevad Pasha</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1876-01-12</span>)</span>12 January 1876<br /><a href="/wiki/Cihangir" title="Cihangir">Cihangir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">10 April 1950<span style="display:none">(1950-04-10)</span> (aged 74)<br /><a href="/wiki/Te%C5%9Fvikiye" title="Teşvikiye">Teşvikiye</a>, Istanbul, Turkey</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Ey%C3%BCp_Cemetery" title="Eyüp Cemetery">Eyüp Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nation_Party_(Turkey,_1948)" title="Nation Party (Turkey, 1948)">Nation Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish Republic</a>, 1948–50)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Democrat_Party_(Turkey,_1946%E2%80%931961)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democrat Party (Turkey, 1946–1961)">Democrat Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Turkish Republic, 1946–48)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fevzi_%C3%87akmak_signature.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Fevzi Çakmak's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak_signature.png/128px-Fevzi_%C3%87akmak_signature.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak_signature.png 1.5x" data-file-width="161" data-file-height="55" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Kavaklı Fevzi,<br />Müşir, Mareşal</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (1896–1920)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">Ankara Government</a> (1920–1923)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (1920–1944)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Army">Ottoman Army</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Land_Forces#War_of_Independence" title="Turkish Land Forces">Army of the GNA</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Turkish_Land_Forces_Command.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkish_Land_Forces_Command.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Turkish_Land_Forces_Command.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkish_Land_Forces_Command.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Turkish_Land_Forces_Command.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkish_Land_Forces_Command.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Army">Turkish Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1896–1944</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey-Army-OF-10_(1933-1947).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Turkey-Army-OF-10_%281933-1947%29.svg/25px-Turkey-Army-OF-10_%281933-1947%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Turkey-Army-OF-10_%281933-1947%29.svg/38px-Turkey-Army-OF-10_%281933-1947%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Turkey-Army-OF-10_%281933-1947%29.svg/50px-Turkey-Army-OF-10_%281933-1947%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1304" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Mare%C5%9Fal_(Turkey)" title="Mareşal (Turkey)">Mareşal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/2nd_Division_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Division (Ottoman Empire)">2nd Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="V Corps (Ottoman Empire)">5th Corps</a>, <a href="/wiki/II_Caucasian_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="II Caucasian Corps (Ottoman Empire)">2nd Caucasian Corps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Second Army (Ottoman Empire)">2nd Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Seventh Army (Ottoman Empire)">7th Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)#After_Mundros" title="First Army (Ottoman Empire)">1st Army Troops Inspectorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Chiefs_of_the_Turkish_General_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the Chiefs of the Turkish General Staff">Chief of the General Staff</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_National_Awakening" title="Albanian National Awakening">Albanian Uprising</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a><br /><a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Said_rebellion" title="Sheikh Said rebellion">Sheikh Said rebellion</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ararat_rebellion" title="Ararat rebellion">Ararat rebellion</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dersim_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dersim Rebellion">Dersim Rebellion</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mustafa Fevzi Çakmak</b> (12 January<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1876 – 10 April 1950) was a Turkish <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal" title="Field marshal">field marshal</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Mare%C5%9Fal_(Turkey)" title="Mareşal (Turkey)">Mareşal</a></i>) and politician. He served as the Chief of General Staff from 1918 and 1919 and later the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Government_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Government (Ottoman Empire)">Minister of War</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1920. He later joined the provisional <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">Government of the Grand National Assembly</a> and became the <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Turkey" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey">Deputy Prime Minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of National Defense (Turkey)">Minister of National Defense</a> and later as the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Turkey" title="Prime Minister of Turkey">Prime Minister of Turkey</a> from 1921 to 1922. He was the second <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Chiefs_of_the_Turkish_General_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the Chiefs of the Turkish General Staff">Chief of the General Staff</a> of the provisional <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">Ankara Government</a> and the first Chief of the General Staff of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Graduating from the War College as a <a href="/wiki/Staff_(military)" title="Staff (military)">Staff</a> <a href="/wiki/Captain_(land)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (land)">Captain</a> and assigned to the 4th Department of the General Staff, Mustafa Fevzi participated in numerous battles during the prolonged downfall of the Ottoman Empire, such as the <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monastir" title="Battle of Monastir">Battle of Monastir</a>. He was engaged as the Commander of the <a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="V Corps (Ottoman Empire)">V Corps</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Campaign">defence of Gallipoli</a>, during which his younger brother was killed in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chunuk_Bair" title="Battle of Chunuk Bair">Battle of Chunuk Bair</a>. He became a <a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">Pasha</a> and the Chief of General Staff of the Ottoman Empire after the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> and was appointed as the commander of the <a href="/wiki/First_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="First Army (Ottoman Empire)">First Army Troops Inspectorate</a> in 1919 by <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire">Grand Vizier</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Tevfik_Pasha" title="Ahmet Tevfik Pasha">Ahmet Tevfik Pasha</a>. After briefly serving as War Minister in 1920, Fevzi left to join the dissident Grand National Assembly in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a> for <a href="/wiki/Kozan,_Adana" title="Kozan, Adana">Kozan</a>. </p><p>He was appointed as National Defence Minister and Deputy Prime Minister by <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Paşa</a> in 1920, commanding numerous military successes throughout the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a>, notably during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sakarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sakarya">Battle of Sakarya</a>. He succeeded Mustafa Kemal as Prime Minister in 1921, resigning in 1922 to engage in the successful <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dumlup%C4%B1nar" title="Battle of Dumlupınar">Battle of Dumlupınar</a>. He was appointed <a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal">Field Marshal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mare%C5%9Fal_(Turkey)" title="Mareşal (Turkey)">Mareşal</a>) in 1922 at the recommendation of Mustafa Kemal. He had succeeded <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet İnönü</a> as the Chief of General Staff in August 1921 and continued serving after the Turkish Republic was declared in 1923. Adopting the surname 'Çakmak', he was a candidate to succeed <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> as the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Turkey" title="President of Turkey">President of Turkey</a> after Atatürk's death in 1938, but stood down in favour of İnönü. He continued to serve as Chief of General Staff until 1944, after which he became a Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Turkey,_historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (Turkey, historical)">Democrat Party</a>. He later resigned from the Democrats and co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Nation_Party_(Turkey,_1948)" title="Nation Party (Turkey, 1948)">Nation Party</a> headed by <a href="/wiki/Osman_B%C3%B6l%C3%BCkba%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Osman Bölükbaşı">Osman Bölükbaşı</a>. </p><p>Fevzi Çakmak remains, alongside Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, as one of the only two field marshals of Turkey. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_and_schools">Family and schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family and schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mustafa Fevzi was born on 12 January 1876 in <a href="/wiki/Cihangir" title="Cihangir">Cihangir</a> (<a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>) His family is of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their ancestors came to Istanbul from <a href="/wiki/%C3%87akmak,_G%C3%B6nen" title="Çakmak, Gönen">Çakmak</a>, in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Bal%C4%B1kesir_Province" title="Balıkesir Province">Balıkesir Province</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to mother Hesna Hanım, daughter of Varnalı Hacı Bekir Efendi, who was the youngest son of Ömer Ağa, and father Ali Sırrı Efendi, who was the son of Çakmakoğlu Hüseyin Derviş Kaptan. Ali Sırrı Efendi had served for Tophane (Arsenal) as secretary. In 1879 Ali Sırrı Bey was appointed to Black Sea Artillery Regiment (<i>Karadeniz Topçu Alayı</i>) at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rumeli_Kava%C4%9F%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rumeli Kavağı (page does not exist)">Rumeli Kavağı</a>, and the family moved there. Thus, Fevzi's name in the Army became "Kavaklı Fevzi Pasha".<sup id="cite_ref-Gök3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gök3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He studied at Sadık Hoca Mektebi in Rumeli Kavağı between 1882 and 1884. He continued to study at Tedrisiye-i Haybiye Mektebi in <a href="/wiki/Sar%C4%B1yer" title="Sarıyer">Sarıyer</a> between 1884 and 1886, at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salonica_Military_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salonica Military School (page does not exist)">Salonica Military School</a> (<i>Selânik Askerî Rüşdiyesi</i> ) between 1886 and 1887, at Soğukçeşme Askerî Rüşdiyesi between 1887 and 1890. He learned <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> languages from his grandfather Hacı Bekir Efendi, who had studied in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> and was one of the prominent intelligentsia at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Gök3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gök3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He continued to <a href="/wiki/Kuleli_Military_High_School" title="Kuleli Military High School">Kuleli Military High School</a> (<i>Kuleli Askerî İdadisi</i>) between 1890 and 1893.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After graduating from the Kuleli military high school, he entered <a href="/wiki/Kara_Harp_Okulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara Harp Okulu">Ottoman Military College</a> on 29 April 1893. He completed the military school as the seventh of the class on 28 January 1896 and joined the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Military of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman military</a> as an infantryman where he saw combat during the 1897 <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1897)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1897)">Greco-Turkish War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Second_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Lieutenant">Second Lieutenant</a> (<i>Mülâzım-ı Sani</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Genelkurmay52_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay52-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 January 1898, he entered the Imperial War Academy and on 16 March 1897, he was promoted to the rank of first lieutenant.<sup id="cite_ref-Genelkurmay52_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay52-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 December 1898, he graduated from Academy as a staff captain and was assigned to the 4th department of the General Staff.<sup id="cite_ref-Genelkurmay53_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay53-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Rumelia">Western Rumelia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Western Rumelia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitrovica_train_station_1894.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mitrovica_train_station_1894.jpg/170px-Mitrovica_train_station_1894.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mitrovica_train_station_1894.jpg/255px-Mitrovica_train_station_1894.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mitrovica_train_station_1894.jpg/340px-Mitrovica_train_station_1894.jpg 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Railway station of Metroviça (<a href="/wiki/Kosovska_Mitrovica" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovska Mitrovica">Mitrovica</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>On 11 April 1899, he became the staff officer of 18th Regular Division under the command of <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Eemsi_Pasha_(general)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Şemsi Pasha (general) (page does not exist)">Şemsi Pasha</a> at Metroviça (present day <a href="/wiki/Kosovska_Mitrovica" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovska Mitrovica">Mitrovica</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Third Army (Ottoman Empire)">Third Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Genelkurmay53_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay53-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He studied <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> languages to read their newspapers for collecting information. On 20 April 1900, he was promoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Kola%C4%9Fas%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolağası">Kolağası</a>, on 20 April 1902, Major (<i>Binbaşı</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-Genelkurmay52_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay52-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 19 July 1906, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Colonel">Lieutenant Colonel</a> (<i>Kaymakam</i>) and on 17 December 1907, <a href="/wiki/Miralay" title="Miralay">Miralay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Genelkurmay53_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay53-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to some researchers, he was in contact with <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> and elected the member of the secret board of directors of the Metroviça branch of the committee.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 3 July 1908, Senior Captain <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Niyazi_Bey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Niyazi Bey">Ahmed Niyazi Bey</a> stationed at Resne (present day: <a href="/wiki/Resen_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resen (town)">Resen</a>), an ethnic <a href="/wiki/Albanian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian people">Albanian</a>, took to the hills with 200 soldiers and a number of civilians, and issued a manifesto which demanded the restoration of constitutional government. Şemsi Pasha, an ethnic Albanian, was ordered to crush the rebel and went to Monastir with two battalions. But he was shot and killed by then Second Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/At%C4%B1f_Kam%C3%A7%C4%B1l" title="Atıf Kamçıl">Bigalı Atıf Bey</a>. </p><p>On 19 August 1909, he was demoted to major, because of the Law for the Purge of Military Ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-Genelkurmay53_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay53-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 29 December 1908 he was appointed as governor and commander of Taşlıca (present day <a href="/wiki/Pljevlja" title="Pljevlja">Pljevlja</a>), and at the same time, the commander of the 35th Brigade .<sup id="cite_ref-Genelkurmay53_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay53-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 January 1910, he was temporarily assigned to the headquarters of the Kosovo Provisional Corps, on 29 September,<sup id="cite_ref-Genelkurmay53_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay53-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel and on 27 July,<sup id="cite_ref-Genelkurmay52_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay52-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became the chief of staff of the same corps.<sup id="cite_ref-Genelkurmay53_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay53-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 January 1911, he was assigned to the 4th department of the General Staff. On 2 October 1911, when he was staying in İşkodra (present day: <a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Shkodër</a>), because <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> (29 September 1911 – 18 October 1912) broke out, he was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Western Army (Ottoman Empire)">Western Army</a> that was formed for the defense of <a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Western Rumelia</a> under the command of Birinci Ferik <a href="/wiki/Ali_R%C4%B1za_Pasha" title="Ali Rıza Pasha">Ali Rıza Pasha</a>. On 6 October, he was appointed governor of İpek Sancağı (present day <a href="/wiki/District_of_Peja" title="District of Peja">District of Peja</a>). On 19 October, he went back to Istanbul to continue his task at the 4th department of the General Staff. On 11 February 1912, he was appointed to the member of the committee that was formed under the chairmanship of the Minister of the Interior Hacı Adil Bey with the decision about reform of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ottoman_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ottoman Albania">Albania</a> and three <a href="/wiki/Vilayet" title="Vilayet">vilayet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Salonica_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Salonica Vilayet">Salonica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monastir_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastir Vilayet">Monastir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo Vilayet">Kosova</a>). 9 May, he was appointed to a secretariat formed in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier">Sadaret</a> and on 3 July, to the deputy commander of the 21st Infantry Division at Yakova (now <a href="/wiki/Gjakova" title="Gjakova">Gjakova</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Genelkurmay53_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay53-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 6 August, to the staff of the General Forces of Kosovo .<sup id="cite_ref-Genelkurmay54_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay54-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balkan_Wars">Balkan Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Balkan Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 29 September 1912, he was appointed to the chief of the 1st department (chief of operations) of the <a href="/wiki/Vardar_Army" title="Vardar Army">Vardar Army</a> under the command of Ferik <a href="/wiki/Zekki_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Zekki Pasha">Halepli Zeki Pasha</a>, formed within the Western Army.<sup id="cite_ref-Genelkurmay54_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay54-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> (8 October 1912 – 30 May 1913), after the defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kumanovo" title="Battle of Kumanovo">Battle of Kumanovo</a> ( 23–24 October 1912), Fevzi wrote that the distributions of the Ottoman forces over a wide area gave initiative to the enemy and that mobilization and concentration plan was poorly designed and flawed. He also noted that there were great deficiencies in artillery, wireless, and air units.<sup id="cite_ref-Defeat183_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Defeat183-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But he wrote that he had put the idea of creating a six-corps army of one hundred thousand men operation on interior lines from the Monastir (present day: <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a>) area.<sup id="cite_ref-Defeat183_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Defeat183-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vardar Army retreated to Monastir. </p><p>On 16 November, during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monastir" title="Battle of Monastir">Battle of Monastir</a> ( 16–19 November 1912), his younger brother Muhtar Efendi was killed in action at the heights of Oblakovo, northwest of Bitola.<sup id="cite_ref-Günlükleri_I-191_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Günlükleri_I-191-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the defeat at the Battle of Bitola, he wrote that the Vardar Army's effective strength for its 78 infantry battalions was 39,398 men.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vardar Army retreated to Albania. On 10 May, because Colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0brahim_Halil_Sedes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İbrahim Halil Sedes (page does not exist)">Ibrahim Halil Bey</a> (Sedes), who was the chief of staff of the Vardar Army, went to Istanbul, and Fevzi was deputized the chief of staff.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 June, the headquarters of the Vardar Army evacuated from the pier on the <a href="/wiki/Seman_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Seman River">Seman</a> aboard the steamships <i>Karadeniz</i> and <i>Gülcemal</i> and arrived at Istanbul on 22 June.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fevzi wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>On the morning of June 6, 1329, <i>Karadeniz</i>, in late afternoon <i>Gülcemal</i>, left pier at Seman. I also got on board <i>Gülcemal</i>. We've bid farewell to five centuries of Turkish rule of Western Rumelia. When the sun went down, the coast of Albania was gradually ceasing to be visible in front of our eyes. The cession of the part of our homeland, where our ancestors irrigated with their blood for centuries and many old and new martyrs were buried, brought unacceptable heartbreak and nostalgia to our hearts. Today, Western Rumelia that is the victim of ignorance and politics, was fluttering in pathetic sorrows.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On 2 August 1913, he was appointed to the commander of the Ankara Reserve Division, on 6 November, to the commander of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Division_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="2nd Infantry Division (Ottoman Empire)">2nd Infantry Division</a><sup id="cite_ref-Genelkurmay54_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay54-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on 24 November, he was promoted to the rank of colonel.<sup id="cite_ref-Genelkurmay52_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay52-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Marashall_Fevzi_%C3%87akmak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Portrait_of_Marashall_Fevzi_%C3%87akmak.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Marashall_Fevzi_%C3%87akmak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Portrait_of_Marashall_Fevzi_%C3%87akmak.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Marashall_Fevzi_%C3%87akmak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Portrait_of_Marashall_Fevzi_%C3%87akmak.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Marashall_Fevzi_%C3%87akmak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2182" data-file-height="2743" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Marashall Fevzi Çakmak by Hüseyin Avni Lifij</figcaption></figure> <p>On 22 December 1913, he was appointed to the commander of the <a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="V Corps (Ottoman Empire)">V Corps</a>. His corps engaged in the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Campaign">defense of Gallipoli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Genelkurmay54_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay54-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 March 1915, he was promoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Mirliva" title="Mirliva">Mirliva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Genelkurmay52_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay52-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He arrived at the Gallipoli Front on 13 July and command his corps in battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gully_Ravine#Achi_Baba_Nullah_(2._Kerevizdere_Battle)" title="Battle of Gully Ravine">Achi Baba</a> (<i>İkinci Kerevizdere Muharebesi</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sari_Bair" title="Battle of Sari Bair">Sari Bair</a>. On 8 August, his younger brother, the <a href="/wiki/Company_commander" class="mw-redirect" title="Company commander">commander</a> of the 1st Company of the 2nd Battalion of the 64th Regiment, Lieutenant Mehmed Nazif Efendi was killed in action in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chunuk_Bair" title="Battle of Chunuk Bair">Battle of Chunuk Bair</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mehmed_Nazif_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehmed_Nazif-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 6 December 1915, he served concurrently as the commander of the Anafartalar Group. In April 1916, he was appointed to the 3rd military district of Eastern Front and on 7 September 1916, to the commander of <a href="/wiki/II_Caucasian_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="II Caucasian Corps (Ottoman Empire)">II Caucasian Corps</a>, which consisted of the 5th, 11th and 37th Caucasian divisions. On 5 July 1917, he was appointed to the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Second Army (Ottoman Empire)">Second Army</a> at <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbekir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Genelkurmay54_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay54-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 October 1917, he was assigned to the command of the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Seventh Army (Ottoman Empire)">Seventh Army</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai and Palestine Campaign">Sinai and Palestine Front</a> and he remained in <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> until 18 October and began to move his headquarters forward to Halilürrahman and arrived there on 23 October.<sup id="cite_ref-Effectiveness115_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effectiveness115-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Falkenhayn" title="Erich von Falkenhayn">Erich von Falkenhayn</a> gave Fevzi control of <a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a> and the eastern half of the Palestine Front on 28 October. But Falkenhayn gave an alternate set of orders on the same day, giving command of all units on the Sinai Front to <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Freiherr_Kress_von_Kressenstein" title="Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein">Kress von Kressenstein</a> until the new command arrangements would become functional<sup id="cite_ref-Effectiveness120_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effectiveness120-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 February 1918, he wrote to Erich von Falkenhayn, serious problems with the inefficient lines of communication and the supply and recruiting zone proportionate with the strength and situation of the army. Moreover, he mentioned that here were combat skills proficiency problems caused by the inability of his under-strength army to withdraw front-line units for training in the rear area.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 July 1918, he was promoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Ferik_(rank)" title="Ferik (rank)">Ferik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Genelkurmay52_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay52-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in August 1918 he fell ill and went to Istanbul to get medical treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-Genelkurmay54_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay54-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After World War I, on 24 December 1918, Fevzi Pasha was appointed to the Chief of the General Staff of the Ottoman Empire. In April 1919, he met with <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eevket_Turgut_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Şevket Turgut Pasha">Şevket Turgut Pasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cevat_%C3%87obanl%C4%B1" title="Cevat Çobanlı">Cevat Pasha</a> secretly in Constantinople and prepared a report called "Trio Oath" (<i>Üçler Misâkı</i>) to establish army inspectorate for the defense of homeland. In late April, Fevzi Pasha submitted this report to the Minister of War <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Eakir_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Şakir Pasha (page does not exist)">Şakir Pasha</a>. On 30 April 1919, the War Ministry and Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_VI" title="Mehmed VI">Mehmed VI</a> ratified the decision about the establishing of army inspectorates that had been accepted by the Chief of General Staff<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 May 1919, he was appointed to the commander of the Inspector of the <a href="/wiki/First_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)#After_Mudros" title="First Army (Ottoman Empire)">1st Army Troops Inspectorate</a> (<i>Birinci Ordu Kıt'aatı Müfettişi</i>). On 3 November, he assigned to the task in <i>Heyet-i Nasîha</i> and on 31 December, he was appointed to the member of the Military Council (<i>Askerî Şûra</i>). He became the Minister of War of <a href="/wiki/Ali_R%C4%B1za_Pasha" title="Ali Rıza Pasha">Ali Rıza Pasha</a> Cabinet (3 February – 3 March 1920) and <a href="/wiki/Salih_Hulusi_Pasha" title="Salih Hulusi Pasha">Salih Pasha</a> Cabinet (8 March – 2 April 1920).<sup id="cite_ref-Genelkurmay54_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay54-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_of_Independence">War of Independence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: War of Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fevzi_cakmak.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Fevzi_cakmak.png/150px-Fevzi_cakmak.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Fevzi_cakmak.png/225px-Fevzi_cakmak.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Fevzi_cakmak.png/300px-Fevzi_cakmak.png 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>A portrait of Fevzi Çakmak</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commanders_of_the_Independence_War_(Turkey).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Commanders_of_the_Independence_War_%28Turkey%29.JPG/200px-Commanders_of_the_Independence_War_%28Turkey%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Commanders_of_the_Independence_War_%28Turkey%29.JPG/300px-Commanders_of_the_Independence_War_%28Turkey%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Commanders_of_the_Independence_War_%28Turkey%29.JPG/400px-Commanders_of_the_Independence_War_%28Turkey%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="666" /></a><figcaption>Commanders of the Army of Ankara government: 1st line: <a href="/wiki/Ferik_(rank)" title="Ferik (rank)">Ferik</a> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Fuat_Cebesoy" title="Ali Fuat Cebesoy">Ali Fuat (Cebesoy)</a>, Ferik <a href="/wiki/Cevat_%C3%87obanl%C4%B1" title="Cevat Çobanlı">Cevat (Çobanlı)</a>, Müşir <b>Fevzi (Çakmak)</b>, Ferik <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Karabekir" title="Kâzım Karabekir">Kâzım Karabekir</a>, Ferik <a href="/wiki/Fahrettin_Altay" title="Fahrettin Altay">Fahrettin (Altay)</a>; 2nd line： <a href="/wiki/Mirliva" title="Mirliva">Mirliva</a> <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_%C4%B0nan%C3%A7" title="Kâzım İnanç">Kazım (İnanç)</a>, Mirliva <a href="/wiki/Ali_Sait_Akbaytogan" title="Ali Sait Akbaytogan">Ali Sait (Akbaytogan)</a>, Mirliva <a href="/wiki/Ali_Hikmet_Ayerdem" title="Ali Hikmet Ayerdem">Ali Hikmet (Ayerdem)</a>, Mirliva <a href="/wiki/Kemalettin_Sami_G%C3%B6k%C3%A7en" title="Kemalettin Sami Gökçen">Kemalettin Sami (Gökçen)</a>, Mirliva <a href="/wiki/Cafer_Tayyar_E%C4%9Filmez" title="Cafer Tayyar Eğilmez">Cafer Tayyar (Eğilmez)</a>, Mirliva <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zzettin_%C3%87al%C4%B1%C5%9Flar" title="İzzettin Çalışlar">İzzettin (Çalışlar)</a>, Mirliva <a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC_Naili_G%C3%B6kberk" title="Şükrü Naili Gökberk">Şükrü Naili (Gökberk)</a>; 3rd line: Mirliva <a href="/wiki/As%C4%B1m_G%C3%BCnd%C3%BCz" title="Asım Gündüz">Asım (Gündüz)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miralay" title="Miralay">Miralay</a> <a href="/wiki/Alaaddin_Koval" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaaddin Koval">Alaaddin (Koval)</a>, Mirliva <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Sabri_Er%C3%A7etin" title="Mehmet Sabri Erçetin">Mehmet Sabri (Erçetin)</a>, Miralay <a href="/wiki/Sabit_Noyan" title="Sabit Noyan">Sabit (Noyan)</a>, Miralay <a href="/wiki/%C3%96mer_Halis_B%C4%B1y%C4%B1ktay" title="Ömer Halis Bıyıktay">Ömer Halis (Bıyıktay)</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>After the resignation of Salih Pasha Cabinet, he went to <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> to participate in the national movement arriving at <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> on 27 April 1920. On 3 May, he was elected the Minister of Defense (<i>Milli Müdafaa Vekili</i>) and Vice Prime Minister (<i>Heyet-i Vekile Riyaseti Vekili</i>) as a parliamentary deputy from <a href="/wiki/Kozan,_Adana" title="Kozan, Adana">Kozan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Genelkurmay55_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay55-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ottoman Military Court declared a death sentence for him, in absentia. This sentence was published in <i><a href="/wiki/Takvim-i_Vakayi" class="mw-redirect" title="Takvim-i Vakayi">Takvim-i Vakayi</a></i> newspaper on 30 May 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He became one of the founders of the "Official" <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Turkey_(Official)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Turkey (Official)">Communist Party</a> established on 18 October 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 November, in addition to his existing tasks, he was temporarily appointed Vice Minister of the Chief of the General Staff, because the Chief of the General Staff İsmet Bey was continuously at the front as the commander of Western Front. On 24 January 1921,<sup id="cite_ref-Genelkurmay54_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay54-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in addition to his other tasks, he became Prime Minister (<i>Heyet-i Vekile Riyaseti</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Genelkurmay55_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay55-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on 3 April, he was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Birinci_Ferik" class="mw-redirect" title="Birinci Ferik">Birinci Ferik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Genelkurmay52_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay52-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Kütahya-Eskişehir"><span id="Battle_of_K.C3.BCtahya-Eski.C5.9Fehir"></span>Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2010</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Fevzi Çakmak took control of the Army after the Turkish loss in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Afyonkarahisar-Eski%C5%9Fehir" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Afyonkarahisar-Eskişehir">Kütahya-Altıntaş</a> under <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet Bey</a> (İnönü) and was able to stop the retreat of the Army of Grand National Assembly afterward. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Sakarya">Battle of Sakarya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Battle of Sakarya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2010</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sakarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sakarya">Battle of Sakarya</a>, on 5 August 1921, he resigned as the Minister of War and was appointed the Minister of the Chief of the General Staff.<sup id="cite_ref-Genelkurmay55_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay55-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Army of Grand National Assembly defeated the Greek forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sakarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sakarya">Battle of Sakarya</a> on the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>. </p><p><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 July 1922, he resigned as the Prime Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-Genelkurmay55_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay55-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Offensive">Great Offensive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Great Offensive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2010</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Fevzi Çakmak and <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal</a> planned and commandeered the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dumlup%C4%B1nar" title="Battle of Dumlupınar">Battle of Dumlupınar</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. On 31 August 1922, he was promoted to rank of Müşir (<a href="/wiki/Mare%C5%9Fal_(Turkey)" title="Mareşal (Turkey)">Mareşal</a>) with the recommendation of Mustafa Kemal.<sup id="cite_ref-Genelkurmay52_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay52-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They were and still are the only field marshals that the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a> has had up till now. So even today<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, an unspecified nickname <i>Mareşal</i> (<a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal">Field Marshal</a>) means Fevzi Çakmak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Republican_era">Republican era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Republican era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10th_Anniversary_Speech.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/10th_Anniversary_Speech.jpg/200px-10th_Anniversary_Speech.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/10th_Anniversary_Speech.jpg/300px-10th_Anniversary_Speech.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/10th_Anniversary_Speech.jpg/400px-10th_Anniversary_Speech.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1061" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal</a>'s 1933 speech at the 10th anniversary of the Republic of Turkey, <i>left to right</i>: Chief of General Staff Mareşal Fevzi (Çakmak), President Gazi Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk), Speaker of the Grand National Assembly <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_%C3%96zalp" title="Kâzım Özalp">Kâzım Köprülü (Özalp)</a>, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet (İnönü)</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fevzi_Cakmak_with_aircraft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Fevzi_Cakmak_with_aircraft.jpg/200px-Fevzi_Cakmak_with_aircraft.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Fevzi_Cakmak_with_aircraft.jpg/300px-Fevzi_Cakmak_with_aircraft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Fevzi_Cakmak_with_aircraft.jpg/400px-Fevzi_Cakmak_with_aircraft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Fevzi Çakmak posing in front of an aircraft</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musul_offensive_plan">Musul offensive plan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Musul offensive plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2010</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 August 1923, he was elected a deputy from Istanbul.<sup id="cite_ref-Genelkurmay55_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay55-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 March 1924, he was appointed as the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Turkish_General_Staff" title="Chief of the Turkish General Staff">Chief of the General Staff of the Republic of Turkey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Genelkurmay55_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay55-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He quit politics by resigning from the parliament on 31 October 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-Genelkurmay55_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay55-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Member_of_the_Reform_Council_in_the_East">Member of the Reform Council in the East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Member of the Reform Council in the East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 1925, after the suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Said_rebellion" title="Sheikh Said rebellion">Sheikh Said rebellion</a>, he was a member of the Reform Council of the East (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Turkish: Şark İslahat Encümeni</i>) which delivered the <a href="/wiki/1925_Report_for_Reform_in_the_East_(Turkey)" title="1925 Report for Reform in the East (Turkey)">Report for Reform in the East</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Şark İslahat Raporu</i>), which recommended the suppression of the Kurdish elite and establishment of <a href="/wiki/Inspectorates-General_(Turkey)" title="Inspectorates-General (Turkey)">Inspectorates-General</a> that where governed by <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">Martial Law</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this report, three of such Inspectorates–General were established in the Kurdish areas.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_Kurds">Views on Kurds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Views on Kurds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1930, he complained that the Kurds would still demand their right for self-determination like it was described in the <a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a> provided by US president <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> following the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and demanded the exclusion of any member of Kurdish race from the administration in <a href="/wiki/Erzincan" title="Erzincan">Erzincan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Candidate_to_be_Atatürk's_successor"><span id="Candidate_to_be_Atat.C3.BCrk.27s_successor"></span>Candidate to be Atatürk's successor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Candidate to be Atatürk's successor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His name was mentioned as a possible successor of Atatürk and as a Turkish war hero he was very respected amongst the Turkish political and civil society. But he denied his interest of becoming president mentioning Ismet Inönü as the official candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He retired on 12 January 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-Genelkurmay55_28-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay55-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fevzi_%C3%87akmak_kabir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak_kabir.jpg/200px-Fevzi_%C3%87akmak_kabir.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak_kabir.jpg/300px-Fevzi_%C3%87akmak_kabir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak_kabir.jpg/400px-Fevzi_%C3%87akmak_kabir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Fevzi Çakmak's tomb</figcaption></figure> <p>He died on the morning of 10 April 1950 in his house in <a href="/wiki/Te%C5%9Fvikiye" title="Teşvikiye">Teşvikiye</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His funeral service was held at the <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_II_Mosque,_Istanbul" title="Bayezid II Mosque, Istanbul">Beyazıt</a> and he was laid to rest in <a href="/wiki/Ey%C3%BCp_Cemetery" title="Eyüp Cemetery">Eyüp Cemetery</a>, Istanbul, on 12 April 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His family rejected an effort to exhume his body and effect a transfer to <a href="/wiki/Turkish_State_Cemetery" title="Turkish State Cemetery">Turkish State Cemetery</a> in Ankara. </p><p>He knew French, English, German, Russian, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Genelkurmay52_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genelkurmay52-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spoke French and translated English and German.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medals_and_decorations">Medals and decorations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Medals and decorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imtiyaz_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Imtiyaz Medal">Imtiyaz Medal</a> in Silver (23 January 1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Medjidie" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Medjidie">Order of Medjidie</a>, 5th class (22 August 1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Osmanieh" title="Order of Osmanieh">Order of Osmanieh</a>, 4th class (17 July 1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Star_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Star (Ottoman Empire)">Harp Madalyası</a> (2 October 1915)</li> <li>Silver (18 November 1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross</a>, 2nd class (Germany, 26 December 1915)</li> <li>Gold <a href="/wiki/Liakat_Medal" title="Liakat Medal">Liakat Medal</a> (17 January 1916)</li> <li>War Medal (Germany, 21 October 1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0mtiyaz_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="İmtiyaz Medal">İmtiyaz Medal</a> in Gold (11 November 1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Merit_Cross_(Austria-Hungary)" title="Military Merit Cross (Austria-Hungary)">Military Merit Cross</a>, 2nd class (Austria-Hungary, 3 April 1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osminieh_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Osminieh Order">Order of the Osmanî</a> with Swords, 2nd class (23 September 1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osminieh_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Osminieh Order">Order of the Osmanî</a> with Swords, 1st class (7 January 1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Order of the Crown (Württemberg)">Order of the Crown</a> (Württemberg, 19 June 1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Independence_(Turkey)" title="Medal of Independence (Turkey)">Medal of Independence</a> with Red-Green Ribbon (21 November 1923) & Citation</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Fevzi Çakmak (Mareşal), <i>Garbî Rumeli'nin Suret-i Ziya-ı ve Balkan Harbinde Garp Cephesi Hakkında. Konferanslar</i>, Erkan-ı Harbiye Mektebi Matbaası, İstanbul, 1927.</li> <li>Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak, <i>Büyük Harpte Şark Cephesi Hareketleri</i>, Gen.Kur. Basımevi, Ankara, 1936.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_tree">Family tree</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Family tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; font-size:75%;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:#F5FFFA;">Kamile<br />(?–1915)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:#F5FFFA;">Limnili Hacı Derviş<br />Hüseyin Kaptan<br />(1782?–1897/98)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:#F5FFFA;">Üzile</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:#F5FFFA;">Hoca Bekir Efendi<br />(1815–1898)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:#F5FFFA;">Fitnat</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:#F5FFFA;">Hasan Vasfi<br />(1858–1927)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:#F5FFFA;">Hacı Rasim<br />(1870–1945)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:#F5FFFA;">Tevfik</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:#F5FFFA;">Ali Sırrı<br />(1855/6-1914)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:#F5FFFA;">Hesna</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:#F5FFFA;">Ayşe Şahver</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:#F5FFFA;">Ali Nuri<br />(1866–1901)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:#F5FFFA;">Emine Eda</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:#F5FFFA;">Mehmed Nazif<br />(1882 – 8 August 1915 <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><sup id="cite_ref-Mehmed_Nazif_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehmed_Nazif-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:#F5FFFA;">Muhtar<br />(1884 – 16 November 1912 <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><sup id="cite_ref-Günlükleri_I-191_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Günlükleri_I-191-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:#F5FFFA;">Sami<br />(1892–1909)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:#F5FFFA;">Nebahat<br />(1894–1986)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:LimeGreen;"><b>MUSTAFA FEVZİ ÇAKMAK</b><br />("Mareşal")</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:#F5FFFA;">Fatma Fitnat<br />(1891–1969)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:#F5FFFA;">Münir</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:#F5FFFA;">M. Şefik Çakmak<br />(1892–1966)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:Cyan;">Nigar Çakmak<br />(1909–1982)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:#F5FFFA;">A. Muazzez<br />(1911–1939)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:#F5FFFA;">Burhan Toprak<br />(1906–1967)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:LightSkyBlue"><a href="/wiki/Professor_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Professor emeritus">Professor emeritus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmet_S._%C3%87akmak" class="extiw" title="tr:Ahmet S. Çakmak">Ahmet Şefik Çakmak</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(1934–)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:#F5FFFA;">Noriko Nagafuji Çakmak<br /><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Ja</a> チャクマク・長藤紀子<br />(1949–)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:#F5FFFA;">Erika Leila<br />(1972–)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background:#F5FFFA;">Lisa Ayla<br />(1978–)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high-ranking_commanders_of_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="List of high-ranking commanders of the Turkish War of Independence">List of high-ranking commanders of the Turkish War of Independence</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayrullah Gök, <i>Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak'ın askerî ve siyasî faaliyetleri, 1876–1950</i>, Genelkurmay Basım Evi, 1997, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-409-098-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-409-098-7">978-975-409-098-7</a>, p. 2, TBMM Arşivi; VIII. Dönem İstanbul millet vekili Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak'ın hâl tercümesi, sicil no. 293, defter no. 486, zarf no. 32. <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nilüfer Hatemi, <i>Günlükleri</i>, II. Cilt, p. 907.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsk.tr/1_TSK_HAKKINDA/1_2_Genelkurmay_Baskanlari/konular/fevzi_cakmak.htm">Fevzi Çakmak</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100927074623/http://www.tsk.tr/1_TSK_HAKKINDA/1_2_Genelkurmay_Baskanlari/konular/fevzi_cakmak.htm">Archived</a> 27 September 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Chief of the General Staff <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Millı̂ Kültür, p;7, Kültür Bakanlığı (1990)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canakkaletravel.com/yazi/maresal-fevzi-cakmakin-buyuk-dedesinin-mezari-ve-evi.html">"Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak'ın Büyük Dedesi'nin Mezarı ve Evi"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mare%C5%9Fal+Fevzi+%C3%87akmak%27%C4%B1n+B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk+Dedesi%27nin+Mezar%C4%B1+ve+Evi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canakkaletravel.com%2Fyazi%2Fmaresal-fevzi-cakmakin-buyuk-dedesinin-mezari-ve-evi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFevzi+%C3%87akmak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Millı̂ Kültür, p;7, Kültür Bakanlığı (1990)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gök3-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gök3_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gök3_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayrullah Gök, <i>Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak'ın askerî ve siyasî faaliyetleri, 1876–1950</i>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nilüfer Hatemi, <i>Günlükleri</i>, II. Cilt, p. 910.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nusret Baycan, "Büyük Taarruz'da Komuta Kademelerinde Görev Alanlarla Üst Düzeydeki Karargâh Subayları", <i>Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi</i>, Sayı 26, Cilt: IX, Mart 1993, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.atam.gov.tr/index.php?Page=DergiIcerik&IcerikNo=542">[1]</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Genelkurmay52-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay52_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay52_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay52_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay52_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay52_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay52_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay52_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay52_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay52_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay52_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">T.C. Genelkurmay Harp Tarihi Başkanlığı Yayınları, <i>Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademelerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri</i>, Genelkurmay Başkanlığı Basımevi, Ankara, 1972, p. 52. <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Genelkurmay53-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay53_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay53_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay53_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay53_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay53_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay53_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay53_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay53_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Genelkurmay, <i>Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademelerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri</i>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayrullah Gök, <i>Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak'ın askerî ve siyasî faaliyetleri, 1876–1950</i>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ayfer Özçelik, "Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak", <i>Millî Kültür</i>, Sayı: 83, Nisan 1991, Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, Ankara, 1991, p. 56. <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nilüfer Hatemi, "Marshal Fevzi Cakmak’s Family and Education: A Formation Process" in <i>Identity and Identity Formation in the Ottoman Middle East and the Balkans: A Volume of the Essays in Honor of Norman Itzkowitz</i>, Baki Tezcan (ed.), <i>International Journal of Turkish Studies</i>, 13:1&2, (Fall 2007): p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Genelkurmay54-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay54_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay54_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay54_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay54_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay54_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay54_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay54_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay54_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Genelkurmay, <i>Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademelerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri</i>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Defeat183-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Defeat183_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Defeat183_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward J. Erickson, <i>Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913</i>, Praeger, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-97888-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-97888-5">0-275-97888-5</a>, p. 183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Günlükleri_I-191-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Günlükleri_I-191_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Günlükleri_I-191_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nilüfer Hatemi, <i>Günlükleri</i>, I. Cilt., p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erickson, <i>Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913</i>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayrullah Gök, <i>Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak'ın askerî ve siyasî faaliyetleri, 1876–1950</i>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayrullah Gök, <i>Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak'ın askerî ve siyasî faaliyetleri, 1876–1950</i>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fevzi Çakmak (Mareşal), <i>Garbî Rumeli'nin Suret-i Ziya-ı ve Balkan Harbinde Garp Cephesi Hakkında. Konferanslar</i>, Erkan-ı Harbiye Mektebi Matbaası, İstanbul, 1927, p. 475, modern Turkish text: ... 6 Haziran 1329 sabahı Karadeniz, akşama doğru da Gülcemal, seman iskelesinden hareket ettiler. Ben de Gülcemal'de indim. Garbî Rumeli'nde beş asırlık Türk hâkimiyetine veda ettik. Güneş batarken Arnavutluk sahilleri tedricen gözümüzün önünden siliniyordu. Atalarımızın asırlarca müdded kanlarıyla suladığı ve eski yeni birçok şühedamızın gömüldüğü vatan parçasının terki kalplerimizde nâ kabul izale acılar, hasretler tevlîd ediyordu. Cehalet ve politika kurbanı olan Garbî Rumeli elyevm elîm hicrânlar içinde çırpınmakadır.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mehmed_Nazif-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mehmed_Nazif_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mehmed_Nazif_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kemal Arı, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.deu.edu.tr/atmer/atmer/uploaded_files/file/kemalarimakale/mulazimievvel_nazif.pdf">"Mülâzım-ı Evvel Mehmed Nazif Efendi'nin Conkbayırı'nda Şehit Düşüşü ve Buna İlişkin Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk)'in Bir Mektubu"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301213313/http://web.deu.edu.tr/atmer/atmer/uploaded_files/file/kemalarimakale/mulazimievvel_nazif.pdf">Archived</a> 1 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Türk Tarih Kurumu, <i>Belleten</i>, LVIII/222 (Ağustos, 1994), pp. 451–459. <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Effectiveness115-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Effectiveness115_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward J. Erickson, <i>Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I: A comparative study</i>, Routledge, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77099-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77099-6">978-0-415-77099-6</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Effectiveness120-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Effectiveness120_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erickson, <i>Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I: A comparative study</i>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erickson, <i>Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I: A comparative study</i>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zekeriya Türkmen, <i>Mütareke Döneminde Ordunun Durumu ve Yeniden Yapılanması (1918–1920)</i>, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-16-1372-8" title="Special:BookSources/975-16-1372-8">975-16-1372-8</a>, p. 105. <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070216005904/http://www.zafer.aku.edu.tr/tumb/foto34.htm">"Fotoğraflarla Büyük Taarruz"</a>. Archived from the original on 16 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foto%C4%9Fraflarla+B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk+Taarruz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zafer.aku.edu.tr%2Ftumb%2Ffoto34.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFevzi+%C3%87akmak" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span>, <a href="/wiki/Afyon_Kocatepe_University" title="Afyon Kocatepe University">Afyon Kocatepe University</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Genelkurmay55-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay55_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay55_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay55_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay55_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay55_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay55_28-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay55_28-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Genelkurmay55_28-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Genelkurmay, <i>Türk İstiklâl Harbine Katılan Tümen ve Daha Üst Kademelerdeki Komutanların Biyografileri</i>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayrullah Gök, <i>Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak'ın askerî ve siyasî faaliyetleri, 1876–1950</i>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayrullah Gök, <i>Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak'ın askerî ve siyasî faaliyetleri, 1876–1950</i>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sadri Karakoyunlu, "Sakarya Meydan Muharebesi'nin Yankıları (Melhâme-i Kübrâ Büyük Kan Seli veya büyük Savaş Alanı)", <i>Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi</i>, Sayı 31, Cilt: XI, Mart 1995, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.atam.gov.tr/index.php?Page=DergiIcerik&IcerikNo=807">[2]</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zekeriya Türkmen, "Özdemir Bey’in Musul Harekatı ve İngilizlerin Karşı Tedbirleri (1921–1923)", <i>Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi</i>, Sayı 49, Cilt: XVII, Mart 2001, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.atam.gov.tr/index.php?Page=DergiIcerik&IcerikNo=270">[3]</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunyGöçekGocekNaimark2011" class="citation book cs1">Suny, Ronald Grigor; Göçek, Fatma Müge; Gocek, Fatma Muge; Naimark, Norman M.; Naimark, Robert and Florence McDonnell Professor of East European Studies Norman M. (23 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AoM8DwAAQBAJ&q=sark+islahat+enc%C3%BCmeni+turkey+Fevzi+Cakmak&pg=PA301"><i>A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire</i></a>. Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 301–302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539374-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539374-3"><bdi>978-0-19-539374-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Question+of+Genocide%3A+Armenians+and+Turks+at+the+End+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=301-302&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2011-02-23&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539374-3&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Grigor&rft.au=G%C3%B6%C3%A7ek%2C+Fatma+M%C3%BCge&rft.au=Gocek%2C+Fatma+Muge&rft.au=Naimark%2C+Norman+M.&rft.au=Naimark%2C+Robert+and+Florence+McDonnell+Professor+of+East+European+Studies+Norman+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAoM8DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dsark%2Bislahat%2Benc%25C3%25BCmeni%2Bturkey%2BFevzi%2BCakmak%26pg%3DPA301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFevzi+%C3%87akmak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJongerden2007" class="citation book cs1">Jongerden, Joost (28 May 2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/settlementissuet00jong_169"><i>The Settlement Issue in Turkey and the Kurds: An Analysis of Spatial Policies, Modernity and War</i></a></span>. BRILL. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/settlementissuet00jong_169/page/n82">53</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2011-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2011-8"><bdi>978-90-474-2011-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Settlement+Issue+in+Turkey+and+the+Kurds%3A+An+Analysis+of+Spatial+Policies%2C+Modernity+and+War&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2007-05-28&rft.isbn=978-90-474-2011-8&rft.aulast=Jongerden&rft.aufirst=Joost&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsettlementissuet00jong_169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFevzi+%C3%87akmak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKieser2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans-Lukas_Kieser" title="Hans-Lukas Kieser">Kieser, Hans-Lukas</a> (19 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dersim-massacre-1937-1938.html/">"Dersim Massacre, 1937-1938 | Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network"</a>. <i>dersim-massacre-1937-1938.html</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dersim-massacre-1937-1938.html&rft.atitle=Dersim+Massacre%2C+1937-1938+%7C+Sciences+Po+Mass+Violence+and+Resistance+-+Research+Network&rft.date=2016-01-19&rft.aulast=Kieser&rft.aufirst=Hans-Lukas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdersim-massacre-1937-1938.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFevzi+%C3%87akmak" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGingeras2019" class="citation book cs1">Gingeras, Ryan (2019). <i>Eternal Dawn: Turkey in the Age of Atatürk</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 383. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-879121-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-879121-8"><bdi>978-0-19-879121-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eternal+Dawn%3A+Turkey+in+the+Age+of+Atat%C3%BCrk&rft.pages=383&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-879121-8&rft.aulast=Gingeras&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFevzi+%C3%87akmak" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasan_R%C4%B1za_Soyak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hasan Rıza Soyak (page does not exist)">Hasan Rıza Soyak</a>, Atatürk's secretary, quotes Atatürk on the subject of his successor, "Of course, the right to speak and elect belongs to nation and its representative Grand National Assembly. But I'll state my opinion about this issue. Firstly İsmet Paşa comes to mind; he has performed many great contributions to this country. However, for some reason he seems not to get (sic) public sympathy. So he should not be very attractive (sic). And Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak, he has great contributions in this country and also he fared well with everyone, he always has appreciated opinions of owners of authority; he is in a fight with nobody. In this regard, I think he is the most appropriate friend for the Head of State". Atatürk'ten Hatıralar<i>, Yapıkredi Yayınları, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-08-0882-7" title="Special:BookSources/975-08-0882-7">975-08-0882-7</a>, p. 717.<span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mareşal Fevzi Çakmağı dün sabah kaybettik", <i><a href="/wiki/Cumhuriyet" title="Cumhuriyet">Cumhuriyet</a></i>, 26 ncı yıl Sayı: 9221, Tuesday 11 April 1950. <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Mareşal Çakmağı Dün Toprağa Verdik", <i>Cumhuriyet</i>, 26 ncı yıl Sayı: 9223, Thursday 13 April 1950. <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayrullah Gök, <i>Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak'ın askerî ve siyasî faaliyetleri, 1876–1950</i>, appendix: 25, İstanbul Milletvekili Seçilen Fevzi Paşa için tanzim edilen tutanak.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/pr/pwb/00/0522/p/emeritus.shtml">"Cakmak, Irby, Keaney, Miner, Obeyesekere, Peebles transfer to emeritus status"</a>, <i>Princeton Weekly Bulletin</i>, 22 May 2000, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/engineering/eqnews/summer00/feature10.html">Ahmet Çakmak named 2000 SEAS Distinguished Professor of the department of operations research and financial engineering</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orfe.princeton.edu/people/faculty">Ahmet Çakmak, Professor Emeritus, the department of operations research and financial engineering</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Süleyman Külçe, <i>Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak: Askerî Hususî Hayatı</i>, Yeni Asır Matbaası, İzmir, 1946. <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></li> <li>Sinan Omur, <i>Büyük Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak'ın Askerî Dehâsı, Siyasî Hayatı</i>, Sinan Matbaası, İstanbul, 1962. <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></li> <li>Ziya Tütüncü, <i>Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak: büyük milletin, büyük askeri</i>, Milliyetçi Yayınlar, İstanbul, 1968. <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali Gümüş (page does not exist)">Ali Gümüş</a>, <i>Kahraman Asker Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak</i>, Tercüman Aile ve Kültür Kitaplığı, İstanbul, 1986. <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></li> <li>Veli Yılmaz, <i>Fevzi Çakmak</i>, Kastaş Yayınları, İstanbul, 2006. <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></li> <li>Rahmi Akbaş, <i>Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak: 1876–1950</i>, Ötüken Neşriyat, İstanbul, 2008. <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adnan Çakmak, "Fevzi Çakmak'ın Hatıraları", <i><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet" title="Hürriyet">Hürriyet Gazetesi</a></i>, 10 April – 20 May 1975 (41 volumes). <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fevzi_%C3%87akmak" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fevzi Çakmak">Fevzi Çakmak</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100927074623/http://www.tsk.tr/1_TSK_HAKKINDA/1_2_Genelkurmay_Baskanlari/konular/fevzi_cakmak.htm">General Staff official site</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/88667/Fevzi-Cakmak">"Fevzi Çakmak."</a> Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100714104255/http://diglib.princeton.edu/ead/getEad?id=ark%3A%2F88435%2Fkw52j8088">"Fevzi Çakmak Diaries, 1911–1950."</a> Manuscripts Division. 2002. Princeton University Library.</li> <li>Mesut Çevikalp, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110903143020/http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/aksiyon/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=26468">"Mareşal'in gözyaşları"</a>, <i>Aksiyon</i>, Sayı: 800, 5 April 2010. <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222021010/http://haber.gazetevatan.com/Haber/300321/1/Gundem">"Bir telefon bile etmedi. Mareşal Fevzi Çakmak’ın Amerika’daki öz torunu Ahmet Çakmak VATAN’a konuştu"</a>, <i>Vatan</i>, 16 April 2010. <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/038126">Newspaper clippings about Fevzi Çakmak</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hulusi_Salih_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulusi Salih Pasha">Hulusi Salih (Kezrak)</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Minister of War of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> </b><br />3 February 1920 – 3 March 1920 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b>Himself </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b>Himself </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Minister of War of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> </b><br />8 March 1920 – 2 April 1920 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Damat_Ferid_Pasha" title="Damat Ferid Pasha">Damat Ferid</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_National_Defence_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of National Defence of Turkey">Minister of National Defense</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">Ankara Government</a> </b><br />3 May 1920 – 5 August 1921 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Refet_Bele" title="Refet Bele">Refet (Bele)</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk)</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Turkey">Prime Minister</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">Ankara Government</a> </b><br />24 January 1921 – 9 July 1922 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rauf_Orbay" title="Rauf Orbay">Rauf (Orbay)</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk)</a><br />(as proxy)</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Second Army (Ottoman Empire)">Second Army</a> </b><br />5 July 1917 – 9 October 1917 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk)</a><br />(never assumed)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk)</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Seventh Army (Ottoman Empire)">Seventh Army</a> </b><br />9 October 1917 – 7 August 1918 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk)</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Cevat_%C3%87obanl%C4%B1" title="Cevat Çobanlı">Cevat (Çobanlı)</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Ottoman_Empire)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chief of the General Staff (Ottoman Empire) (page does not exist)">Chief of the General Staff</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> </b><br />24 December 1918 – 14 May 1919 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Cevat_%C3%87obanl%C4%B1" title="Cevat Çobanlı">Cevat (Çobanlı)</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet (İnönü)</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chiefs_Turkish_General_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chiefs Turkish General Staff">Chief of the General Staff</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">Ankara Government</a> </b><br />5 August 1921 – 29 October 1923 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Office disestablished </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New office</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chiefs_Turkish_General_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chiefs Turkish General Staff">Chief of the General Staff of Turkey</a> </b><br />29 October 1923 – 12 January 1944 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Orbay" title="Kâzım Orbay">Kâzım Orbay</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Chiefs_of_the_Turkish_General_Staff" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chiefs_of_the_Turkish_General_Staff" title="Template:Chiefs of the Turkish General Staff"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chiefs_of_the_Turkish_General_Staff" title="Template talk:Chiefs of the Turkish General Staff"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chiefs_of_the_Turkish_General_Staff" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chiefs of the Turkish General Staff"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Chiefs_of_the_Turkish_General_Staff" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Turkish_General_Staff" title="Chief of the Turkish General Staff">Chiefs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="General Staff of the Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish General Staff</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet İnönü</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fevzi Çakmak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Orbay" title="Kâzım Orbay">Kâzım Orbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih_Omurtak" title="Salih Omurtak">Salih Omurtak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafiz_G%C3%BCrman" title="Nafiz Gürman">Nafiz Gürman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuri_Yamut" title="Nuri Yamut">Nuri Yamut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurettin_Baransel" title="Nurettin Baransel">Nurettin Baransel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C4%B1_Tunaboylu" title="Hakkı Tunaboylu">Hakkı Tunaboylu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feyzi_Meng%C3%BC%C3%A7" title="Feyzi Mengüç">Feyzi Mengüç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BC%C5%9Ft%C3%BC_Erdelhun" title="Rüştü Erdelhun">Rüştü Erdelhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rag%C4%B1p_G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9Fpala" title="Ragıp Gümüşpala">Ragıp Gümüşpala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cevdet_Sunay" title="Cevdet Sunay">Cevdet Sunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemal_Tural" title="Cemal Tural">Cemal Tural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memduh_Ta%C4%9Fma%C3%A7" title="Memduh Tağmaç">Memduh Tağmaç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faruk_G%C3%BCrler" title="Faruk Gürler">Faruk Gürler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semih_Sancar" title="Semih Sancar">Semih Sancar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenan_Evren" title="Kenan Evren">Kenan Evren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurettin_Ersin" title="Nurettin Ersin">Nurettin Ersin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necdet_%C3%9Cru%C4%9F" title="Necdet Üruğ">Necdet Üruğ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necip_Torumtay" title="Necip Torumtay">Necip Torumtay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do%C4%9Fan_G%C3%BCre%C5%9F" title="Doğan Güreş">Doğan Güreş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smail_Hakk%C4%B1_Karaday%C4%B1" title="İsmail Hakkı Karadayı">İsmail Hakkı Karadayı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_K%C4%B1vr%C4%B1ko%C4%9Flu" title="Hüseyin Kıvrıkoğlu">Hüseyin Kıvrıkoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilmi_%C3%96zk%C3%B6k" title="Hilmi Özkök">Hilmi Özkök</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Far_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCkan%C4%B1t" title="Yaşar Büyükanıt">Yaşar Büyükanıt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0lker_Ba%C5%9Fbu%C4%9F" title="İlker Başbuğ">İlker Başbuğ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C5%9F%C4%B1k_Ko%C5%9Faner" title="Işık Koşaner">Işık Koşaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necdet_%C3%96zel" title="Necdet Özel">Necdet Özel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulusi_Akar" title="Hulusi Akar">Hulusi Akar</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cmit_D%C3%BCndar" title="Ümit Dündar">Ümit Dündar</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Far_G%C3%BCler" title="Yaşar Güler">Yaşar Güler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Avsever" title="Musa Avsever">Musa Avsever</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metin_G%C3%BCrak" title="Metin Gürak">Metin Gürak</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Standard_of_General_staff_of_Turkish_Armed_Forces.svg/100px-Standard_of_General_staff_of_Turkish_Armed_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Standard_of_General_staff_of_Turkish_Armed_Forces.svg/150px-Standard_of_General_staff_of_Turkish_Armed_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Standard_of_General_staff_of_Turkish_Armed_Forces.svg/200px-Standard_of_General_staff_of_Turkish_Armed_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li>* Acting</li> <li><i>Italics</i> indicates Acting Chief during the <a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_attempt" title="2016 Turkish coup attempt">2016 Turkish coup attempt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Ministers_of_National_Defense_of_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ministers_of_National_Defense_of_Turkey" title="Template:Ministers of National Defense of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ministers_of_National_Defense_of_Turkey" title="Template talk:Ministers of National Defense of Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ministers_of_National_Defense_of_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ministers of National Defense of Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Ministers_of_National_Defense_of_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_National_Defense_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ministers of National Defense of Turkey">Ministers of National Defense</a> of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fevzi Çakmak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refet_Bele" title="Refet Bele">Refet Bele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_%C3%96zalp" title="Kâzım Özalp">Kâzım Özalp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fethi_Okyar" title="Fethi Okyar">Fethi Okyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Peker" title="Recep Peker">Recep Peker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClhalik_Renda" title="Abdülhalik Renda">Abdülhalik Renda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zekai_Apayd%C4%B1n" title="Zekai Apaydın">Zekai Apaydın</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_%C3%96zalp" title="Kâzım Özalp">Kâzım Özalp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Naci_T%C4%B1naz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmet Naci Tınaz">Ahmet Naci Tınaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffet_Ar%C4%B1kan" title="Saffet Arıkan">Saffet Arıkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_R%C4%B1za_Artunkal" title="Ali Rıza Artunkal">Ali Rıza Artunkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemil_Cahit_Toydemir" title="Cemil Cahit Toydemir">Cemil Cahit Toydemir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%BCnir_Birsel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Münir Birsel (page does not exist)">Münir Birsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Saka" title="Hasan Saka">Hasan Saka</a>*</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%BCseyin_H%C3%BCsn%C3%BC_%C3%87ak%C4%B1r&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hüseyin Hüsnü Çakır (page does not exist)">Hüseyin Hüsnü Çakır</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Refik_%C5%9Eevket_%C4%B0nce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Refik Şevket İnce (page does not exist)">Refik Şevket İnce</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmet_Hulusi_K%C3%B6ymen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmet Hulusi Köymen (page does not exist)">Ahmet Hulusi Köymen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seyfi_Kurtbek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seyfi Kurtbek (page does not exist)">Seyfi Kurtbek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenan_Y%C4%B1lmaz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenan Yılmaz (page does not exist)">Kenan Yılmaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethem_Menderes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethem Menderes">Ethem Menderes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Fuat_K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC" title="Mehmet Fuat Köprülü">Mehmet Fuat Köprülü</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Menderes" title="Adnan Menderes">Adnan Menderes</a>*</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Eemi_Ergin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Şemi Ergin (page does not exist)">Hasan Şemi Ergin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethem_Menderes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethem Menderes">Ethem Menderes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemal_G%C3%BCrsel" title="Cemal Gürsel">Cemal Gürsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahrettin_%C3%96zdilek" title="Fahrettin Özdilek">Fahrettin Özdilek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%BCseyin_Ataman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hüseyin Ataman (page does not exist)">Hüseyin Ataman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzaffer_Alanku%C5%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muzaffer Alankuş (page does not exist)">Muzaffer Alankuş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0lhami_Sancar" title="İlhami Sancar">İlhami Sancar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasan_Din%C3%A7er&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hasan Dinçer (page does not exist)">Hasan Dinçer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mustafa_Haz%C4%B1m_Da%C4%9Fl%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mustafa Hazım Dağlı (page does not exist)">Mustafa Hazım Dağlı</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmet_Topalo%C4%9Flu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmet Topaloğlu (page does not exist)">Ahmet Topaloğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferit_Melen" title="Ferit Melen">Ferit Melen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmet_%C4%B0zmen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehmet İzmen (page does not exist)">Mehmet İzmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0lhami_Sancar" title="İlhami Sancar">İlhami Sancar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Esat_I%C5%9F%C4%B1k" title="Hasan Esat Işık">Hasan Esat Işık</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0lhami_Sancar" title="İlhami Sancar">İlhami Sancar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferit_Melen" title="Ferit Melen">Ferit Melen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Esat_I%C5%9F%C4%B1k" title="Hasan Esat Işık">Hasan Esat Işık</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadettin_Bilgi%C3%A7" title="Sadettin Bilgiç">Sadettin Bilgiç</a></li> <li>Cihat Bilgehan*</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turhan_Kapanl%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turhan Kapanlı (page does not exist)">Turhan Kapanlı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Esat_I%C5%9F%C4%B1k" title="Hasan Esat Işık">Hasan Esat Işık</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ne%C5%9Fet_Akmandor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neşet Akmandor (page does not exist)">Neşet Akmandor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmet_%C4%B0hsan_Birincio%C4%9Flu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmet İhsan Birincioğlu (page does not exist)">Ahmet İhsan Birincioğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cmit_Haluk_Bay%C3%BClken" title="Ümit Haluk Bayülken">Ümit Haluk Bayülken</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zeki_Yavuzt%C3%BCrk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zeki Yavuztürk (page does not exist)">Zeki Yavuztürk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ercan_Vuralhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ercan Vuralhan (page does not exist)">Ercan Vuralhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safa_Giray" title="Safa Giray">Safa Giray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCne%C5%9F_Taner" title="Güneş Taner">Güneş Taner</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCsn%C3%BC_Do%C4%9Fan" title="Hüsnü Doğan">Hüsnü Doğan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmet_Yazar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehmet Yazar (page does not exist)">Mehmet Yazar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barlas_Do%C4%9Fu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barlas Doğu (page does not exist)">Barlas Doğu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevzat_Ayaz" title="Nevzat Ayaz">Nevzat Ayaz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmet_G%C3%B6lhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehmet Gölhan (page does not exist)">Mehmet Gölhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vefa_Tan%C4%B1r" title="Vefa Tanır">Vefa Tanır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oltan_Sungurlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Oltan Sungurlu">Oltan Sungurlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turhan_Tayan" title="Turhan Tayan">Turhan Tayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_Sezgin" title="İsmet Sezgin">İsmet Sezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikmet_Sami_T%C3%BCrk" title="Hikmet Sami Türk">Hikmet Sami Türk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabahattin_%C3%87akmako%C4%9Flu" title="Sabahattin Çakmakoğlu">Sabahattin Çakmakoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecdi_G%C3%B6n%C3%BCl" title="Vecdi Gönül">Vecdi Gönül</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_Y%C4%B1lmaz" title="İsmet Yılmaz">İsmet Yılmaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fikri_I%C5%9F%C4%B1k" title="Fikri Işık">Fikri Işık</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurettin_Canikli" title="Nurettin Canikli">Nurettin Canikli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulusi_Akar" title="Hulusi Akar">Hulusi Akar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Far_G%C3%BCler" title="Yaşar Güler">Yaşar Güler</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of National Defense (Turkey)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/MSB-Logo.png/100px-MSB-Logo.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/MSB-Logo.png/150px-MSB-Logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/MSB-Logo.png/200px-MSB-Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>*Acting Minister</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Prime_ministers_of_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Turkey" title="Template:Prime ministers of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prime_ministers_of_Turkey" title="Template talk:Prime ministers of Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prime_ministers_of_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prime ministers of Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Turkey&#124;link=Turkey_Prime_ministers_of_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Turkey" title="Prime Minister of Turkey">Prime ministers of Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Grand_National_Assembly" title="Government of the Grand National Assembly">Government of the Grand <br />National Assembly</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1920–1923)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fevzi Çakmak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauf_Orbay" title="Rauf Orbay">Rauf Orbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fethi_Okyar" title="Fethi Okyar">Fethi Okyar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1923–2018)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fethi_Okyar" title="Fethi Okyar">Fethi Okyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cel%C3%A2l_Bayar" title="Celâl Bayar">Celâl Bayar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refik_Saydam" title="Refik Saydam">Refik Saydam</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Fikri_T%C3%BCzer" title="Ahmet Fikri Tüzer">Ahmet Fikri Tüzer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC_Saraco%C4%9Flu" title="Şükrü Saracoğlu">Şükrü Saracoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Peker" title="Recep Peker">Recep Peker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Saka" title="Hasan Saka">Hasan Saka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eemsettin_G%C3%BCnaltay" title="Şemsettin Günaltay">Şemsettin Günaltay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_Menderes" title="Adnan Menderes">Adnan Menderes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemal_G%C3%BCrsel" title="Cemal Gürsel">Cemal Gürsel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fahri_%C3%96zdilek" class="mw-redirect" title="Fahri Özdilek">Fahri Özdilek</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smet_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="İsmet İnönü">İsmet İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suat_Hayri_%C3%9Crg%C3%BCpl%C3%BC" title="Suat Hayri Ürgüplü">Suat Hayri Ürgüplü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel" title="Süleyman Demirel">Süleyman Demirel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihat_Erim" title="Nihat Erim">Nihat Erim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferit_Melen" title="Ferit Melen">Ferit Melen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naim_Talu" title="Naim Talu">Naim Talu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Bülent Ecevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadi_Irmak" title="Sadi Irmak">Sadi Irmak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel" title="Süleyman Demirel">Süleyman Demirel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Bülent Ecevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel" title="Süleyman Demirel">Süleyman Demirel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Bülent Ecevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel" title="Süleyman Demirel">Süleyman Demirel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ulusu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bülent Ulusu">Bülent Ulusu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal" title="Turgut Özal">Turgut Özal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ali_Bozer" title="Ali Bozer">Ali Bozer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m_Akbulut" title="Yıldırım Akbulut">Yıldırım Akbulut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesut_Y%C4%B1lmaz" title="Mesut Yılmaz">Mesut Yılmaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Demirel" title="Süleyman Demirel">Süleyman Demirel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erdal_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Erdal İnönü">Erdal İnönü</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tansu_%C3%87iller" title="Tansu Çiller">Tansu Çiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesut_Y%C4%B1lmaz" title="Mesut Yılmaz">Mesut Yılmaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan" title="Necmettin Erbakan">Necmettin Erbakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesut_Y%C4%B1lmaz" title="Mesut Yılmaz">Mesut Yılmaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Bülent Ecevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_G%C3%BCl" title="Abdullah Gül">Abdullah Gül</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Davuto%C4%9Flu" title="Ahmet Davutoğlu">Ahmet Davutoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binali_Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1m" title="Binali Yıldırım">Binali Yıldırım</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> denote acting prime ministers.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q328331#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q328331#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q328331#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000050431520">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/6021246">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/331466/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjHcyt8cywqCPvk7JG4MP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/129794368">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr93046261">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16108134p">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16108134p">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p227926900">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007448985305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/cakmak-fevzi">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_Çakmak&oldid=1259338399">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_Çakmak&oldid=1259338399</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1876_births" title="Category:1876 births">1876 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1950_deaths" title="Category:1950 deaths">1950 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_prime_ministers_of_Turkey" title="Category:20th-century prime ministers of Turkey">20th-century prime ministers of Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_personnel_from_Istanbul" title="Category:Military personnel from Istanbul">Military personnel from Istanbul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kuleli_Military_High_School_alumni" title="Category:Kuleli Military High School alumni">Kuleli Military High School alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_Military_Academy_alumni" title="Category:Ottoman Military Academy alumni">Ottoman Military Academy alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_Military_College_alumni" title="Category:Ottoman Military College alumni">Ottoman Military College alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_Army_generals" title="Category:Ottoman Army generals">Ottoman Army generals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_military_personnel_of_the_Italo-Turkish_War" title="Category:Ottoman military personnel of the Italo-Turkish War">Ottoman military personnel of the Italo-Turkish War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_military_personnel_of_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Category:Ottoman military personnel of the Balkan Wars">Ottoman military personnel of the Balkan Wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ottoman_military_personnel_of_World_War_I" title="Category:Ottoman military personnel of World War I">Ottoman military personnel of World War I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Turks_from_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Turks from the Ottoman Empire">Turks from the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkish_Army_generals" title="Category:Turkish Army generals">Turkish Army generals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chiefs_of_the_Turkish_General_Staff" title="Category:Chiefs of the Turkish General Staff">Chiefs of the Turkish General Staff</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkish_military_personnel_of_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Category:Turkish military personnel of the Turkish War of Independence">Turkish military personnel of the Turkish War of Independence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Turkish_military_personnel_of_the_Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Category:Turkish military personnel of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Turkish military personnel of the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Field_marshals_of_Turkey" title="Category:Field marshals of Turkey">Field marshals of Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_ministers_of_Turkey" title="Category:Government ministers of Turkey">Government ministers of Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ministers_of_national_defence_of_Turkey" title="Category:Ministers of national defence of Turkey">Ministers of national defence of Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Order_of_the_Medjidie,_5th_class" title="Category:Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie, 5th class">Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie, 5th class</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Gold_Imtiyaz_Medal" title="Category:Recipients of the Gold Imtiyaz Medal">Recipients of the Gold Imtiyaz Medal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Gold_Liakat_Medal" title="Category:Recipients of the Gold Liakat Medal">Recipients of the Gold Liakat Medal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Iron_Cross_(1914),_2nd_class" title="Category:Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class">Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Medal_of_Independence_with_Red-Green_Ribbon_(Turkey)" title="Category:Recipients of the Medal of Independence with Red-Green Ribbon (Turkey)">Recipients of the Medal of Independence with Red-Green Ribbon (Turkey)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deputies_of_Istanbul" title="Category:Deputies of Istanbul">Deputies of Istanbul</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Ey%C3%BCp_Cemetery" title="Category:Burials at Eyüp Cemetery">Burials at Eyüp Cemetery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_the_Dersim_rebellion" title="Category:People of the Dersim rebellion">People of the Dersim rebellion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_1st_government_of_Turkey" title="Category:Members of the 1st government of Turkey">Members of the 1st government of Turkey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nation_Party_(Turkey,_1948)_politicians" title="Category:Nation Party (Turkey, 1948) politicians">Nation Party (Turkey, 1948) politicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Category:Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Anti-Kurdish sentiment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Turanists" title="Category:Turanists">Turanists</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Turkish-language_sources_(tr)" title="Category:Articles with Turkish-language sources (tr)">Articles with Turkish-language sources (tr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_February_2022" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from February 2022">Articles with dead external links from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2020">Use dmy dates from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_October_2010" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from October 2010">Articles to be expanded from October 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Turkish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Turkish-language text">Articles containing Turkish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 16:56<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fevzi_%C3%87akmak&diff=1259338399&oldid=1072311055&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7c5987fdcc-mrr9r","wgBackendResponseTime":372,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.469","walltime":"1.770","ppvisitednodes":{"value":21611,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":218520,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":31611,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":117424,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1528.360 1 -total"," 31.41% 480.004 1 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 14.44% 220.699 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.20% 186.422 17 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 8.98% 137.192 43 Template:Main_other"," 7.75% 118.390 4 Template:Succession_box"," 7.45% 113.793 2 Template:Langx"," 6.89% 105.244 1 Template:Country2nationality"," 6.47% 98.883 1 Template:Chiefs_of_the_General_Staff_of_Turkey"," 6.05% 92.416 1 Template:Military_navigation"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.763","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24239048,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-565f7699fc-8djhl","timestamp":"20241125145637","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Fevzi \u00c7akmak","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fevzi_%C3%87akmak","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q328331","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q328331","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-03-12T20:53:35Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T16:56:32Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d8\/%C4%B0stanbul_milletvekili_Fevzi_%C3%87akmak.png","headline":"Turkish field marshal and politician (1876\u20131950)"}</script> </body> </html>