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plans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Order_of_battle_and_plans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Order of battle and plans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Order_of_battle_and_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Bulgaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Armenian_volunteers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian_volunteers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Armenian volunteers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian_volunteers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Serbia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Montenegro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Montenegro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Montenegro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Montenegro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Ottoman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forces_in_Balkans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forces_in_Balkans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Forces in Balkans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forces_in_Balkans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Navy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Navy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Ottoman Navy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Navy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Albanian_volunteers_and_irregulars_in_the_Ottoman_army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albanian_volunteers_and_irregulars_in_the_Ottoman_army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Albanian volunteers and irregulars in the Ottoman army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albanian_volunteers_and_irregulars_in_the_Ottoman_army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Operations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bulgarian_theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgarian_theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Bulgarian theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgarian_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bulgarian_offensive_and_advance_to_Çatalca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgarian_offensive_and_advance_to_Çatalca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Bulgarian offensive and advance to Çatalca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgarian_offensive_and_advance_to_Çatalca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_counteroffensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_counteroffensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Ottoman counteroffensive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_counteroffensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_Adrianople_and_Serbo-Bulgarian_friction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_Adrianople_and_Serbo-Bulgarian_friction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Fall of Adrianople and Serbo-Bulgarian friction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_Adrianople_and_Serbo-Bulgarian_friction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek_theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Greek theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Macedonian_front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macedonian_front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Macedonian front</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macedonian_front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epirus_front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epirus_front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Epirus front</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epirus_front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naval_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naval_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Naval operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naval_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_Greek_control_of_the_Aegean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_Greek_control_of_the_Aegean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Establishment of Greek control of the Aegean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_Greek_control_of_the_Aegean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confrontations_off_the_Dardanelles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confrontations_off_the_Dardanelles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Confrontations off the Dardanelles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confrontations_off_the_Dardanelles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbian_and_Montenegrin_theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbian_and_Montenegrin_theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Serbian and Montenegrin theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbian_and_Montenegrin_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atrocities_and_migrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atrocities_and_migrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Atrocities and migrations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atrocities_and_migrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reasons_for_Ottoman_defeat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reasons_for_Ottoman_defeat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reasons for Ottoman defeat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reasons_for_Ottoman_defeat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_Powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Great Powers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_battles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_battles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>List of battles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_battles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of battles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_battles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bulgarian–Ottoman_battles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgarian–Ottoman_battles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bulgarian–Ottoman battles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgarian–Ottoman_battles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greek–Ottoman_battles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek–Ottoman_battles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Greek–Ottoman battles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek–Ottoman_battles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbian–Ottoman_battles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbian–Ottoman_battles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Serbian–Ottoman battles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbian–Ottoman_battles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">First Balkan War</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerste_Balkanoorlog" title="Eerste Balkanoorlog – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eerste Balkanoorlog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89" title="حرب البلقان الأولى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب البلقان الأولى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_Guerra_Balcanica" title="Primera Guerra Balcanica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Primera Guerra Balcanica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primer_guerra_de_los_Balcanes" title="Primer guerra de los Balcanes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Primer guerra de los Balcanes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birinci_Balkan_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="Birinci Balkan müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Birinci Balkan müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="بیرینجی بالکان ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیرینجی بالکان ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="প্রথম বলকান যুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রথম বলকান যুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93-it-chh%C3%B9_Balkan_Chi%C3%A0n-cheng" title="Tē-it-chhù Balkan Chiàn-cheng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tē-it-chhù Balkan Chiàn-cheng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D2%BB%D1%83%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Беренсе Балҡан һуғышы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Беренсе Балҡан һуғышы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Першая балканская вайна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Першая балканская вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Першая балканская вайна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Першая балканская вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Балканска война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Балканска война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvi_balkanski_rat" title="Prvi balkanski rat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Prvi balkanski rat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_Guerra_Balc%C3%A0nica" title="Primera Guerra Balcànica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Primera Guerra Balcànica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvn%C3%AD_balk%C3%A1nsk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka" title="První balkánská válka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="První balkánská válka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/1._Balkankrig" title="1. Balkankrig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="1. Balkankrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erster_Balkankrieg" title="Erster Balkankrieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erster Balkankrieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esimene_Balkani_s%C3%B5da" title="Esimene Balkani sõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Esimene Balkani sõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%84_%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Α΄ Βαλκανικός Πόλεμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Α΄ Βαλκανικός Πόλεμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_guerra_de_los_Balcanes" title="Primera guerra de los Balcanes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Primera guerra de los Balcanes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unua_Balkana_milito" title="Unua Balkana milito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Unua Balkana milito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkanetako_Lehen_Gerra" title="Balkanetako Lehen Gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Balkanetako Lehen Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%86%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جنگ نخست بالکان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ نخست بالکان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_guerre_balkanique" title="Première guerre balkanique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Première guerre balkanique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_guerra_balc%C3%A1nica" title="Primeira guerra balcánica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Primeira guerra balcánica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C1%EC%B0%A8_%EB%B0%9C%EC%B9%B8_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="제1차 발칸 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제1차 발칸 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%BB%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Առաջին Բալկանյան պատերազմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Առաջին Բալկանյան պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvi_balkanski_rat" title="Prvi balkanski rat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prvi balkanski rat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unesma_Balkanana_milito" title="Unesma Balkanana milito – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Unesma Balkanana milito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Balkan_I" title="Perang Balkan I – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Balkan I" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%A4%D1%8B%D1%86%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D1%85%C3%A6%D1%81%D1%82" title="Балканы Фыццаг хæст – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Балканы Фыццаг хæст" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_guerra_balcanica" title="Prima guerra balcanica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Prima guerra balcanica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="מלחמת הבלקן הראשונה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת הבלקן הראשונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Биринчи Балкан къазауат – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Биринчи Балкан къазауат" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ბალკანეთის პირველი ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბალკანეთის პირველი ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%96_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Бірінші Балқан соғысы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бірінші Балқан соғысы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eer%C3%AA_Balkan%C3%AA_y%C3%AA_Yekem" title="Şerê Balkanê yê Yekem – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şerê Balkanê yê Yekem" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellum_Balcanicum_Primum" title="Bellum Balcanicum Primum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bellum Balcanicum Primum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirmais_Balk%C4%81nu_kar%C5%A1" title="Pirmais Balkānu karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pirmais Balkānu karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirmasis_Balkan%C5%B3_karas" title="Pirmasis Balkanų karas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pirmasis Balkanų karas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Els%C5%91_Balk%C3%A1n-h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Első Balkán-háború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Első Balkán-háború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Прва балканска војна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Прва балканска војна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="पहिले बाल्कन युद्ध – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पहिले बाल्कन युद्ध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Balkan_I" title="Perang Balkan I – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Balkan I" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parang_Balkan_I" title="Parang Balkan I – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Parang Balkan I" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerste_Balkanoorlog" title="Eerste Balkanoorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Eerste Balkanoorlog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="第一次バルカン戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第一次バルカン戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iarst_Balkaankrich" title="Iarst Balkaankrich – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Iarst Balkaankrich" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_f%C3%B8rste_Balkankrigen" title="Den første Balkankrigen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den første Balkankrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_f%C3%B8rste_balkankrigen" title="Den første balkankrigen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den første balkankrigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primi%C3%A8ra_Gu%C3%A8rra_Balcanica" title="Primièra Guèrra Balcanica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Primièra Guèrra Balcanica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%81%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%DA%91%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="پہلی بلقان لڑائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پہلی بلقان لڑائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%93%DB%8D_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="د بالکان لومړۍ جګړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د بالکان لومړۍ جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_wojna_ba%C5%82ka%C5%84ska" title="I wojna bałkańska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="I wojna bałkańska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_Guerra_Balc%C3%A2nica" title="Primeira Guerra Balcânica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Primeira Guerra Balcânica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primul_R%C4%83zboi_Balcanic" title="Primul Război Balcanic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Primul Război Balcanic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Первая Балканская война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Первая Балканская война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_gherra_balc%C3%A0nica" title="Prima gherra balcànica – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Prima gherra balcànica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta_e_Par%C3%AB_Ballkanike" title="Lufta e Parë Ballkanike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lufta e Parë Ballkanike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prv%C3%A1_balk%C3%A1nska_vojna" title="Prvá balkánska vojna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prvá balkánska vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prva_balkanska_vojna" title="Prva balkanska vojna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prva balkanska vojna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" 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.status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">First Balkan War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkanskata_voina_Photobox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Balkanskata_voina_Photobox.jpg/315px-Balkanskata_voina_Photobox.jpg" decoding="async" width="315" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Balkanskata_voina_Photobox.jpg/473px-Balkanskata_voina_Photobox.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Balkanskata_voina_Photobox.jpg/630px-Balkanskata_voina_Photobox.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="970" /></a></span><br />Clockwise from top right: Serbian forces entering the town of <a href="/wiki/Kosovska_Mitrovica" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovska Mitrovica">Mitrovica</a>; Ottoman troops at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kumanovo" title="Battle of Kumanovo">Battle of Kumanovo</a>; Meeting of the Greek king <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Greece" title="George I of Greece">George I</a> and the Bulgarian tsar <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Ferdinand I of Bulgaria">Ferdinand I</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>; Bulgarian heavy artillery</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>8 October 1912 – 30 May 1913</li> <li>(7 months, 3 weeks and 1 day)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Peninsula">Balkan Peninsula</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p><a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a> victory </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London,_1913" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of London, 1913">Treaty of London</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Ottoman European territory divided between the Balkan League States.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a></b>:</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Bulgaria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)">Bulgaria</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Greece"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Serbia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></span></li> <li><span data-sort-value="Montenegro"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)"><img alt="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Ferdinand I of Bulgaria">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)"><img alt="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Vazov" title="Vladimir Vazov">Vladimir Vazov</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)"><img alt="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Vazov" title="Georgi Vazov">Georgi Vazov</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)"><img alt="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mihail_Savov" title="Mihail Savov">Mihail Savov</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)"><img alt="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fichev" title="Ivan Fichev">Ivan Fichev</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)"><img alt="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vasil_Kutinchev" title="Vasil Kutinchev">Vasil Kutinchev</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)"><img alt="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Ivanov" title="Nikola Ivanov">Nikola Ivanov</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)"><img alt="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Radko_Dimitriev" title="Radko Dimitriev">Radko Dimitriev</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)"><img alt="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Stiliyan_Kovachev" title="Stiliyan Kovachev">Stiliyan Kovachev</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)"><img alt="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Todorov_(general)" title="Georgi Todorov (general)">Georgi Todorov</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)"><img alt="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Andranik_Ozanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Andranik Ozanian">Andranik Ozanian</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)"><img alt="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Garegin_Nzhdeh" title="Garegin Nzhdeh">Garegin Nzhdeh</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece"><img alt="Kingdom of Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Greece" title="George I of Greece">George I</a> <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination"><b>X</b></a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece"><img alt="Kingdom of Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece"><img alt="Kingdom of Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece" title="Constantine I of Greece">Constantine I</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece"><img alt="Kingdom of Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Panagiotis_Danglis" title="Panagiotis Danglis">Panagiotis Danglis</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece"><img alt="Kingdom of Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pavlos_Kountouriotis" title="Pavlos Kountouriotis">Pavlos Kountouriotis</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece"><img alt="Kingdom of Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Damianos" title="Ioannis Damianos">Ioannis Damianos</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece"><img alt="Kingdom of Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Delagrammatikas" title="Nikolaos Delagrammatikas">Nikolaos Delagrammatikas</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece"><img alt="Kingdom of Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Sapountzakis" title="Konstantinos Sapountzakis">Konstantinos Sapountzakis</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece"><img alt="Kingdom of Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dimitrios_Matthaiopoulos" title="Dimitrios Matthaiopoulos">Dimitrios Matthaiopoulos</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece"><img alt="Kingdom of Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Damianos" title="Konstantinos Damianos">Konstantinos Damianos</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia"><img alt="Kingdom of Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Serbia" title="Peter I of Serbia">Peter I</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia"><img alt="Kingdom of Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia" title="Alexander I of Yugoslavia">Prince Alexander</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia"><img alt="Kingdom of Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Radomir_Putnik" title="Radomir Putnik">Radomir Putnik</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia"><img alt="Kingdom of Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Petar_Bojovi%C4%87" title="Petar Bojović">Petar Bojović</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia"><img alt="Kingdom of Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Stepa_Stepanovi%C4%87" title="Stepa Stepanović">Stepa Stepanović</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia"><img alt="Kingdom of Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%BEidar_Jankovi%C4%87_(general)" title="Božidar Janković (general)">Božidar Janković</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia"><img alt="Kingdom of Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivojin_Mi%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Živojin Mišić">Živojin Mišić</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia"><img alt="Kingdom of Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pavle_Juri%C5%A1i%C4%87_%C5%A0turm" title="Pavle Jurišić Šturm">Pavle Jurišić Šturm</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro"><img alt="Kingdom of Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Montenegro" title="Nicholas I of Montenegro">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro"><img alt="Kingdom of Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Danilo,_Crown_Prince_of_Montenegro" title="Danilo, Crown Prince of Montenegro">Prince Danilo Petrović</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro"><img alt="Kingdom of Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Peter_of_Montenegro" title="Prince Peter of Montenegro">Prince Peter</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro"><img alt="Kingdom of Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Janko_Vukoti%C4%87" title="Janko Vukotić">Janko Vukotić</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro"><img alt="Kingdom of Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Radomir_Ve%C5%A1ovi%C4%87" title="Radomir Vešović">Radomir Vešović</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shevket_Pasha" title="Mahmud Shevket Pasha">Mahmud Shevket Pasha</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Naz%C4%B1m_Pasha" title="Nazım Pasha">Nazım Pasha</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zeki_Pasha" title="Zeki Pasha">Zeki Pasha</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Esat_B%C3%BClkat" title="Mehmet Esat Bülkat">Esat Pasha</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6lemen_Abdullah_Pasha" title="Kölemen Abdullah Pasha">Abdullah Pasha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ali_R%C4%B1za_Pasha" title="Ali Rıza Pasha">Ali Rıza Pasha</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Tahsin_Pasha" title="Hasan Tahsin Pasha">Hasan Tahsin Pasha</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0smail_Hakk%C4%B1_Okday" title="İsmail Hakkı Okday">İsmail Hakkı Pasha</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hasan_R%C4%B1za_Pasha" title="Hasan Rıza Pasha">Hasan Rıza Pasha</a> <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination"><b>X</b></a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC_Pasha" title="Mehmed Şükrü Pasha">Mehmed Şükrü Pasha</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Essad_Pasha_Toptani" class="mw-redirect" title="Essad Pasha Toptani">Essad Pasha Toptani</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rauf_Orbay" title="Rauf Orbay">Rauf Pasha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)"><img alt="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></b> 450,300+ men<sup id="cite_ref-Hall16_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall16-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia"><img alt="Kingdom of Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span></b> 230,000 men<sup id="cite_ref-Hall18_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall18-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece"><img alt="Kingdom of Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span></b> 125,000 men<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson70_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson70-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro"><img alt="Kingdom of Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span></b> 44,500 men<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson200369_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson200369-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Total:</b> 850,000+</li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span></b> 436,742 men initially <span style="font-size:85%;">(significantly more than the Balkan League by the end)</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson200352_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson200352-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><b><span data-sort-value="Bulgaria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)">Bulgaria</a></span>:</b><sup id="cite_ref-Hall135_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall135-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>14,000 killed</li> <li>4,926 missing</li> <li>50,000 wounded</li> <li>19,000 dead of disease</li></ul></li> <li><b><span data-sort-value="Greece"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></span>:</b><sup id="cite_ref-Hall135_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall135-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>5,169 killed</li> <li>23,502 wounded</li> <li>1,550 dead of disease</li> <li><b><span data-sort-value="Serbia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></span>:</b></li> <li>5,000 killed</li> <li>18,000 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>6,698 dead of disease</li> <li><b><span data-sort-value="Montenegro"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281905%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></span>:</b><sup id="cite_ref-Hall135_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall135-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Erickson329_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson329-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2,836 killed</li> <li>6,602 wounded</li> <li>406 dead of disease<hr /></li></ul> <p><b>Total:</b> 156,139 killed, wounded, or died of disease </p> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>:</b><sup id="cite_ref-Erickson329_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson329-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>50,000 killed</li> <li>100,000 wounded</li> <li>115,000 captured</li> <li>75,000 dead of disease<hr /></li> <li><b>Total:</b> 340,000 killed, wounded, captured or died of disease</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> Numerous <a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Albanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction#Balkan_Wars" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Ottoman civilian</a> casualties <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Atrocities_and_migrations"><i>(see below...)</i></a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="First_Balkan_War" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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title="Template talk:Campaignbox First Balkan War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_First_Balkan_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox First Balkan War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First_Balkan_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">First Balkan War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Front_of_First_Balkan_War" title="Bulgarian Front of First Balkan War">Bulgarian Front</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kardzhali" title="Battle of Kardzhali">Kardzhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirk_Kilisse" title="Battle of Kirk Kilisse">Kirk Kilisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lule_Burgas" title="Battle of Lule Burgas">Lule Burgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Merhamli" title="Battle of Merhamli">Merhamli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaliakra_(1912)" title="Battle of Kaliakra (1912)">Kaliakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="First Battle of Çatalca">1st Çatalca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bulair" title="Battle of Bulair"> Bulair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%9Eark%C3%B6y" title="Battle of Şarköy">Şarköy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adrianople_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Adrianople (1912–1913)">Adrianople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="Second Battle of Çatalca">2nd Çatalca</a></li></ul> <p><b>Serbian and Montenegrin front</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kumanovo" title="Battle of Kumanovo">Kumanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lum%C3%AB" title="Battle of Lumë">Lumë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prilep" title="Battle of Prilep">Prilep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monastir" title="Battle of Monastir">Monastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Scutari_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Scutari (1912–1913)">Scutari</a></li></ul> <p><b>Greek front</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Lemnos" title="Capture of Lemnos">Lemnos Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarantaporo" title="Battle of Sarantaporo">Sarantaporo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yenidje" title="Battle of Yenidje">Yenidje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pente_Pigadia" title="Battle of Pente Pigadia">Pente Pigadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sorovich" title="Battle of Sorovich">Sorovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himara_revolt_of_1912" title="Himara revolt of 1912">Himara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lesbos_(1912)" title="Battle of Lesbos (1912)">Lesbos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chios_(1912)" title="Battle of Chios (1912)">Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Driskos" title="Battle of Driskos">Driskos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elli" title="Battle of Elli">Elli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Korytsa" title="Capture of Korytsa">Korytsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lemnos_(1913)" title="Battle of Lemnos (1913)">Lemnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bizani" title="Battle of Bizani">Bizani</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>First Balkan War</b> lasted from October 1912 to May 1913 and involved actions of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a> (the Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a>) against the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Balkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan">Balkan</a> states' combined armies overcame the initially numerically inferior (significantly superior by the end of the conflict) and strategically disadvantaged Ottoman armies, achieving rapid success. </p><p>The war was a comprehensive and unmitigated disaster for the Ottomans, who lost 83% of their European territories and 69% of their European population.<sup id="cite_ref-uslu_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uslu-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the war, the League captured and partitioned almost all of the Ottoman Empire's remaining territories in Europe. Ensuing events also led to the creation of an <a href="/wiki/Independent_Albania" title="Independent Albania">independent Albania</a>, which dissatisfied the <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a>. Bulgaria, meanwhile, was dissatisfied over the division of the spoils in <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a> and attacked its former allies, Serbia and Greece, on 16 June 1913, which provoked the start of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a>. </p><p>During the war, many civilians, overwhelmingly <a href="/wiki/Turk_(term_for_Muslims)" title="Turk (term for Muslims)">Muslim Turks</a>, were either killed or forced to flee their homes. The highly politicized and disorganized units of the Ottoman army were quite incapable of evacuating the civilians in the war zone. This situation left many civilians in the occupied areas defenseless against the invading armies of the Balkan League. Although there are discussions about the exact amount of civilian casualties, when the war ended great changes occurred in the demographic makeup of the Balkan region.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <p>Tensions among the <a href="/wiki/Balkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan">Balkan</a> states over their rival aspirations to the provinces of Ottoman-controlled <a href="/wiki/Rumelia" title="Rumelia">Rumelia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rumelia" title="Eastern Rumelia">Eastern Rumelia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a>) subsided somewhat after the mid-19th-century intervention by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Powers">Great Powers</a>, which aimed to secure both more complete protection for the provinces' Christian majority as well as to maintain the status quo. By 1867, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> had both secured their independence, which was confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin (1878)</a>. The question of the viability of Ottoman rule was revived after the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a> in July 1908, which compelled the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> to restore the suspended constitution of the empire. </p><p>Serbia's aspirations to take over <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Bosnia">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> were thwarted by the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian crisis">Bosnian crisis</a>, which led to the Austrian annexation of the province in October 1908. The Serbs then directed their war efforts to the south. After the annexation, the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a> tried to induce the Muslim population of <a href="/wiki/Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia">Bosnia</a> to emigrate to the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman authorities resettled those who took up the offer in districts of northern Macedonia with few Muslims. The experiment proved to be a catastrophe since the immigrants readily united with the existing population of Albanian Muslims and participated in the series of <a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1911" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian revolt of 1911">1911 Albanian uprisings</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Albanian revolt of 1912</a>. Some Albanian government troops switched sides. </p><p>In May 1912, Albanian rebels seeking national autonomy and the re-installment of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a> to power drove the Young Turkish forces out of <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a> and pressed south towards Manastir (now <a href="/wiki/Bitola" title="Bitola">Bitola</a>), forcing the Young Turks to grant effective autonomy over large regions in June 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serbia, which had been helping to arm the Hamidian and Catholic Albanians rebelling in the <a href="/wiki/Mirdit%C3%AB" title="Mirditë">Mirditë</a> region; sent secret agents to some of the prominent leaders, taking the revolt as a pretext for war.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serbia, Montenegro, Greece, and Bulgaria had all been in talks about possible offensives against the Ottoman Empire before the 1912 Albanian revolt had broken out, and a formal agreement between Serbia and Montenegro had been signed on 7 March.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200010–13_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200010–13-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 18 October 1912, King <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Serbia" title="Peter I of Serbia">Peter I of Serbia</a> issued a declaration, 'To the Serbian People,' which appeared to support Albanians as well as Serbs: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Turkish governments showed no interest in their duties towards their citizens and turned a deaf ear to all complaints and suggestions. Things got so far out of hand that no one was satisfied with the situation in Turkey in Europe. It also became unbearable for the Serbs, the Greeks, and the Albanians. By the grace of God, I have therefore ordered my brave army to join in the Holy War to free our brethren and to wish for a better future. In Old Serbia, my army will meet not only upon Christian Serbs but also upon Muslim Serbs, who are equally dear to us, and in addition to them, upon Christian and Muslim Albanians with whom our people have shared joy and sorrow for thirteen centuries now. To all of them, we bring freedom, brotherhood and equality.</p></blockquote> <p>In a search for allies, Serbia was ready to negotiate a treaty with Bulgaria.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The agreement provided that in the event of victory against the Ottomans, Bulgaria would receive all of Macedonia south of the <a href="/wiki/Kriva_Palanka" title="Kriva Palanka">Kriva Palanka</a>–<a href="/wiki/Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Ohrid</a> line. Bulgaria accepted Serbia's expansion as being to the north of the <a href="/wiki/Shar_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Shar Mountains">Shar Mountains</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>). The intervening area was agreed to be "disputed" and would be arbitrated by the <a href="/wiki/Tsar_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar of Russia">Tsar of Russia</a> in the event of a successful war against the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200011_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200011-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the war, it became apparent that the Albanians did not consider Serbia as a liberator, as had been suggested by King Peter I, and the Serbian forces failed to observe his declaration of amity toward Albanians.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After the successful coup d'état for <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_unification" title="Bulgarian unification">unification</a> with Eastern Rumelia,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bulgaria began to dream that its national unification would be realized. For that purpose, it developed a large army and was identified as the "<a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> of the Balkans."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Bulgaria could not win a war alone against the Ottomans. </p><p>In Greece, <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Army" title="Hellenic Army">Hellenic Army</a> officers had rebelled in the <a href="/wiki/Goudi_coup" title="Goudi coup">Goudi coup</a> of August 1909 and secured the appointment of a progressive government under <a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a>, which they hoped would resolve the <a href="/wiki/Cretan_State" title="Cretan State">Crete question</a> in Greece's favour. They also wanted to reverse their defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1897)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1897)">Greco-Turkish War (1897)</a> by the Ottomans. An emergency military reorganization, led by a French military mission, had been started for that purpose, but its work was interrupted by the outbreak of war in the Balkans. In the discussions that led to Greece joining the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a>, Bulgaria refused to commit to any agreement on distributing territorial gains, unlike its deal with Serbia over Macedonia. Bulgaria's diplomatic policy was to push Serbia into one that limited its access to Macedonia<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while simultaneously refusing any such agreement with Greece. Bulgaria believed that its army could occupy the big part of Aegean Macedonia and the port city of Salonica (<a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>) before the Greeks could do so. </p><p>In 1911, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> had launched an <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">invasion of Tripolitania</a>, now in <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, which was quickly followed by the occupation of the <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodecanese Islands">Dodecanese Islands</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>. The Italians' decisive military victories over the Ottoman Empire and the successful 1912 Albanian revolt encouraged the Balkan states to imagine that they might win a war against the Ottomans. By the spring and summer of 1912, the various Christian Balkan nations had created a network of military alliances, becoming known as the Balkan League. </p><p>The Great Powers, most notably <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, reacted to the formation of the alliances by trying unsuccessfully to dissuade the Balkan League from going to war. In late September, the League and the Ottoman Empire mobilized their armies. <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> was the first to declare war on 25 September (<a href="/wiki/Old_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Style">O.S.</a>)/8 October. After issuing an impossible ultimatum to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Porte" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Porte">Ottoman Porte</a> on 13 October, Bulgaria, Serbia and Greece declared war on the Ottomans on 17 October (1912). The declarations of war attracted a large number of war correspondents. An estimated 200 to 300 <a href="/wiki/Journalists_of_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Journalists of the Balkan Wars">journalists from around the world covered the war in the Balkans</a> in November 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Order_of_battle_and_plans">Order of battle and plans</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balkan_1912.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Balkan_1912.svg/400px-Balkan_1912.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="383" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Balkan_1912.svg/600px-Balkan_1912.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Balkan_1912.svg/800px-Balkan_1912.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="924" /></a><figcaption>Political boundaries in the Balkans before the First Balkan War</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to poor organization, transportation problems and the protracted <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">war with Italy</a>, the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle" title="Order of battle">order of battle</a> only had 12,024 officers, 324,718 other ranks, 47,960 animals, 2,318 artillery pieces and 388 machine guns ready by early October instead of the planned full complement of 750,000 officers and soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson78-84_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson78-84-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A total of 920 officers and 42,607 men of them had been assigned to non-divisional units and services, the remaining 293,206 officers and men were assigned to four armies.<sup id="cite_ref-Turkish_General_Staff_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turkish_General_Staff-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Opposing them and continuing their secret prewar settlements for expansion, the three Slavic allies (Bulgarian, Serbs and Montenegrins) had extensive plans to co-ordinate their war efforts: the Serbs and the Montenegrins in the theatre of <a href="/wiki/Sand%C5%BEak" title="Sandžak">Sandžak</a> and the Bulgarians and the Serbs in the Macedonian and the Bulgarians alone in the <a href="/wiki/Thracia" title="Thracia">Thracian</a> theatre. </p><p>The bulk of the Bulgarian forces (346,182 men) was to attack Thrace, fighting against the Thracian Ottoman Army of 96,273 men and about 26,000 garrison troops,<sup id="cite_ref-The_War_between_Bulgaria_and_Turkey659-663_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_War_between_Bulgaria_and_Turkey659-663-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or about 115,000 personnel in total, according to Hall's, Erickson's and the Turkish General Staff's 1993 studies. It was to be supported by the <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1rcaali_Detachment" title="Kırcaali Detachment">Kırcaali Detachment</a> of 24,000 military personnel, deployed along the <a href="/wiki/Arda_(Maritsa_tributary)" title="Arda (Maritsa tributary)">Arda</a> river to prevent the Bulgarians from reaching the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> and thus cutting Ottoman transportation and communication links with Macedonia. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Vardar_Army" title="Vardar Army">Vardar Army</a> of some 58,000 men was deployed near <a href="/wiki/Kumanovo" title="Kumanovo">Kumanovo</a> against the First and Second Serbian Armies of 90,000 Serbian and approx. 50,000 Serbian and Bulgarian men. Approx. 28,000 additional men from the <a href="/wiki/Struma_Corps" title="Struma Corps">Struma Corps</a> were to protect the right flank of the Vardar Army and prevent Bulgarian encroachment along the <a href="/wiki/Struma_(river)" title="Struma (river)">Struma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_War_between_Bulgaria_and_Turkey511_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_War_between_Bulgaria_and_Turkey511-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Erickson173_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson173-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Yanya_Corps" title="Yanya Corps">Yanya Corps</a> (22,000 men) was to defend Epirus and Albania from the Greek <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Epirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Army of Epirus">Army of Epirus</a>, while the VIII Corps (29,000 men) was deployed to guard the Thessalian mountain passes leading to Thessaloniki.<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson214-216_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson214-216-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional 25,000 men of the <a href="/wiki/I%C5%9Fkodra_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Işkodra Corps">Işkodra Corps</a> were stationed in <a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Shkodër</a> to protect Northern Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-The_War_between_Bulgaria_and_Turkey511_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_War_between_Bulgaria_and_Turkey511-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the Ottoman military personnel stationed in Macedonia, Kosovo, Albania and Epirus numbered almost 200,000 men, who were pitted against 234,000 Serbs, 48,000 Bulgarians and 115,000 Greeks.<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson170_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson170-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_of_the_Bulgarian_Army_in_the_First_Balkan_War_(1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle of the Bulgarian Army in the First Balkan War (1912)">Order of battle of the Bulgarian Army in the First Balkan War (1912)</a></div> <p>Bulgaria was militarily the most powerful of the four Balkan states, with a large, well-trained, well-equipped army.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall16_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall16-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bulgaria mobilized a total of 599,878 men out of a population of 4.3 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall18_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall18-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bulgarian field army counted for nine infantry <a href="/wiki/Division_(military)" title="Division (military)">divisions</a>, one cavalry division and 1,116 artillery units.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall16_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall16-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commander-in-chief was Tsar <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand of Bulgaria">Ferdinand</a>, and the operating command was in the hands of his deputy, General <a href="/wiki/Mihail_Savov" title="Mihail Savov">Mihail Savov</a>. The Bulgarians also had a small navy of six torpedo boats restricted to operations along the country's <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall17_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall17-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bulgaria was focused on actions in Thrace and Macedonia. It deployed its main force in Thrace by forming three armies. The <a href="/wiki/First_Army_(Bulgaria)" title="First Army (Bulgaria)">First Army</a> (79,370 men), under General <a href="/wiki/Vasil_Kutinchev" title="Vasil Kutinchev">Vasil Kutinchev</a>, had three infantry divisions and was deployed to the south of <a href="/wiki/Yambol" title="Yambol">Yambol</a> and assigned operations along the <a href="/wiki/Tundzha" title="Tundzha">Tundzha</a> River. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(Bulgaria)" title="Second Army (Bulgaria)">Second Army</a> (122,748 men), under General <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Ivanov" title="Nikola Ivanov">Nikola Ivanov</a>, with two infantry divisions and one infantry brigade, was deployed west of the First Army and was assigned to capture the strong fortress of Adrianople (<a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a>). Plans had the <a href="/wiki/Third_Army_(Bulgaria)" title="Third Army (Bulgaria)">Third Army</a> (94,884 men), under General <a href="/wiki/Radko_Dimitriev" title="Radko Dimitriev">Radko Dimitriev</a>, to be deployed east of and behind the First Army and to be covered by the cavalry division that hid it from the Ottomans' sight. The Third Army had three infantry divisions and was assigned to cross Mount <a href="/wiki/Stranja" class="mw-redirect" title="Stranja">Stranja</a> and to take the fortress of Kirk Kilisse (<a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1rklareli" title="Kırklareli">Kırklareli</a>). The 2nd (49,180) and 7th (48,523 men) Divisions were assigned independent roles, operating in <a href="/wiki/Western_Thrace" title="Western Thrace">Western Thrace</a> and Eastern Macedonia, respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Armenian_volunteers">Armenian volunteers</h4></div> <p>Three hundred Armenians from throughout the Ottoman Empire, Europe, and Russia, a small yet significant number, volunteered to fight on the side of the Balkan League's soldiers of more than 850,000. Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Andranik" title="Andranik">Andranik Ozanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garegin_Nzhdeh" title="Garegin Nzhdeh">Garegin Nzhdeh</a>, the Armenian detachment was commissioned to fight the Ottomans first at <a href="/wiki/Momchilgrad" title="Momchilgrad">Momchilgrad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Komotini" title="Komotini">Komotini</a> and its environs, and then later <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0psala" title="İpsala">İpsala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ke%C5%9Fan" title="Keşan">Keşan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malkara" title="Malkara">Malkara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tekirda%C4%9F" title="Tekirdağ">Tekirdağ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serbia">Serbia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_of_the_Serbian_Army_in_the_First_Balkan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle of the Serbian Army in the First Balkan War">Order of battle of the Serbian Army in the First Balkan War</a></div> <p>Serbia called upon about 255,000 men, out of a population of 2,912,000, with about 228 heavy guns, grouped in ten infantry divisions, two independent brigades and a cavalry division, under the effective command of the former war minister, <a href="/wiki/Radomir_Putnik" title="Radomir Putnik">Radomir Putnik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall18_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall18-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Serbian High Command, in its prewar war games,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> had concluded that the most likely site for the decisive battle against the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Vardar_Army" title="Vardar Army">Vardar Army</a> would be on the <a href="/wiki/Ov%C4%8De_Pole" title="Ovče Pole">Ovče Pole</a> Plateau, ahead of Skopje. Thus, the main forces were formed as three armies for the advance towards Skopje, and a division and an independent brigade were to cooperate with the Montenegrins in the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Novi_Pazar" title="Sanjak of Novi Pazar">Sanjak of Novi Pazar</a>. </p><p>The First Army (132,000 men), the strongest, was commanded by Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia" title="Alexander I of Yugoslavia">Alexander</a>, and the Chief of Staff was Colonel <a href="/wiki/Petar_Bojovi%C4%87" title="Petar Bojović">Petar Bojović</a>. The First Army formed the centre of the drive towards Skopje. The Second Army (74,000 men) was commanded by General <a href="/wiki/Stepa_Stepanovi%C4%87" title="Stepa Stepanović">Stepa Stepanović</a> and had one Serbian and one Bulgarian (7th Rila) division. It formed the army's left wing and advanced towards <a href="/wiki/Stracin" title="Stracin">Stracin</a>. Though the inclusion of a Bulgarian division was according to a prewar arrangement between Serbian and Bulgarian armies, it ceased to obey the orders of Stepanović as soon as the war began, only following those of the Bulgarian High Command. The Third Army (76,000 men) was commanded by General <a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%BEidar_Jankovi%C4%87_(general)" title="Božidar Janković (general)">Božidar Janković</a>, and since it was on the right wing, had the task to invade Kosovo and then move south to join the other armies in the expected battle at Ovče Polje. There were two more concentrations in northwestern Serbia across the borders between Serbia and Austria-Hungary: the Ibar Army (25,000 men), under General <a href="/wiki/Mihailo_%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87" title="Mihailo Živković">Mihailo Živković</a>, and the Javor Brigade (12,000 men), under Lieutenant-Colonel Milovoje Anđelković. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_of_the_Hellenic_Army_in_the_First_Balkan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle of the Hellenic Army in the First Balkan War">Order of battle of the Hellenic Army in the First Balkan War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Artillery_Balkans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Greek_Artillery_Balkans.jpg/220px-Greek_Artillery_Balkans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Greek_Artillery_Balkans.jpg/330px-Greek_Artillery_Balkans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Greek_Artillery_Balkans.jpg/440px-Greek_Artillery_Balkans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>Greek artillerymen with 75 mm field gun</figcaption></figure> <p>Greece, whose population was then 2,666,000,<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson70_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson70-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was considered the weakest of the three main allies since it fielded the smallest army and had suffered a defeat against the Ottomans 16 years earlier, in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897. A British consular dispatch from 1910 expressed the common perception of the Greek army's abilities: "If there is a war, we shall probably see that the only thing Greek officers can do besides talking is to run away."<sup id="cite_ref-Fotakis42_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fotakis42-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Greece was the only Balkan country to possess a meaningful navy, which was vital to the League to prevent Ottoman reinforcements from being rapidly transferred by ship from Asia to Europe. The Serbs and the Bulgarians readily appreciated it as the chief factor in initiating the process of Greece's inclusion in the League.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFotakis200544_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFotakis200544-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Greek ambassador to Sofia put it during the negotiations that led to Greece's entry into the League, "Greece can provide 600,000 men for the war effort. With 200,000 men on the battlefield, the fleet will be able to prevent 400,000 men from being landed by Turkey between <a href="/wiki/Salonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Salonica">Salonica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli" title="Gallipoli">Gallipoli</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Hall17_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall17-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Greek army was still undergoing reorganization by a <a href="/wiki/French_military_mission_to_Greece_(1911%E2%80%931914)" title="French military mission to Greece (1911–1914)">French military mission</a>, which arrived in early 1911. Under French supervision, the Greeks had adopted the triangular infantry division as their primary formation though more importantly, the overhaul of the mobilization system allowed the country to field and equip a far greater number of troops than had been the case in 1897. Foreign observers estimated Greece would mobilize approximately 50,000 men, but the Greek army fielded 125,000, with another 140,000 in the National Guard and reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson70_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson70-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fotakis42_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fotakis42-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon mobilization, as in 1897, the force was grouped in two field armies, reflecting the geographic division between the two operational theatres that were open to the Greeks: <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> and Epirus. The <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Thessaly" title="Army of Thessaly">Army of Thessaly</a> (Στρατιά Θεσσαλίας) was placed under Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece" title="Constantine I of Greece">Constantine</a>, with Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Panagiotis_Danglis" title="Panagiotis Danglis">Panagiotis Danglis</a> as his chief of staff. It fielded the bulk of the Greek forces: seven infantry divisions, a cavalry regiment, and four independent <a href="/wiki/Evzones" title="Evzones">Evzones</a> light mountain infantry battalions, roughly 100,000 men. It was expected to overcome the fortified Ottoman border positions and advance towards southern and central Macedonia, aiming to take Thessaloniki and Bitola. The remaining 10,000 to 13,000 men in eight battalions were assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Epirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Army of Epirus">Army of Epirus</a> (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Στρατιά Ηπείρου</span></span>) under Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Sapountzakis" title="Konstantinos Sapountzakis">Konstantinos Sapountzakis</a>. As it had no hope of capturing Ioannina, the heavily fortified capital of Epirus, the initial mission was to pin down the Ottoman forces there until sufficient reinforcements could be sent from the Army of Thessaly after the successful conclusion of operations. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_cruiser_Georgios_Averof_in_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/Greek_cruiser_Georgios_Averof_in_1909.jpg/220px-Greek_cruiser_Georgios_Averof_in_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/Greek_cruiser_Georgios_Averof_in_1909.jpg/330px-Greek_cruiser_Georgios_Averof_in_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/Greek_cruiser_Georgios_Averof_in_1909.jpg/440px-Greek_cruiser_Georgios_Averof_in_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="641" /></a><figcaption>The armored cruiser <a href="/wiki/Greek_cruiser_Georgios_Averof" title="Greek cruiser Georgios Averof"><i>Georgios Averof</i></a>, flagship of the Greek fleet. She was the most modern warship involved in the conflict and played a crucial role in operations in the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Greek navy was relatively modern, strengthened by the recent purchase of numerous new units and undergoing reforms under the supervision of a <a href="/w/index.php?title=British_naval_mission_to_Greece_(1911%E2%80%931915)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British naval mission to Greece (1911–1915) (page does not exist)">British mission</a>. Invited by Greek Prime Minister Venizelos in 1910, the mission began its work upon its arrival in May 1911. Granted extraordinary powers and led by Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Grant_Tufnell" title="Lionel Grant Tufnell">Lionel Grant Tufnell</a>, it thoroughly reorganized the Navy Ministry and dramatically improved the number and the quality of exercises in gunnery and fleet maneuvers.<sup id="cite_ref-Fotakis25–35_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fotakis25–35-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1912, the core unit of the fleet was the fast armoured cruiser <a href="/wiki/Greek_cruiser_Georgios_Averof" title="Greek cruiser Georgios Averof"><i>Georgios Averof</i></a>, which had been completed in 1910 and then was the fastest and the most modern warship in the combatant navies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFotakis200545_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFotakis200545-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was complemented by three rather-antiquated battleships of the <a href="/wiki/Hydra-class_battleship" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydra-class battleship"><i>Hydra</i> class</a>. There were also eight destroyers, built in 1906–1907, and six new destroyers, hastily bought in the summer of 1912 as the imminence of war became apparent.<sup id="cite_ref-Fotakis25–35_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fotakis25–35-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, at the outbreak of the war, the Greek fleet was far from ready. The Ottoman battlefleet retained a clear advantage in the number of ships, speed of the primary surface units and, most importantly, the number and calibre of the ships' guns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFotakis200545–46_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFotakis200545–46-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, as the war caught the fleet in the middle of its expansion and reorganization, a full third of the fleet (the six new destroyers and the submarine <a href="/wiki/Greek_submarine_Delfin_(1912)" title="Greek submarine Delfin (1912)"><i>Delfin</i></a>) reached Greece only after hostilities had started, forcing the navy to reshuffle crews, who consequently suffered from lacking familiarity and training. Coal stockpiles and other war stores were also in short supply, and the <i>Georgios Averof</i> had arrived with barely any ammunition and remained so until late November.<a href="#CITEREFFotakis2005">Fotakis 2005</a>, p. 46 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Montenegro">Montenegro</h3></div> <p>Montenegro was the smallest nation in the Balkan Peninsula, but in recent years before the war, it had improved its military skills with support from <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>. Also, it was the only Balkan country never to be fully conquered by the Ottoman Empire. As the smallest member of the League, Montenegro did not have much influence. However, it was advantageous for Montenegro,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> since when the Ottoman Empire was trying to counter the actions of Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece, there was enough time for Montenegro to prepare, which helped its successful military campaign. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h3></div> <p>Known colloquially as "the sick man of Europe", by 1912, the Ottoman Empire was at the end stages of a centuries long decline. Upon the outbreak of war Turkish forces were extremely vulnerable. The Ottoman Empire itself possessed a far larger population than all of its adversaries combined, of around 26 million. However just over 6.1 million lived in what still remained of Ottoman Europe, of which only 2.3 million were Muslim. A majority of the remainder were Orthodox Christians, considered unfit for conscription. The poor transport network of the Empire's Asian regions dictated that the only reliable way to mass transfer troops to the front was by sea where they'd be vulnerable to attacks from the Greek fleet based in the Aegean. In addition, in 1912 Ottomans were still at war with the Italians who in the year proceeding had overrun Ottoman Libya and by now were invading the <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a> islands, a campaign which had dominated Ottoman military efforts. Though the Ottoman Empire and Italy made peace on 15 October 1912, only days after the outbreak of hostilities in the Balkans, the protracted war had prevented the Ottomans from reinforcing their position in the Balkans as their relations with the Balkan states deteriorated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200019_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200019-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Forces_in_Balkans">Forces in Balkans</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_troops_with_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ottoman_troops_with_flag.jpg/220px-Ottoman_troops_with_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ottoman_troops_with_flag.jpg/330px-Ottoman_troops_with_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ottoman_troops_with_flag.jpg/440px-Ottoman_troops_with_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2407" data-file-height="1807" /></a><figcaption>Ottoman troops during the Balkan Wars</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ottomans' military capabilities were hampered by several factors, such as domestic strife caused by the Young Turk Revolution and the <a href="/wiki/31_March_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="31 March Incident">counterrevolutionary coup</a> several months later. That resulted in different groups competing for influence within the military. A German mission had tried reorganizing the army, but its recommendations had not been fully implemented. The Ottoman army was caught in the middle of reform and reorganization. Also, several of the army's best battalions had been transferred to <a href="/wiki/Yemen_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemen Vilayet">Yemen</a> to face the ongoing rebellion. In the summer of 1912, the Ottoman High Command decided disastrously to dismiss some 70,000 mobilized troops.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall18_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall18-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUyarErickson2009225–226_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUyarErickson2009225–226-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the regular army (<i>Nizam</i>) was well-equipped and had trained active divisions, the reserve units (<i>Redif</i>) that reinforced it was ill-equipped, especially in artillery, and badly-trained. </p><p>The Ottomans' strategic situation was difficult, as their borders were almost impossible to defend against a coordinated attack by the Balkan states. The Ottoman leadership decided to secure all of their territory. As a result, the available forces, which could not be effortlessly reinforced from Asia because of Greek control of the sea and the inadequacy of the Ottoman railway system, were dispersed too thinly across the region. They failed to stand up to the rapidly-mobilized Balkan armies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUyarErickson2009226–227_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUyarErickson2009226–227-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottomans had three in Europe (the Macedonian, Vardar and Thracian Armies), with 1,203 pieces of mobile and 1,115 fixed artillery in fortified areas. The Ottoman High Command repeated its error of previous wars by ignoring the established command structure to create new superior commands, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Eastern Army (Ottoman Empire)">Eastern Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Western Army (Ottoman Empire)">Western Army</a>, reflecting the division of the operational theatre between the Thracian (against the Bulgarians) and Macedonian (against the Greeks, Serbs and Montenegrins) fronts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUyarErickson2009227–228_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUyarErickson2009227–228-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Western Army fielded at least 200,000 men,<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson170_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson170-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Eastern Army fielded 115,000 men against the Bulgarians.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall22_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall22-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Eastern Army was commanded by <a href="/wiki/Nazim_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazim Pasha">Nazim Pasha</a> and had seven corps of 11 regular infantry divisions, 13 Redif divisions<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="what does this word mean? (September 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and at least one cavalry division: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="I Corps (Ottoman Empire)">I Corps</a> with three divisions (2nd Infantry (minus regiment), 3rd Infantry and 1st Provisional divisions).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="II Corps (Ottoman Empire)">II Corps</a> with three divisions (4th (minus regiment) and 5th Infantry and Uşak Redif divisions).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/III_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="III Corps (Ottoman Empire)">III Corps</a> with four divisions (7th, 8th and 9th Infantry Divisions, all minus a regiment, and the Afyonkarahisar Redif Division).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IV_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="IV Corps (Ottoman Empire)">IV Corps</a> with three divisions (12th Infantry Division (minus regiment), İzmit and Bursa Redif divisions).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XVII_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="XVII Corps (Ottoman Empire)">XVII Corps</a> with three divisions (Samsun, Ereğli and İzmir Redif divisions).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrianople_Fortified_Area_Command&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adrianople Fortified Area Command (page does not exist)">Edirne Fortified Area</a> with six-plus divisions (10th and 11th Infantry, Edirne, Babaeski and Gümülcine Redif and the Fortress division, 4th Rifle and 12th Cavalry regiments).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1rcaali_Detachment" title="Kırcaali Detachment">Kırcaali Detachment</a> with two-plus divisions (Kırcaali Redif, Kırcaali Mustahfız division and 36th Infantry Regiment).</li> <li>An independent cavalry division and the 5th Light Cavalry Brigade.</li></ul> <p>The Western Army (Macedonian and Vardar Army) constituted ten corps with 32 infantry and two cavalry divisions. Against Serbia, the Ottomans deployed the Vardar Army (HQ in Skopje) under <a href="/wiki/Halepli_Zeki_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Halepli Zeki Pasha">Halepli Zeki Pasha</a>, with five corps of 18 infantry divisions, one cavalry division and two independent cavalry brigades under the: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="V Corps (Ottoman Empire)">V Corps</a> with four divisions (13th, 15th, 16th Infantry and the İştip Redif divisions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VI_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="VI Corps (Ottoman Empire)">VI Corps</a> with four divisions (17th, 18th Infantry and the Manastır and Drama Redif divisions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VII_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="VII Corps (Ottoman Empire)">VII Corps</a> with three division (19th Infantry and Üsküp and Priştine Redif divisions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="II Corps (Ottoman Empire)">II Corps</a> with three divisions (Uşak, Denizli and İzmir Redif divisions)</li> <li>Sandžak Corps<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> with four divisions (20th Infantry (minus regiment), 60th Infantry, Metroviça Redif Division, Taşlıca Redif Regiment, <a href="/wiki/Firzovik_Detachment" title="Firzovik Detachment">Firzovik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%9Fl%C4%B1ca_Detachment" title="Taşlıca Detachment">Taslica</a> detachments)</li> <li>An independent Cavalry Division and the 7th and 8th Cavalry Brigades.</li></ul> <p>The Macedonian Army (headquarters in Thessaloniki under <a href="/wiki/Ali_R%C4%B1za_Pasha" title="Ali Rıza Pasha">Ali Rıza Pasha</a>) had 14 divisions in five corps, deployed against Greece, Bulgaria and Montenegro. </p><p>Against Greece, at least seven divisions were deployed: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VIII_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="VIII Corps (Ottoman Empire)">VIII Provisional Corps</a> with three divisions (22nd Infantry and Nasliç and Aydın Redif divisions).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanya_Corps" title="Yanya Corps">Yanya Corps</a> with three divisions (23rd Infantry, Yanya Redif and Bizani Fortress divisions).</li> <li>Selanik Redif division and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karaburun_Detachment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karaburun Detachment (page does not exist)">Karaburun Detachment</a> as independent units.</li></ul> <p>Against Bulgaria, in southeastern Macedonia, two divisions, the <a href="/wiki/Struma_Corps" title="Struma Corps">Struma Corps</a> (14th Infantry and Serez Redif divisions, plus the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nevrekop_Detachment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nevrekop Detachment (page does not exist)">Nevrekop Detachment</a>), were deployed. </p><p>Against Montenegro, four-plus divisions were deployed: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9Fkodra_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="İşkodra Corps">İşkodra Corps</a> with two-plus divisions (24th Infantry, Elbasan Redif, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0%C5%9Fkodra_Fortified_Area_Command&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İşkodra Fortified Area Command (page does not exist)">İşkodra Fortified Area</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0pek_Detachment" title="İpek Detachment">İpek Detachment</a> with two divisions (21st Infantry and Prizren Redif divisions)</li></ul> <p>According to the organizational plan, though the men of the Western Group were to total 598,000, slow mobilization and the inefficiency of the rail system drastically reduced the number of men available. According to the Western Army Staff, when the war began, it had only 200,000 men available.<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson170_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson170-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although more men would reach their units, war casualties prevented the Western Group from coming near its nominal strength. In wartime, the Ottomans had planned to bring more troops in from Syria, both <i>Nizamiye</i> and <i>Redif</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson170_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson170-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greek naval supremacy prevented those reinforcements from arriving. Instead, those soldiers had to deploy via the land route, and most never made it to the Balkans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUyarErickson2009227_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUyarErickson2009227-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ottoman General Staff, assisted by the German military mission, developed twelve war plans designed to counter various combinations of opponents. Work on Plan No. 5, which was against Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia and Montenegro, was very advanced and had been sent to the army staff for them to develop local plans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson200362_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson200362-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ottoman_Navy">Ottoman Navy</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barbaroshayreddin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Barbaroshayreddin.jpg/220px-Barbaroshayreddin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Barbaroshayreddin.jpg/330px-Barbaroshayreddin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Barbaroshayreddin.jpg/440px-Barbaroshayreddin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption>Ottoman flagship <a href="/wiki/SMS_Kurf%C3%BCrst_Friedrich_Wilhelm#In_Ottoman_service" title="SMS Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm"><i>Barbaros Hayreddin</i></a> (photo) and her sister <a href="/wiki/SMS_Weissenburg#In_Ottoman_service" title="SMS Weissenburg"><i>Turgut Reis</i></a> were more heavily armed and armoured than <i>Georgios Averof</i>, but five knots slower.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ottoman fleet had performed abysmally in the 1897 Greco-Turkish War, forcing the Ottoman government to begin a drastic overhaul. Older ships were retired, and newer ones were acquired, chiefly from France and Germany. In addition, in 1908, the Ottomans called in a <a href="/wiki/British_naval_missions_to_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="British naval missions to the Ottoman Empire">British naval mission</a> to update their training and doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz19959–14_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz19959–14-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British mission, headed by Admiral Sir <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Gamble" title="Douglas Gamble">Douglas Gamble</a>, would find its task almost impossible. The political upheaval in the aftermath of the Young Turk Revolution prevented it to a large extent. Between 1908 and 1911, the office of the Navy Minister changed hands nine times. Interdepartmental infighting and the entrenched interests of the bloated and averaged officer corps, many of whom occupied their positions as quasi-<a href="/wiki/Sinecure" title="Sinecure">sinecure</a>, further obstructed drastic reform. In addition, the Ottoman ministers met the British attempts to control the navy's construction programme with suspicion. Consequently, funds for Gamble's ambitious plans for new ships were unavailable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz199514–15_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz199514–15-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To counter the Greek acquisition of the <i>Georgios Averof</i>, the Ottomans initially tried to buy the new German armoured cruiser <a href="/wiki/SMS_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="SMS Blücher">SMS <i>Blücher</i></a> or the <a href="/wiki/Battlecruiser" title="Battlecruiser">battlecruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/SMS_Moltke" title="SMS Moltke">SMS <i>Moltke</i></a>. Not able to afford the ships' high cost, the Ottomans acquired two old <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-class_battleship" title="Brandenburg-class battleship"><i>Brandenburg</i>-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Pre-dreadnought_battleship" title="Pre-dreadnought battleship">pre-dreadnought battleships</a>, which became <a href="/wiki/SMS_Kurf%C3%BCrst_Friedrich_Wilhelm#In_Ottoman_service" title="SMS Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm"><i>Barbaros Hayreddin</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/SMS_Weissenburg#In_Ottoman_service" title="SMS Weissenburg"><i>Turgut Reis</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz199516–17_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz199516–17-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with the cruisers <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cruiser_Hamidiye" title="Ottoman cruiser Hamidiye"><i>Hamidiye</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cruiser_Mecidiye" title="Ottoman cruiser Mecidiye"><i>Mecidiye</i></a>, both ships were to form the relatively modern core of the Ottoman battlefleet.<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson131_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson131-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the summer of 1912, however, they were already in poor condition because of chronic neglect: the rangefinders and ammunition hoists had been removed, the telephones were not working, the pumps were corroded, and most of the watertight doors could no longer be closed.<sup id="cite_ref-OSN20_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSN20-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albanian_volunteers_and_irregulars_in_the_Ottoman_army">Albanian volunteers and irregulars in the Ottoman army</h3></div> <p>During the onset of the First Balkan War, most Albanians, including frequent rebels like Isa Boletin, united to defend the Ottoman Empire in order to safeguard their Albanian territories. Without a centralized national structure, Albanians were compelled to depend on Ottoman establishments, its military, and its administration to shield them from partition. However, all three proved inadequate against the onslaught of four invading Balkan armies. Even following the signing of the armistice in December 1912, Ottoman regular troops, along with Albanian irregular forces, persisted in central and southern Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations">Operations</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulgarian_theatre">Bulgarian theatre</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yaroslav_Veshin_-_Na_nozh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Yaroslav_Veshin_-_Na_nozh.jpg/220px-Yaroslav_Veshin_-_Na_nozh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Yaroslav_Veshin_-_Na_nozh.jpg/330px-Yaroslav_Veshin_-_Na_nozh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Yaroslav_Veshin_-_Na_nozh.jpg/440px-Yaroslav_Veshin_-_Na_nozh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1034" /></a><figcaption>"Bulgarians overrun the Ottoman positions <i>à la bayonette</i>", by the Czech painter <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_V%C4%9B%C5%A1%C3%ADn" title="Jaroslav Věšín">Jaroslav Věšín</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Montenegro started the First Balkan War by declaring war against the Ottomans on 8 October [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 25 September] 1912. The western part of the Balkans, including Albania, Kosovo, and Macedonia, was less vital to the resolution of the war and the survival of the Ottoman Empire than the Thracian theatre, where the Bulgarians fought significant battles against the Ottomans. Although geography dictated Thrace would be the primary battlefield in a war with the Ottoman Empire,<sup id="cite_ref-Hall22_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall22-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the position of the Ottoman Army there was jeopardized by erroneous intelligence estimates of the opponents' order of battle. Unaware of the secret prewar political and military settlement over Macedonia between Bulgaria and Serbia, the Ottoman leadership assigned the bulk of its forces there. The German ambassador, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Freiherr_von_Wangenheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim">Hans Baron von Wangenheim</a>, one of the most influential people in the Ottoman capital, had reported to Berlin on 21 October that the Ottoman forces believed that the bulk of the Bulgarian army would be deployed in Macedonia with the Serbs. Then, the Ottoman headquarters, under <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6lemen_Abdullah_Pasha" title="Kölemen Abdullah Pasha">Abdullah Pasha</a>, expected to meet only three Bulgarian infantry divisions, accompanied by cavalry, east of Adrianople.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson200385_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson200385-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian E. J. Erickson, though that assumption possibly resulted from the analysis of the objectives of the Balkan Pact, it had deadly consequences for the Ottoman Army in Thrace, which was now required to defend the area from the bulk of the Bulgarian army against impossible odds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson200386_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson200386-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The misappraisal was also the reason for the catastrophic aggressive Ottoman strategy at the start of the campaign in Thrace. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bulgarian_offensive_and_advance_to_Çatalca"><span id="Bulgarian_offensive_and_advance_to_.C3.87atalca"></span>Bulgarian offensive and advance to Çatalca</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirk_Kilisse" title="Battle of Kirk Kilisse">Battle of Kirk Kilisse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lule_Burgas" title="Battle of Lule Burgas">Battle of Lule Burgas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="First Battle of Çatalca">First Battle of Çatalca</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulgarian_Army_FBW.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bulgarian_Army_FBW.JPG/400px-Bulgarian_Army_FBW.JPG" decoding="async" width="400" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bulgarian_Army_FBW.JPG/600px-Bulgarian_Army_FBW.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bulgarian_Army_FBW.JPG/800px-Bulgarian_Army_FBW.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2634" data-file-height="1518" /></a><figcaption>Bulgarian military operations during the First Balkan War</figcaption></figure> <p>On the Thracian Front, the Bulgarian army had placed 346,182 men against the Ottoman First Army, with 105,000 men in eastern Thrace and the Kircaali detachment, of 24,000 men, in western Thrace. The Bulgarian forces were divided into the First, Second and Third Bulgarian Armies of 297,002 men in the eastern part and 49,180 (33,180 regulars and 16,000 irregulars) under the 2nd Bulgarian Division (General Stilian Kovachev) in the western part.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall22-24_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall22-24-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first large-scale battle occurred against the Edirne-Kırklareli defensive line, where the Bulgarian First and Third Armies (a combined 174,254 men) defeated the Ottoman East Army (of 96,273 combatants),<sup id="cite_ref-Hall22-24_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall22-24-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> near Gechkenli, Seliolu and Petra. The Ottoman XV Corps urgently left the area to defend the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Peninsula">Gallipoli Peninsula</a> against an expected Greek amphibious assault, which never materialized.<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson82_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson82-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The absence of the corps created an immediate vacuum between Adrianople and <a href="/wiki/Didymoteicho" title="Didymoteicho">Demotika</a>, and the 11th Infantry Division from the Eastern Army's IV Corps was moved there to replace it. Thus, one complete army corps was removed from the Eastern Army's order of battle.<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson82_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson82-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a consequence of the insufficient intelligence of the invading forces, the Ottoman offensive plan failed in the face of Bulgarian superiority. That forced Kölemen Abdullah Pasha to abandon <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirk_Kelesse" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kirk Kelesse">Kirk Kilisse</a>, which was taken without resistance by the Bulgarian Third Army.<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson82_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson82-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fortress of Adrianople, with some 61,250 men, was isolated and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople_(1913)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Adrianople (1913)">besieged</a> by the Bulgarian Second Army, but for the time being, no assault was possible because of the lack of siege equipment in the Bulgarian inventory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeton-Watson2009238_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeton-Watson2009238-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another consequence of Greek naval supremacy in the Aegean was that the Ottoman forces did not receive the reinforcements that had been in the war plans, which would have been further corps transferred by sea from <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Syria</a> and Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson333_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson333-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the Greek navy played an indirect but crucial role in the Thracian campaign by neutralizing three corps, a significant portion of the Ottoman army, in the all-important opening round of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson333_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson333-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another more direct role was the emergency transportation of the Bulgarian 7th Rila Division from the Macedonian Front to the Thracian Front after the end of operations there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeton-Watson2009202_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeton-Watson2009202-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chataldzha_attack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0f/Chataldzha_attack.jpg/267px-Chataldzha_attack.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0f/Chataldzha_attack.jpg/401px-Chataldzha_attack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0f/Chataldzha_attack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption>The Bulgarian attack at <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalca" title="Çatalca">Çatalca</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Battle of Kirk Kilisse, the Bulgarian High Command decided to wait a few days, but that allowed the Ottoman forces to occupy a new defensive position on the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCleburgaz" title="Lüleburgaz">Lüleburgaz</a>-<a href="/wiki/Karaa%C4%9Fa%C3%A7,_Edirne" title="Karaağaç, Edirne">Karaağaç</a>-<a href="/wiki/P%C4%B1narhisar" title="Pınarhisar">Pınarhisar</a> line. However, the Bulgarian attack by the First and Third Armies, which together accounted for 107,386 riflemen, 3,115 cavalries, 116 machine guns and 360 artillery pieces, defeated the reinforced Ottoman Army, with 126,000 riflemen, 3,500 cavalries, 96 machine guns, and 342 artillery pieces<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson102_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson102-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reached the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a>. In terms of forces engaged, it was the largest battle fought in Europe between the end of the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> and the beginning of the First World War.<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson102_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson102-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the Ottoman forces were pushed to their final defensive position across the <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalca" title="Çatalca">Çatalca</a> Line, protecting the peninsula and <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>. There, they managed to stabilize the front with the help of fresh reinforcements from Asia. The line had been constructed during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_of_1877-8" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War of 1877-8">Russo-Turkish War of 1877-8</a>, under the directions of a German engineer in Ottoman service, von Bluhm Pasha, but it had been considered obsolete by 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200032_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200032-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An epidemic of <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> spread among the Bulgarian soldiers after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Luleburgas_-_Bunarhisar" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Luleburgas - Bunarhisar">Battle of Luleburgas - Bunarhisar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:305px;max-width:305px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Andranik_Bulgarian_Army_Officer_1912.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Andranik_Bulgarian_Army_Officer_1912.png/147px-Andranik_Bulgarian_Army_Officer_1912.png" decoding="async" width="147" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Andranik_Bulgarian_Army_Officer_1912.png/221px-Andranik_Bulgarian_Army_Officer_1912.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Andranik_Bulgarian_Army_Officer_1912.png/294px-Andranik_Bulgarian_Army_Officer_1912.png 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="732" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nzhdeh_Bulgarian_Army_Officer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Nzhdeh_Bulgarian_Army_Officer.jpg/150px-Nzhdeh_Bulgarian_Army_Officer.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Nzhdeh_Bulgarian_Army_Officer.jpg/225px-Nzhdeh_Bulgarian_Army_Officer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Nzhdeh_Bulgarian_Army_Officer.jpg/300px-Nzhdeh_Bulgarian_Army_Officer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Andranik_Ozanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Andranik Ozanian">Andranik Ozanian</a> <i>(left)</i> and <a href="/wiki/Garegin_Nzhdeh" title="Garegin Nzhdeh">Garegin Nzhdeh</a> <i>(right)</i> led a company of Armenian volunteers in the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian-Adrianopolitan_Volunteer_Corps" title="Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps">Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps</a>.</div></div></div></div> <p>Meanwhile, the Bulgarian 2nd Thracian division's forces, 49,180 men divided into the Haskovo and Rhodope detachments, advanced towards the Aegean Sea. The Ottoman Kircaali detachment (Kircaali Redif and Kircaali Mustahfiz Divisions and 36th Regiment, with 24,000 men), tasked with defending a <span class="nowrap">400 km</span> front across the Thessaloniki-<a href="/wiki/Alexandroupoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandroupoli">Alexandroupoli</a> railroad, failed to offer serious resistance and the commander, Yaver Pasha, was captured with 10,131 officers and men by the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian-Adrianopolitan_Volunteer_Corps" title="Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps">Macedonian-Adrianopolitan Volunteer Corps</a> on 26 November. After the occupation of Thessaloniki by the Greek army, his surrender completed the isolation of the Ottoman forces in Macedonia from those in Thrace. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chataldja_armistice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Chataldja_armistice.jpg/267px-Chataldja_armistice.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Chataldja_armistice.jpg/401px-Chataldja_armistice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Chataldja_armistice.jpg/534px-Chataldja_armistice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="446" /></a><figcaption>Çatalca armistice delegates; General <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fichev" title="Ivan Fichev">Ivan Fichev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazim_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazim Pasha">Nazim Pasha</a> and General <a href="/wiki/Mihail_Savov" title="Mihail Savov">Mihail Savov</a> are in the first row.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 17 November [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 4 November] 1912, the offensive against the Çatalca Line began, despite clear warnings that Russia would attack the Bulgarians if they occupied Constantinople. The Bulgarians launched their <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="First Battle of Çatalca">attack</a> along the defensive line, with 176,351 men and 462 artillery pieces against the Ottomans' 140,571 men and 316 artillery pieces,<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson131_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson131-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but despite Bulgarian superiority, the Ottomans succeeded in repulsing them. The Ottomans and Bulgaria agreed to negotiate on 3 December [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 20 November] 1912, the latter representing Serbia and Montenegro, and peace negotiations began in London. Greece also participated in the conference but refused to agree to a truce and continued its operations in the Epirus sector. They were interrupted on 23 January [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 10 January] 1913, when a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_1913" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup d'état of 1913">Young Turk coup d'état</a> in Constantinople, under <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a>, overthrew the government of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2mil_Pasha" title="Kâmil Pasha">Kâmil Pasha</a>. Upon the expiration of the agreement, on 3 February [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 21 January] 1913, hostilities restarted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ottoman_counteroffensive">Ottoman counteroffensive</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_of_the_Bulgarian_Army_in_the_First_Balkan_War_(1913)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle of the Bulgarian Army in the First Balkan War (1913)">Order of battle of the Bulgarian Army in the First Balkan War (1913)</a></div> <p>On 20 February, Ottoman forces attacked Gallipoli in Çatalca and its south. There, the Ottoman X Corps, with 19,858 men and 48 guns, landed at <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eark%C3%B6y" title="Şarköy">Şarköy</a> while an attack of around 15,000 men supported by 36 guns (part of the 30,000-strong Ottoman army isolated in Gallipoli Peninsula) at <a href="/wiki/Bulair" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulair">Bulair</a>, farther south. Both attacks were supported by fire from Ottoman warships and had been intended, in the long term, to relieve pressure on Edirne. Confronting them were about 10,000 men with 78 guns.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottomans were probably unaware of the presence in the area of the new <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Army_(Bulgaria)" title="Fourth Army (Bulgaria)">4th Bulgarian Army</a>, of 92,289 men, under General <a href="/wiki/Stiliyan_Kovachev" title="Stiliyan Kovachev">Stiliyan Kovachev</a>. Thick fog, intense Bulgarian artillery, and machine gunfire hampered the Ottoman attack in the thin <a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">isthmus</a>, with a front of just 1800m. As a result, the attack stalled and was repulsed by a Bulgarian counterattack. By the end of the day, both armies had returned to their original positions. Meanwhile, the Ottoman X Corps, which had landed at Şarköy, advanced until 23 February [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 10 February] 1913, when the reinforcements sent by General Kovachev succeeded in halting them. </p><p>Casualties on both sides were light. After the frontal attack in Bulair's failure, the Ottoman forces at Şarköy re-entered their ships on 24 February [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 11 February] and were transported to Gallipoli. </p><p>The Ottoman attack at Çatalca, directed against the powerful Bulgarian First and Third Armies, was initially launched only as a diversion from the Gallipoli-Şarköy operation to pin down the Bulgarian forces <a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a>. Nevertheless, it resulted in unexpected success. The Bulgarians, who were weakened by cholera and concerned that an Ottoman amphibious invasion might endanger their armies, deliberately withdrew about <span class="nowrap">15 km</span> and to the south over <span class="nowrap">20 km</span> to their secondary defensive positions, on higher ground to the west. With the end of the attack in Gallipoli, though the Ottomans cancelled the operation since they were reluctant to leave the Çatalca Line, several days passed before the Bulgarians realized that the offensive had ended. By 15 February, the front had again stabilized, but fighting along the static lines continued. The battle, which resulted in heavy Bulgarian casualties, could be characterized as an Ottoman tactical victory but a strategic defeat since it did nothing to prevent the failure of the Gallipoli-Şarköy operation or to relieve the pressure on Edirne. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fall_of_Adrianople_and_Serbo-Bulgarian_friction">Fall of Adrianople and Serbo-Bulgarian friction</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Odrin_(1912%E2%80%9313)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Odrin (1912–13)">Siege of Adrianople (1912–13)</a></div> <p>The failure of the Şarköy-Bulair operation and the deployment of the Second Serbian Army, with its much-needed heavy siege artillery, sealed Adrianople's fate. On 11 March, after a two weeks bombardment, which destroyed many fortified structures around the city, the final assault started, with League forces enjoying a crushing superiority over the Ottoman garrison. The Bulgarian Second Army, with 106,425 men and two Serbian divisions, with 47,275 men, conquered the city, with the Bulgarians suffering 8,093 and the Serbs 1,462 casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman casualties for the entire Adrianople campaign reached 23,000 dead.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of prisoners is less clear. The Ottoman Empire began the war with 61,250 men in the fortress.<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson281_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson281-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard Hall noted that 60,000 men were captured. Adding to the 33,000 killed, the modern "Turkish General Staff History" notes that 28,500-man survived captivity<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaving 10,000 men unaccounted for<sup id="cite_ref-Erickson281_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erickson281-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as possibly captured (including the unspecified number of wounded). Bulgarian losses for the entire Adrianople campaign amounted to 7,682.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That was the last and decisive battle that was necessary for a quick end to the war<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though it is speculated that the fortress would have fallen eventually because of starvation. The most important result was that the Ottoman command had lost all hope of regaining the initiative, which made any more fighting pointless.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1912-13_Shukru_Pasha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/1912-13_Shukru_Pasha.jpg/267px-1912-13_Shukru_Pasha.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/1912-13_Shukru_Pasha.jpg/401px-1912-13_Shukru_Pasha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/1912-13_Shukru_Pasha.jpg/534px-1912-13_Shukru_Pasha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>Ottoman postcard celebrating the defender of Adrianople, <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC_Pasha" title="Mehmed Şükrü Pasha">Mehmed Şükrü Pasha</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The battle had significant results in Serbian-Bulgarian relations, planting the seeds of the two countries' confrontation some months later. The Bulgarian censor rigorously cut any references to Serbian participation in the operation in the telegrams of foreign correspondents. Public opinion in Sofia thus failed to realize the vital services of Serbia in the battle. Accordingly, the Serbs claimed that their troops of the 20th Regiment captured the Ottoman commander of the city and that Colonel Gavrilović was the allied commander who had accepted Shukri's official surrender of the garrison, a statement that the Bulgarians disputed. The Serbs officially protested and pointed out that although they had sent their troops to Adrianople to win for Bulgaria's territory, whose acquisition had never been foreseen by their mutual treaty,<sup id="cite_ref-Seton-Watson_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seton-Watson-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Bulgarians had never fulfilled the clause of the treaty for Bulgaria to send 100,000 men to help the Serbians on their Vardar Front. The Bulgarians answered that their staff had informed the Serbs on 23 August.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2010)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The friction escalated some weeks later when the Bulgarian delegates in London bluntly warned the Serbs that they must not expect Bulgarian support for their Adriatic claims. The Serbs angrily replied that it was a blatant withdrawal from the prewar agreement of mutual understanding, according to the Kriva Palanka-Adriatic line of expansion. The Bulgarians insisted that the Vardar Macedonian part of the agreement remained active, and the Serbs were still obliged to surrender the area, as had been agreed.<sup id="cite_ref-Seton-Watson_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seton-Watson-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Serbs answered by accusing the Bulgarians of maximalism and pointed out that if they lost both northern Albania and Vardar Macedonia, their participation in the common war would have been virtually for nothing. The tension soon was expressed in a series of hostile incidents between both armies on their mutual line of occupation across the Vardar valley. The developments essentially ended the Serbian-Bulgarian alliance, making a future war between the two countries inevitable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek_theatre">Greek theatre</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Macedonian_front">Macedonian front</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gr%C3%A8ce_1ere_Guerre_balkanique.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gr%C3%A8ce_1ere_Guerre_balkanique.png/400px-Gr%C3%A8ce_1ere_Guerre_balkanique.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gr%C3%A8ce_1ere_Guerre_balkanique.png/600px-Gr%C3%A8ce_1ere_Guerre_balkanique.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gr%C3%A8ce_1ere_Guerre_balkanique.png/800px-Gr%C3%A8ce_1ere_Guerre_balkanique.png 2x" data-file-width="1754" data-file-height="1525" /></a><figcaption>Greek operations during the First Balkan War (borders depicted are from after the Second Balkan War)</figcaption></figure> <p>Ottoman intelligence had also disastrously misread Greek military intentions. In retrospect, the Ottoman staff seemingly believed that the Greek attack would be shared equally between Macedonia and Epirus. That made the Second Army staff evenly balance the combat strength of the seven Ottoman divisions between the Yanya Corps and VIII Corps in Epirus and southern Macedonia, respectively. Though the Greek army also fielded seven divisions, it had the initiative, so it concentrated all seven against VIII Corps, leaving only several independent battalions of scarcely divisional strength on the Epirus front. That had fatal consequences for the Western Group by leading to the early loss of the city at the strategic centre of all three Macedonian fronts (Thessaloniki), sealing their fate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson2003215_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2003215-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an unexpectedly brilliant and rapid campaign, the Army of Thessaly seized the city. In the absence of secure sea lines of communications, retaining the Thessaloniki-Constantinople corridor was essential to the overall strategic posture of the Ottomans in the Balkans. Once that was gone, the defeat of the Ottoman army became inevitable, in which the Bulgarians and the Serbs also played a vital role. Their great victories at Kirkkilise, Lüleburgaz, Kumanovo, and Monastir (Bitola) shattered the Eastern and Vardar Armies. However, they were not decisive in ending the war. The Ottoman field armies survived, and in Thrace, they grew stronger every day. Strategically, those victories were enabled partially by the weakened condition of the Ottoman armies, which had occurred by the active presence of the Greek army and navy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson2003334_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2003334-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the declaration of war, the Greek Army of Thessaly, under Crown Prince Constantine, advanced to the north and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarantaporo" title="Battle of Sarantaporo">overcame Ottoman opposition</a> in the fortified mountain passes of <a href="/wiki/Sarantaporo" title="Sarantaporo">Sarantaporo</a>. After another victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yenidje" title="Battle of Yenidje">Giannitsa (Yenidje)</a>, on 2 November [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 20 October] 1912, the Ottoman commander, <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Tahsin_Pasha" title="Hasan Tahsin Pasha">Hasan Tahsin Pasha</a>, surrendered Thessaloniki and its garrison of 26,000 men to the Greeks on 9 November [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 27 October] 1912. Two Corps headquarters (Ustruma and VIII), two Nizamiye divisions (14th and 22nd) and four Redif divisions (Salonika, Drama, Naslic and Serez) were thus lost to the Ottoman order of battle. Also, the Ottoman forces lost 70 artillery pieces, 30 machine guns and 70,000 rifles (Thessaloniki was the central arms depot for the Western Armies). The Ottoman forces estimated that 15,000 officers and men had been killed during the campaign in southern Macedonia, bringing their total losses to 41,000 soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson2003226_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2003226-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another consequence was that the destruction of the Macedonian army sealed the fate of the Ottoman Vardar Army, which was fighting the Serbs to the north. The fall of Thessaloniki left it strategically isolated, without logistical supply and depth to maneuver, and ensured its destruction. </p><p>Upon learning of the outcome of the Battle of Giannitsa (Yenidje), the Bulgarian High Command urgently dispatched the 7th <i>Rila</i> Division from the north towards the city. The division arrived there a day later, after surrendering to the Greeks the day before, who were further away from the city than the Bulgarians. Until 10 November, the Greek-occupied zone had been expanded to the line from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Dojran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Dojran">Lake Dojran</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Pangaion_hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangaion hills">Pangaion hills</a> west to <a href="/wiki/Kavalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Kavalla">Kavalla</a>. In western Macedonia, however, the lack of coordination between the Greek and the Serbian headquarters cost the Greeks a setback in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vevi_(1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Vevi (1912)">Battle of Vevi</a>, on 15 November [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 2 November] 1912, when the Greek <a href="/wiki/5th_Infantry_Division_(Greece)" class="mw-redirect" title="5th Infantry Division (Greece)">5th Infantry Division</a> crossed its way with the VI Ottoman Corps (part of the Vardar Army with the 16th, 17th and 18th Nizamiye Divisions), retreating to Albania after the Battle of Prilep against the Serbs. The Greek division, surprised by the presence of the Ottoman Corps, isolated from the rest of the Greek army and outnumbered by the now-counterattacking Ottomans centred on Monastir (Bitola), was forced to retreat. As a result, the Serbs beat the Greeks to Bitola. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Epirus_front">Epirus front</h4></div> <p>In the Epirus front, the Greek army was initially heavily outnumbered, but the passive attitude of the Ottomans let the Greeks conquer <a href="/wiki/Preveza" title="Preveza">Preveza</a> on 21 October 1912 and push north towards Ioannina. On 5 November, Major <a href="/wiki/Spyros_Spyromilios" title="Spyros Spyromilios">Spyros Spyromilios</a> led a <a href="/wiki/Himara_revolt_of_1912" title="Himara revolt of 1912">revolt</a> in the coastal area of <a href="/wiki/Himar%C3%AB" title="Himarë">Himarë</a> and expelled the Ottoman garrison without any significant resistance,<sup id="cite_ref-Kondis_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kondis-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on 20 November, Greek troops from western Macedonia entered <a href="/wiki/Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB" title="Korçë">Korçë</a>. However, Greek forces in the Epirote front lacked the numbers to initiate an offensive against the German-designed defensive positions of <a href="/wiki/Bizani" title="Bizani">Bizani</a>, which protected Ioannina and needed to wait for reinforcements from the Macedonian front.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the campaign in Macedonia was over, a large part of the Army was redeployed to Epirus, where Constantine assumed command. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bizani" title="Battle of Bizani">Battle of Bizani</a>, the Ottoman positions were breached, and Ioannina was taken on 6 March [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 22 February] 1913. During the siege, on 8 February 1913, the Russian pilot N. de Sackoff, flying for the Greeks, became the first pilot ever shot down in combat when his biplane was hit by ground fire after a bomb ran on the walls of Fort Bizani. He came down near the small town of Preveza, on the coast north of the Ionian island of <a href="/wiki/Lefkas" class="mw-redirect" title="Lefkas">Lefkas</a>, secured local Greek assistance, repaired his plane and resumed flying back to base.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fall of Ioannina allowed the Greek army to continue its advance into <a href="/wiki/Northern_Epirus" title="Northern Epirus">northern Epirus</a>, now the south of Albania, which it occupied. There they halted, but the Serbian control was very close to the north. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naval_operations">Naval operations</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_warships_1912-10-05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Greek_warships_1912-10-05.jpg/267px-Greek_warships_1912-10-05.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Greek_warships_1912-10-05.jpg/401px-Greek_warships_1912-10-05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Greek_warships_1912-10-05.jpg/534px-Greek_warships_1912-10-05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>The Greek fleet assembled at <a href="/wiki/Phaleron_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaleron Bay">Phaleron Bay</a> on 5/18 October 1912 before it sailed for Lemnos.</figcaption></figure> <p>On the outbreak of hostilities on 18 October, the Greek fleet, placed under the newly promoted Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Pavlos_Kountouriotis" title="Pavlos Kountouriotis">Pavlos Kountouriotis</a>, sailed for the island of <a href="/wiki/Lemnos" title="Lemnos">Lemnos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lemnos_(1912)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Lemnos (1912)">occupying it</a> three days later (although fighting continued on the island until 27 October) and establishing an anchorage at <a href="/wiki/Moudros_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Moudros Bay">Moudros Bay</a>. That move had significant strategic importance by providing the Greeks with a forward base near the Dardanelles Straits, the Ottoman fleet's main anchorage and refuge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFotakis200547–48_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFotakis200547–48-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hall64_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall64-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman fleet's superiority in speed and <a href="/wiki/Broadside_(naval)" title="Broadside (naval)">broadside</a> weight made Greek plans expect it to sortie from the straits early in the war. The Greek fleet's unpreparedness because of the early outbreak of the war might as well have let such an early Ottoman attack achieve a crucial victory. Instead, the Ottoman navy spent the first two months of the war in operations against the Bulgarians in the Black Sea, which gave the Greeks valuable time to complete their preparations and allowed them to consolidate their control of the Aegean Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFotakis200546–48_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFotakis200546–48-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Establishment_of_Greek_control_of_the_Aegean">Establishment of Greek control of the Aegean</h4></div> <p>Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Votsis" title="Nikolaos Votsis">Nikolaos Votsis</a> scored a significant success for Greek morale on 21 October by sailing his <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_boat" title="Torpedo boat">torpedo boat</a> No. 11, in the cover of night, into the harbour of Thessaloniki, sinking the old Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Ironclad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ironclad">ironclad</a> battleship <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_ironclad_Feth-i_B%C3%BClend" title="Ottoman ironclad Feth-i Bülend"><i>Feth-i Bülend</i></a> and escaping unharmed. On the same day, Greek troops of the Epirus Army seized the Ottoman naval base of Preveza. Though the Ottomans scuttled the four ships present there, the Greeks were able to salvage the Italian-built torpedo-boats <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_torpedo_boat_Antalya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottoman torpedo boat Antalya (page does not exist)"><i>Antalya</i></a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_torpedo_boat_Tokad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottoman torpedo boat Tokad (page does not exist)"><i>Tokad</i></a>, which were commissioned into the Greek Navy as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_torpedo_boat_Nikopolis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greek torpedo boat Nikopolis (page does not exist)"><i>Nikopolis</i></a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_torpedo_boat_Tatoi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greek torpedo boat Tatoi (page does not exist)"><i>Tatoi</i></a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz199519–20,_156_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz199519–20,_156-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few days later, on 9 November, the wooden Ottoman armed steamer <i>Trabzon</i> was intercepted and sunk by the Greek torpedo boat No. 14, under Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Periklis_Argyropoulos_(admiral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Periklis Argyropoulos (admiral)">Periklis Argyropoulos</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Ayval%C4%B1k" title="Ayvalık">Ayvalık</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OSN20_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSN20-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blowing_up_of_%27Fetih-i-Bulend%27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Blowing_up_of_%27Fetih-i-Bulend%27.jpg/267px-Blowing_up_of_%27Fetih-i-Bulend%27.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Blowing_up_of_%27Fetih-i-Bulend%27.jpg/401px-Blowing_up_of_%27Fetih-i-Bulend%27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Blowing_up_of_%27Fetih-i-Bulend%27.jpg/534px-Blowing_up_of_%27Fetih-i-Bulend%27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of the sinking of the <i>Feth-i Bülend</i> in a popular lithograph. Votsis is shown in the lower left-hand corner.</figcaption></figure> <p>By mid-November, Greek naval detachments had seized the islands of <a href="/wiki/Imbros" title="Imbros">Imbros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thasos" title="Thasos">Thasos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agios_Efstratios" title="Agios Efstratios">Agios Efstratios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samothrace" title="Samothrace">Samothrace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psara" title="Psara">Psara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ikaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ikaria">Ikaria</a>, and landings were undertaken on the larger islands of <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chios" title="Chios">Chios</a> only on 21 and 27 November, respectively. Substantial Ottoman garrisons were present on the latter two islands, and their resistance was fierce. They withdrew into the mountainous interior and were not subdued <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lesbos_(1912)" title="Battle of Lesbos (1912)">until 22 December 1912</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chios_(1912)" title="Battle of Chios (1912)">until 3 January 1913</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall64_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall64-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson2003157–158_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2003157–158-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a>, officially an <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">autonomous principality</a>, was not attacked until 13 March 1913, out of a desire not to upset the Italians in the nearby Dodecanese. The clashes were short-lived, as the Ottoman forces withdrew to the Anatolian mainland, and the island was securely in Greek hands by 16 March.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall64_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall64-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson2003158–159_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2003158–159-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, with the aid of numerous merchant ships converted to <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_cruiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Auxiliary cruiser">auxiliary cruisers</a>, a loose naval blockade on the Ottoman coasts from the Dardanelles to <a href="/wiki/Suez" title="Suez">Suez</a> was instituted, which disrupted the Ottomans' flow of supplies (only the Black Sea routes to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> remained open) and left some 250,000 Ottoman troops immobilized in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFotakis200548–49_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFotakis200548–49-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz199519_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz199519-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the incomplete state of the Ottoman rail network, the Greek blockade meant that Ottomans' Asian reinforcements often had to march on foot in exhausting marches towards Constantinople before they could cross into Europe and affect the course of operations there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFotakis200549_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFotakis200549-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This contributed to the Balkan League's early victories in the Balkans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson2003170,_334_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2003170,_334-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_torpedo-boat_Nikopolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Greek_torpedo-boat_Nikopolis.jpg/267px-Greek_torpedo-boat_Nikopolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Greek_torpedo-boat_Nikopolis.jpg/401px-Greek_torpedo-boat_Nikopolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Greek_torpedo-boat_Nikopolis.jpg/534px-Greek_torpedo-boat_Nikopolis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>The torpedo boat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_torpedo_boat_Nikopolis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greek torpedo boat Nikopolis (page does not exist)"><i>Nikopolis</i></a>, former Ottoman <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ottoman_torpedo_boat_Antalya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ottoman torpedo boat Antalya (page does not exist)"><i>Antalya</i></a>, captured at Preveza by the Greeks</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a>, the Greek fleet operated without opposition, ferrying supplies for the army units on the Epirus front. Furthermore, the Greeks bombarded and then blockaded the port of <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Vlorë</a> in Albania on 3 December and <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a> on 27 February. A naval blockade, extending from the pre-war Greek border to Vlorë, was also instituted on 3 December, isolating the newly established <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Albania" title="Provisional Government of Albania">Provisional Government of Albania</a> that was based there from any outside support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200065,_74_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200065,_74-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Confrontations_off_the_Dardanelles">Confrontations off the Dardanelles</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottoman_vs_Greek_fleet,_1913.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ottoman_vs_Greek_fleet%2C_1913.png/267px-Ottoman_vs_Greek_fleet%2C_1913.png" decoding="async" width="267" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ottoman_vs_Greek_fleet%2C_1913.png/401px-Ottoman_vs_Greek_fleet%2C_1913.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Ottoman_vs_Greek_fleet%2C_1913.png/534px-Ottoman_vs_Greek_fleet%2C_1913.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>Diagram in the journal <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Illustration" title="L'Illustration">L'Illustration</a></i> of the main surface vessels in the Greek and Ottoman fleets</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_Elli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Battle_Elli.jpg/267px-Battle_Elli.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Battle_Elli.jpg/401px-Battle_Elli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Battle_Elli.jpg/534px-Battle_Elli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="813" /></a><figcaption><i>The Naval Battle of Elli</i>, oil painting by <a href="/wiki/Vassileios_Chatzis" class="mw-redirect" title="Vassileios Chatzis">Vassileios Chatzis</a>, 1913.</figcaption></figure> <p>The main Ottoman fleet remained inside the Dardanelles for the early part of the war, and the Greek destroyers continuously patrolled the straits' exit to report on a possible sortie. Kountouriotis suggested <a href="/wiki/Naval_mine" title="Naval mine">mining</a> them, but that was not taken up out of fear of international opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-Fotakis50_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fotakis50-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 December, the head of the Ottoman fleet, Tahir Bey, was replaced by Ramiz Naman Bey, the leader of the hawkish faction among the officer corps. A new strategy was agreed with the Ottomans to take advantage of any absence of <i>Georgios Averof</i> to attack the other Greek ships. The Ottoman staff formulated a plan to lure a number of the Greek destroyers on patrol into a trap. The first attempt, on 12 December, failed because of boiler trouble, but a second attempt, two days later, resulted in an indecisive engagement between the Greek destroyers and the cruiser <i>Mecidiye</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz199521–22_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz199521–22-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The war's first significant fleet action, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elli" title="Battle of Elli">Battle of Elli</a>, was fought two days later, on 16 December [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 3 December] 1912. The Ottoman fleet, with four battleships, nine destroyers and six torpedo boats, sailed to the entrance of the straits. The lighter Ottoman vessels remained behind, but the battleship squadron continued north, covered by forts at <a href="/wiki/Kumkale,_%C3%87anakkale" title="Kumkale, Çanakkale">Kumkale</a>, and engaged the Greek fleet coming from Imbros at 9:40. Leaving the older battleships to follow their original course, Kountouriotis led the <i>Averof</i> into independent action: using her superior speed, she cut across the Ottoman fleet's bow. Under fire from two sides, the Ottomans were quickly forced to withdraw to the Dardanelles.<sup id="cite_ref-Fotakis50_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fotakis50-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OSN22_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSN22-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The whole engagement lasted less than an hour in which the Ottomans suffered heavy damage to the <i>Barbaros Hayreddin</i> and 18 dead and 41 wounded (most during their disorderly retreat) and the Greeks had one dead and seven wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-Fotakis50_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fotakis50-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz199522,_196_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz199522,_196-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the aftermath of Elli, on 20 December, the energetic Lieutenant Commander <a href="/wiki/Rauf_Bey" class="mw-redirect" title="Rauf Bey">Rauf Bey</a> was placed in effective command of the Ottoman fleet. Two days later, he led his forces out in the hope of again trapping the patrolling Greek destroyers between two divisions of the Ottoman fleet, one heading for Imbros and the other waiting at the entrance of the straits. The plan failed as the Greek ships quickly broke contact. At the same time, the <i>Mecidiye</i> came under attack by the Greek submarine <i>Delfin</i>, which launched a torpedo against it but missed; it was the first such attack in history.<sup id="cite_ref-OSN22_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSN22-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman army continued to press upon a reluctant Navy a plan for the reoccupation of Tenedos, which the Greek destroyers used as a base, by an <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibious operation">amphibious operation</a> scheduled for 4 January. That day, weather conditions were ideal, and the fleet was ready, but the <i>Yenihan</i> regiment earmarked for the operation failed to arrive on time. The naval staff still ordered the fleet to carry out a sortie, and an engagement developed with the Greek fleet without any significant results for either side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz199522–23_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz199522–23-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though similar sorties followed on 10 and 11 January, the results of the "cat and mouse" operations were always the same: "The Greek destroyers always managed to remain outside the Ottoman warships' range and each time the cruisers fired a few rounds before breaking off the chase."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz199523_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz199523-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Savuranoglu_hamidiye.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Savuranoglu_hamidiye.jpg/267px-Savuranoglu_hamidiye.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Savuranoglu_hamidiye.jpg/401px-Savuranoglu_hamidiye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Savuranoglu_hamidiye.jpg/534px-Savuranoglu_hamidiye.jpg 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>Ottoman cruiser <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cruiser_Hamidiye" title="Ottoman cruiser Hamidiye"><i>Hamidiye</i></a>. Its exploits during its eight-month cruise through the Mediterranean were a major morale booster for the Ottomans.</figcaption></figure> <p>In preparation for the next attempt to break the Greek blockade, the Ottoman Admiralty sought to create a diversion by sending the light cruiser <i>Hamidiye</i>, captained by Rauf Bey, to raid Greek merchant shipping in the Aegean. It was hoped that the <i>Georgios Averof</i>, the only substantial Greek unit fast enough to catch the <i>Hamidiye</i>, would be drawn into pursuit, weakening the remaining Greek fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-Fotakis50_89-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fotakis50-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OSN26_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSN26-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the event, <i>Hamidiye</i> slipped through the Greek patrols on the night of 14–15 January and bombarded the harbour of the Greek island of <a href="/wiki/Syros" title="Syros">Syros</a>, sinking the Greek auxiliary cruiser <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_cruiser_Makedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greek cruiser Makedonia (page does not exist)"><i>Makedonia</i></a>, which lay in anchor there (it was later raised and repaired). The <i>Hamidiye</i> then left the Aegean for the Eastern Mediterranean, making stops at <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_Said" title="Port Said">Port Said</a> before it entered the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>. Although it provided a significant morale boost for the Ottomans, the operation failed to achieve its primary objective since Kountouriotis refused to leave his post and pursue the <i>Hamidiye</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fotakis50_89-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fotakis50-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OSN26_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSN26-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hall65_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall65-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four days later, on 18 January [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 5 January] 1913, when the Ottoman fleet again sallied from the straits towards Lemnos, it was defeated for a second time in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lemnos_(1913)" title="Battle of Lemnos (1913)">Battle of Lemnos</a>. This time, the Ottoman warships concentrated their fire on the <i>Averof</i>, which again made use of its superior speed and tried to "<a href="/wiki/Cross_the_T" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross the T">cross the T</a>" of the Ottoman fleet. <i>Barbaros Hayreddin</i> was again heavily damaged, and the Ottoman fleet was forced to return to the shelter of the Dardanelles and their forts, with 41 killed and 101 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-Fotakis50_89-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fotakis50-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz199523–24_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz199523–24-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the last attempt for the Ottoman navy to leave the Dardanelles, which left the Greeks dominant in the Aegean. On 5 February [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 24 January] 1913, a Greek <a href="/wiki/Farman_MF.7" title="Farman MF.7">Farman MF.7</a>, piloted by Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Michael_Moutoussis" title="Michael Moutoussis">Michael Moutousis</a> and with Ensign <a href="/wiki/Aristeidis_Moraitinis_(aviator)" title="Aristeidis Moraitinis (aviator)">Aristeidis Moraitinis</a> as an observer, carried out aerial patrol of the Ottoman fleet in its anchorage at <a href="/wiki/Nara_Burnu" title="Nara Burnu">Nagara</a> and launched four bombs on the anchored ships. Although it scored no hits, it is regarded as the first naval-air operation in military history.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General Ivanov, the commander of the Second Bulgarian Army, acknowledged the role of the Greek fleet in the overall Balkan League victory by stating that "the activity of the entire Greek fleet and above all the <i>Averof</i> was the chief factor in the general success of the allies."<sup id="cite_ref-Hall65_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall65-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottomans were also aware of the impact of the Greek naval actions on the conflict; according to navy commander Hasan Sami Bey, without the Greek navy establishing control of the sea lanes, "the allied land operations would have undoubtedly taken another course."<sup id="cite_ref-Fotakis50_89-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fotakis50-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serbian_and_Montenegrin_theatre">Serbian and Montenegrin theatre</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/First_Balkan_War" title="Special:EditPage/First Balkan War">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montenegrins_attacking_Decic_Fortress.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Montenegrins_attacking_Decic_Fortress.jpg/267px-Montenegrins_attacking_Decic_Fortress.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Montenegrins_attacking_Decic_Fortress.jpg/401px-Montenegrins_attacking_Decic_Fortress.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Montenegrins_attacking_Decic_Fortress.jpg/534px-Montenegrins_attacking_Decic_Fortress.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption>Montenegrins attacking Dečić Fortress</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skadar_predaja_zastave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Skadar_predaja_zastave.jpg/267px-Skadar_predaja_zastave.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Skadar_predaja_zastave.jpg/401px-Skadar_predaja_zastave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Skadar_predaja_zastave.jpg/534px-Skadar_predaja_zastave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>Ottoman flag being surrendered to King <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Montenegro" title="Nicholas I of Montenegro">Nicholas I of Montenegro</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montenegrin_heavy_cannon,_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Montenegrin_heavy_cannon%2C_1912.jpg/267px-Montenegrin_heavy_cannon%2C_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Montenegrin_heavy_cannon%2C_1912.jpg/401px-Montenegrin_heavy_cannon%2C_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Montenegrin_heavy_cannon%2C_1912.jpg/534px-Montenegrin_heavy_cannon%2C_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption>Montenegrin artillery crossing the <a href="/wiki/Lim_(river)" title="Lim (river)">Lim River</a> during the attack on <a href="/wiki/Berane" title="Berane">Berane</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montenegro_Danillo_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Montenegro_Danillo_1912.jpg/267px-Montenegro_Danillo_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Montenegro_Danillo_1912.jpg/401px-Montenegro_Danillo_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Montenegro_Danillo_1912.jpg/534px-Montenegro_Danillo_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1095" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption>Crown Prince Danilo visiting a Montenegrin battery</figcaption></figure> <p>The Serbian forces operated against the primary part of the Ottoman Western Army in Novi Pazar, Kosovo and northern and eastern Macedonia. Strategically, they were divided into four independent armies and groups operating against the Ottomans: the Javor brigade and the Ibar Army in <a href="/wiki/Novi_Pazar" title="Novi Pazar">Novi Pazar</a>; the Third Army in Kosovo; the First Army in northern Macedonia; and the Second Army from Bulgaria in eastern Macedonia. The decisive battle was expected to be fought in north Macedonia, in the plains of Ovče Pole, where the Ottoman Vardar Army's main forces were expected to concentrate. </p><p>The plan of the Serbian Supreme Command had three Serbian armies encircle and destroy the Vardar Army in that area, with the First Army advancing from the north (along the line of Vranje-Kumanovo-Ovče Pole), the Second Army from the east (along the line of Kriva Palanka-Kratovo-Ovče Pole) and the Third Army from the northwest (along the line of Priština-Skopje-Ovče Pole). The prime role was given to the First Army. The Second Army was expected to cut off the Vardar Army's retreat and, if necessary, to attack its rear and right flank. The Third Army was to take Kosovo and, if necessary, to assist the First Army by attacking the Vardar Army's left and rear. The Ibar Army and the Javor brigade had minor roles in the plan and were expected to secure the Sanjak of Novi Pazar and replace the Third Army in Kosovo after it had advanced south.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Serbian army, under General (later Marshal) Putnik, achieved three decisive victories in <a href="/wiki/Vardar_Macedonia" title="Vardar Macedonia">Vardar Macedonia</a>, the primary Serbian objective in the war, by effectively destroying the Ottoman forces in the region and conquering northern Macedonia. The Serbs also helped the Montenegrins take the Sandžak and sent two divisions to aid the Bulgarians at the siege of Edirne. The last battle for Macedonia was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monastir" title="Battle of Monastir">Battle of Monastir</a>, in which the remains of the Ottoman Vardar Army were forced to retreat to central Albania. After the battle, Serbian Prime Minister Pasic asked General Putnik to take part in the race for Thessaloniki. Putnik declined and turned his army to the west, towards Albania, since he saw that a war between Greece and Bulgaria over Thessaloniki could greatly help Serbia's plans for Vardar Macedonia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After pressure from the Great Powers, the Serbs started withdrawing from northern Albania and the Sandžak, yet left behind their heavy artillery park to help the Montenegrins in the continuing Siege of Shkodër. On 23 April 1913, Shkodër's garrison was forced to surrender because of starvation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atrocities_and_migrations">Atrocities and migrations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction#Balkan_Wars" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction § Balkan Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide#Balkan_Wars_and_pre-World_War_I" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide § Balkan Wars and pre-World War I</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulgarian_soldiers_with_dead_Turkish_civilians_(Edirne).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Bulgarian_soldiers_with_dead_Turkish_civilians_%28Edirne%29.jpg/267px-Bulgarian_soldiers_with_dead_Turkish_civilians_%28Edirne%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Bulgarian_soldiers_with_dead_Turkish_civilians_%28Edirne%29.jpg/401px-Bulgarian_soldiers_with_dead_Turkish_civilians_%28Edirne%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Bulgarian_soldiers_with_dead_Turkish_civilians_%28Edirne%29.jpg/534px-Bulgarian_soldiers_with_dead_Turkish_civilians_%28Edirne%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>Bulgarian soldiers with bodies of killed Turkish civilians at the Awaz Baba Fort outside Adrianople (Edirne), March 1913</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NY_Times_Massacre_of_Albanians_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/NY_Times_Massacre_of_Albanians_1912.jpg/220px-NY_Times_Massacre_of_Albanians_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/NY_Times_Massacre_of_Albanians_1912.jpg/330px-NY_Times_Massacre_of_Albanians_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/NY_Times_Massacre_of_Albanians_1912.jpg/440px-NY_Times_Massacre_of_Albanians_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="665" /></a><figcaption>31 December 1912 <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a></i> headline</figcaption></figure> <p>Although it is known that both sides committed various war crimes during the war, what is known about the number of casualties is controversial. The insufficient number of impartial observers in the region throughout the war makes it difficult to conclude civilian casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that in the years 1912–1914 c. 890,000 civilians of various nationalities crossed the borders of the Balkan countries, including also those of the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Mourelos_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mourelos-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intense influx of refugees from the region and the news of the massacres caused a deep shock in the Ottoman mainland. This further increased the hatred of minorities already present in Ottoman society. The situation became a factor that exacerbated the <a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Ottoman genocides in World War I</a>, which took place approximately two years after the end of the First Balkan War.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The heavy and rapid defeat of the Ottoman army prevented the safe evacuation of the Muslim civilians, making them a clear target for the Balkan League forces invading the region. As a result, it is estimated that, in total, up to 632,000<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>-1.5 million<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ottoman Muslims perished outside of Albania and c. 400,000<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–813,000<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became refugees by the end of the Second Balkan War. </p><p>There were various instances where Albanian communities were targeted especially by Serbian and Montenegrin forces.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Report_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Golgotha_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golgotha-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to contemporary accounts, c. 20,000–25,000 Albanians in the Kosovo Vilayet were killed in the first two to four months of the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of Albanian deaths exceeded 120,000 by the end of the Second Balkan War.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (November 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:18_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hundreds of thousands of Albanians were deported throughout the Balkan Wars.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:112_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:112-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Qirezi46_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qirezi46-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Albanian_declaration_of_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian declaration of independence">Albanian declaration of independence</a> led to further violence, as Albanian villagers created paramilitaries to fight against Ottoman forces. These paramilitaries were also responsible for destroying churches and targeting Greek-speaking Christian villages, killing women and children.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Successive Ottoman defeats already from 1911 and territorial losses resulted in the creation of strong nationalist tendencies in Turkish politics.<sup id="cite_ref-Mourelos_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mourelos-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the spring of 1913, the Ottoman authorities began a <a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">systematic campaign of persecution</a> of their Greek subjects in large numbers in towns and villages both in Eastern Thrace and Anatolia.<sup id="cite_ref-Kontogiorgi_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kontogiorgi-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This campaign of extermination by the Ottoman authorities included boycott, expulsions, forcible migrations, focusing on Greeks of the Aegean region and eastern Thrace, whose presence in these areas was deemed a threat to national security.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From July 1913 as soon as Eastern Thrace returned to Ottoman control pillaging and act of intimidation and violence against the local Greek communities have been perpetrated.<sup id="cite_ref-Kontogiorgi_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kontogiorgi-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reasons_for_Ottoman_defeat">Reasons for Ottoman defeat</h2></div> <p>The principal reason for the Ottoman defeat in the autumn of 1912 was the decision on the part of the Ottoman government to respond to the demands from the Balkan League on 15 October 1912 by declaring war at a time when its mobilization, ordered on 1 October, was only partially complete.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkmeşe2015124–127_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkmeşe2015124–127-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the declaration of war, 580,000 Ottoman soldiers in the Balkans faced 912,000 soldiers of the Balkan League.<sup id="cite_ref-Akmeşe127_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akmeşe127-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bad condition of the roads, together with the sparse railroad network, had led to the Ottoman mobilization being grossly behind schedule, and many of the commanders were new to their units, having been appointed only on 1 October 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-Akmeşe127_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akmeşe127-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Turkish divisions were still involved in a losing war with Italy far away in the Libyan provinces. The stress of fighting on multiple fronts took a massive toll on the Ottoman Empire's finances, morale, casualties and supplies. The Turkish historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Handan_Nezir_Akme%C5%9Fe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Handan Nezir Akmeşe (page does not exist)">Handan Nezir Akmeşe</a> wrote that the best response when they were faced with the Balkan League's ultimatum on 15 October on the part of the Ottomans would have been to try to stall for time via diplomacy while they completed their mobilization, instead of declaring war immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-Akmeşe127_130-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akmeşe127-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>War Minister <a href="/wiki/Naz%C4%B1m_Pasha" title="Nazım Pasha">Nazım Pasha</a>, Navy Minister <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Muhtar_Pasha" title="Mahmud Muhtar Pasha">Mahmud Muhtar Pasha</a> and Austrian military attaché <a href="/wiki/Josef_Pomiankowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Josef Pomiankowski">Josef Pomiankowski</a> had presented overly-optimistic pictures of the Ottoman readiness for war to the Cabinet in October 1912 advising that the Ottoman forces should take the offensive at once at the outbreak of hostilities.<sup id="cite_ref-Akmeşe127_130-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akmeşe127-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, many senior army commanders advocated taking the defensive when the war began, arguing that the incomplete mobilization and serious logistic problems made taking the offensive impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-Akmeşe127_130-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akmeşe127-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other reasons for the defeat were: </p> <ul><li>Under the tyrannical and paranoid regime of <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Sultan Abdul Hamid II</a>, the Ottoman army had been forbidden to engage in war games or maneuvers out of the fear that it might be the cover for a coup d'état.<sup id="cite_ref-Akmeşe128_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akmeşe128-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four years since the Young Turk Revolution of 1908 had not been enough time for the army to learn how to conduct large-scale maneuvers.<sup id="cite_ref-Akmeşe128_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akmeşe128-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> War games in 1909 and 1910 had shown that many Ottoman officers could not efficiently move large bodies of troops such as divisions and corps, a deficiency that General Baron <a href="/wiki/Colmar_Freiherr_von_der_Goltz" title="Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz">Colmar von der Goltz</a> stated after watching the 1909 war games would take at least five years of training to address.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkmeşe2015120–121_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkmeşe2015120–121-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Ottoman army was divided into two classes; <i>Nizamiye</i> troops (conscripted for five years) and <i>Redif</i> (reservists who served for seven years).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkmeşe20155_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkmeşe20155-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Training of the <i>Redif</i> troops had been neglected for decades, and the 50,000 <i>Redif</i> troops in the Balkans in 1912 had received extremely rudimentary training at best.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkmeşe2015128–129_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkmeşe2015128–129-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One German officer, Major <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Lossow" title="Otto von Lossow">Otto von Lossow</a>, who served with the Ottomans, complained that some of the <i>Redif</i> troops did not know how to handle or fire a rifle.<sup id="cite_ref-Akmeşe129_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akmeşe129-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Support services in the Ottoman army, such as logistics and medical services, were poor.<sup id="cite_ref-Akmeşe129_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akmeşe129-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a massive shortage of doctors, no ambulances and few stretchers, and the few medical faculties were entirely inadequate for treating the large numbers of wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-Akmeşe129_135-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akmeşe129-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted in most of them dying, which damaged morale. In particular, the badly-organized transport corps was so inefficient that it was unable to supply the troops in the field with food, which forced troops to resort to requisitioning food from local villages.<sup id="cite_ref-Akmeşe129_135-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akmeşe129-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even so, Ottoman soldiers lived below the subsistence level with a daily diet of 90 g of cheese and 150 g of meat but had to march all day long, leaving much of the army sickly and exhausted.<sup id="cite_ref-Akmeşe129_135-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akmeşe129-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The heavy rainfall in the fall of 1912 had turned the mud roads of the Balkans into quagmires, making it extremely difficult to supply the army in the field with ammunition, which led to constant shortages at the front.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkmeşe2015130_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkmeşe2015130-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>After the 1908 revolution, the Ottoman officer corps had become politicized, with many officers devoting themselves to politics at the expense of studying war.<sup id="cite_ref-Akmeşe130-131_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akmeşe130-131-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the politicization of the army had led it to be divided into factions, most notably between those who were members of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a> and its opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-Akmeşe130-131_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akmeşe130-131-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the Ottoman officer corps had been divided between <i>Alayli</i> ("ranker") officers who had been promoted up from NCOs and privates and the <i>Mektepli</i> ("college-trained") officers who had graduated from the War College.<sup id="cite_ref-Akmeşe132_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akmeşe132-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the 1909 counterrevolution attempt, many of the <i>Alayli</i> officers had been purged.<sup id="cite_ref-Akmeşe132_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akmeşe132-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bulk of the army, peasant conscripts from Anatolia, were much more comfortable with the <i>Alayli</i> officers than with the <i>Mektepli</i> officers, who came from a different social milieu.<sup id="cite_ref-Akmeşe132_138-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akmeşe132-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the decision to conscript non-Muslims for the first time meant that <i><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a></i>, the traditional motivating force for the Ottoman Army, was not used in 1912, something that the officers of the German military mission advising the Ottomans believed was bad for the Muslims' morale.<sup id="cite_ref-Akmeşe132_138-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akmeşe132-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <span class="extendedconfirmed-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Balkan_War&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a></span><span class="nonextendedconfirmed-show"><span class="sysop-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Balkan_War&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> or </span><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AFirst_Balkan_War&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+extended-protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Extended-confirmed-protected+edit+request+on+28+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+extended-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=First+Balkan+War">making an edit request</a></span></span>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred-schmidt-cartoon-the-turks-power-in-europe-is-shaken-by-his-balkan-neighbours.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Alfred-schmidt-cartoon-the-turks-power-in-europe-is-shaken-by-his-balkan-neighbours.jpg/220px-Alfred-schmidt-cartoon-the-turks-power-in-europe-is-shaken-by-his-balkan-neighbours.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Alfred-schmidt-cartoon-the-turks-power-in-europe-is-shaken-by-his-balkan-neighbours.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>Danish cartoon shows Balkan states attacking the Ottoman Empire in the First Balkan War, October 1912</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1913)" title="Treaty of London (1913)">Treaty of London</a> ended the First Balkan War on 30 May 1913. All Ottoman territory west of the <a href="/wiki/Enez" title="Enez">Enez</a>-<a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Kıyıköy</a> line was ceded to the Balkan League, according to the <i>status quo</i> at the time of the armistice. The treaty also declared <a href="/wiki/Independent_Albania" title="Independent Albania">Albania</a> an independent state. Most of the territory designated to form the new Albanian state was occupied by Serbia and Greece, who only reluctantly withdrew their troops. Having unresolved disputes with Serbia over the division of northern Macedonia and with Greece over southern Macedonia, Bulgaria was prepared, if the need arose, to solve the problems by force, and began transferring its military from <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Thrace">Eastern Thrace</a> to the disputed regions. Unwilling to yield to any pressure, Greece and Serbia settled their mutual differences and signed a military alliance directed against Bulgaria on 1 May 1913, even before the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London,_1913" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of London, 1913">Treaty of London</a> had been concluded. This was soon followed by a <a href="/wiki/Greek%E2%80%93Serbian_Alliance_of_1913" title="Greek–Serbian Alliance of 1913">treaty of "mutual friendship and protection"</a> on 19 May / 1 June 1913. This set the stage for the <a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Great_Powers">Great Powers</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/First_Balkan_War" title="Special:EditPage/First Balkan War">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22First+Balkan+War%22">"First Balkan War"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22First+Balkan+War%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22First+Balkan+War%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22First+Balkan+War%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22First+Balkan+War%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22First+Balkan+War%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Although the Great Powers noticed the developments that led to the war, they had an official consensus over the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Question">territorial integrity of the Ottoman Empire</a>, which led to a stern warning to the Balkan states. However, each Great Power took a different unofficial diplomatic approach since interests conflicted. Since the mixed unofficial signals cancelled any possible preventive effect of the mutual official warning, they failed to prevent or end the war: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> was a prime mover in the establishment of the Balkan League and saw it as an essential tool in case of a future war against its rival, Austria-Hungary.<sup id="cite_ref-Stowell1_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stowell1-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia was unaware of the Bulgarian plans for Thrace and Constantinople, territories for which it had long held ambitions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Third French Republic">France</a>, not feeling ready for a war against Germany in 1912, took a position strongly against the war and firmly informed its ally Russia that it would not take part in a potential conflict between Russia and Austria-Hungary if it resulted from actions of the Balkan League. France, however, failed to achieve British participation in a common intervention to stop the conflict.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, although officially a staunch supporter of the Ottoman Empire's integrity, took secret diplomatic steps encouraging the Greek entry into the League to counteract Russian influence. At the same time, it encouraged Bulgarian aspirations over Thrace since the British preferred Thrace to be Bulgarian to Russian, despite British assurances to Russia on its expansion there.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, struggling for an exit from the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a> and seeking ways for expansion in the south at the expense of the Ottoman Empire, was opposed to any other nation expanding in the area. At the same time, Austria-Hungary had internal problems with the significant Slavic populations that campaigned against the German–Hungarian joint control of the multinational state. Serbia, whose aspirations towards Bosnia were no secret, was considered an enemy and the primary tool of Russian machinations, which were behind the agitation of the Slav subjects. However, Austria-Hungary failed to achieve a German backup for a strong reaction. Initially, German Emperor <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a> told Austro-Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">Archduke Franz Ferdinand</a> that Germany was ready to support Austria-Hungary in all circumstances, even at the risk of a world war, but the Austro-Hungarians hesitated. Finally, in the <a href="/wiki/German_Imperial_War_Council_of_8_December_1912" title="German Imperial War Council of 8 December 1912">German Imperial War Council of 8 December 1912</a>, the consensus was that Germany would not be ready for war until at least mid-1914 and notes about that passed to Austria-Hungary. Thus, no actions could be taken when the Serbs acceded to the Austro-Hungarian ultimatum of 18 October and withdrew from Albania.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, already heavily involved in internal Ottoman politics, officially opposed the war. However, Germany's effort to win Bulgaria for the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a>, since Germany saw the <a href="/wiki/Sick_man_of_Europe" title="Sick man of Europe">inevitability of Ottoman disintegration</a>, made Germany toy with the idea of replacing the Ottomans in the Balkans with a friendly <a href="/wiki/Greater_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Bulgaria">Greater Bulgaria</a> with the borders of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">Treaty of San Stefano</a>. This was based on the German origin of the Bulgarian King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand of Bulgaria">Ferdinand</a> and his anti-Russian sentiments. Finally, when tensions again <a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">grew hot in July 1914</a> between Serbia and Austria-Hungary, when the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hand_(Serbia)" title="Black Hand (Serbia)">Black Hand</a>, an organization backed by Serbia, assassinated Franz Ferdinand, no one had strong reservations about the possible conflict, and the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> broke out.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_battles">List of battles</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulgarian–Ottoman_battles"><span id="Bulgarian.E2.80.93Ottoman_battles"></span>Bulgarian–Ottoman battles</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:76%;"><tbody><tr style="background:#d0fb8e;"><th scope="col" style="text-align:center;">Battle</th><th scope="col" style="text-align:center;;width:8%;">Year</th><th scope="col" style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"><span data-sort-value="Bulgaria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)">Bulgaria</a></span> Commander</th><th scope="col" style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> Commander</th><th scope="col" style="text-align:center;;width:20%;">Result</th></tr><tr style="background:#d0fb8e;"><td style="text-align:center;;width:25%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kardzhali" title="Battle of Kardzhali">Battle of Kardzhali</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:8%;"> 1912</td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> Vasil Delov</td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> Mehmed Pasha</td><td style="text-align:center;;width:20%;"> Bulgarian Victory</td></tr><tr style="background:#d0fb8e;"><td style="text-align:center;;width:25%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirk_Kilisse" title="Battle of Kirk Kilisse">Battle of Kirk Kilisse</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:8%;"> 1912</td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Radko_Dimitriev" title="Radko Dimitriev">Radko Dimitriev</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> Mahmut Pasha</td><td style="text-align:center;;width:20%;"> Bulgarian Victory</td></tr><tr style="background:#d0fb8e;"><td style="text-align:center;;width:25%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lule_Burgas" title="Battle of Lule Burgas">Battle of Lule Burgas</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:8%;"> 1912</td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Radko_Dimitriev" title="Radko Dimitriev">Radko Dimitriev</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> Abdullah Pasha</td><td style="text-align:center;;width:20%;"> Bulgarian Victory</td></tr><tr style="background:#d0fb8e;"><td style="text-align:center;;width:25%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adrianople_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Adrianople (1912–1913)">Siege of Edirne / Adrianople</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:8%;"> 1912–13</td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> Georgi Vazov</td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> Gazi Pasha</td><td style="text-align:center;;width:20%;"> Bulgarian Victory</td></tr><tr style="background:#d0fb8e;"><td style="background:#f9adb2;;text-align:center;;width:25%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="First Battle of Çatalca">First Battle of Çatalca</a></td><td style="background:#f9adb2;;text-align:center;;width:8%;"> 1912</td><td style="background:#f9adb2;;text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Radko_Dimitriev" title="Radko Dimitriev">Radko Dimitriev</a></td><td style="background:#f9adb2;;text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Nazim_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazim Pasha">Nazim Pasha</a></td><td style="background:#f9adb2;;text-align:center;;width:20%;"> Ottoman Victory<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVŭchkov200599–103_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVŭchkov200599–103-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="background:#d0fb8e;"><td style="text-align:center;;width:25%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaliakra_(1912)" title="Battle of Kaliakra (1912)">Naval Battle of Kaliakra</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:8%;"> 1912</td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> Dimitar Dobrev</td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Rauf_Orbay" title="Rauf Orbay">Hüseyin Bey</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:20%;"> Bulgarian Victory</td></tr><tr style="background:#d0fb8e;"><td style="text-align:center;;width:25%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Merhamli" title="Battle of Merhamli">Battle of Merhamli</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:8%;"> 1912</td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> Nikola Genev</td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> Mehmed Pasha</td><td style="text-align:center;;width:20%;"> Bulgarian Victory</td></tr><tr style="background:#d0fb8e;"><td style="text-align:center;;width:25%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bulair" title="Battle of Bulair">Battle of Bulair</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:8%;"> 1913</td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Todorov_(general)" title="Georgi Todorov (general)">Georgi Todorov</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Kemal">Mustafa Kemal</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:20%;"> Bulgarian Victory</td></tr><tr style="background:#d0fb8e;"><td style="background:lightgrey;;text-align:center;;width:25%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="Second Battle of Çatalca">Second Battle of Çatalca</a></td><td style="background:lightgrey;;text-align:center;;width:8%;"> 1913</td><td style="background:lightgrey;;text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Vasil_Kutinchev" title="Vasil Kutinchev">Vasil Kutinchev</a></td><td style="background:lightgrey;;text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Izzet_Pasha" title="Ahmed Izzet Pasha">Ahmet Pasha</a></td><td style="background:lightgrey;;text-align:center;;width:20%;"> Indecisive</td></tr><tr style="background:#d0fb8e;"><td style="text-align:center;;width:25%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%9Eark%C3%B6y" title="Battle of Şarköy">Battle of Şarköy</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:8%;"> 1913</td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Stiliyan_Kovachev" title="Stiliyan Kovachev">Stiliyan Kovachev</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:20%;"> Bulgarian Victory</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greek–Ottoman_battles"><span id="Greek.E2.80.93Ottoman_battles"></span>Greek–Ottoman battles</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:76%;"><tbody><tr style="background:#a8d3f7;"><th scope="col" style="text-align:center;">Battle</th><th scope="col" style="text-align:center;;width:8%;"> Year</th><th scope="col" style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <span data-sort-value="Greece"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/23px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/35px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg/45px-State_Flag_of_Greece_%281863-1924_and_1935-1973%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></span> Commander</th><th scope="col" style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> Commander</th><th scope="col" style="text-align:center;;width:20%;"> Result</th></tr><tr style="background:#a8d3f7;"><td style="text-align:center;;width:25%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarantaporo" title="Battle of Sarantaporo">Battle of Sarantaporo</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:8%;"> 1912</td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece" title="Constantine I of Greece">Constantine I</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Tahsin_Pasha" title="Hasan Tahsin Pasha">Hasan Pasha</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:20%;"> Greek Victory</td></tr><tr style="background:#a8d3f7;"><td style="text-align:center;;width:25%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yenidje" title="Battle of Yenidje">Battle of Yenidje</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:8%;"> 1912</td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece" title="Constantine I of Greece">Constantine I</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Tahsin_Pasha" title="Hasan Tahsin Pasha">Hasan Pasha</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:20%;"> Greek Victory</td></tr><tr style="background:#a8d3f7;"><td style="background:#f9adb2;;text-align:center;;width:25%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sorovich" title="Battle of Sorovich">Battle of Sorovich</a></td><td style="background:#f9adb2;;text-align:center;;width:8%;"> 1912</td><td style="background:#f9adb2;;text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Dimitrios_Matthaiopoulos" title="Dimitrios Matthaiopoulos">Matthaiopoulos</a></td><td style="background:#f9adb2;;text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Hasan_R%C4%B1za_Pasha" title="Hasan Rıza Pasha">Hasan Pasha</a></td><td style="background:#f9adb2;;text-align:center;;width:20%;"> Ottoman Victory</td></tr><tr style="background:#a8d3f7;"><td style="text-align:center;;width:25%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pente_Pigadia" title="Battle of Pente Pigadia">Battle of Pente Pigadia</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:8%;"> 1912</td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Sapountzakis" title="Konstantinos Sapountzakis">Sapountzakis</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Esat_B%C3%BClkat" title="Mehmet Esat Bülkat">Esat Pasha</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:20%;"> Greek Victory</td></tr><tr style="background:#a8d3f7;"><td style="text-align:center;;width:25%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lesbos_(1912)" title="Battle of Lesbos (1912)">Battle of Lesbos</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:8%;"> 1912</td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Pavlos_Kountouriotis" title="Pavlos Kountouriotis">Kountouriotis</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> Abdul Ghani</td><td style="text-align:center;;width:20%;"> Greek Victory</td></tr><tr style="background:#a8d3f7;"><td style="text-align:center;;width:25%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chios_(1912)" title="Battle of Chios (1912)">Battle of Chios</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:8%;"> 1912</td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Damianos" title="Ioannis Damianos">Damianos</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> Zihne Bey</td><td style="text-align:center;;width:20%;"> Greek Victory</td></tr><tr style="background:#a8d3f7;"><td style="background:#f9adb2;;text-align:center;;width:25%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Driskos" title="Battle of Driskos">Battle of Driskos</a></td><td style="background:#f9adb2;;text-align:center;;width:8%;"> 1912</td><td style="background:#f9adb2;;text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Dimitrios_Matthaiopoulos" title="Dimitrios Matthaiopoulos">Matthaiopoulos</a></td><td style="background:#f9adb2;;text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Esat_B%C3%BClkat" title="Mehmet Esat Bülkat">Esad Pasha</a></td><td style="background:#f9adb2;;text-align:center;;width:20%;"> Ottoman Victory</td></tr><tr style="background:#a8d3f7;"><td style="text-align:center;;width:25%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Himara_revolt_of_1912" title="Himara revolt of 1912">Revolt of Himara</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:8%;"> 1912</td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Sapountzakis" title="Konstantinos Sapountzakis">Sapountzakis</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Esat_B%C3%BClkat" title="Mehmet Esat Bülkat">Esat Pasha</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:20%;"> Greek Victory</td></tr><tr style="background:#a8d3f7;"><td style="text-align:center;;width:25%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elli" title="Battle of Elli">Battle of Elli</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:8%;"> 1912</td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Pavlos_Kountouriotis" title="Pavlos Kountouriotis">Kountouriotis</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> Remzi Bey</td><td style="text-align:center;;width:20%;"> Greek Victory</td></tr><tr style="background:#a8d3f7;"><td style="text-align:center;;width:25%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Korytsa" title="Capture of Korytsa">Capture of Korytsa</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:8%;"> 1912</td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Damianos" title="Konstantinos Damianos">Damianos</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> Davit Pasha</td><td style="text-align:center;;width:20%;"> Greek Victory</td></tr><tr style="background:#a8d3f7;"><td style="text-align:center;;width:25%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lemnos_(1913)" title="Battle of Lemnos (1913)">Battle of Lemnos</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:8%;"> 1913</td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Pavlos_Kountouriotis" title="Pavlos Kountouriotis">Kountouriotis</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> Remzi Bey</td><td style="text-align:center;;width:20%;"> Greek Victory</td></tr><tr style="background:#a8d3f7;"><td style="text-align:center;;width:25%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bizani" title="Battle of Bizani">Battle of Bizani</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:8%;"> 1913</td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece" title="Constantine I of Greece">Constantine I</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Esat_B%C3%BClkat" title="Mehmet Esat Bülkat">Esat Pasha</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:20%;"> Greek Victory</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serbian–Ottoman_battles"><span id="Serbian.E2.80.93Ottoman_battles"></span>Serbian–Ottoman battles</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:76%;"><tbody><tr style="background:#caadf3;"><th scope="col" style="text-align:center;">Battle</th><th scope="col" style="text-align:center;;width:8%;">Year</th><th scope="col" style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"><span data-sort-value="Serbia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281882%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></span> Commander</th><th scope="col" style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> Commander</th><th scope="col" style="text-align:center;;width:20%;">Result</th></tr><tr style="background:#caadf3;"><td style="text-align:center;;width:25%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kumanovo" title="Battle of Kumanovo">Battle of Kumanovo</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:8%;"> 1912</td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Radomir_Putnik" title="Radomir Putnik">Radomir Putnik</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Zeki_Pasha" title="Zeki Pasha">Zeki Pasha</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:20%;"> Serbian Victory</td></tr><tr style="background:#caadf3;"><td style="text-align:center;;width:25%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prilep" title="Battle of Prilep">Battle of Prilep</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:8%;"> 1912</td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Petar_Bojovi%C4%87" title="Petar Bojović">Petar Bojović</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Zeki_Pasha" title="Zeki Pasha">Zeki Pasha</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:20%;"> Serbian Victory</td></tr><tr style="background:#caadf3;"><td style="text-align:center;;width:25%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monastir" title="Battle of Monastir">Battle of Monastir</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:8%;"> 1912</td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Petar_Bojovi%C4%87" title="Petar Bojović">Petar Bojović</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Zeki_Pasha" title="Zeki Pasha">Zeki Pasha</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:20%;"> Serbian Victory</td></tr><tr style="background:#caadf3;"><td style="background:#f9adb2;;text-align:center;;width:25%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lum%C3%AB" title="Battle of Lumë">Battle of Lumë</a></td><td style="background:#f9adb2;;text-align:center;;width:8%;"> 1912</td><td style="background:#f9adb2;;text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%BEidar_Jankovi%C4%87_(general)" title="Božidar Janković (general)">Božidar Jankovic</a></td><td style="background:#f9adb2;;text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Bajram_Curri" title="Bajram Curri">Bajram Curri</a></td><td style="background:#f9adb2;;text-align:center;;width:20%;"> Albanian Victory</td></tr><tr style="background:#caadf3;"><td style="background:lightgrey;;text-align:center;;width:25%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Scutari_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Scutari (1912–1913)">Siege of Scutari</a></td><td style="background:lightgrey;;text-align:center;;width:8%;"> 1913</td><td style="background:lightgrey;;text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Nikola_I_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikola I Petrović-Njegoš">Nikola I</a></td><td style="background:lightgrey;;text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Riza_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan Riza Pasha">Hasan Pasha</a></td><td style="background:lightgrey;;text-align:center;;width:20%;"> <a href="/wiki/Status_quo_ante_bellum" title="Status quo ante bellum">Status quo ante bellum</a><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="background:#caadf3;"><td style="text-align:center;;width:25%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adrianople_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Adrianople (1912–1913)">Siege of Adrianople</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:8%;"> 1913</td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> <a href="/wiki/Stepa_Stepanovic" class="mw-redirect" title="Stepa Stepanovic">Stepa Stepanovic</a></td><td style="text-align:center;;width:15%;"> Gazi Pasha</td><td style="text-align:center;;width:20%;"> Serbian victory</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_burned_during_the_Balkan_Wars" title="List of places burned during the Balkan Wars">List of places burned during the Balkan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian%E2%80%93Turkish_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Serbian–Turkish conflicts">List of Serbian–Turkish conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_democracies" title="List of wars between democracies">List of wars between democracies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalists_of_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Journalists of the Balkan Wars">Journalists of the Balkan Wars</a> <a href="/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1913 Ottoman coup d'état">1913 Ottoman coup d'état</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Hall16-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hall16_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall16_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall16_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2000">Hall 2000</a>, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDennis2019" class="citation journal cs1">Dennis, Brad (3 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13602004.2019.1654186">"Armenians and the Cleansing of Muslims 1878–1915: Influences from the Balkans"</a>. <i>Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs</i>. <b>39</b> (3): 411–431. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13602004.2019.1654186">10.1080/13602004.2019.1654186</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1360-2004">1360-2004</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202282745">202282745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Muslim+Minority+Affairs&rft.atitle=Armenians+and+the+Cleansing+of+Muslims+1878%E2%80%931915%3A+Influences+from+the+Balkans&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=411-431&rft.date=2019-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202282745%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1360-2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13602004.2019.1654186&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F13602004.2019.1654186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall18-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hall18_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall18_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall18_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall18_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2000">Hall 2000</a>, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erickson70-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erickson70_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erickson70_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erickson70_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson2003">Erickson 2003</a>, p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson200369-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson200369_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson2003">Erickson 2003</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson200352-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson200352_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson2003">Erickson 2003</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall135-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hall135_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall135_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall135_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2000">Hall 2000</a>, p. 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Βιβλίο εργασίας 3, Οι Βαλκανικοί Πόλεμοι</i>, ΒΑΛΕΡΙ ΚΟΛΕΦ and ΧΡΙΣΤΙΝΑ ΚΟΥΛΟΥΡΗ, translation by ΙΟΥΛΙΑ ΠΕΝΤΑΖΟΥ, CDRSEE, Thessaloniki 2005, p. 120, <b>(Greek)</b>. 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href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13602004.2019.1654186">"Armenians and the Cleansing of Muslims 1878–1915: Influences from the Balkans"</a>. <i>Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs</i>. <b>39</b> (3): 411–431. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13602004.2019.1654186">10.1080/13602004.2019.1654186</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1360-2004">1360-2004</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202282745">202282745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Muslim+Minority+Affairs&rft.atitle=Armenians+and+the+Cleansing+of+Muslims+1878%E2%80%931915%3A+Influences+from+the+Balkans&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=411-431&rft.date=2019-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202282745%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1360-2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13602004.2019.1654186&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=Brad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F13602004.2019.1654186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fotakis42-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fotakis42_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fotakis42_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFotakis2005">Fotakis 2005</a>, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFotakis200544-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFotakis200544_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFotakis2005">Fotakis 2005</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fotakis25–35-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fotakis25–35_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fotakis25–35_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFotakis2005">Fotakis 2005</a>, pp. 25–35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFotakis200545-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFotakis200545_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFotakis2005">Fotakis 2005</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFotakis200545–46-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFotakis200545–46_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFotakis2005">Fotakis 2005</a>, pp. 45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200019-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200019_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2000">Hall 2000</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUyarErickson2009225–226-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUyarErickson2009225–226_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUyarErickson2009">Uyar & Erickson 2009</a>, pp. 225–226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUyarErickson2009226–227-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUyarErickson2009226–227_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUyarErickson2009">Uyar & Erickson 2009</a>, pp. 226–227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUyarErickson2009227–228-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUyarErickson2009227–228_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUyarErickson2009">Uyar & Erickson 2009</a>, pp. 227–228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall22-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hall22_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall22_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2000">Hall 2000</a>, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUyarErickson2009227-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUyarErickson2009227_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUyarErickson2009">Uyar & Erickson 2009</a>, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson200362-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson200362_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson2003">Erickson 2003</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz19959–14-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz19959–14_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangensiepenGüleryüz1995">Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995</a>, pp. 9–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz199514–15-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz199514–15_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangensiepenGüleryüz1995">Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995</a>, pp. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz199516–17-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz199516–17_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangensiepenGüleryüz1995">Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995</a>, pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erickson131-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erickson131_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erickson131_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson2003">Erickson 2003</a>, p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OSN20-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OSN20_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OSN20_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangensiepenGüleryüz1995">Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995</a>, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGawrych2006" class="citation book cs1">Gawrych, George (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=otuRDwAAQBAJ&dq=a+majority+of+Albanians,+even+habitual+rebels&pg=PA202"><i>The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913</i></a>. IB Tauris. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-287-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-287-5"><bdi>978-1-84511-287-5</bdi></a>. <q>When the First Balkan War broke out, a majority of Albanians, even habitual rebels such as Isa Boletin, rallied in defence of the din ve devlet ve vatan to preserve intact their Albanian lands. Lacking a national organization, Albanians had no choice but to rely on Ottoman institutions, its army, and its government for protection from partition. Both failed them miserably in the face of four invading Balkan armies. As a result, foreign invasion and occupation severed that link between the Albanian Eagle and the Ottoman Crescent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crescent+and+the+Eagle%3A+Ottoman+rule%2C+Islam+and+the+Albanians%2C+1874%E2%80%931913&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=IB+Tauris&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-287-5&rft.aulast=Gawrych&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DotuRDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Da%2Bmajority%2Bof%2BAlbanians%2C%2Beven%2Bhabitual%2Brebels%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Kondis" class="citation book cs1">Kondis, Basil (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tEloAAAAMAAJ"><i>Greece and Albania, 1908–1914</i></a>. Thessaloniki: Institute for Balkan Studies. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-8409-4908-5" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-8409-4908-5"><bdi>979-8-8409-4908-5</bdi></a>. <q>The Albanian forces fought on the side of Turkey not because they desired a continuance of Turkish rule but because they believed that together with the Turks, they would be able to defend their territory and prevent the partition of "Greater Albania</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greece+and+Albania%2C+1908%E2%80%931914&rft.place=Thessaloniki&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Institute+for+Balkan+Studies&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=979-8-8409-4908-5&rft.aulast=Kondis&rft.aufirst=Basil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtEloAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2002" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Richard C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IuWAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA85"><i>The Balkan Wars 1912–1913: Prelude to the First World War</i></a>. Routledge. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-58363-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-58363-8"><bdi>978-1-134-58363-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>. <q>Ottoman regulars supported by Albanian irregulars continued in central and southern Albania even after the signing of the armistice in December 1912</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkan+Wars+1912%E2%80%931913%3A+Prelude+to+the+First+World+War&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-58363-8&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIuWAAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson200385-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson200385_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson2003">Erickson 2003</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson200386-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson200386_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson2003">Erickson 2003</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall22-24-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hall22-24_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall22-24_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2000">Hall 2000</a>, pp. 22–24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The war between Bulgaria and Turkey 1912–1913, Volume II</i> Ministry of War 1928, p. 660</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erickson82-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erickson82_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erickson82_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erickson82_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson2003">Erickson 2003</a>, p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeton-Watson2009238-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeton-Watson2009238_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeton-Watson2009">Seton-Watson 2009</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erickson333-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erickson333_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erickson333_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson2003">Erickson 2003</a>, p. 333</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeton-Watson2009202-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeton-Watson2009202_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeton-Watson2009">Seton-Watson 2009</a>, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erickson102-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erickson102_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erickson102_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson2003">Erickson 2003</a>, p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200032-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200032_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2000">Hall 2000</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimitrova2013" class="citation journal cs1">Dimitrova, Snezhana (1 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9611592">"Of Other Balkan Wars: Affective Worlds of Modern and Traditional (The Bulgarian Example)"</a>. <i>Perceptions: Journal of Foreign Affairs</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 29–55<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perceptions%3A+Journal+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Of+Other+Balkan+Wars%3A+Affective+Worlds+of+Modern+and+Traditional+%28The+Bulgarian+Example%29&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=29-55&rft.date=2013-09-01&rft.aulast=Dimitrova&rft.aufirst=Snezhana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9611592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson2003">Erickson 2003</a>, p. 262</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The war between Bulgaria and Turkey 1912–1913, Volume V</i>, Ministry of War 1930, p. 1057</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zafirov – Зафиров, Д., Александров, Е., История на Българите: Военна история, София, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/954-528-752-7" title="Special:BookSources/954-528-752-7">954-528-752-7</a>, Zafirov p. 444</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erickson281-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Erickson281_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Erickson281_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson2003">Erickson 2003</a>, p. 281</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turkish General Staff, Edirne Kalesi Etrafindaki Muharebeler, p. 286</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Зафиров, Д., Александров, Е., История на Българите: Военна история, София, 2007, Труд, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/954-528-752-7" title="Special:BookSources/954-528-752-7">954-528-752-7</a>, p. 482</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Зафиров, Д., Александров, Е., История на Българите: Военна история, София, 2007, Труд, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/954-528-752-7" title="Special:BookSources/954-528-752-7">954-528-752-7</a>> Zafirov – p. 383</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The war between Bulgaria and Turkey 1912–1913, Volume V</i>, Ministry of War 1930, p. 1053</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seton-Watson-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seton-Watson_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seton-Watson_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeton-Watson2009">Seton-Watson 2009</a>, pp. 210–238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2003215-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson2003215_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson2003">Erickson 2003</a>, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2003334-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson2003334_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson2003">Erickson 2003</a>, p. 334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2003226-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson2003226_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson2003">Erickson 2003</a>, p. 226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kondis-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kondis_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKondis1978" class="citation book cs1">Kondis, Basil (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tEloAAAAMAAJ"><i>Greece and Albania, 1908–1914</i></a>. Institute for Balkan Studies. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-8409-4908-5" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-8409-4908-5"><bdi>979-8-8409-4908-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greece+and+Albania%2C+1908%E2%80%931914&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Institute+for+Balkan+Studies&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=979-8-8409-4908-5&rft.aulast=Kondis&rft.aufirst=Basil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtEloAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UV1oAAAAMAAJ&q=5+November">Epirus, 4000 years of Greek history and civilization</a>. M. V. Sakellariou. Ekdotike Athenon, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-213-371-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-960-213-371-2">978-960-213-371-2</a>, p. 367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=01eQAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Korytsa+was+taken+on%22">Albania's captives.</a> Pyrros Ruches, Argonaut 1965, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baker_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baker, David, <i>Flight and Flying: A Chronology</i>, Facts On File, Inc., New York, 1994, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/92031491">92-31491</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-1854-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-1854-5">0-8160-1854-5</a>, p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFotakis200547–48-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFotakis200547–48_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFotakis2005">Fotakis 2005</a>, pp. 47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall64-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hall64_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall64_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall64_79-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2000">Hall 2000</a>, p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFotakis200546–48-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFotakis200546–48_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFotakis2005">Fotakis 2005</a>, pp. 46–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz199519–20,_156-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz199519–20,_156_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangensiepenGüleryüz1995">Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995</a>, pp. 19–20, 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2003157–158-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson2003157–158_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson2003">Erickson 2003</a>, pp. 157–158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2003158–159-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson2003158–159_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson2003">Erickson 2003</a>, pp. 158–159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFotakis200548–49-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFotakis200548–49_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFotakis2005">Fotakis 2005</a>, pp. 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz199519-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz199519_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangensiepenGüleryüz1995">Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFotakis200549-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFotakis200549_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFotakis2005">Fotakis 2005</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson2003170,_334-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson2003170,_334_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson2003">Erickson 2003</a>, pp. 170, 334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall200065,_74-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall200065,_74_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2000">Hall 2000</a>, pp. 65, 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fotakis50-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fotakis50_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fotakis50_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fotakis50_89-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fotakis50_89-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fotakis50_89-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fotakis50_89-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fotakis50_89-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFotakis2005">Fotakis 2005</a>, p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz199521–22-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz199521–22_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangensiepenGüleryüz1995">Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995</a>, pp. 21–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OSN22-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OSN22_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OSN22_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangensiepenGüleryüz1995">Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995</a>, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz199522,_196-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz199522,_196_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangensiepenGüleryüz1995">Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995</a>, pp. 22, 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz199522–23-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz199522–23_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangensiepenGüleryüz1995">Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995</a>, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz199523-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz199523_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangensiepenGüleryüz1995">Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OSN26-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OSN26_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OSN26_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangensiepenGüleryüz1995">Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995</a>, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall65-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hall65_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall65_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2000">Hall 2000</a>, p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz199523–24-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangensiepenGüleryüz199523–24_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLangensiepenGüleryüz1995">Langensiepen & Güleryüz 1995</a>, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090718062057/http://www.haf.gr/en/history/history/history_2.asp">"History: Balkan Wars"</a>. Hellenic Air Force. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haf.gr/en/history/history/history_2.asp">the original</a> on 18 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History%3A+Balkan+Wars&rft.pub=Hellenic+Air+Force&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haf.gr%2Fen%2Fhistory%2Fhistory%2Fhistory_2.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyne2002" class="citation book cs1">Boyne, Walter J. 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ABC-CLIO. pp. 66, 268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-345-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-345-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-345-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+Warfare%3A+an+International+Encyclopedia%3A+A%E2%80%93L&rft.pages=66%2C+268&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-345-2&rft.aulast=Boyne&rft.aufirst=Walter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFW_50wm8VnMC%26q%3Dmoraitinis%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMojzes2011" class="citation book cs1">Mojzes, Paul (2011). <i>Balkan genocides: holocaust and ethnic cleansing in the twentieth century</i>. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0664-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0664-9"><bdi>978-1-4422-0664-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+genocides%3A+holocaust+and+ethnic+cleansing+in+the+twentieth+century&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Md.&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-0664-9&rft.aulast=Mojzes&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mourelos-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mourelos_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mourelos_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMourelos1985" class="citation journal cs1">Mourelos, Yannis G. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Balkan+Studies&rft.atitle=The+1914+persecutions+and+the+first+attempt+at+an+exchange+of+minorities+between+Greece+and+Turkey&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=389%2C+390&rft.date=1985-01-01&rft.issn=2241-1674&rft.aulast=Mourelos&rft.aufirst=Yannis+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fojs.lib.uom.gr%2Findex.php%2FBalkanStudies%2Farticle%2Fview%2F2092&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKieserÖktemReinkowski2015" class="citation book cs1">Kieser, Hans-Lukas; Öktem, Kerem; Reinkowski, Maurus, eds. (2015). <i>World War I and the end of the Ottomans from the Balkan Wars to the Armenian genocide</i>. London: I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-75560-909-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-75560-909-3"><bdi>978-0-75560-909-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+I+and+the+end+of+the+Ottomans+from+the+Balkan+Wars+to+the+Armenian+genocide&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-75560-909-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy2001" class="citation book cs1">McCarthy, Justin (2 February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MDoFR3UJOSgC"><i>McCarthy, Justin (1995). Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922. Darwin Press. p. 164</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780340706572" title="Special:BookSources/9780340706572"><bdi>9780340706572</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=McCarthy%2C+Justin+%281995%29.+Death+and+Exile%3A+The+Ethnic+Cleansing+of+Ottoman+Muslims%2C+1821%E2%80%931922.+Darwin+Press.+p.+164.&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2001-02-02&rft.isbn=9780340706572&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMDoFR3UJOSgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hupchick, Dennis P., The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism. p. 321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPekesen2012" class="citation web cs1">Pekesen, Berna (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-on-the-road/forced-ethnic-migration/berna-pekesen-expulsion-and-emigration-of-the-muslims-from-the-balkans">"Expulsion and Emigration of the Muslims from the Balkans"</a>. <i>European History Online</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+History+Online&rft.atitle=Expulsion+and+Emigration+of+the+Muslims+from+the+Balkans&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Pekesen&rft.aufirst=Berna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fieg-ego.eu%2Fen%2Fthreads%2Feurope-on-the-road%2Fforced-ethnic-migration%2Fberna-pekesen-expulsion-and-emigration-of-the-muslims-from-the-balkans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hupchick, Dennis P., The Balkans: From Constantinople to Communism p. 321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy2001" class="citation book cs1">McCarthy, Justin (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MDoFR3UJOSgC"><i>McCarthy, Justin (1995). Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922. Darwin Press. p. 164</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780340706572" title="Special:BookSources/9780340706572"><bdi>9780340706572</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=McCarthy%2C+Justin+%281995%29.+Death+and+Exile%3A+The+Ethnic+Cleansing+of+Ottoman+Muslims%2C+1821%E2%80%931922.+Darwin+Press.+p.+164.&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780340706572&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMDoFR3UJOSgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Department_of_State1943" class="citation book cs1">United States Department of State (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ADhGAQAAMAAJ&q=Serbian+troops+atrocities+1913&pg=PA115"><i>Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papers+Relating+to+the+Foreign+Relations+of+the+United+States&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1943&rft.au=United+States+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DADhGAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DSerbian%2Btroops%2Batrocities%2B1913%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Report-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Report_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Commission_to_Inquire_into_the_Causes_and_Conduct_of_the_Balkan_WarsCarnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace._Division_of_Intercourse_and_Education1914" class="citation web cs1">International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars; Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Division of Intercourse and Education (1 January 1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reportofinternat00inteuoft">"Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan War"</a>. Washington, D.C. : The Endowment<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W4zndspbem4C"><i>Justice, Intervention, and Force in International Relations: Reassessing Just War Theory in the 21st Century</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-87935-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-87935-1"><bdi>978-0-203-87935-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justice%2C+Intervention%2C+and+Force+in+International+Relations%3A+Reassessing+Just+War+Theory+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-203-87935-1&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Kimberly+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW4zndspbem4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudah2002" class="citation book cs1">Judah, Tim (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sVf1na3FN_UC"><i>Kosovo: War and Revenge</i></a>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-30009-725-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-30009-725-2"><bdi>978-0-30009-725-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo%3A+War+and+Revenge&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-30009-725-2&rft.aulast=Judah&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsVf1na3FN_UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1913_6.html">Archbishop Lazër Mjeda: Report on the Serb Invasion of Kosova and Macedonia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195950/http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1913_6.html">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy" class="citation web cs1">McCarthy, Justin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tc-america.org/files/news/pdf/balkan-wars-map.pdf">"1912–1913 Balkan Wars Death and Forced Exile of Ottoman Muslims"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>tc-america.org</i>. <q>not including an estimated 100,000 dead in Albania</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tc-america.org&rft.atitle=1912%E2%80%931913+Balkan+Wars+Death+and+Forced+Exile+of+Ottoman+Muslims&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tc-america.org%2Ffiles%2Fnews%2Fpdf%2Fbalkan-wars-map.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:7_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRifati2021" class="citation journal cs1">Rifati, Fitim (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.balkanjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/JSB-1.-sayi-revize_2-Fitim-Rifati-1.pdf">"Kryengritjet shqiptare në Kosovë si alternativë çlirimi nga sundimi serbo-malazez (1913–1914)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Balkan Studies</i>. <b>1</b>: 84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.51331%2FA004">10.51331/A004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2671-3675">2671-3675</a>. <q>According to Serbian Social Democrat politician Kosta Novakovic, from October 1912 to the end of 1913, the Serbo-Montenegrin regime exterminated more than 120,000 Albanians of all ages, and forcibly expelled more than 50,000 Albanians to the Ottoman Empire and Albania.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Balkan+Studies&rft.atitle=Kryengritjet+shqiptare+n%C3%AB+Kosov%C3%AB+si+alternativ%C3%AB+%C3%A7lirimi+nga+sundimi+serbo-malazez+%281913%E2%80%931914%29&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=84&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.51331%2FA004&rft.issn=2671-3675&rft.aulast=Rifati&rft.aufirst=Fitim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.balkanjournal.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F12%2FJSB-1.-sayi-revize_2-Fitim-Rifati-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:11_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlpion2021" class="citation book cs1">Alpion, Gëzim (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sylOEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22120,000+albanians%22+%221912%22&pg=PA11"><i>Mother Teresa: The Saint and Her Nation</i></a>. Bloomsbury. pp. 11, 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789389812466" title="Special:BookSources/9789389812466"><bdi>9789389812466</bdi></a>. <q>During the Balkan wars, in total '120,000 Albanians were exterminated', hundreds of villages' were shelled by artillery and 'a large number of them were burned down' across Kosova and Macedonia. The figures do not include people killed in present-day Albania and the devastated houses, villages and towns that Serbian and Montenegrin soldiers left behind when they were eventually forced to retreat.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mother+Teresa%3A+The+Saint+and+Her+Nation&rft.pages=11%2C+19&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9789389812466&rft.aulast=Alpion&rft.aufirst=G%C3%ABzim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsylOEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522120%2C000%2Balbanians%2522%2B%25221912%2522%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovakovic" class="citation web cs1">Novakovic, Kosta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131225040933/http://www.kosova.com/arkivi1997/expuls/dok5.htm">"Colonisation and Serbianisation of Kosova"</a>. The Institute of History, Prishtina. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kosova.com/arkivi1997/expuls/dok5.htm">the original</a> on 25 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colonisation+and+Serbianisation+of+Kosova&rft.pub=The+Institute+of+History%2C+Prishtina&rft.aulast=Novakovic&rft.aufirst=Kosta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kosova.com%2Farkivi1997%2Fexpuls%2Fdok5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:10_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdemi2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ademi, Haxhi (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istoriecraiova.ro/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/2019_1_ANALE.pdf#page=27">"THE CASE OF THE "DISPLACEMENT" OF SERBS FROM KOSOVO DURING WORLD WAR TWO"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Analele UniversităŃii din Craiova. Istorie</i>: 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Analele+Universit%C4%83%C5%83ii+din+Craiova.+Istorie&rft.atitle=THE+CASE+OF+THE+%22DISPLACEMENT%22+OF+SERBS+FROM+KOSOVO+DURING+WORLD+WAR+TWO&rft.pages=32&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Ademi&rft.aufirst=Haxhi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.istoriecraiova.ro%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F04%2F2019_1_ANALE.pdf%23page%3D27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:13_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhitia2021" class="citation journal cs1">Zhitia, Skender (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1777746">"The Anti-Albanian Policy of the Serbian State, Programs and Methods (XIX–XX)"</a>. <i>Journal of History & Future</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+History+%26+Future&rft.atitle=The+Anti-Albanian+Policy+of+the+Serbian+State%2C+Programs+and+Methods+%28XIX%E2%80%93XX%29&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Zhitia&rft.aufirst=Skender&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.org.tr%2Ftr%2Fdownload%2Farticle-file%2F1777746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:18_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeshov1919" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Geshov, Ivan Evstratiev (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=enANAQAAIAAJ&q=massacres%20albanais%20serbe%201913"><i>La genèse de la guerre mondiale: la débâcle de l'alliance balkanique</i></a> (in French) (as for example that of the Serbian deputy Triša Kaclerovićh, who, in an article published in 1917 by the International Bulletin, affirms that in 1912–1913 120,000 Albanians were massacred by the Serbian army ed.). P. Haupt. p. 64<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+gen%C3%A8se+de+la+guerre+mondiale%3A+la+d%C3%A9b%C3%A2cle+de+l%27alliance+balkanique&rft.pages=64&rft.edition=as+for+example+that+of+the+Serbian+deputy+Tri%C5%A1a+Kaclerovi%C4%87h%2C+who%2C+in+an+article+published+in+1917+by+the+International+Bulletin%2C+affirms+that+in+1912%E2%80%931913+120%2C000+Albanians+were+massacred+by+the+Serbian+army&rft.pub=P.+Haupt&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Geshov&rft.aufirst=Ivan+Evstratiev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DenANAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dmassacres%2520albanais%2520serbe%25201913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPirraku" class="citation book cs1">Pirraku, Muhamet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zeflushmarku.edu.mk/libra/masakra_e_dubraves_pirraku.pdf"><i>MASAKRA NË BURGUN E DUBRAVËS 19 –24 MAJ 1999</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Biblioteka Kombëtare dhe Universitare e Kosovës. p. 162. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'there were some 150 thousand Albanians killed by Serbs in 1912–13'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MASAKRA+N%C3%8B+BURGUN+E+DUBRAV%C3%8BS+19+%E2%80%9324+MAJ+1999&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Biblioteka+Komb%C3%ABtare+dhe+Universitare+e+Kosov%C3%ABs&rft.aulast=Pirraku&rft.aufirst=Muhamet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzeflushmarku.edu.mk%2Flibra%2Fmasakra_e_dubraves_pirraku.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠtěpánek2010" class="citation book cs1">Štěpánek, Václav (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digilib.phil.muni.cz/_flysystem/fedora/pdf/115340.pdf"><i>Problem of colonization of Kosovo and Metohija in 1918–1945</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Problem+of+colonization+of+Kosovo+and+Metohija+in+1918%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=88&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=%C5%A0t%C4%9Bp%C3%A1nek&rft.aufirst=V%C3%A1clav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigilib.phil.muni.cz%2F_flysystem%2Ffedora%2Fpdf%2F115340.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:112-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:112_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlpion2021" class="citation book cs1">Alpion, Gëzim (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sylOEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22120,000+albanians%22+%221912%22&pg=PA11"><i>Mother Teresa: The Saint and Her Nation</i></a>. Bloomsbury. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789389812466" title="Special:BookSources/9789389812466"><bdi>9789389812466</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mother+Teresa%3A+The+Saint+and+Her+Nation&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9789389812466&rft.aulast=Alpion&rft.aufirst=G%C3%ABzim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsylOEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522120%2C000%2Balbanians%2522%2B%25221912%2522%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Qirezi46-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Qirezi46_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQirezi2017" class="citation book cs1">Qirezi, Arben (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IWMqDwAAQBAJ&q=1912&pg=PT74">"Settling the self-determination dispute in Kosovo"</a>. In Mehmeti, Leandrit I.; Radeljić, Branislav (eds.). <i>Kosovo and Serbia: Contested Options and Shared Consequences</i>. University of Pittsburgh Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822981572" title="Special:BookSources/9780822981572"><bdi>9780822981572</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Settling+the+self-determination+dispute+in+Kosovo&rft.btitle=Kosovo+and+Serbia%3A+Contested+Options+and+Shared+Consequences&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780822981572&rft.aulast=Qirezi&rft.aufirst=Arben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIWMqDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D1912%26pg%3DPT74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinley2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kinley, Christopher (3 September 2021). "The Balkan War in Epirus: Religious Identity and the Continuity of Conflict". <i>Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies</i>. <b>23</b> (5): 7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19448953.2021.1935077">10.1080/19448953.2021.1935077</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1944-8953">1944-8953</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236314658">236314658</a>. <q>The Albanian declaration of independence further instigated violence, as Albanian villagers in northeast Ioannina formed çeta bands to fight against Ottoman troops. These paramilitary groups also swept the countryside desecrating churches and targeted Greek-speaking Christian villages, killing women and children. The violence was so severe that many villagers sought refuge in mountain caves where they died from cold and starvation while huddled together.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Balkan+and+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Balkan+War+in+Epirus%3A+Religious+Identity+and+the+Continuity+of+Conflict&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2021-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236314658%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1944-8953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F19448953.2021.1935077&rft.aulast=Kinley&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kontogiorgi-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kontogiorgi_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kontogiorgi_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKontogiorgi1994" class="citation journal cs1">Kontogiorgi, Elisabeth (1 January 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojs.lib.uom.gr/index.php/BalkanStudies/article/view/2500">"Forced migration, repatriation, exodus: the case of Ganos-Chora and Myriophyto-Peristasis Orthodox communities in Eastern Thrace"</a>. <i>Balkan Studies</i>. <b>35</b> (1): 21, 22. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2241-1674">2241-1674</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Balkan+Studies&rft.atitle=Forced+migration%2C+repatriation%2C+exodus%3A+the+case+of+Ganos-Chora+and+Myriophyto-Peristasis+Orthodox+communities+in+Eastern+Thrace&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21%2C+22&rft.date=1994-01-01&rft.issn=2241-1674&rft.aulast=Kontogiorgi&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fojs.lib.uom.gr%2Findex.php%2FBalkanStudies%2Farticle%2Fview%2F2500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkçam2004" class="citation book cs1">Akçam, Tanner (2004). <i>From Empire to Republic: Turkish Nationalism and the Armenian Genocide</i>. Zed Books. pp. 69, 84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Empire+to+Republic%3A+Turkish+Nationalism+and+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.pages=69%2C+84&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Ak%C3%A7am&rft.aufirst=Tanner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkmeşe2015124–127-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkmeşe2015124–127_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkmeşe2015">Akmeşe 2015</a>, pp. 124–127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akmeşe127-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Akmeşe127_130-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akmeşe127_130-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akmeşe127_130-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akmeşe127_130-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akmeşe127_130-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkmeşe2015">Akmeşe 2015</a>, p. 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akmeşe128-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Akmeşe128_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akmeşe128_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkmeşe2015">Akmeşe 2015</a>, p. 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkmeşe2015120–121-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkmeşe2015120–121_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkmeşe2015">Akmeşe 2015</a>, pp. 120–121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkmeşe20155-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkmeşe20155_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkmeşe2015">Akmeşe 2015</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkmeşe2015128–129-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkmeşe2015128–129_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkmeşe2015">Akmeşe 2015</a>, pp. 128–129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akmeşe129-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Akmeşe129_135-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akmeşe129_135-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akmeşe129_135-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akmeşe129_135-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akmeşe129_135-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkmeşe2015">Akmeşe 2015</a>, p. 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkmeşe2015130-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAkmeşe2015130_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkmeşe2015">Akmeşe 2015</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akmeşe130-131-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Akmeşe130-131_137-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akmeşe130-131_137-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkmeşe2015">Akmeşe 2015</a>, pp. 130–131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akmeşe132-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Akmeşe132_138-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akmeşe132_138-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akmeşe132_138-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akmeşe132_138-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAkmeşe2015">Akmeşe 2015</a>, p. 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stowell1-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stowell1_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStowell2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ellery_Cory_Stowell" title="Ellery Cory Stowell">Stowell, Ellery Cory</a> (2009). <i>The Diplomacy Of The War of 1914: The Beginnings Of The War (1915)</i>. Kessinger Publishing, LLC. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-104-48758-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-104-48758-4"><bdi>978-1-104-48758-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diplomacy+Of+The+War+of+1914%3A+The+Beginnings+Of+The+War+%281915%29&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing%2C+LLC.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-104-48758-4&rft.aulast=Stowell&rft.aufirst=Ellery+Cory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVŭchkov200599–103-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVŭchkov200599–103_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVŭchkov2005">Vŭchkov 2005</a>, pp. 99–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Somel, Selçuk Akşin. <i>Historical dictionary of the Ottoman Empire</i>. Scarecrow Press Inc. 2003. lxvi.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson2003" class="citation book cs1">Erickson, Edward J. (2003). <i>Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913</i>. Westport, CT: Greenwood. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-97888-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-97888-5"><bdi>0-275-97888-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defeat+in+Detail%3A+The+Ottoman+Army+in+the+Balkans%2C+1912%E2%80%931913&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-275-97888-5&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFotakis2005" class="citation book cs1">Fotakis, Zisis (2005). <i>Greek Naval Strategy and Policy, 1910–1919</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35014-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35014-3"><bdi>978-0-415-35014-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Naval+Strategy+and+Policy%2C+1910%E2%80%931919&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-35014-3&rft.aulast=Fotakis&rft.aufirst=Zisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2000" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Richard C. (2000). <i>The Balkan Wars, 1912–1913: Prelude to the First World War</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-22946-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-22946-4"><bdi>0-415-22946-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkan+Wars%2C+1912%E2%80%931913%3A+Prelude+to+the+First+World+War&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-415-22946-4&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooton2014" class="citation book cs1">Hooton, Edward R. (2014). <i>Prelude to the First World War: The Balkan Wars 1912–1913</i>. Fonthill Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78155-180-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78155-180-6"><bdi>978-1-78155-180-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prelude+to+the+First+World+War%3A+The+Balkan+Wars+1912%E2%80%931913&rft.pub=Fonthill+Media&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78155-180-6&rft.aulast=Hooton&rft.aufirst=Edward+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangensiepenGüleryüz1995" class="citation book cs1">Langensiepen, Bernd; Güleryüz, Ahmet (1995). <i>The Ottoman Steam Navy, 1828–1923</i>. London: Conway Maritime Press/Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-610-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-85177-610-8"><bdi>0-85177-610-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Steam+Navy%2C+1828%E2%80%931923&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Conway+Maritime+Press%2FBloomsbury&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-85177-610-8&rft.aulast=Langensiepen&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft.au=G%C3%BClery%C3%BCz%2C+Ahmet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Michail, Eugene. "The Balkan Wars in Western Historiography, 1912–2012." in Katrin Boeckh and Sabine Rutar, eds. <i>The Balkan Wars from Contemporary Perception to Historic Memory</i> (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2016) pp. 319–340. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/51738360/395351_1_En_Online.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1533221972&Signature=mFVCISG0uy5q%2FgSMLJybt1ftU4s%3D&response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DThe_Balkan_Wars_from_Contemporary_Percep.pdf#page=323">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2019">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Murray, Nicholas (2013). <i>The Rocky Road to the Great War: the Evolution of Trench Warfare to 1914.</i> Dulles, Virginia, Potomac Books <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-553-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-553-7">978-1-59797-553-7</a></li> <li>Pettifer, James. <i>War in the Balkans: Conflict and Diplomacy Before World War I</i> (IB Tauris, 2015).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkmeşe2015" class="citation book cs1">Akmeşe, Handan Nezir (2015). <i>The Birth of Modern Turkey: The Ottoman Military and the March to World I</i>. I.B. Tauris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Modern+Turkey%3A+The+Ottoman+Military+and+the+March+to+World+I&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Akme%C5%9Fe&rft.aufirst=Handan+Nezir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchurman2004" class="citation book cs1">Schurman, Jacob Gould (2004). <i>The Balkan Wars, 1912 to 1913</i>. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4191-5345-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4191-5345-5"><bdi>1-4191-5345-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkan+Wars%2C+1912+to+1913&rft.place=Whitefish%2C+MT&rft.pub=Kessinger&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-4191-5345-5&rft.aulast=Schurman&rft.aufirst=Jacob+Gould&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeton-Watson2009" class="citation book cs1">Seton-Watson, R. W. (2009) [1917]. <i>The Rise of Nationality in the Balkans</i>. Charleston, SC: BiblioBazaar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-113-88264-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-113-88264-6"><bdi>978-1-113-88264-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Nationality+in+the+Balkans&rft.place=Charleston%2C+SC&rft.pub=BiblioBazaar&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-113-88264-6&rft.aulast=Seton-Watson&rft.aufirst=R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Trix, Frances. "Peace-mongering in 1913: the Carnegie International Commission of Inquiry and its Report on the Balkan Wars." <i>First World War Studies</i> 5.2 (2014): 147–162.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUyarErickson2009" class="citation book cs1">Uyar, Mesut; Erickson, Edward (2009). <i>A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk</i>. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger Security International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98876-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98876-0"><bdi>978-0-275-98876-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+the+Ottomans%3A+From+Osman+to+Atat%C3%BCrk&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=Praeger+Security+International&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98876-0&rft.aulast=Uyar&rft.aufirst=Mesut&rft.au=Erickson%2C+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStojančević" class="citation book cs1">Stojančević, Vladimir. <i>Prvi balkanski rat: okrugli sto povodom 75. godišnjice 1912–1987, 28. i 29. oktobar 1987</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prvi+balkanski+rat%3A+okrugli+sto+povodom+75.+godi%C5%A1njice+1912%E2%80%931987%2C+28.+i+29.+oktobar+1987&rft.aulast=Stojan%C4%8Devi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVŭchkov2005" class="citation book cs1">Vŭchkov, Aleksandŭr (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vwoXAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Balkan War 1912–1913</i></a>. Angela. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-954-90587-2-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-954-90587-2-7"><bdi>978-954-90587-2-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkan+War+1912%E2%80%931913&rft.pub=Angela&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-954-90587-2-7&rft.aulast=V%C5%ADchkov&rft.aufirst=Aleksand%C5%ADr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvwoXAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRatković1975" class="citation book cs1">Ratković, Borislav (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FUTRAAAAMAAJ"><i>Prvi balkanski rat 1912–1913: Operacije srpskih snaga</i></a> [<i>First Balkan War 1912–1913: Operations of Serbian Forces</i>]. Istorijski institut JNA. Belgrade: Vojnoistorijski Institut.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prvi+balkanski+rat+1912%E2%80%931913%3A+Operacije+srpskih+snaga&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pub=Vojnoistorijski+Institut&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Ratkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Borislav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFUTRAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Bulgarian_Ministry_of_War1928" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">The Bulgarian Ministry of War (1928). <i>Войната между България и Турция през 1912–1913 г.</i> [<i>The War between Bulgaria and Turkey, 1912–1913</i>]. Vol. I, II, VI, VII. State Printing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83+%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7+1912%E2%80%931913+%D0%B3.&rft.pub=State+Printing+House&rft.date=1928&rft.au=The+Bulgarian+Ministry+of+War&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Further reading</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBataković2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_T._Batakovi%C4%87" title="Dušan T. Bataković">Bataković, Dušan T.</a>, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a0jA_LdH6nsC"><i>Histoire du peuple serbe</i></a> [<i>History of the Serbian People</i>] (in French). Lausanne: L'Age d'Homme. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8251-1958-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8251-1958-7"><bdi>978-2-8251-1958-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+du+peuple+serbe&rft.place=Lausanne&rft.pub=L%27Age+d%27Homme&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-2-8251-1958-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da0jA_LdH6nsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĆirković2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sima_%C4%86irkovi%C4%87" title="Sima Ćirković">Ćirković, Sima</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Wc-DWRzoeIC"><i>The Serbs</i></a>. Malden: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-4291-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-4291-5"><bdi>978-1-4051-4291-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Serbs&rft.place=Malden&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-4291-5&rft.aulast=%C4%86irkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Sima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Wc-DWRzoeIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJelavich1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jelavich" title="Barbara Jelavich">Jelavich, Barbara</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd-or3qtqrsC"><i>History of the Balkans: Twentieth Century</i></a>. Vol. II. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27459-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27459-3"><bdi>978-0-521-27459-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Balkans%3A+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-521-27459-3&rft.aulast=Jelavich&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHd-or3qtqrsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Balkan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:First_Balkan_War" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>First Balkan War</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=First+Balkan+War">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=First+Balkan+War&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Hall, Richard C.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/balkan_wars_1912-1913">Balkan Wars 1912–1913</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home/">1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maps.omniatlas.com/europe/19130423/">Map of Europe during First Balkan War at omniatlas.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120414182223/http://maps.omniatlas.com/europe/19130423/">Archived</a> 14 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europeanfilmgateway.eu/node/33/balkan%20efg1914/multilingual:1/showOnly:video/paging:dmlkZW8tMS0xNi1pbWFnZS0xLTE2LXNvdW5kLTEtMTYtcGVyc29uLTEtMTYtdGV4dC0xLTE2">Films about the Balkan War at europeanfilmgateway.eu</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130829144336/http://www.clemmesen.org/articles/Istanbul_OCT_2012_Conference_Paper.pdf">Clemmesen, M. H. <i>Not Just a Prelude: The First Balkan War Crisis as the Catalyst of Final European War Preparations</i> (2012) </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a284241.pdf">Anderson, D. S. <i>The Apple of Discord: The Balkan League and the Military Topography of the First Balkan War</i> (1993)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180920180139/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a284241.pdf">Archived</a> 20 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/1914_Documents">Major 1914 primary sources from BYU</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Balkan_Wars" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Balkan_Wars" title="Template:Balkan Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Balkan_Wars" title="Template talk:Balkan Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Balkan_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Balkan Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Balkan_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire">Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_irredentism" title="Bulgarian irredentism">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Serbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a></li> <li>Annexation of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rumelia" title="Eastern Rumelia">Eastern Rumelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Bulgarian_War" title="Serbo-Bulgarian War">Serbo-Bulgarian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1897)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1897)">Greco-Turkish War of 1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_State" title="Cretan State">Cretan State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization" title="Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization">IMRO</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ilinden%E2%80%93Preobrazhenie_Uprising" title="Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising">Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Struggle" title="Macedonian Struggle">Macedonian Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Bulgarian Declaration of Independence">Bulgarian Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31_March_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="31 March Incident">31 March Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goudi_coup" title="Goudi coup">Goudi coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Albanian revolt of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: gainsboro;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">First Balkan War</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarantaporo" title="Battle of Sarantaporo">Sarantaporo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kardzhali" title="Battle of Kardzhali">Kardzhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pente_Pigadia" title="Battle of Pente Pigadia">Pente Pigadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sorovich" title="Battle of Sorovich">Sorovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kumanovo" title="Battle of Kumanovo">Kumanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirk_Kilisse" title="Battle of Kirk Kilisse">Kirk Kilisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Scutari_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Scutari (1912–1913)">Scutari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lule_Burgas" title="Battle of Lule Burgas">Lule Burgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yenidje" title="Battle of Yenidje">Yenidje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adrianople_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Adrianople (1912–1913)">Adrianople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prilep" title="Battle of Prilep">Prilep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himara_revolt_of_1912" title="Himara revolt of 1912">Himara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monastir" title="Battle of Monastir">Monastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="First Battle of Çatalca">First Çatalca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaliakra_(1912)" title="Battle of Kaliakra (1912)">Kaliakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Merhamli" title="Battle of Merhamli">Merhamli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Driskos" title="Battle of Driskos">Driskos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elli" title="Battle of Elli">Elli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Korytsa" title="Capture of Korytsa">Korytsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lemnos_(1913)" title="Battle of Lemnos (1913)">Lemnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bulair" title="Battle of Bulair">Bulair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%9Eark%C3%B6y" title="Battle of Şarköy">Şarköy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bizani" title="Battle of Bizani">Bizani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="Second Battle of Çatalca">Second Çatalca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Diplomacy and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1912%E2%80%931913" title="London Conference of 1912–1913">London Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Albania" title="Independent Albania">Albanian Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1913 Ottoman coup d'état">1913 Ottoman coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1913)" title="Treaty of London (1913)">Treaty of London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: gainsboro;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kilkis%E2%80%93Lachanas" title="Battle of Kilkis–Lachanas">Kilkis–Lachanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Doiran_(1913)" title="Battle of Doiran (1913)">Doiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bregalnica" title="Battle of Bregalnica">Bregalnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Knja%C5%BEevac" title="Battle of Knjaževac">Knjaževac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kalimanci" title="Battle of Kalimanci">Kalimanci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kresna_Gorge" title="Battle of Kresna Gorge">Kresna Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Dobruja_Offensive" title="Southern Dobruja Offensive">Southern Dobruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_landings_in_Bulgaria" title="Romanian landings in Bulgaria">Romanian landings in Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vidin_(1913)" title="Siege of Vidin (1913)">Vidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pirot_(1913)" title="Battle of Pirot (1913)">Pirot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Diplomacy and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek%E2%80%93Serbian_Alliance_of_1913" title="Greek–Serbian Alliance of 1913">Greek–Serbian Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Western_Thrace" title="Provisional Government of Western Thrace">Provisional Government of Western Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1913)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1913)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1913)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1913)">Treaty of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Athens" title="Treaty of Athens">Treaty of Athens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1913_Romanian_Army_cholera_outbreak" title="1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak">1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: gainsboro;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>General</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Northern_Epirus" title="Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus">Autonomy of Northern Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_crisis_of_1914" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914">Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Sarajevo Assassination</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Bulgarian_alliance" title="Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance">Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans campaign of WWI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">Macedonian front</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Atrocities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Report_of_the_International_Commission_on_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Report of the International Commission on the Balkan Wars">Carnegie Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Massacres of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Thracian_Bulgarians_in_1913" title="Destruction of the Thracian Bulgarians in 1913">Bulgarians deportation program</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacres_of_Ottoman_civilians_during_the_Balkan_Wars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massacres of Ottoman civilians during the Balkan Wars (page does not exist)">Massacres of Civilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide#Events" title="Greek genocide">Initial phase of the Greek genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_burned_during_the_Balkan_Wars" title="List of places burned during the Balkan Wars">Places burned down</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Ferdinand I of Bulgaria">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Evstratiev_Geshov" title="Ivan Evstratiev Geshov">Ivan Geshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoyan_Danev" title="Stoyan Danev">Stoyan Danev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Savov" title="Mihail Savov">Mihail Savov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fichev" title="Ivan Fichev">Ivan Fichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Kutinchev" title="Vasil Kutinchev">Vasil Kutinchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Ivanov" title="Nikola Ivanov">Nikola Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radko_Dimitriev" title="Radko Dimitriev">Radko Dimitriev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiliyan_Kovachev" title="Stiliyan Kovachev">Stiliyan Kovachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Todorov_(general)" title="Georgi Todorov (general)">Georgi Todorov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Greece in the Balkan Wars">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Greece" title="George I of Greece">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece" title="Constantine I of Greece">Constantine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagiotis_Danglis" title="Panagiotis Danglis">Panagiotis Danglis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlos_Kountouriotis" title="Pavlos Kountouriotis">Pavlos Kountouriotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Sapountzakis" title="Konstantinos Sapountzakis">Konstantinos Sapountzakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Dousmanis" title="Viktor Dousmanis">Viktor Dousmanis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Montenegro" title="Nicholas I of Montenegro">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danilo,_Crown_Prince_of_Montenegro" title="Danilo, Crown Prince of Montenegro">Crown Prince Danilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janko_Vukoti%C4%87" title="Janko Vukotić">Janko Vukotić</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazim_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazim Pasha">Nazim Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeki_Pasha" title="Zeki Pasha">Zeki Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Esat_B%C3%BClkat" title="Mehmet Esat Bülkat">Esad Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6lemen_Abdullah_Pasha" title="Kölemen Abdullah Pasha">Kölemen Abdullah Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_R%C4%B1za_Pasha" title="Ali Rıza Pasha">Ali Rıza Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Tahsin_Pasha" title="Hasan Tahsin Pasha">Hasan Tahsin Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Izzet_Pasha" title="Ahmed Izzet Pasha">Ahmed Izzet Pasha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" title="Carol I of Romania">Carol I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania" title="Ferdinand I of Romania">Crown Prince Ferdinand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Averescu" title="Alexandru Averescu">Alexandru Averescu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Serbia in the Balkan Wars">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Serbia" title="Peter I of Serbia">Peter I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia" title="Alexander I of Yugoslavia">Crown Prince Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radomir_Putnik" title="Radomir Putnik">Radomir Putnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Bojovi%C4%87" title="Petar Bojović">Petar Bojović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepa_Stepanovi%C4%87" title="Stepa Stepanović">Stepa Stepanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%BEidar_Jankovi%C4%87_(general)" title="Božidar Janković (general)">Božidar Janković</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other Balkan states: <a href="/wiki/Albania_during_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Albania during the Balkan Wars">Albania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ismail_Qemali" title="Ismail Qemali">Ismail Kemal</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Balkan_Wars" title="Category:Balkan Wars">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wars_and_battles_involving_Serbs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wars_and_battles_involving_Serbs" title="Template:Wars and battles involving Serbs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wars_and_battles_involving_Serbs" title="Template talk:Wars and battles involving Serbs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wars_and_battles_involving_Serbs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wars and battles involving Serbs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wars_and_battles_involving_Serbs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Serbia" title="Military history of Serbia">Wars and battles involving Serbs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Medieval</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;;"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian%E2%80%93Serbian_wars_(medieval)" title="Bulgarian–Serbian wars (medieval)">Serbian–Bulgarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar%E2%80%93Serb_War_(839%E2%80%93842)" title="Bulgar–Serb War (839–842)">Bulgar–Serb War (839–842)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar%E2%80%93Serb_War_(853)" title="Bulgar–Serb War (853)">Bulgar–Serb War (853)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian%E2%80%93Serbian_wars_of_917%E2%80%93924" title="Bulgarian–Serbian wars of 917–924">Bulgarian–Serbian wars of 917–924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaharija_of_Serbia#Rule" title="Zaharija of Serbia">Bulgarian–Serbian border revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian%E2%80%93Serbian_wars_(medieval)" title="Bulgarian–Serbian wars (medieval)">Bulgarian-Serb War (998)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian-Serbian_War_(1202)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulgarian-Serbian War (1202) (page does not exist)">Bulgarian-Serbian War (1202)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian-Serbian_War_(1203)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulgarian-Serbian War (1203) (page does not exist)">Bulgarian-Serbian War (1203)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian-Serbian_War_(1290)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulgarian-Serbian War (1290) (page does not exist)">Bulgarian-Serbian War (1290)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian-Serbian_War_(1291)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulgarian-Serbian War (1291) (page does not exist)">Bulgarian-Serbian War (1291)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian-Serbian_War_(1330)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian-Serbian War (1330)">Bulgarian-Serbian War (1330)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Velbazhd" title="Battle of Velbazhd">Battle of Velbazhd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian%E2%80%93Ottoman_conflicts" title="List of Serbian–Ottoman conflicts">Serbian–Ottoman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Early skirmishes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gallipoli_(1312)" title="Battle of Gallipoli (1312)">Battle of Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stephaniana" title="Battle of Stephaniana">Battle of Stephaniana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Demotika" title="Battle of Demotika">Battle of Demotika</a> in 1352</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_S%C4%B1rp_S%C4%B1nd%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sırp Sındığı">Battle of Sırp Sındığı</a> in 1364</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Serbian_Empire" title="Fall of the Serbian Empire">Fall of the Serbian Empire</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maritsa" title="Battle of Maritsa">Battle of Maritsa</a> in 1371</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dubravnica" title="Battle of Dubravnica">Battle of Dubravnica</a> in 1381</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Savra" title="Battle of Savra">Battle of Savra</a> in 1385</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plo%C4%8Dnik" title="Battle of Pločnik">Battle of Pločnik</a> in 1386</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo" title="Battle of Kosovo">Battle of Kosovo</a> in 1389</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Despotate" title="Serbian Despotate">Serbian Despotate</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karanovasa" title="Battle of Karanovasa">Battle of Karanovasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tripolje" title="Battle of Tripolje">Battle of Tripolje</a> in 1402</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novo_Brdo" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Novo Brdo">Siege of Novo Brdo</a> in 1412</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Vitosha_Pass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Vitosha Pass (page does not exist)">Battle of Vitosha Pass</a> in 1413</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Carmorlu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Carmorlu (page does not exist)">Battle of Carmorlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Scutari_War" title="First Scutari War">First Scutari War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Scutari_War" title="Second Scutari War">Second Scutari War</a></li> <li>Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1425</li> <li>Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1427</li> <li>Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1437</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trnava_(1430)" title="Battle of Trnava (1430)">Battle of Trnava (1430)</a></li> <li>Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1438</li> <li>Ottoman invasion of Serbia (1439–1444)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Varna" title="Crusade of Varna">Crusade of Varna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nish_(1443)" title="Battle of Nish (1443)">Battle of Nish (1443)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zlatitsa" title="Battle of Zlatitsa">Battle of Zlatitsa</a> in 1443</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kunovica" title="Battle of Kunovica">Battle of Kunovica</a> in 1444</li> <li>Ottoman invasion of Serbia (1454–1455)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kru%C5%A1evac" title="Battle of Kruševac">Battle of Kruševac</a> in 1454</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leskovac" title="Battle of Leskovac">Battle of Leskovac</a> in 1454</li> <li>Ottoman invasion of Serbia in 1456</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1456)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1456)">Siege of Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Smederevo_(1456)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Smederevo (1456) (page does not exist)">Siege of Smederevo</a></li> <li>Ottoman invasion and conquest of <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> in 1459</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breadfield" title="Battle of Breadfield">Battle of Breadfield</a> in 1479</li></ul></li> <li>Ottoman conquest of <a href="/wiki/Zeta_under_the_Crnojevi%C4%87i" title="Zeta under the Crnojevići">Zeta</a> in 1499</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_wars" title="List of Byzantine wars">Serbian–Byzantine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serb_Uprising_of_1038%E2%80%931042&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serb Uprising of 1038–1042 (page does not exist)">Serb Uprising of 1038–1042</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bar" title="Battle of Bar">Battle of Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slav_Uprising_in_Pomoravlje" class="mw-redirect" title="Slav Uprising in Pomoravlje">Slav Uprising in Pomoravlje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zve%C4%8Dan" title="Battle of Zvečan">Battle of Zvečan</a> (1094)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haram" title="Battle of Haram">Battle of Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Ras_(1127)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Ras (1127) (page does not exist)">Siege of Ras (1127)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(1150)" title="Battle of Tara (1150)">Battle of Tara (1150)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Hungarian_War_(1149%E2%80%931155)" title="Byzantine–Hungarian War (1149–1155)">Byzantine–Hungarian War (1149–1155)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Brani%C4%8Devo" title="Siege of Braničevo">Siege of Braničevo</a> (1154)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pantina" title="Battle of Pantina">Battle of Pantina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Hungarian_War_(1127%E2%80%931129)" title="Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129)">Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1321%E2%80%931328" title="Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328">Byzantine civil war of 1321–1328</a></li> <li>Serbian invasion of Macedonia led by <a href="/wiki/Syrgiannes_Palaiologos" title="Syrgiannes Palaiologos">Syrgiannes Palaiologos</a> (1334)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_civil_war_of_1341%E2%80%931347" title="Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347">Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe" title="Hungarian invasions of Europe">Hungarian invasions of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyar%E2%80%93Serb_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyar–Serb conflict">Magyar–Serb conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Hungarian_War_(1127%E2%80%931129)" title="Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129)">Byzantine–Hungarian War (1127–1129)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sirmium" title="Battle of Sirmium">Battle of Sirmium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Gacko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Gacko (page does not exist)">Battle of Gacko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_conflict_with_the_Nogai_Horde" title="Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde">Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Bulgaria_and_Serbia" title="Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia">Mongol invasion of Bulgaria and Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C4%8Dva_War" title="Mačva War">Mačva War</a></li> <li>Hungarian–Serbian War (1321-1324)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Hum_(1326%E2%80%931329)" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Hum (1326–1329)">War of Hum (1326–1329)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_civil_war_of_1331" title="Serbian civil war of 1331">Serbian civil war of 1331</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nobility_conflict_(1369)" title="Serbian nobility conflict (1369)">Serbian nobility conflict (1369)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rovine" title="Battle of Rovine">Battle of Rovine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nicopolis" title="Battle of Nicopolis">Battle of Nicopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ankara" title="Battle of Ankara">Battle of Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosmidion" title="Battle of Kosmidion">Battle of Kosmidion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%87amurlu" title="Battle of Çamurlu">Battle of Çamurlu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Despotovac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Despotovac (page does not exist)">Battle of Despotovac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1440)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1440)">Siege of Belgrade (1440)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo_(1448)" title="Battle of Kosovo (1448)">Battle of Kosovo (1448)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Foreign rule</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburgs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Nenad" title="Jovan Nenad">Jovan Nenad</a>'s uprising</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_campaign_of_1527%E2%80%931528" title="Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528">Hungarian campaign of 1527–1528</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sz%C5%91l%C5%91s" title="Battle of Szőlős">Battle of Szőlős</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sz%C5%91dfalva" title="Battle of Sződfalva">Battle of Sződfalva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Keresztes" title="Battle of Keresztes">Battle of Keresztes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1688)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1688)">Siege of Belgrade (1688)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bato%C4%8Dina" title="Battle of Batočina">Battle of Batočina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ni%C5%A1_(1689)" title="Battle of Niš (1689)">Battle of Niš (1689)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1690)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1690)">Siege of Belgrade (1690)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lugos" title="Battle of Lugos">Battle of Lugos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence" title="Rákóczi's War of Independence">Rákóczi's War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint_Gotthard_(1705)" title="Battle of Saint Gotthard (1705)">Battle of Saint Gotthard (1705)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Turkish_War_(1716%E2%80%931718)" title="Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718)">Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1717)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1717)">Siege of Belgrade (1717)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)">Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zsib%C3%B3" title="Battle of Zsibó">Battle of Zsibó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tren%C4%8D%C3%ADn" title="Battle of Trenčín">Battle of Trenčín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Petrovaradin" title="Battle of Petrovaradin">Battle of Petrovaradin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Banja_Luka" title="Battle of Banja Luka">Battle of Banja Luka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Turkish_War_(1788%E2%80%931791)" title="Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791)">Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_War_(Ottoman_wars)" class="mw-redirect" title="Long War (Ottoman wars)">Long War (Ottoman wars)</a> (1593–1606)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Banat Uprising">Banat Uprising</a> (1594)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serb_Uprising_of_1596%E2%80%931597&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serb Uprising of 1596–1597 (page does not exist)">Serb Uprising of 1596–1597</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs_(1687)" title="Battle of Mohács (1687)">Battle of Mohács (1687)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_in_Vu%C4%8Ditrn" title="Uprising in Vučitrn">Uprising in Vučitrn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serb_uprising_of_1737%E2%80%931739" title="Serb uprising of 1737–1739">Serb uprising of 1737–1739</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C4%8Dina_Krajina_Serb_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Kočina Krajina Serb rebellion">Kočina Krajina Serb rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Martini%C4%87i_(1796)" title="Battle of Martinići (1796)">Battle of Martinići (1796)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krusi" title="Battle of Krusi">Battle of Krusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lopate" title="Battle of Lopate">Battle of Lopate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morean_War" title="Morean War">Morean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_War_(1645%E2%80%931669)" title="Cretan War (1645–1669)">Cretan War (1645–1669)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_on_Vrtijeljka" title="Battle on Vrtijeljka">Battle on Vrtijeljka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Slankamen" title="Battle of Slankamen">Battle of Slankamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zenta" title="Battle of Zenta">Battle of Senta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Hussar_Regiment" title="Serbian Hussar Regiment">Serbian Hussar Regiment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pruth_River_Campaign" title="Pruth River Campaign">Pruth River Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1741%E2%80%931743)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)">Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;;"><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Revolution" title="Serbian Revolution">Serbian Revolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/First_Serbian_Uprising" title="First Serbian Uprising">First Serbian Uprising</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Vra%C4%8Dar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Vračar (page does not exist)">Vračar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Rudnik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Rudnik (page does not exist)">Rudnik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Svileuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Svileuva (page does not exist)">Svileuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Bato%C4%8Dina_and_Jagodina" title="Battles of Batočina and Jagodina">Batočina and Jagodina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Kragujevac_(1804)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Kragujevac (1804) (page does not exist)">Kragujevac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Drlupa" title="Battle of Drlupa">Drlupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C4%8Coke%C5%A1ina" title="Battle of Čokešina">Čokešina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_%C5%A0abac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Šabac (page does not exist)">Šabac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Po%C5%BEarevac" title="Battle of Požarevac">Požarevac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Karanovac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Karanovac (page does not exist)">Karanovac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Adakale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Adakale (page does not exist)">Adakale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ivankovac" title="Battle of Ivankovac">Ivankovac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Rudnik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Rudnik (page does not exist)">Rudnik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Vrbica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Vrbica (page does not exist)">Vrbica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mi%C5%A1ar" title="Battle of Mišar">Mišar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Deligrad" title="Battle of Deligrad">Deligrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Belgrade_(1806)" title="Siege of Belgrade (1806)">Belgrade (1806)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Belgrade_(1807)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Belgrade (1807) (page does not exist)">Liberation of Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Loznica_(1807)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Loznica (1807) (page does not exist)">Loznica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battles_of_Malajnica_and_%C5%A0tubik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battles of Malajnica and Štubik (page does not exist)">Malajnica and Štubik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C4%8Cegar" title="Battle of Čegar">Čegar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Jasika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Jasika (page does not exist)">Jasika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Prahovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Prahovo (page does not exist)">Prahovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Suvodol" title="Battle of Suvodol">Suvodol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_on_the_Drina_(1810)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle on the Drina (1810) (page does not exist)">Drina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Varvarin" title="Battle of Varvarin">Varvarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loznica" title="Battle of Loznica">Loznica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ma%C4%8Dva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Mačva (page does not exist)">Mačva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ravnje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Ravnje (page does not exist)">Ravnje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Had%C5%BEi_Prodan%27s_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadži Prodan's Revolt">Hadži Prodan's Revolt</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Serbian_Uprising" title="Second Serbian Uprising">Second Serbian Uprising</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ljubi%C4%87" title="Battle of Ljubić">Ljubić</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_%C4%8Ca%C4%8Dak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Čačak (page does not exist)">Čačak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pale%C5%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Palež (page does not exist)">Palež</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Po%C5%BEarevac" title="Battle of Požarevac">Požarevac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dublje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dublje (page does not exist)">Rudnik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dublje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dublje (page does not exist)">Družetić</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dublje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dublje (page does not exist)">Kragujevac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dublje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dublje (page does not exist)">Jagodina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dublje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dublje (page does not exist)">Karanovac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dublje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dublje (page does not exist)">Batočina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dublje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dublje (page does not exist)">Užice</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dublje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dublje (page does not exist)">Valjevo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dublje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dublje (page does not exist)">Batočina</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;;">Ottoman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1852%E2%80%931853)" title="Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–1853)">Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1852–1853)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grahovac" title="Battle of Grahovac">Battle of Grahovac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kola%C5%A1in" title="Battle of Kolašin">Battle of Kolašin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1861%E2%80%931862)" title="Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–1862)">Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1861–1862)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1876%E2%80%931878)" title="Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)">Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vu%C4%8Dji_Do" title="Battle of Vučji Do">Battle of Vučji Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fundina" title="Battle of Fundina">Battle of Fundina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_for_Plav_and_Gusinje" title="Battles for Plav and Gusinje">Battles for Plav and Gusinje</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Velika_attacks_(1879)" title="Velika attacks (1879)">Velika attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nov%C5%A1i%C4%87e" title="Battle of Novšiće">Battle of Novšiće</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Murino" title="Battle of Murino">Battle of Murino</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumanovo_uprising" title="Kumanovo uprising">Kumanovo uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_campaign_of_1807%E2%80%931814" title="Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814">Adriatic campaign of 1807–1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan%C4%8Di%C4%87%27s_rebellion" title="Jančić's rebellion">Jančić's rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest_Jovica%27s_Rebellion" title="Priest Jovica's Rebellion">Priest Jovica's Rebellion</a></li> <li>Several battles of <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Vr%C5%A1ac_(1849)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Vršac (1849) (page does not exist)">Battle of Vršac (1849)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Serbian-Turkish_Wars_(1876%E2%80%931878)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian-Turkish Wars (1876–1878)">Serbian-Turkish Wars (1876–1878)</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vranje" title="Battle of Vranje">Battle of Vranje</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cattaro" title="Siege of Cattaro">Siege of Cattaro</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_uprising_(1852%E2%80%931862)" title="Herzegovina uprising (1852–1862)">Herzegovina uprising (1852–1862)</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krivo%C5%A1ije_uprising_(1869)" title="Krivošije uprising (1869)">Krivošije uprising (1869)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_campaign_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_1878" title="Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878">AU-BiH War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jajce_(1878)" title="Battle of Jajce (1878)">Battle of Jajce (1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Vitez_(1878)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Vitez (1878) (page does not exist)">Battle of Vitez (1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarajevo_(1878)" title="Battle of Sarajevo (1878)">Battle of Sarajevo (1878)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Bulgarian_War" title="Serbo-Bulgarian War">Serbo-Bulgarian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pirot" title="Battle of Pirot">Battle of Pirot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Slivnitsa" title="Battle of Slivnitsa">Battle of Slivnitsa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Struggle" title="Macedonian Struggle">Macedonian Struggle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fight_on_%C5%A0uplji_Kamen" class="mw-redirect" title="Fight on Šuplji Kamen">Fight on Šuplji Kamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fight_on_%C4%8Celopek" class="mw-redirect" title="Fight on Čelopek">Fight on Čelopek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fight_in_Tabanovce" class="mw-redirect" title="Fight in Tabanovce">Fight in Tabanovce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fight_in_Velika_Ho%C4%8Da" class="mw-redirect" title="Fight in Velika Hoča">Fight in Velika Hoča</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fight_on_%C4%8Celopek_(1906)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fight on Čelopek (1906) (page does not exist)">Fight on Čelopek (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pirot_(1913)" title="Battle of Pirot (1913)">Battle of Pirot (1913)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">First Balkan War</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kumanovo" title="Battle of Kumanovo">Battle of Kumanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prilep" title="Battle of Prilep">Battle of Prilep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monastir" title="Battle of Monastir">Battle of Monastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Scutari_(1912-1913)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Scutari (1912-1913)">Siege of Scutari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople_(1913)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Adrianople (1913)">Siege of Adrianople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Odrin_(1912%E2%80%931913)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Odrin (1912–1913)">Siege of Odrin (1912–1913)</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bregalnica" title="Battle of Bregalnica">Battle of Bregalnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kalimanci" title="Battle of Kalimanci">Battle of Kalimanci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Knja%C5%BEevac" title="Battle of Knjaževac">Battle of Knjaževac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vidin_(1913)" title="Siege of Vidin (1913)">Siege of Vidin (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohrid%E2%80%93Debar_uprising" title="Ohrid–Debar uprising">Ohrid–Debar uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_campaign" title="Montenegrin campaign">Montenegrin campaign</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mojkovac" title="Battle of Mojkovac">Battle of Mojkovac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lov%C4%87en" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Lovćen">Battle of Lovćen</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbian campaign</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cer" title="Battle of Cer">Battle of Cer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crna_Bend_(1916)" title="Battle of the Crna Bend (1916)">Battle of the Crna Bend (1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bazargic" title="Battle of Bazargic">Battle of Bazargic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dobro_Pole" title="Battle of Dobro Pole">Battle of Dobro Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Drina" title="Battle of the Drina">Battle of the Drina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Florina" title="Battle of Florina">Battle of Florina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaymakchalan" title="Battle of Kaymakchalan">Battle of Kaymakchalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolubara" title="Battle of Kolubara">Battle of Kolubara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_offensive_(1915)" title="Kosovo offensive (1915)">Kosovo offensive (1915)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Serbia,_Albania_and_Montenegro_(1918)" title="Liberation of Serbia, Albania and Montenegro (1918)">Liberation of Serbia, Albania and Montenegro (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malka_Nidzhe" title="Battle of Malka Nidzhe">Battle of Malka Nidzhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">Macedonian front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastir_offensive" title="Monastir offensive">Monastir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morava_Offensive" title="Morava Offensive">Morava Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ov%C4%8De_Pole_Offensive" title="Ovče Pole Offensive">Ovče Pole Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardar_offensive" title="Vardar offensive">Vardar offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srem_Offensive" title="Srem Offensive">Srem Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toplica_Uprising" title="Toplica Uprising">Toplica Uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Slovene_conflict_in_Carinthia" title="Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia">Carinthia War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_National_Defence_of_Kosovo#Activity_in_Yugoslavia" title="Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo">Uprising in Drenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Uprising" title="Christmas Uprising">Christmas Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian-Yugoslav_Border_War_(1921)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian-Yugoslav Border War (1921)">Albanian-Yugoslav Border War (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azem_Galica#Resistance_against_Yugoslavia" title="Azem Galica">Drenica-Junik Uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uprising_in_Serbia_(1941)" title="Uprising in Serbia (1941)">Uprising in Serbia (1941)</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_in_Montenegro_(1941)" title="Uprising in Montenegro (1941)">Uprising in Montenegro (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1941_uprising_in_eastern_Herzegovina" title="June 1941 uprising in eastern Herzegovina">June 1941 uprising in eastern Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Novi_Pazar" title="Battle of Novi Pazar">Battle of Novi Pazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pljevlja" title="Battle of Pljevlja">Battle of Pljevlja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kozara" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kozara">Battle of Kozara</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loznica_(1941)" title="Battle of Loznica (1941)">Battle of Loznica (1941)</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Livno" title="Battle of Livno">Battle of Livno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neretva" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Neretva">Battle of Neretva</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sutjeska" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Sutjeska">Battle of the Sutjeska</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Drvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Raid on Drvar">Raid on Drvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Knin" title="Battle of Knin">Battle of Knin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mostar" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mostar">Battle of Mostar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lijev%C4%8De_Field" title="Battle of Lijevče Field">Battle of Lijevče Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_Montenegro_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="1942 Montenegro offensive">1942 Montenegro offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biha%C4%87_Operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bihać Operation">Bihać Operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Batina" title="Battle of Batina">Battle of Batina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgrade Offensive">Belgrade Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Banja_Kovilja%C4%8Da" title="Capture of Banja Koviljača">Capture of Banja Koviljača</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Black" title="Case Black">Case Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_White" title="Case White">Case White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Draufg%C3%A4nger" title="Operation Draufgänger">Operation Draufgänger</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kozara_Offensive" title="Kozara Offensive">Kozara Offensive</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kupres_(1942)" title="Battle of Kupres (1942)">Battle of Kupres (1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vi%C5%A1egrad" title="Battle of Višegrad">Battle of Višegrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostar_operation" title="Mostar operation">Mostar operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagykanizsa%E2%80%93K%C3%B6rmend_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagykanizsa–Körmend Offensive">Nagykanizsa–Körmend Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1_operation" title="Niš operation">Niš operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Od%C5%BEak" title="Battle of Odžak">Battle of Odžak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Olovo_(1941)" title="Capture of Olovo (1941)">Capture of Olovo (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Alfa" title="Operation Alfa">Operation Alfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Delphin" title="Operation Delphin">Operation Delphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kopaonik" title="Operation Kopaonik">Operation Kopaonik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kugelblitz" title="Operation Kugelblitz">Operation Kugelblitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mihailovic" title="Operation Mihailovic">Operation Mihailovic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Southeast_Croatia" title="Operation Southeast Croatia">Operation Southeast Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Trio" title="Operation Trio">Operation Trio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Uzice" title="Operation Uzice">Operation Uzice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poljana" title="Battle of Poljana">Battle of Poljana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Prijedor" title="Operation Prijedor">Operation Prijedor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rogatica_(1941)" title="Siege of Rogatica (1941)">Siege of Rogatica (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_R%C3%B6sselsprung_(1944)" title="Operation Rösselsprung (1944)">Operation Rösselsprung (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Operation_(1944)" title="Kosovo Operation (1944)">Kosovo Operation (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Awakening" title="Operation Spring Awakening">Operation Spring Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srb_uprising" title="Srb uprising">Srb uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratsin-Kumanovo_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratsin-Kumanovo operation">Stratsin-Kumanovo operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zvornik" title="Battle of Zvornik">Battle of Zvornik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo_(1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Sarajevo (1945)">Battle of Sarajevo (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zelengora" title="Battle of Zelengora">Battle of Zelengora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;">Croatian War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakrac_clash" title="Pakrac clash">Pakrac clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plitvice_Lakes_incident" title="Plitvice Lakes incident">Plitvice Lakes incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borovo_Selo" title="Battle of Borovo Selo">Battle of Borovo Selo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Stinger" title="Operation Stinger">Operation Stinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Yugoslav_campaign_in_Croatia" title="1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia">1991 Yugoslav campaign in Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Osijek" title="Battle of Osijek">Battle of Osijek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vukovar" title="Battle of Vukovar">Battle of Vukovar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gospi%C4%87" title="Battle of Gospić">Battle of Gospić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%A0ibenik" title="Battle of Šibenik">Battle of Šibenik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zadar" title="Battle of Zadar">Battle of Zadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kusonje" title="Battle of Kusonje">Battle of Kusonje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Barracks" title="Battle of the Barracks">Battle of the Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vara%C5%BEdin_Barracks" title="Siege of Varaždin Barracks">Siege of Varaždin Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bjelovar_Barracks" title="Siege of Bjelovar Barracks">Siege of Bjelovar Barracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dalmatian_Channels" title="Battle of the Dalmatian Channels">Battle of the Dalmatian Channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dubrovnik" title="Siege of Dubrovnik">Siege of Dubrovnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Otkos_10" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Otkos 10">Operation Otkos 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Orkan_91" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Orkan 91">Operation Orkan 91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Whirlwind" title="Operation Whirlwind">Operation Whirlwind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Baranja" title="Operation Baranja">Operation Baranja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jackal" title="Operation Jackal">Operation Jackal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Miljevci_Plateau" title="Battle of the Miljevci Plateau">Battle of the Miljevci Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tiger_(1992)" title="Operation Tiger (1992)">Operation Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Maslenica" title="Operation Maslenica">Operation Maslenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Medak_Pocket" title="Operation Medak Pocket">Operation Medak Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Winter_%2794" title="Operation Winter '94">Operation Winter '94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flash" title="Operation Flash">Operation Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Summer_%2795" title="Operation Summer '95">Operation Summer '95</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Storm" title="Operation Storm">Operation Storm</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;">Bosnian War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosanski_Brod" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Bosanski Brod">Battle of Bosanski Brod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kupres_(1992)" title="Battle of Kupres (1992)">Battle of Kupres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sarajevo" title="Siege of Sarajevo">Siege of Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Srebrenica" title="Siege of Srebrenica">Siege of Srebrenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gora%C5%BEde" title="Siege of Goražde">Siege of Goražde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Doboj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Doboj">Siege of Doboj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jackal" title="Operation Jackal">Operation Jackal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Biha%C4%87_(1992%E2%80%9395)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Bihać (1992–95)">Siege of Bihać (1992–95)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vrbas_%2792" title="Operation Vrbas '92">Operation Vrbas '92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Corridor_92" title="Operation Corridor 92">Operation Corridor 92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bura" title="Operation Bura">Operation Bura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kravica_attack_(1993)" title="Kravica attack (1993)">Kravica attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mostar" title="Siege of Mostar">Siege of Mostar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Irma" title="Operation Irma">Operation Irma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_B%C3%B8llebank" title="Operation Bøllebank">Operation Bøllebank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tiger_(1994)" title="Operation Tiger (1994)">Operation Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kupres_(1994)" title="Battle of Kupres (1994)">Battle of Kupres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Amanda" title="Operation Amanda">Operation Amanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spider" title="Operation Spider">Operation Spider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Winter_%2794" title="Operation Winter '94">Operation Winter '94</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Vla%C5%A1i%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Vlašić">Battle of Vlašić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Leap_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Leap 1">Operation Leap 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ora%C5%A1je" title="Battle of Orašje">Battle of Orašje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Leap_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Leap 2">Operation Leap 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Summer_%2795" title="Operation Summer '95">Operation Summer '95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vrbanja_Bridge" title="Battle of Vrbanja Bridge">Battle of Vrbanja Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vozu%C4%87a" title="Battle of Vozuća">Battle of Vozuća</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Miracle_(1995)" title="Operation Miracle (1995)">Operation Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mistral_2" title="Operation Mistral 2">Operation Mistral 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sana" title="Operation Sana">Operation Sana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Una" title="Operation Una">Operation Una</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Southern_Move" title="Operation Southern Move">Operation Southern Move</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/NATO_intervention_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina">NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1995_Pale_air_strikes" title="1995 Pale air strikes">1995 Pale air strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deny_Flight" title="Operation Deny Flight">Operation Deny Flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Deliberate_Force" title="Operation Deliberate Force">Operation Deliberate Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Maritime_Monitor" title="Operation Maritime Monitor">Operation Maritime Monitor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;">Kosovo War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Kosovo_(1995%E2%80%931998)" title="Insurgency in Kosovo (1995–1998)">Insurgency in Kosovo</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_incident_(December_1998)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian–Yugoslav border incident (December 1998)">Albanian–Yugoslav border incident (December 1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_incident_(April_1999)" title="Albania–Yugoslav border incident (April 1999)">Albania–Yugoslav border incident (April 1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_23,_1998,_Albanian%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_ambush" title="April 23, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush">April 23, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Orahovac" title="Attack on Orahovac">Attack on Orahovac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Prekaz" title="Attack on Prekaz">Attack on Prekaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lo%C4%91a" title="Battle of Lođa">Battle of Lođa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oraovica" title="Battle of Oraovica">Battle of Oraovica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bela%C4%87evac_Mine" title="Battle of Belaćevac Mine">Battle of Belaćevac Mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Podujevo" title="Battle of Podujevo">Battle of Podujevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_14,_1998,_Albanian%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_ambush" title="December 14, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush">December 14, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glo%C4%91ane" title="Battle of Glođane">Battle of Glođane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_18,_1998,_Albanian%E2%80%93Yugoslav_border_clashes" title="July 18, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border clashes">July 18, 1998, Albanian–Yugoslav border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Junik" title="Battle of Junik">Battle of Junik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ko%C5%A1are" title="Battle of Košare">Battle of Košare</a></li> <li><b> <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Pre%C5%A1evo_Valley" title="Insurgency in the Preševo Valley">Insurgency in the Preševo Valley</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prizren_incident_(1999)" title="Prizren incident (1999)">Prizren incident (1999)</a></li> <li><b> <a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">NATO bombing of Yugoslavia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dubrava_Prison_bombings_and_executions" title="Dubrava Prison bombings and executions">Dubrava Prison bombings and executions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_F-117A_shootdown" title="1999 F-117A shootdown">1999 F-117A shootdown</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Peacekeeping" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_relations_(1814–1919)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Great_Power_diplomacy" title="Template:Great Power diplomacy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Great_Power_diplomacy" title="Template talk:Great Power diplomacy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Great_Power_diplomacy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Great Power diplomacy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_relations_(1814–1919)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">International relations (1814–1919)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Great powers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alliances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">Triple Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Alliance_(1879)" title="Dual Alliance (1879)">Dual Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Russian_Alliance" title="Franco-Russian Alliance">Franco-Russian Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entente_Cordiale" title="Entente Cordiale">Entente Cordiale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_Convention" title="Anglo-Russian Convention">Anglo-Russian Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Japanese_Alliance" title="Anglo-Japanese Alliance">Anglo-Japanese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_the_Three_Emperors" title="League of the Three Emperors">League of the Three Emperors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trends</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_balance_of_power" title="European balance of power">European balance of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman decline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_question" title="Eastern question">Eastern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire">Spread of nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_public_debt" title="Ottoman public debt">Sovereign debt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French%E2%80%93German_enmity" title="French–German enmity">French–German enmity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannica" title="Pax Britannica">Pax Britannica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">New Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Lever" title="Egyptian Lever">Egyptian Lever</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia" title="Western imperialism in Asia">In Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_China" title="Scramble for China">Scramble for China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Door_Policy" title="Open Door Policy">Open Door Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rapprochement" title="Great Rapprochement">Great Rapprochement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second Industrial Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_warfare" title="Industrial warfare">Industrial warfare</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties and<br />agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles_(1871)" title="Treaty of Versailles (1871)">Treaty of Versailles (1871)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Frankfurt_(1871)" title="Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)">Treaty of Frankfurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinsurance_Treaty" title="Reinsurance Treaty">Reinsurance Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bj%C3%B6rk%C3%B6" title="Treaty of Björkö">Treaty of Björkö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taft%E2%80%93Katsura_agreement" title="Taft–Katsura agreement">Taft–Katsura agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martens_Clause" title="Martens Clause">Martens Clause</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1905" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905">Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racconigi_Bargain" title="Racconigi Bargain">Racconigi agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_Franco-Russian_agreement" title="1917 Franco-Russian agreement">1917 Franco-Russian agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia">Formation of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Great Eastern Crisis">Great Eastern Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt%E2%80%93Toulon_naval_visits" title="Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits">Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weltpolitik" title="Weltpolitik">Weltpolitik</a></i></li> <li>Naval arms races <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_naval_arms_race" title="Anglo-German naval arms race">Anglo-German</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">Dreadnought</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Naval_Laws" title="German Naval Laws">German Naval Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Italian_ironclad_arms_race" title="Austro-Italian ironclad arms race">Austro-Italian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashoda_Incident" title="Fashoda Incident">Fashoda Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Hawaii" title="Territory of Hawaii">Annexation of Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1902%E2%80%931903" title="Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903">Venezuela Naval Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_boundary_dispute" title="Alaska boundary dispute">Alaska boundary dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">First Moroccan Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_Conference" title="Algeciras Conference">Algeciras Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fes" title="Treaty of Fes">Treaty of Fes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_War" title="Anglo-Egyptian War">Anglo-Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second</a></li> <li>Albanian Revolts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1910" title="Albanian revolt of 1910">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malissori_uprising" title="Malissori uprising">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Third</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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